Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Kohlenstoffdioxid in der Erdatmosphäre

2007-11-13T09:13:55Z

217.23.231.70: /* Concenthghhkkmcgkt cfration */

'''[[Carbon dioxide]] in the [[Earth's atmosphere]]''' is present in a low concentration. Regardless, it is essential to [[photosynthesis]] in [[plant]]s and other [[photoautotroph]]s, and is also a prominent [[greenhouse gas]] due to its [[radiative forcing]] strength.

==Concenthghhkkmcgkt cfration== DON
[[Image:Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide.png|thumbnail|right|280px|Atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured at [[Mauna Loa Observatory]].]]
As of January [[2007]], the CO2 concentration in [[Earth's atmosphere]] was about 0.0383% by volume, or 383 [[Parts-per notation|ppmv]]. This is 99 ppm (35%) above the 1832 ice core levels of 284 ppm. The [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] describes current levels "...as a dry [[mole fraction]] defined as the number of molecules of carbon dioxide divided by the number of molecules of dry air multiplied by one million (ppm)." and the chart as of July 2007 shows a level of about 387 ppm.<ref>{{ cite web | title=Historical CO2 record derived from a spline fit (20 year cutoff) of the Law Dome DE08 and DE08-2 ice cores | url=http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/lawdome.smoothed.yr20 | accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref><ref>http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/maunaloa.co2</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide - Mauna Loa | url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ | accessdate=2007-06-12 }}</ref>

There is an annual fluctuation of about 3-9 ppm in the measurements, which roughly follows the Northern Hemisphere's growing season. The [[Northern Hemisphere]] dominates the annual cycle of CO2 concentration because it has much greater land area and plant biomass than the Southern Hemisphere. Concentrations peak in May as the spring greenup begins and reach a minimum in October when the quantity of [[biomass]] undergoing photosynthesis is greatest.<ref>http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/faq.html</ref>

Despite its relatively small concentration overall in the atmosphere, CO2 is an important component of Earth's atmosphere because it absorbs [[infrared]] radiation at [[wavelength]]s of 4.26 [[µm]] (asymmetric stretching [[Infrared spectroscopy|vibrational mode]]) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode), thereby playing a role in the [[greenhouse effect]].<ref>Petty, G.W.: ''A First Course in Atmospheric Radiation'', pages 229-251, Sundog Publishing, 2004</ref> ''See also "[[Carbon dioxide equivalent]]"''.
 
[[Image:co2_vib_modes.svg|thumb|200px|The three vibrational modes of carbon dioxide: (a) symmetric, (b) asymmetric stretching; (c) bending. In (a), there is no change in [[dipole moment]], thus interaction with [[photon]]s is impossible, while in (b) and (c) there is optical activity.]]

The initial carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the young Earth was produced by [[volcano|volcanic activity]]. This was essential for a warm and stable climate conducive to life. Volcanic activity now releases about 130 to 230 [[gram|teragrams]] (145 million to 255 million [[short ton]]s) of carbon dioxide each year,<ref>Gerlach, T.M., 1992, Present-day CO2 emissions from volcanoes: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 72, No. 23, June 4, 1991, pp. 249, and 254 – 255</ref> which is less than 1% of the amount released by human activities.<ref>U.S. Geological Survey, "Volcanic Gases and Their Effects" http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/VolGas/volgas.html</ref>

[[Image:Global Carbon Emission by Type.png|thumb|left|250px|Global fossil carbon emissions 1800 – 2000.]]

From 1832 to 2004, the atmospheric CO2 concentration increased from 284 ppmv to 377 ppmv, or about 33%, with most of the change occurring since 1970. Burning [[fossil fuel]]s such as [[coal]] and [[petroleum]] is the leading cause of increased man-made CO2; [[deforestation]] is the second major cause. [[As of 2004]], around 27 [[gigatonne]]s of CO2 are released from fossil fuels per year worldwide, equivalent to about 7.4 gigatonnes of carbon (see [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions]]); in 2006 8.4 gigatonnes carbon were emitted[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071022/ap_on_sc/carbon_increase].

Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere by a variety of natural sources, and over 95% percent of total CO2 emissions would occur even if humans were not present on Earth. For example, the natural decay of organic material in forests and grasslands, such as dead trees, results in the release of about 220 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide every year. This carbon dioxide alone is over 8 times the amount emitted by humans. These natural sources are balanced by natural sinks, which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.<ref>US Global Change Research Information Office, "Common Questions about Climate Change" http://www.gcrio.org/ipcc/qa/05.html</ref> The increase in carbon dioxide concentration arises because the increase from human activity is not balanced by a corresponding sink.

[[Image:TOMS indonesia smog lrg.jpg|thumb|200px|Smoke and ozone pollution from Indonesian fires, 1997.]]
In 1997, Indonesian [[peat]] fires may have released 13% – 40% as much carbon as fossil fuel burning does in a single year.<ref>http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2002/2002-11-08-06.asp</ref><ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6613</ref> Various techniques have been proposed for removing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in [[carbon dioxide sink]]s. Not all the emitted CO2 remains in the atmosphere; some is absorbed in the oceans or biosphere. The ratio of the increase in atmospheric CO2 to emitted CO2 is known as the ''airborne fraction'' (Keeling et al., 1995); this varies for short-term averages but is typically 57% over longer (5 year) periods.

Increased amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere enhance the [[greenhouse effect]]. It is currently the [[Scientific_opinion_of_global_warming|majority scientific opinion]] that carbon dioxide emissions are the main cause of [[global warming]] observed since the mid-20th century. The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on climate is occasionally called the [[Callendar effect]], after engineer and inventor [[Guy Stewart Callendar]] who was one of the first to propose this association.

== Origins ==
Natural sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide include [[volcanic]] [[outgassing]], the [[combustion]] of [[organic compound|organic matter]], and the [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]] processes of living [[aerobic organism]]s; man-made sources of carbon dioxide include the burning of [[fossil fuels]] for heating, [[electricity generation|power generation]] and [[transport]]. It is also produced by various [[microorganism]]s from [[fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] and [[cellular respiration]]. [[Plant]]s convert carbon dioxide to [[carbohydrate]]s during a process called [[photosynthesis]]. They produce the energy needed for this reaction through the [[photolysis]] of water. The resulting gas, oxygen, is released into the atmosphere by plants, which is subsequently used for respiration by [[heterotrophic]] organisms, forming a [[carbon cycle|cycle]].

During the 100,000 year ice age cycle, CO2 varies between a low of approximately 200 ppm during cold periods and a high of 280 ppm during interglacials. Recent human influences have increased this to above 380 ppm. There is a large natural flux of CO2 into and out of the biosphere and oceans. In the pre-industrial era these fluxes were largely in balance. Currently approximately 50% of human-emitted CO2 is removed; without this effect CO2 levels would be even higher.

== Historical variation ==
[[Image:Carbon Dioxide 400kyr.png|thumb|right|250px|CO2 concentrations over the last 400,000 years]]

The most direct method for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations for periods before direct sampling is to measure bubbles of air ([[fluid inclusions|fluid or gas inclusions]]) trapped in the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] or [[Greenland]] ice caps. The most widely accepted of such studies come from a variety of Antarctic cores and indicate that atmospheric CO2 levels were about 260 – 280 ppmv immediately before industrial emissions began and did not vary much from this level during the preceding 10,000 years (10 [[kyr]]).

The longest [[ice core]] record comes from East Antarctica, where ice has been sampled to an age of 800 kyr [[before present|BP]] (Before Present).<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm</ref> During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied by volume between 180 – 210 ppm during [[ice age]]s, increasing to 280 – 300 ppm during warmer [[interglacial]]s.<ref>http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html</ref> The data can be accessed [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok_data.html here].

Some studies have disputed the claim of stable CO2 levels during the present interglacial of the last 10 kyr. Based on an analysis of fossil leaves, Wagner et al.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Friederike | last = Wagner | coauthors = Bent Aaby and Henk Visscher | title = Rapid atmospheric O2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P. cooling event | journal = PNAS | volume = 99 | issue = 19 | year = 2002 | pages = 12011 – 12014 | id = {{doi|10.1073/pnas.182420699}} }}</ref> argued that CO2 levels during the period 7 – 10 kyr ago were significantly higher (~300 ppm) and contained substantial variations that may be correlated to climate variations. Others have disputed such claims, suggesting they are more likely to reflect calibration problems than actual changes in CO2.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Andreas | last = Indermühle | coauthors = Bernhard Stauffer, Thomas F. Stocker | title = Early Holocene Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations | journal = Science | volume = 286 | issue = 5446 | year = 1999 | pages = 1815 | id = {{doi|10.1126/science.286.5446.1815a}} | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/286/5446/1815a | accessdate = May 26 | accessyear = 2005 }}</ref> Relevant to this dispute is the observation that Greenland ice cores often report higher and more variable CO2 values than similar measurements in Antarctica. However, the groups responsible for such measurements (e.g., Smith et al.<ref>{{cite journal | first = H.J. | last = Smith | coauthors = M Wahlen and D. Mastroianni | title = The CO2 concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum-Holocene transition | journal = Geophysical Research Letters | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | year = 1997 | pages = 1 – 4 }}</ref>) believe the variations in Greenland cores result from ''in situ'' decomposition of [[calcium carbonate]] dust found in the ice. When dust levels in Greenland cores are low, as they nearly always are in
Antarctic cores, the researchers report good agreement between Antarctic and Greenland CO2 measurements.

[[Image:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png|thumb|left|300px|Changes in carbon dioxide during the [[Phanerozoic]] (the last 542 million years). The recent period is located on the left-hand side of the plot, and it appears that much of the last 550 million years has experienced carbon dioxide concentrations significantly higher than the present day.]]

On longer timescales, various [[Proxy_%28climate%29|proxy measurements]] have been used to attempt to determine atmospheric carbon dioxide levels millions of years in the past. These include [[boron]] and [[carbon]] [[isotope]] ratios in certain types of marine sediments, and the number of [[stomata]] observed on fossil plant leaves. While these measurements give much less precise estimates of carbon dioxide concentration than ice cores, there is evidence for very high CO2 volume concentrations between 200 and 150 [[myr]] BP of over 3,000 ppm and between 600 and 400 myr BP of over 6,000 ppm.<ref>http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/fig3-2.htm</ref> On long timescales, atmospheric CO2 content is determined by the balance among geochemical processes including organic carbon burial in sediments, silicate rock [[weathering]], and vulcanism. The net effect of slight imbalances in the [[carbon cycle]] over tens to hundreds of millions of years has been to reduce atmospheric CO2. The rates of these processes are extremely slow; hence they are of limited relevance to the atmospheric CO2 response to emissions over the next hundred years. In more recent times, atmospheric CO2 concentration continued to fall after about 60 myr BP, and there is geochemical evidence that volume concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 myr BP. Low CO2 concentrations may have been the stimulus that favored the evolution of [[C4 carbon fixation|C4]] plants, which increased greatly in abundance between 7 and 5 myr BP. Present carbon dioxide levels are likely higher now than at any time during the past 20 myr<ref>http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/107.htm#331</ref> and certainly higher than in the last 800,000.

== Relationship with oceanic concentration ==
[[Image:CO2_pump_hg.png|thumb|Air-sea exchange of CO2]]

The Earth's [[ocean]]s contain a huge amount of carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions — much more than the amount in the atmosphere. The bicarbonate is produced in reactions between rock, water, and carbon dioxide. One example is the dissolution of calcium carbonate:

:CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O {{unicode|⇌}} Ca2+ + 2 HCO3-

Reactions like this tend to buffer changes in atmospheric CO2. However, since it produces an acidic compound, the [[pH]] of sea water is thought to go down with increasing carbon dioxide levels. Reactions between carbon dioxide and non-carbonate rocks also add bicarbonate to the seas, which can later undergo the reverse of the above reaction to form carbonate rocks, releasing half of the bicarbonate as CO2. Over hundreds of millions of years this has produced huge quantities of carbonate rocks.

The vast majority of CO2 added to the atmosphere will eventually be absorbed by the oceans and become bicarbonate ion, but the process takes on the order of a hundred years because most seawater rarely comes near the surface.

As the oceans warm, carbon dioxide solubility in the surface waters decreases markedly. However, the overall system is quite complex, as indicated above, and further details may be found in the article on the [[Solubility pump|carbon solubility pump]].

An unknown, though probably large, quantity of CO2 is in the ocean sediments as a methane-carbon dioxide-water clathrates, one of the family of gas hydrates.

==See also==
{{Portal|Energy}}
*[[Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change]] - A Scientific Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases
*[[Greenhouse effect]]
*[[Global warming]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

 
{{global warming}}

[[Category:Atmosphere]]
[[Category:Carbon dioxide]]
[[Category:Global warming]]

Kohlenstoffdioxid in der Erdatmosphäre

2007-11-13T09:13:25Z

217.23.231.70: /* Concentration */

'''[[Carbon dioxide]] in the [[Earth's atmosphere]]''' is present in a low concentration. Regardless, it is essential to [[photosynthesis]] in [[plant]]s and other [[photoautotroph]]s, and is also a prominent [[greenhouse gas]] due to its [[radiative forcing]] strength.

==Concenthghhkkmcgkt cfration==
[[Image:Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide.png|thumbnail|right|280px|Atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured at [[Mauna Loa Observatory]].]]
As of January [[2007]], the CO2 concentration in [[Earth's atmosphere]] was about 0.0383% by volume, or 383 [[Parts-per notation|ppmv]]. This is 99 ppm (35%) above the 1832 ice core levels of 284 ppm. The [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] describes current levels "...as a dry [[mole fraction]] defined as the number of molecules of carbon dioxide divided by the number of molecules of dry air multiplied by one million (ppm)." and the chart as of July 2007 shows a level of about 387 ppm.<ref>{{ cite web | title=Historical CO2 record derived from a spline fit (20 year cutoff) of the Law Dome DE08 and DE08-2 ice cores | url=http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/lawdome.smoothed.yr20 | accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref><ref>http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/maunaloa.co2</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide - Mauna Loa | url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ | accessdate=2007-06-12 }}</ref>

There is an annual fluctuation of about 3-9 ppm in the measurements, which roughly follows the Northern Hemisphere's growing season. The [[Northern Hemisphere]] dominates the annual cycle of CO2 concentration because it has much greater land area and plant biomass than the Southern Hemisphere. Concentrations peak in May as the spring greenup begins and reach a minimum in October when the quantity of [[biomass]] undergoing photosynthesis is greatest.<ref>http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/faq.html</ref>

Despite its relatively small concentration overall in the atmosphere, CO2 is an important component of Earth's atmosphere because it absorbs [[infrared]] radiation at [[wavelength]]s of 4.26 [[µm]] (asymmetric stretching [[Infrared spectroscopy|vibrational mode]]) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode), thereby playing a role in the [[greenhouse effect]].<ref>Petty, G.W.: ''A First Course in Atmospheric Radiation'', pages 229-251, Sundog Publishing, 2004</ref> ''See also "[[Carbon dioxide equivalent]]"''.
 
[[Image:co2_vib_modes.svg|thumb|200px|The three vibrational modes of carbon dioxide: (a) symmetric, (b) asymmetric stretching; (c) bending. In (a), there is no change in [[dipole moment]], thus interaction with [[photon]]s is impossible, while in (b) and (c) there is optical activity.]]

The initial carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the young Earth was produced by [[volcano|volcanic activity]]. This was essential for a warm and stable climate conducive to life. Volcanic activity now releases about 130 to 230 [[gram|teragrams]] (145 million to 255 million [[short ton]]s) of carbon dioxide each year,<ref>Gerlach, T.M., 1992, Present-day CO2 emissions from volcanoes: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 72, No. 23, June 4, 1991, pp. 249, and 254 – 255</ref> which is less than 1% of the amount released by human activities.<ref>U.S. Geological Survey, "Volcanic Gases and Their Effects" http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/VolGas/volgas.html</ref>

[[Image:Global Carbon Emission by Type.png|thumb|left|250px|Global fossil carbon emissions 1800 – 2000.]]

From 1832 to 2004, the atmospheric CO2 concentration increased from 284 ppmv to 377 ppmv, or about 33%, with most of the change occurring since 1970. Burning [[fossil fuel]]s such as [[coal]] and [[petroleum]] is the leading cause of increased man-made CO2; [[deforestation]] is the second major cause. [[As of 2004]], around 27 [[gigatonne]]s of CO2 are released from fossil fuels per year worldwide, equivalent to about 7.4 gigatonnes of carbon (see [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions]]); in 2006 8.4 gigatonnes carbon were emitted[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071022/ap_on_sc/carbon_increase].

Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere by a variety of natural sources, and over 95% percent of total CO2 emissions would occur even if humans were not present on Earth. For example, the natural decay of organic material in forests and grasslands, such as dead trees, results in the release of about 220 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide every year. This carbon dioxide alone is over 8 times the amount emitted by humans. These natural sources are balanced by natural sinks, which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.<ref>US Global Change Research Information Office, "Common Questions about Climate Change" http://www.gcrio.org/ipcc/qa/05.html</ref> The increase in carbon dioxide concentration arises because the increase from human activity is not balanced by a corresponding sink.

[[Image:TOMS indonesia smog lrg.jpg|thumb|200px|Smoke and ozone pollution from Indonesian fires, 1997.]]
In 1997, Indonesian [[peat]] fires may have released 13% – 40% as much carbon as fossil fuel burning does in a single year.<ref>http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2002/2002-11-08-06.asp</ref><ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6613</ref> Various techniques have been proposed for removing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in [[carbon dioxide sink]]s. Not all the emitted CO2 remains in the atmosphere; some is absorbed in the oceans or biosphere. The ratio of the increase in atmospheric CO2 to emitted CO2 is known as the ''airborne fraction'' (Keeling et al., 1995); this varies for short-term averages but is typically 57% over longer (5 year) periods.

Increased amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere enhance the [[greenhouse effect]]. It is currently the [[Scientific_opinion_of_global_warming|majority scientific opinion]] that carbon dioxide emissions are the main cause of [[global warming]] observed since the mid-20th century. The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on climate is occasionally called the [[Callendar effect]], after engineer and inventor [[Guy Stewart Callendar]] who was one of the first to propose this association.

== Origins ==
Natural sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide include [[volcanic]] [[outgassing]], the [[combustion]] of [[organic compound|organic matter]], and the [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]] processes of living [[aerobic organism]]s; man-made sources of carbon dioxide include the burning of [[fossil fuels]] for heating, [[electricity generation|power generation]] and [[transport]]. It is also produced by various [[microorganism]]s from [[fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] and [[cellular respiration]]. [[Plant]]s convert carbon dioxide to [[carbohydrate]]s during a process called [[photosynthesis]]. They produce the energy needed for this reaction through the [[photolysis]] of water. The resulting gas, oxygen, is released into the atmosphere by plants, which is subsequently used for respiration by [[heterotrophic]] organisms, forming a [[carbon cycle|cycle]].

During the 100,000 year ice age cycle, CO2 varies between a low of approximately 200 ppm during cold periods and a high of 280 ppm during interglacials. Recent human influences have increased this to above 380 ppm. There is a large natural flux of CO2 into and out of the biosphere and oceans. In the pre-industrial era these fluxes were largely in balance. Currently approximately 50% of human-emitted CO2 is removed; without this effect CO2 levels would be even higher.

== Historical variation ==
[[Image:Carbon Dioxide 400kyr.png|thumb|right|250px|CO2 concentrations over the last 400,000 years]]

The most direct method for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations for periods before direct sampling is to measure bubbles of air ([[fluid inclusions|fluid or gas inclusions]]) trapped in the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] or [[Greenland]] ice caps. The most widely accepted of such studies come from a variety of Antarctic cores and indicate that atmospheric CO2 levels were about 260 – 280 ppmv immediately before industrial emissions began and did not vary much from this level during the preceding 10,000 years (10 [[kyr]]).

The longest [[ice core]] record comes from East Antarctica, where ice has been sampled to an age of 800 kyr [[before present|BP]] (Before Present).<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm</ref> During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied by volume between 180 – 210 ppm during [[ice age]]s, increasing to 280 – 300 ppm during warmer [[interglacial]]s.<ref>http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html</ref> The data can be accessed [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok_data.html here].

Some studies have disputed the claim of stable CO2 levels during the present interglacial of the last 10 kyr. Based on an analysis of fossil leaves, Wagner et al.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Friederike | last = Wagner | coauthors = Bent Aaby and Henk Visscher | title = Rapid atmospheric O2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P. cooling event | journal = PNAS | volume = 99 | issue = 19 | year = 2002 | pages = 12011 – 12014 | id = {{doi|10.1073/pnas.182420699}} }}</ref> argued that CO2 levels during the period 7 – 10 kyr ago were significantly higher (~300 ppm) and contained substantial variations that may be correlated to climate variations. Others have disputed such claims, suggesting they are more likely to reflect calibration problems than actual changes in CO2.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Andreas | last = Indermühle | coauthors = Bernhard Stauffer, Thomas F. Stocker | title = Early Holocene Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations | journal = Science | volume = 286 | issue = 5446 | year = 1999 | pages = 1815 | id = {{doi|10.1126/science.286.5446.1815a}} | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/286/5446/1815a | accessdate = May 26 | accessyear = 2005 }}</ref> Relevant to this dispute is the observation that Greenland ice cores often report higher and more variable CO2 values than similar measurements in Antarctica. However, the groups responsible for such measurements (e.g., Smith et al.<ref>{{cite journal | first = H.J. | last = Smith | coauthors = M Wahlen and D. Mastroianni | title = The CO2 concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum-Holocene transition | journal = Geophysical Research Letters | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | year = 1997 | pages = 1 – 4 }}</ref>) believe the variations in Greenland cores result from ''in situ'' decomposition of [[calcium carbonate]] dust found in the ice. When dust levels in Greenland cores are low, as they nearly always are in
Antarctic cores, the researchers report good agreement between Antarctic and Greenland CO2 measurements.

[[Image:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png|thumb|left|300px|Changes in carbon dioxide during the [[Phanerozoic]] (the last 542 million years). The recent period is located on the left-hand side of the plot, and it appears that much of the last 550 million years has experienced carbon dioxide concentrations significantly higher than the present day.]]

On longer timescales, various [[Proxy_%28climate%29|proxy measurements]] have been used to attempt to determine atmospheric carbon dioxide levels millions of years in the past. These include [[boron]] and [[carbon]] [[isotope]] ratios in certain types of marine sediments, and the number of [[stomata]] observed on fossil plant leaves. While these measurements give much less precise estimates of carbon dioxide concentration than ice cores, there is evidence for very high CO2 volume concentrations between 200 and 150 [[myr]] BP of over 3,000 ppm and between 600 and 400 myr BP of over 6,000 ppm.<ref>http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/fig3-2.htm</ref> On long timescales, atmospheric CO2 content is determined by the balance among geochemical processes including organic carbon burial in sediments, silicate rock [[weathering]], and vulcanism. The net effect of slight imbalances in the [[carbon cycle]] over tens to hundreds of millions of years has been to reduce atmospheric CO2. The rates of these processes are extremely slow; hence they are of limited relevance to the atmospheric CO2 response to emissions over the next hundred years. In more recent times, atmospheric CO2 concentration continued to fall after about 60 myr BP, and there is geochemical evidence that volume concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 myr BP. Low CO2 concentrations may have been the stimulus that favored the evolution of [[C4 carbon fixation|C4]] plants, which increased greatly in abundance between 7 and 5 myr BP. Present carbon dioxide levels are likely higher now than at any time during the past 20 myr<ref>http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/107.htm#331</ref> and certainly higher than in the last 800,000.

== Relationship with oceanic concentration ==
[[Image:CO2_pump_hg.png|thumb|Air-sea exchange of CO2]]

The Earth's [[ocean]]s contain a huge amount of carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions — much more than the amount in the atmosphere. The bicarbonate is produced in reactions between rock, water, and carbon dioxide. One example is the dissolution of calcium carbonate:

:CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O {{unicode|⇌}} Ca2+ + 2 HCO3-

Reactions like this tend to buffer changes in atmospheric CO2. However, since it produces an acidic compound, the [[pH]] of sea water is thought to go down with increasing carbon dioxide levels. Reactions between carbon dioxide and non-carbonate rocks also add bicarbonate to the seas, which can later undergo the reverse of the above reaction to form carbonate rocks, releasing half of the bicarbonate as CO2. Over hundreds of millions of years this has produced huge quantities of carbonate rocks.

The vast majority of CO2 added to the atmosphere will eventually be absorbed by the oceans and become bicarbonate ion, but the process takes on the order of a hundred years because most seawater rarely comes near the surface.

As the oceans warm, carbon dioxide solubility in the surface waters decreases markedly. However, the overall system is quite complex, as indicated above, and further details may be found in the article on the [[Solubility pump|carbon solubility pump]].

An unknown, though probably large, quantity of CO2 is in the ocean sediments as a methane-carbon dioxide-water clathrates, one of the family of gas hydrates.

==See also==
{{Portal|Energy}}
*[[Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change]] - A Scientific Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases
*[[Greenhouse effect]]
*[[Global warming]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

 
{{global warming}}

[[Category:Atmosphere]]
[[Category:Carbon dioxide]]
[[Category:Global warming]]

FC Gateshead

2007-10-29T12:34:31Z

217.23.231.70:

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Gateshead|
image = [[image:Gatesheadcrest.jpg]] |
fullname = Gateshead Football Club |
nickname = The Heed, The Goatse, |
founded = [[1905]] (as South Shields Adelaide FC'', 1930 Gateshead AFC ) 1973-77 not in business Reformed [[1977]] (as ''Gateshead F.C'') —see text for details |
ground = [[Gateshead International Stadium]] [[Gateshead]] former grounds Horsley Hill, South Shields [[Redheugh Park]] |
capacity = 11,800 (5,000 open to spectators) |
chairman = {{flagicon|England}} [[Graham Wood]] |
manager = {{flagicon|England}} [[Ian Bogie]] |
league = [[Northern Premier League]] Premier Division |
season = [[2006-07 in English football|2006-07]] |
position = [[Northern Premier League]] Premier Division, 9th |
pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|
leftarm1=FFFFFF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FFFFFF|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=FFFFFF|
pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|
leftarm1=FFFFFF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FFFFFF|shorts1=000000|socks1=FFFFFF|
}}
'''Gateshead F.C.''' are a [[football (soccer)|football]] team based in [[Gateshead]], [[England]], who currently play in the [[Northern Premier League]]. The club was reformed in [[1977]], after the original club, who was a member of the [[The Football League|Football League]] from [[1930]] to [[1960]] collapsed in 1973.

The club is currently Chaired by Graham Wood, a self-made millionaire who supported the original Gateshead F.C and attended games at their [[Redheugh Park]] home.

In May 2007 [[Ian Bogie]] was appointed as Manager, his assistant being former Preston North End and Newcastle team mate, as well as former Gateshead Captain, [[Jeff Wrightson]].

==History==
There have been many different Gateshead clubs over the years. Probably the earliest to reach prominence was Gateshead NERFC who were formed in 1889. But none of these are the forerunners of Gateshead Football Club. The original '''Gateshead A.F.C''' club originated eight miles (14 km) from Gateshead in the town of South Shiels. Founded in 1905, South Shields Adelaide FC initially played in the Tyneside League before being elected to the more senior North Eastern League in 1908. In 1910 the club adopted the name of [[South Shields F.C.]]. With the expansion of the [[Football League]] after World War I, South Shiels applied and were elected to the Second Division. From 1919 until 1928. the Horseley Hill Ground played host to football in England's second tier. But financially, the club were struggling and the inevitable happened in 1928 when the club finished bottom and were relegated to the Third Division (North).

After two fairly mediocre seasons in the lower division, the club was on its knees so the board took the almost unprecedented step of moving the club lock, stock and barrel to another town with hopefully more support. With the enthusiastic support of Gateshead Council, a new staium was built at [[Redheugh Park]] in the West end of Gateshead and in August 1930, Gateshead F.C. kicked off a new era when over 15,000 spectators watched the home side beat Doncaster Rovers 2-1. Gateshead narrowly missed out on promotion when they finished runners-up (on [[goal average]]) in [[1932]] and again in [[1950]] (by two points), but stayed in the lower division until the regional divisions were replaced by the Third and Fourth Divisions in 1958.

In their 1950s heydays, Gateshead enjoyed some remarkable FA Cup runs. reaching round four in 1952 and round six in 1953. Having already beaten Liverpool 1-0 in round three in 1953, Gateshead finally succumbed 1-0 to Bolton who then went on to reach the final.

Missing the cut to form the new national Third Division by only one point, Gateshead were founder members of the Fourth Division. The travelling in the new national Division was difficult for all clubs but especially one as far North as Gateshead. In the first season, (1958-59), Gateshead finished twentieth and the next year Gateshead finished even lower in 22nd place. At that time, the bottom four clubs in the Fourth Division had to apply for re-election.

Gateshead applied along with Southport (applying for the third year running and the seventh time in total), Oldham (applying for the second year running) and Hartlepools (applying fo the fourth time). Gateshead had no reason to believe they were at risk, but the Football League shocked the footballing world by failing to re-elect Gateshead. With no [[National League System]] then in place, the club played in various regional leagues before becoming founder members of the [[Northern Premier League]] (NPL) in [[1968]]. The club played in the NPL from [[1968]] to [[1970]] when they finished bottom and were out. After a season raplacing their reserves in the parochial Wearside League, the first team were admitted to the Midland League. By now the club was in financial difficulties and were forced to leave Redheugh Park. They took up residence in the Gateshead Youth Stadium, until they disbanded in [[1973]].

History then repeated itself, when the reformed South Shields F.C., themselves members of the NPL, moved to the Youth Stadium and became '''Gateshead United F.C.'''. This only lasted three seasons before they themselves went out of business in [[1977]].

A reformed '''Gateshead F.C.''' was constituted to take their place in the NPL. By now, the Youth Stadium had been upgraded and renamed as [[Gateshead International Stadium]]. With a superb ground and a new dynamic board, Gateshead finally made progress, winning promotion from the NPL to the [[Football Conference|Alliance Premier League]] in [[1983]]. With good sponsorship, Gateshead spent several seasons in the [[Football Conference]] and looked on the brink of regaining their coveted Football League place. But as the sponsorship money dried up, the club declined and spent the [[2003-04 in English football|2003-04]] season in the [[Northern Premier League First Division]]. A 6th place finish was enough to win promotion to the [[Northern Premier League Premier Division|Premier Division]] due to the restructuring of the [[National League System]].

==Current squad==
'''Goalkeepers:'''
*[[Peter Keen]]
*[[Scott Allison]] (On loan from Hartlepool)

'''Defenders:'''
*James Curtis
*Richard Flynn
*Paul Talbot
*Michael Smith
*[[Steve Baker]]
*Craig Baxter
*[[Phil Cave]]
*[[Kris Gate]]

'''Midfielders:'''
*[[Steve Bowey]]
*Chris Hughes
*Jamie Harwood
*Steve Salvin
*[[Jamie McClen]]
*Wayne Phillips

'''Forwards:'''
*Paul Thompson
*Ian Robson
*Graeme Armstrong
*David Southern suspend for foul abuse

'''Utility Players:'''
*Ben Pollock

==Honours==
''Gateshead (1) (1930-73):''
*'''[[Football League Third Division (North)]]''' runners up [[1932]], [[1950]]
''Gateshead (2) (1977-date):''
*'''[[Northern Premier League]]''' champions [[1983]], [[1986]], runners up [[1990]]

==External links==
*[http://www.gateshead-fc.com/ Official site]
*[http://heedarmy.blogspot.com/ Heed Army Fan Site]
*[http://www.heedforums.co.uk/ www.HeedForums.co.uk, a Place for Gateshead FC Fans to chat]

{{Northern_Premier_League}}

[[Category:English football clubs]]
[[Category:Northern Premier League]]
[[Category:Sport in Tyne and Wear]]
[[Category:Football (soccer) clubs established in 1977]]
[[nl:Gateshead FC]]

FC Gateshead

2007-10-17T11:47:01Z

217.23.231.70:

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Gateshead))
image = [[image:Gatesheadcrest.jpg]] |
fullname = Gateshead Football Club |
nickname = The Heed, The Goatse, |
founded = [[1905]] (as South Shields Adelaide FC'', 1930 Gateshead AFC ) 1973-77 not in business Reformed [[1977]] (as ''Gateshead F.C'') —see text for details |
ground = [[Gateshead International Stadium]] [[Gateshead]] former grounds Horsley Hill, South Shields [[Redheugh Park]] |
capacity = 11,800 (5,000 open to spectators) |
chairman = {{flagicon|England}} [[Graham Wood]] |
manager = {{flagicon|England}} [[Ian Bogie]] |
league = [[Northern Premier League]] Premier Division |
season = [[2006-07 in English football|2006-07]] |
position = [[Northern Premier League]] Premier Division, 9th |
pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|
leftarm1=FFFFFF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FFFFFF|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=FFFFFF|
pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|
leftarm1=FFFFFF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FFFFFF|shorts1=000000|socks1=FFFFFF|
}}
'''Gateshead F.C.''' are a [[football (soccer)|football]] team based in [[Gateshead]], [[England]], who currently play in the [[Northern Premier League]]. The club was reformed in [[1977]], after the original club, who was a member of the [[The Football League|Football League]] from [[1930]] to [[1960]] collapsed in 1973.

The club is currently Chaired by Graham Wood, a self-made millionaire who supported the original Gateshead F.C and attended games at their [[Redheugh Park]] home.

In May 2007 [[Ian Bogie]] was appointed as Manager, his assistant being former Preston North End and Newcastle team mate, as well as former Gateshead Captain, [[Jeff Wrightson]].

==History==
There have been many different Gateshead clubs over the years. Probably the earliest to reach prominence was Gateshead NERFC who were formed in 1889. But none of these are the forerunners of Gateshead Football Club. The original '''Gateshead A.F.C''' club originated eight miles (14 km) from Gateshead in the town of South Shiels. Founded in 1905, South Shiels Adelaide FC initially played in the Tyneside League before being elected to the more senior North Eastern League in 1908. In 1910 the club adopted the name of [[South Shields F.C.]]. With the expansion of the [[Football League]] after World War I, South Shiels applied and were elected to the Second Division. From 1919 until 1928. the Horseley Hill Ground played host to football in England's second tier. But financially, the club were struggling and the inevitable happened in 1928 when the club finished bottom and were relegated to the Third Division (North).

After two fairly mediocre seasons in the lower division, the club was on its knees so the board took the almost unprecedented step of moving the club lock, stock and barrel to another town with hopefully more support. With the enthusiastic support of Gateshead Council, a new staium was built at [[Redheugh Park]] in the West end of Gateshead and in August 1930, Gateshead F.C. kicked off a new era when over 15,000 spectators watched the home side beat Doncaster Rovers 2-1. Gateshead narrowly missed out on promotion when they finished runners-up (on [[goal average]]) in [[1932]] and again in [[1950]] (by two points), but stayed in the lower division until the regional divisions were replaced by the Third and Fourth Divisions in 1958.

In their 1950s heydays, Gateshead enjoyed some remarkable FA Cup runs. reaching round four in 1952 and round six in 1953. Having already beaten Liverpool 1-0 in round three in 1953, Gateshead finally succumbed 1-0 to Bolton who then went on to reach the final.

Missing the cut to form the new national Third Division by only one point, Gateshead were founder members of the Fourth Division. The travelling in the new national Division was difficult for all clubs but especially one as far North as Gateshead. In the first season, (1958-59), Gateshead finished twentieth and the next year Gateshead finished even lower in 22nd place. At that time, the bottom four clubs in the Fourth Division had to apply for re-election.

Gateshead applied along with Southport (applying for the third year running and the seventh time in total), Oldham (applying for the second year running) and Hartlepools (applying fo the fourth time). Gateshead had no reason to believe they were at risk, but the Football League shocked the footballing world by failing to re-elect Gateshead. With no [[National League System]] then in place, the club played in various regional leagues before becoming founder members of the [[Northern Premier League]] (NPL) in [[1968]]. The club played in the NPL from [[1968]] to [[1970]] when they finished bottom and were out. After a season raplacing their reserves in the parochial Wearside League, the first team were admitted to the Midland League. By now the club was in financial difficulties and were forced to leave Redheugh Park. They took up residence in the Gateshead Youth Stadium, until they disbanded in [[1973]].

History then repeated itself, when the reformed South Shields F.C., themselves members of the NPL, moved to the Youth Stadium and became '''Gateshead United F.C.'''. This only lasted three seasons before they themselves went out of business in [[1977]].

A reformed '''Gateshead F.C.''' was constituted to take their place in the NPL. By now, the Youth Stadium had been upgraded and renamed as [[Gateshead International Stadium]]. With a superb ground and a new dynamic board, Gateshead finally made progress, winning promotion from the NPL to the [[Football Conference|Alliance Premier League]] in [[1983]]. With good sponsorship, Gateshead spent several seasons in the [[Football Conference]] and looked on the brink of regaining their coveted Football League place. But as the sponsorship money dried up, the club declined and spent the [[2003-04 in English football|2003-04]] season in the [[Northern Premier League First Division]]. A 6th place finish was enough to win promotion to the [[Northern Premier League Premier Division|Premier Division]] due to the restructuring of the [[National League System]].gatshead now play in the unibond division they are curretly 9th in the leugue

==Current squad==
'''Goalkeepers:'''
*[[Peter Keen]]
*[[Scott Allison]] (On loan from Hartlepool)

'''Defenders:'''
*James Curtis
*Richard Flynn
*Paul Talbot
*Michael Smith
*[[Steve Baker]]
*Craig Baxter
*[[Phil Cave]]
*[[Kris Gate]]

'''Midfielders:'''
*[[Steve Bowey (captain)
*Chris Hughes
*Jamie Harwood
*Steve Salvin
*[[Jamie McClen]]
*Wayne Phillips

'''Forwards:'''
*Paul Thompson
*Ian Robson
*Graeme Armstrong
*David Southern (He runs like a chicken)

'''Utility Players:'''
*Ben Pollock

==Honours==
''Gateshead (1) (1930-73):''
*'''[[Football League Third Division (North)]]''' runners up [[1932]], [[1950]]
''Gateshead (2) (1977-date):''
*'''[[Northern Premier League]]''' champions [[1983]], [[1986]], runners up [[1990]]

==External links==
*[http://www.gateshead-fc.com/ Official site]
*[http://heedarmy.blogspot.com/ Heed Army Fan Site]
*[http://www.heedforums.co.uk/ www.HeedForums.co.uk, a Place for Gateshead FC Fans to chat]

{{Northern_Premier_League}}

[[Category:English football clubs]]
[[Category:Northern Premier League]]
[[Category:Sport in Tyne and Wear]]
[[Category:Football (soccer) clubs established in 1977]]
[[nl:Gateshead FC]]

FC Gateshead

2007-10-17T11:43:10Z

217.23.231.70:

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Gateshead|
image = [[image:Gatesheadcrest.jpg]] |
fullname = Gateshead Football Club |
nickname = The Heed, The Goatse, |
founded = [[1905]] (as South Shields Adelaide FC'', 1930 Gateshead AFC ) 1973-77 not in business Reformed [[1977]] (as ''Gateshead F.C'') —see text for details |
ground = [[Gateshead International Stadium]] [[Gateshead]] former grounds Horsley Hill, South Shields [[Redheugh Park]] |
capacity = 11,800 (5,000 open to spectators) |
chairman = {{flagicon|England}} [[Graham Wood]] |
manager = {{flagicon|England}} [[Ian Bogie]] |
league = [[Northern Premier League]] Premier Division |
season = [[2006-07 in English football|2006-07]] |
position = [[Northern Premier League]] Premier Division, 9th |
pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|
leftarm1=FFFFFF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FFFFFF|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=FFFFFF|
pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|
leftarm1=FFFFFF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FFFFFF|shorts1=000000|socks1=FFFFFF|
}}
'''Gateshead F.C.''' are a [[football (soccer)|football]] team based in [[Gateshead]], [[England]], who currently play in the [[Northern Premier League]]. The club was reformed in [[1977]], after the original club, who was a member of the [[The Football League|Football League]] from [[1930]] to [[1960]] collapsed in 1973.

The club is currently Chaired by Graham Wood, a self-made millionaire who supported the original Gateshead F.C and attended games at their [[Redheugh Park]] home.

In May 2007 [[Ian Bogie]] was appointed as Manager, his assistant being former Preston North End and Newcastle team mate, as well as former Gateshead Captain, [[Jeff Wrightson]].

==History==
There have been many different Gateshead clubs over the years. Probably the earliest to reach prominence was Gateshead NERFC who were formed in 1889. But none of these are the forerunners of Gateshead Football Club. The original '''Gateshead A.F.C''' club originated eight miles (14 km) from Gateshead in the town of South Shiels. Founded in 1905, South Shiels Adelaide FC initially played in the Tyneside League before being elected to the more senior North Eastern League in 1908. In 1910 the club adopted the name of [[South Shields F.C.]]. With the expansion of the [[Football League]] after World War I, South Shiels applied and were elected to the Second Division. From 1919 until 1928. the Horseley Hill Ground played host to football in England's second tier. But financially, the club were struggling and the inevitable happened in 1928 when the club finished bottom and were relegated to the Third Division (North).

After two fairly mediocre seasons in the lower division, the club was on its knees so the board took the almost unprecedented step of moving the club lock, stock and barrel to another town with hopefully more support. With the enthusiastic support of Gateshead Council, a new staium was built at [[Redheugh Park]] in the West end of Gateshead and in August 1930, Gateshead F.C. kicked off a new era when over 15,000 spectators watched the home side beat Doncaster Rovers 2-1. Gateshead narrowly missed out on promotion when they finished runners-up (on [[goal average]]) in [[1932]] and again in [[1950]] (by two points), but stayed in the lower division until the regional divisions were replaced by the Third and Fourth Divisions in 1958.

In their 1950s heydays, Gateshead enjoyed some remarkable FA Cup runs. reaching round four in 1952 and round six in 1953. Having already beaten Liverpool 1-0 in round three in 1953, Gateshead finally succumbed 1-0 to Bolton who then went on to reach the final.

Missing the cut to form the new national Third Division by only one point, Gateshead were founder members of the Fourth Division. The travelling in the new national Division was difficult for all clubs but especially one as far North as Gateshead. In the first season, (1958-59), Gateshead finished twentieth and the next year Gateshead finished even lower in 22nd place. At that time, the bottom four clubs in the Fourth Division had to apply for re-election.

Gateshead applied along with Southport (applying for the third year running and the seventh time in total), Oldham (applying for the second year running) and Hartlepools (applying fo the fourth time). Gateshead had no reason to believe they were at risk, but the Football League shocked the footballing world by failing to re-elect Gateshead. With no [[National League System]] then in place, the club played in various regional leagues before becoming founder members of the [[Northern Premier League]] (NPL) in [[1968]]. The club played in the NPL from [[1968]] to [[1970]] when they finished bottom and were out. After a season raplacing their reserves in the parochial Wearside League, the first team were admitted to the Midland League. By now the club was in financial difficulties and were forced to leave Redheugh Park. They took up residence in the Gateshead Youth Stadium, until they disbanded in [[1973]].

History then repeated itself, when the reformed South Shields F.C., themselves members of the NPL, moved to the Youth Stadium and became '''Gateshead United F.C.'''. This only lasted three seasons before they themselves went out of business in [[1977]].

A reformed '''Gateshead F.C.''' was constituted to take their place in the NPL. By now, the Youth Stadium had been upgraded and renamed as [[Gateshead International Stadium]]. With a superb ground and a new dynamic board, Gateshead finally made progress, winning promotion from the NPL to the [[Football Conference|Alliance Premier League]] in [[1983]]. With good sponsorship, Gateshead spent several seasons in the [[Football Conference]] and looked on the brink of regaining their coveted Football League place. But as the sponsorship money dried up, the club declined and spent the [[2003-04 in English football|2003-04]] season in the [[Northern Premier League First Division]]. A 6th place finish was enough to win promotion to the [[Northern Premier League Premier Division|Premier Division]] due to the restructuring of the [[National League System]].

==Current squad==
'''Goalkeepers:'''
*[[Peter Keen]]
*[[Scott Allison]] (On loan from Hartlepool)

'''Defenders:'''
*James Curtis
*Richard Flynn
*Paul Talbot
*Michael Smith
*[[Steve Baker]]
*Craig Baxter
*[[Phil Cave]]
*[[Kris Gate]]

'''Midfielders:'''
*[[Steve Bowey captain
*Chris Hughes
*Jamie Harwood
*Steve Salvin
*[[Jamie McClen]]
*Wayne Phillips

'''Forwards:'''
*Paul Thompson
*Ian Robson
*Graeme Armstrong
*David Southern he runs like a chicken

'''Utility Players:'''
*Ben Pollock

==Honours==
''Gateshead (1) (1930-73):''
*'''[[Football League Third Division (North)]]''' runners up [[1932]], [[1950]]
''Gateshead (2) (1977-date):''
*'''[[Northern Premier League]]''' champions [[1983]], [[1986]], runners up [[1990]]

==External links==
*[http://www.gateshead-fc.com/ Official site]
*[http://heedarmy.blogspot.com/ Heed Army Fan Site]
*[http://www.heedforums.co.uk/ www.HeedForums.co.uk, a Place for Gateshead FC Fans to chat]

{{Northern_Premier_League}}

[[Category:English football clubs]]
[[Category:Northern Premier League]]
[[Category:Sport in Tyne and Wear]]
[[Category:Football (soccer) clubs established in 1977]]
[[nl:Gateshead FC]]

FC Gateshead

2006-11-10T10:18:56Z

217.23.231.70:

[[Image:Gatesheadfc.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Club logo]]
'''Gateshead F.C.''' are a [[football (soccer)|football]] team based in [[Gateshead]], [[England]], who currently play in the [[Northern Premier League]]. The club was founded in [[1977]], although a separate club of the same name was a member of the [[The Football League|Football League]] from [[1930]] to [[1960]].

Due to financial complications, the club has been unable to find a long-term chairman. Former player and manager [[Derek Bell (footballer)|Derek Bell]] assumed the position in the summer of [[2004]] and has since stabilised the club's finances and established many junior teams in a linkage with a local youth football club in a view to become an academy club over a period of time.

In June 2006 Tony Lee was appointed as the club's new manager. Ian Bogie is his assisntant.

==History==
There have been at least three different Gateshead teams over the years. The original '''Gateshead A.F.C''' club came into being in [[1930]] when [[South Shields F.C.]], then in the [[Football League Third Division North]], moved to the town. They narrowly missed out on promotion on [[goal average]] in [[1932]], but otherwise stayed in the lower divisions until failing re-election in [[1960]].They lost by one vote and that vote was Newcastles.

The club played in various regional leagues including a brief spell in the Northern Premier League from [[1968]] to [[1970]], until they disbanded in [[1973]]. History then repeated itself, when the reformed South Shields F.C., themselves members of the NPL, moved to [[Gateshead International Stadium]] and became '''Gateshead United F.C.'''. This only lasted three seasons before they themselves went out of business in [[1977]].

A new '''Gateshead F.C.''' was formed to take their place, and finally made progress, winning promotion to the [[Football Conference|Alliance Premier League]] in [[1983]]. They have been promoted and relegated several times since, and spent the [[2003-04 in English football|2003-04]] season in the [[Northern Premier League First Division]]. A 6th place finish was enough to win promotion to the [[Northern Premier League Premier Division|Premier Division]] due to the restructuring of the [[National League System]].

==Current squad (2006/07)==
'''Goalkeepers:'''
*Michael Price
*Richard Swann

'''Defenders:'''
*James Curtis
*Liam Bell
*Richard Flynn
*Paul Talbot
*Greg Foster
*[[Steve Baker]]
*Christian Hanson
*Craig Baxter

'''Midfielders:'''
*Chris Hughes
*David Southern
*Ian Clarke
*Michael Oliver
*Steve Salvin
*Steven Istead
*Chris Hughes
*Nicky Deverdics

'''Forwards:'''
*Adam Johnston
*Paul Thompson
*Kesandu Okiki
*Jamie Clarke
*Andy Appleby

==Honours==
''Gateshead (1) (1930-73):''
*'''[[Football League Third Division (North)]]''' runners up [[1932]], [[1950]]
''Gateshead (2) (1977-date):''
*'''[[Northern Premier League]]''' champions [[1983]], [[1986]], runners up [[1990]]

==External links==
*[http://www.gateshead-fc.com/ Official site]
*[http://www.gfcsc.50webs.com/ Supporters Club site]

{{Northern_Premier_League}}

[[Category:English football clubs]]
[[Category:Northern Premier League]]
[[Category:Sport in Tyne and Wear]]

Cur

2006-11-06T13:23:27Z

217.23.231.70: /* See also */

{{TOCright}}
:''Cur is also an alternate German spelling of the Swiss city and canton of [[Chur]]''
'''Cur''' refers to a [[dog]], usually of [[mixed-breed dog|mixed ancestry]]. In common usage, the term is often derogatory; fighting dogs that regress to growling rather than maintain calm are referred to as 'curs'. However, ''Cur'' is also a category of [[hunting dog]] developed in the [[United States]], usually not recognized as [[show dog]]s but developed solely for their hunting ability. As a result, most of the cur breeds are types rather than breeds—that is, one of these dogs can be recognized as a certain type of Cur but the appearance standard is extremely flexible, enough so that a complete breed appearance standard is difficult to create. However, several kennel clubs register various cur breeds based on their ancestry (bloodlines), and several lines are recognized within each breed. The [[United Kennel Club]] has an active registration program and competition hunting program for these dogs.

Examples of curs include:
*[[Black Mouth Cur]]
*[[Blue Lacy]]
*Catahoula Cur ([[Catahoula Leopard Dog]])
*[[Leopard Cur]]
*[[Mountain Cur]]
*[[Mountain View Cur]]
*[[Stephens Cur]]
*[[Treeing Cur]]

===Earlier use===
Historically, the words "cur" and "feist" were used in [[England]] to refer to small hunting dogs, where "feists" were the smaller dogs and "curs" were 30 lbs or larger . The Elizabethans may have used the word "cur" to denote "[[terrier]]".
===Quotations===
"Ladies and gentlemen, well may we say "[[God Save the Queen]]", because nothing will save the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]]. The proclamation you have just heard was countersigned [[Malcolm Fraser]], who will go down in history as [[John Kerr|Kerr's]] cur."
:-[[Prime Minister of Australia]] [[Gough Whitlam]], following his dismissal from office on the [[11th November]] [[1975]].

==See also==
*[[List of dog breeds]]
*[[Feist (dog)]]
pizza is a funny word

==External links==
*[http://www.ukcdogs.com/curfeist/curs.shtml United Kennel Club Cur breed list]

{{dog-stub}}
[[Category:Dog types]]
*[http://www.blackmouthcur.com Blackmouth Cur Information Page and Breed List]

{{dog-stub}}
[[Category:Blackmouth Cur Types]]

Papst (Titel)

2006-06-07T12:29:36Z

217.23.231.70: /* Office and nature */

:''This entry is about the Bishop of Rome. For other uses of the word, see [[Pope (disambiguation)]].''
{{Christianity}}
The '''Pope''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''pappas'', father; from [[Latin language|Latin]]: ''papa'', Papa, father{{fn|1}}) is the head of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. He is called by many names, including '''Successor of [[St. Peter]]''' and '''Bishop of Rome'''. The office of the Pope is called the '''Papacy'''; his ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the ''[[Holy See]]'' (''Sancta Sedes'' in Latin) or ''Apostolic See'' (this latter, on the basis that both St. Peter and [[Paul of Tarsus|St. Paul]] were martyred at Rome). Early bishops occupying the See of Rome were designated '''[[Vicar]] of Peter'''; for later popes the more authoritative '''Vicar of Christ''' was substituted; this designation was first used by the Roman [[Synod]] of [[495]] to refer to [[Pope Gelasius I]], an advocate of papal supremacy among the patriarchs. [[Pope Marcellinus|Marcellinus]] (d. 304) is first Bishop of Rome which sources show used the title of pope.

In addition to his service in this spiritual role, the pope is also [[head of state]] of the independent sovereign [[Vatican City|State of the Vatican City]], a [[city-state]] and [[nation]] entirely enclaved by the city of [[Rome]]. Prior to [[1870]] the pope's temporal authority extended over a large area of central [[Italy]], the territory of the [[Papal States]]. Although the document on which the territorial powers of the Pontificate was based — the so-called [[Donation of Constantine]] — was proved to be a forgery in the fifteenth century, the Papacy retained sovereign authority over the Papal States until the [[Italian Unification]] of [[1870]]; a final political settlement with the Italian government was not reached until the [[Lateran Treaties]] of [[1929]].

The current Pope is [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on [[19 April]] [[2005]].
{{Politics of Vatican City}}

==Office and nature==

In [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon Law]] the Pope is referred to as the "cunt hu likes cok" (''cokus likus''). He is styled "[[Your cock]]" (''Sanctitas Vestra'') and is frequently referred to as the "[[best cok suka eva]]". The title "Pop" is an informal one meaning "papa suck my cok", that is, "father". According to the 1bc [[Annuario Pontificio]], the formal title of the pop is "[[Bishop of cok]], [[Vicar of Christ|Vicar of Jesus Christ]], Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, [[Pontifex Maximus|Supreme Pontiff]] of the Universal Church, [[Primate (religion)|Primate]] of Italy, [[Archbishop]] and [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of the Roman province, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, [[Servus Servorum Dei|Servant of the Servants of God]]". This full title is rarely used. Starting from 1870, "[[Patriarch]] of the West" was another one of the pope's formal titles, but on [[March 1]] [[2006]], the Vatican announced that it would no longer be used[http://www.ewtn.com/vnews/getstory.asp?number=65346].
aka he likes cok

==Early history==
It is generally accepted amongst most Catholic and non-Catholic historians that the institution of the papacy with all associated authorities and practices did not arise immediately with the traditional arrival of Peter in Rome ''c.'' 50. Most historians hold that instead the institution evolved gradually over the first millennium of the Christian era. In fact it was not until the year 1073 that the word "Pope" came to denote the meaning that it conveys today, when applied to the Bishop of Rome.

During the first century of the Christian Church, the Roman capital became recognized as a Christian center of exceptional note, but there is no historical record that the primacy of the Roman see was recognized during the first century. The fact that [[Clement of Rome]]'s letter to the Corinthians (written ''c.'' 96,{{fn|2}}) adapted a somewhat pastoral tone, and also the fact that [[St. Ignatius of Antioch]] once used the word "preside" in the same sentence that he used the word, "Romans" in his letter to the Romans (written ''c.'' 105{{fn|3}}) are seen by some historians to present proof of the existence of a certain early Papal primacy.

Though The second ecumenical council suggests strongly that Roman primacy was already established. But it was not until 440 when [[Pope Leo I|Leo the Great]] more clearly articulated the extension of papal authority as doctrine, promulgating in edicts and in council his right to exert "the full range of apostolic powers that Jesus had first bestowed on the apostle Peter". This body of edicts and council rulings were later formally referred to as [[Petrine theory]]. Leo I is sometimes referred to as the "master builder of the Papacy".

[[Image:Keys to Peter.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Traditional painting by Pietro Perugino depicting "The Giving of the Keys to Saint Peter". (1492)]] It was under Leo I that the bishopric of Rome was first acclaimed in ecumenical council at the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451 as "speaking with the voice of Peter". Nevertheless, at this same Council the bishops accorded both the bishops of Rome and of Constantinople the same degree of primacy.

The dogmas and traditions of the Roman Catholic church teach that the institution of the papacy was first mandated by the Biblical passages-

:Matt.16:18-19: "And I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this ''rock'' I will build my church, and the gates of the netherworld will not prevail against it. I will give you the ''keys'' of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven."

The name "Peter" (Πέτρος in Greek) here translates as ''rock''. The reference to the "keys of the kingdom of heaven" here are the basis for the symbolic keys often found in Roman Catholic Papal symbology, such as in the Vatican Coat of Arms (see above).

==History of Papal titles==

As has been mentioned before, the pope's full title is "Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman province, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, Servant of the Servants of God".

The title "Vicar of Christ" refers to the pope's divine commission. This title came into use in the 5th and 6th centuries. [[Vatican II]] confirmed the titles "Vicar of Christ" and "Successor of Peter".

The term "Sovereign Pontiff" can be traced back to the end of the [[5th century]]. The title, which has its origins in the title for the Roman emperors of an earlier era, was initially applied to all metropolitan bishops. Again, it was in the [[11th century]] that the title came to be applied exclusively to the Bishop of Rome. The addition of the phrase "of the Universal Church" is a more recent alteration of this title.

Finally, the title attached to the Pope, "Servant of the Servants of God", was used by Church leaders including St. Augustine and St. Benedict. It was not reserved for the Pope until the [[13th century]]. The documents of Vatican II reinforce the understanding of this title as a reference to the Pope's role as a function of collegial authority, in which the Bishop of Rome serves the world's bishops. The titles "Primate of Italy", "Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman province", and "Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City" are references to the legal and canonical authority of the Pope as defined by the laws of the Church and the Lateran Treaties of [[1929]].

The pope's signature is usually in the format ''NN. PP. x'' (e.g., [[Pope Paul VI]] signed his name as "Paulus PP. VI"), the "PP." standing for ''Papa'' ("Pope"), and his name is frequently accompanied in inscriptions by the abbreviation "Pont. Max." or "P.M." (abbreviation of the ancient title ''[[Pontifex Maximus]]'', literally, "Greatest Bridge-maker", but usually translated "Supreme Pontiff"). The signature of [[Papal bull]]s is customarily ''NN. Episcopus Ecclesiae Catholicae'' ("NN. Bishop of the Catholic Church"), while the heading is ''NN. Episcopus [[Servus Servorum Dei]]'' ("NN. Bishop and Servant of the Servants of God"), the latter title dating to the time of [[Pope Gregory I]] ''the Great''. Other titles used in some official capacity include ''Summus Pontifex'' ("Highest Pontiff"), ''Sanctissimus Pater'' and ''Beatissimus Pater'' ("Most Holy Father" and "Most Blessed Father"), ''Sanctissimus Dominus Noster'' ("Our Most Holy Lord"), and, in the [[Middle Ages|Medieval period]], ''Dominus Apostolicus'' ("Apostolic Lord"). This title, however, was not abandoned altogether: the pope is still referred to as "Dominum Apostolicum" in the Latin version of the Litany of the Saints, a solemn Catholic prayer, and in some translations of it. Writing informally, pious Catholics will often use the abbreviation H.H. (His Holiness), as in H.H. John Paul II.

The pope's official seat or cathedral is the [[Basilica of St. John Lateran]], and his official residence is the [[Palace of the Vatican]]. He also possesses a summer palace at [[Castel Gandolfo]] (situated on the site of the ancient city-state [[Alba Longa]]). Historically, the official residence of the pope was the [[Lateran Palace]], donated by the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Constantine I of the Roman Empire|Constantinus I]]. The former Papal summer palace, the [[Quirinal Palace]], has subsequently been the official residence of the [[King of Italy|Kings of Italy]] and [[List of Presidents of the Italian Republic|President of the Italian Republic]].

It is the pope's ecclesiastical jurisdiction (the Holy See) and not his secular jurisdiction (Vatican City) which conducts international relations; for hundreds of years, the pope's court (the [[Roman Curia]]) has functioned as the government of the Catholic Church.
The name "Holy See" (also "Apostolic See") is in ecclesiastical terminology the ordinary jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome (including the Roman Curia); the pope's various honors, powers, and privileges within the Catholic Church and the international community derive from his Episcopate of Rome in lineal succession from the [[Apostle]] [[St. Peter]] (see [[Apostolic Succession]]). Consequently, Rome has traditionally occupied a central position in the Catholic Church, although this is not necessarily so. The pope derives his Pontificate from being Bishop of Rome but is not required to live there; according to the Latin formula ''ubi Papa, ibi Curia'', wherever the pope resides is the central government of the Church, provided that the pope is Bishop of Rome. As such, between [[1309]] and [[1378]], the popes lived in [[Avignon]] (the [[Avignon Papacy]]), a period often called the [[Babylonian Captivity]] in allusion to the [[Bible|Biblical]] exile of [[Israel]].

The title ''Patriarch of the West'' did not appear in the [[2006]] pontifical yearbook, and this led to considerable media speculation. The title Patriarch of the West was first used by Pope Theodore in 642, and was only used occasionally. Indeed, it did not appear in the pontifical yearbook until [[1863]]. On [[22 March]] [[2006]], the Vatican released a statement explaining this omission on the grounds of expressing a "historical and theological reality" and of "being useful to ecumenical dialogue". The title Patriarch of the West symbolized the Pope's special relationship with, and jurisdiction over, the Latin Church — and the omission of the title does not in any way symbolize a change in this relationship. Neither does it distort the relationship between the Holy See and the Eastern churches, as solemnly proclaimed by [[Vatican II]].

==Regalia and insignia==
[[Image:Vatican_coa.png|right|thumb|200px|Emblem of the Papacy]]
''Main article: [[Papal regalia and insignia]].''
*The "[[Papal Tiara|triregnum]]", also called the "tiara" or "triple crown"; recent popes have not, however, worn the ''triregnum'', though it remains the symbol of the Papacy and has not been abolished. In liturgical ceremonies popes wear an episcopal [[mitre]] (an erect cloth hat).
*Staff topped by a [[crucifix]], a custom established before the [[13th century]].
*The [[pallium]] (a circular band of fabric about two inches wide, worn over the [[chasuble]] about the neck, breast and shoulders and having two twelve-inch-long pendants hanging down in front and behind, ornamented with six small black crosses distributed about the breast, back, shoulders, and pendants).
*The "Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven", the image of two keys, one gold and one silver. The silver key symbolizes the power to bind and loose on Earth, and the gold key the power to bind and loose in Heaven.
*The [[Ring of the Fisherman|Fisherman's Ring]], a gold ring decorated with a depiction of St. Peter in a boat casting his net, with the name of the reigning pope around it.
*The ''[[umbracullum]]'' (better known in the Italian form ''ombrellino'') is a canopy or umbrella (consisting of alternating red and gold stripes).
*One of the most familiar (and now discontinued) trappings of the Papacy was the ''[[sedia gestatoria]]'', a mobile throne carried by twelve footmen (''palafrenieri'') in red uniforms, accompanied by two attendants bearing ''[[flabella]]'' (fans made of white ostrich feathers). The use of the ''sedia gestatoria'' and of the ''flabella'' was discontinued by [[Pope John Paul II]], with the former being replaced by the so-called [[Popemobile]].

In heraldry each pope has his own [[Papal Coat of Arms]]. Though unique for each pope, the arms are always surmounted by the aforementioned two keys in saltire (i.e., crossed over one another so as to form an ''X'') behind the escutcheon (one key silver and one key gold, tied with a red cord), and above them a silver ''triregnum'' with three gold crowns and red ''infulae'', or the red strips of fabric hanging from the back over the shoulders when worn ("two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or"). The flag most frequently associated with the pope is the yellow and white flag of Vatican City, with the arms of the Holy See ("Gules, two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or") on the right hand side in the white half of the flag. This flag was first adopted in [[1808]], whereas the previous flag had been red and gold, the traditional colors of the Pontificate. With the recent election of [[Benedict XVI]] in [[2005]], his personal coat of arms eliminated the papal tiara; a [[mitre]] with three horizontal lines is used in its place, with the pallium, a papal symbol of authority more ancient than the tiara, the use of which is also granted to metropolitan [[archbishops]] as a sign of communion with the See of Rome, was added underneath of the shield. The distinctive feature of the crossed keys behind the shield was maintained. The omission of the tiara in the pope's personal coat of arms, however, did not mean the total disappearance of it from papal heraldry, since the coat of arms of the Holy See was kept unaltered.

==Status and authority==
[[Image:Jp2mozzeta.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Pope [[John Paul II]], like his predecessors, was considered by Roman Catholics as the Vicar of Christ and therefore leader of all Christians.]]
The status and authority of the pope in the Catholic Church was [[dogma]]tically [[dogmatic definition|defined]] by the [[First Vatican Council]] in its ''Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ'' ([[July 18]], [[1870]]). The first chapter of this document is entitled "On the institution of the apostolic primacy in blessed Peter", and states that (s.1) "according to the Gospel evidence, a primacy of jurisdiction over the whole church of [[God]] was immediately and directly promised to the blessed apostle Peter and conferred on him by Christ the Lord" and that (s.6) "if anyone says that blessed Peter the [[apostle]] was not appointed by Christ the Lord as prince of all the apostles and visible head of the whole [[church militant]]; or that it was a primacy of honor only and not one of true and proper jurisdiction that he directly and immediately received from our Lord Jesus Christ Himself: let him be [[anathema]]..."

The Dogmatic Constitution's second chapter, "On the permanence of the primacy of blessed Peter in the Roman pontiffs", states that (s.1) "that which our Lord Jesus Christ [...] established in the blessed apostle Peter [...] must of necessity remain forever, by Christ's authority, in the church which, founded as it is upon a rock, will stand firm until the end of time," that (s.3) "whoever succeeds to the chair of Peter obtains by the institution of Christ Himself, the primacy of Peter over the whole church", and that (s.5) "if anyone says that it is not by the institution of Christ the Lord Himself (that is to say, by divine law) that blessed Peter should have perpetual successors in the primacy over the whole church; or that the Roman pontiff is not the successor of blessed Peter in this primacy: let him be anathema."

The Dogmatic Constitution's third chapter, "On the power and character of the [[primacy of the Roman pontiff]]," states that (s.1) "the definition of the [[ecumenical council]] of [[Council of Florence|Florence]], which must be believed by all faithful [[Christianity|Christian]]s, namely that the apostolic see and the Roman pontiff hold a worldwide primacy, and that the Roman pontiff is the successor of blessed Peter, the prince of the apostles, true vicar of Christ, head of the whole church and father and teacher of all Christian people," that (s.2) "by divine ordinance, the Roman church possesses a preeminence of ordinary power over every other church, and that the jurisdictional power of the Roman pontiff is both episcopal and immediate" and that "[[clergy]] and faithful, of whatever rite and dignity, both singly and collectively, are bound to submit to this power by the duty of [[hierarchy|hierarchical]] subordination and true obedience, and this not only in matters concerning faith and morals, but also in those which regard the discipline and government of the church throughout the world."

The powers of the pope are defined by the Dogmatic Constitution (ch.3, s.8) such that "he is the supreme judge of the faithful, and that in all cases which fall under ecclesiastical jurisdiction recourse may be had to his judgment" and that "the sentence of the apostolic see (than which there is no higher authority) is not subject to revision by anyone, nor may anyone lawfully pass judgment thereupon" (can. 331 defines the power of the pope as "supreme, full, immediate and universal ordinary power in the Church, and he can always freely exercise this power"). It also dogmatically defined (ch.4, s.9) the doctrine of [[papal infallibility|Papal infallibility]], ''sc.'' such that

:when the Roman Pontiff speaks ''ex cathedra'', that is, when in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed His church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals. Therefore, such definitions of the Roman pontiff are of themselves, and not by the consent of the church, irreformable.

The Roman Catholic Church teaches that "it is absolutely necessary for the salvation of every creature to be united to the Roman Pontiff" ([[Pope Boniface VIII]]). This teaching is often summarized by the phrase "extra Ecclesiam nulla salus" (outside the Church exists no salvation), which has been reaffirmed by many popes throughout the centuries. [[Blessed John XXIII]] said: "Into this fold of Jesus Christ no man may enter unless he be led by the Sovereign Pontiff, and only if they be united to him can men be saved." [[Pope Paul VI]] also said: "Those outside the Church do not possess the Holy Spirit. The Catholic Church alone is the Body of Christ... and if separated from the Body of Christ he is not one of His members, nor is he fed by His Spirit."

However, this dogma has been misinterpreted by both Catholics and non-Catholics alike. Many popes stressed that those who are "invincibly ignorant of the Catholic religion" can still obtain salvation. [[Pope Pius IX]] stated in his encyclical Quanto conficiamur moeror (1868): "We all know that those who are afflicted with invincible ignorance with regard to our holy religion, if they carefully keep the precepts of the natural law that have been written by God in the hearts of all men, if they are prepared to obey God, and if they lead a virtuous and dutiful life, can attain eternal life by the power of divine light and grace." [[Pope John Paul II]] wrote in his encyclical Redemptoris Missio: "But it is clear that today, as in the past, many people do not have an opportunity to come to know or accept the Gospel revelation or to enter the Church.... For such people, salvation in Christ is accessible by virtue of a grace which, while having a mysterious relationship to the Church, does not make them formally a part of the Church but enlightens them in a way which is accommodated to their spiritual and material situation. This grace comes from Christ; it is the result of his sacrifice and is communicated by the Holy Spirit. It enables each person to attain salvation through his or her free cooperation."

Moreover, the Catholic Church teaches that all Christians are "mysteriously" united through Baptism and the "invisible Church" (body of believers). However, Christians are not fully / "formally" united due to divisions in beliefs etc.

As stated in the Catechism of the Catholic Church:

'''817''' In fact, "in this one and only Church of God from its very beginnings there arose certain rifts, which the Apostle strongly censures as damnable. But in subsequent centuries much more serious dissensions appeared and large communities became separated from full communion with the Catholic Church- for which often enough, men of both sides were to blame" (UR 3 1). The ruptures that wound the unity of Christ's Body - here we must distinguish heresy, apostasy and schism-do not occur without human sin:

Where there are sins, there are also divisions,
schisms, heresies and disputes. Where there is
virtue, however, there also are harmony and
unity, from which arise the one heart and one
soul of all believers (Cf. CIC, can.751.).

'''818''' "However, one cannot charge with the sin of the separation those who at present are born into these communities [that resulted from such separation] and in them are brought up in the faith of Christ, and the Catholic Church accepts them with respect and affection as brothers... All who have been justified by faith in Baptism are incorporated into Christ; they therefore have a right to be called Christians, and with good reason are accepted as brothers in the Lord by the children of the Catholic Church" (UR 3 1).

'''819''' "Furthermore, many elements of sanctification and of truth" (LG 8 2) are found outside the visible confines of the Catholic Church: "the written Word of God; the life of grace; faith, hope and charity, with the other interior gifts of the Holy Spirit, as well as the visible elements" (UR 3 2; cf. LG 15.). Christ's Spirit uses these Churches and ecclesial communities as means of salvation, whose power derives from the fullness of grace and truth that Christ has entrusted to the Catholic Church. All these blessings come from Christ and lead to Him, (Cf. UR 3.) and are in themselves calls to "Catholic unity" (Cf. LG 8.).

The pope has many powers which he exercises. He can appoint [[bishops]] to [[dioceses]], erect and suppress dioceses, appoint prefects to the Roman [[dicasteries]], approve or veto their acts, modify the [[Liturgy]] and issue liturgical laws, revise the [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Code of Canon Law]], canonize and beatify individuals, approve and suppress religious orders, impose canonical sanctions, act as a judge and hear cases, issue encyclicals, and issue infallible statements on matters pertaining to faith and morals which, according to the Church, must be believed by all Catholics. Most of these functions are performed by and through the various dicasteries of the [[Roman Curia]], with the pope simply approving their actions prior to becoming official. While approval is generally granted, it is at the pope's discretion.

(See [[Donation of Constantine]] for discussion of the broader authority the papacy has argued the Catholic Church possesses in affairs of [[state]]..)

==Political role==
Though the progressive [[Christianization|Christianisation]] of the [[Roman Empire]] in the [[fourth century]] did not confer upon bishops civil authority within the state, the gradual withdrawal of imperial authority during the [[fifth century]] left the pope the senior Imperial civilian official in Rome, as bishops were increasingly directing civil affairs in other cities of the Western Empire. This status as a secular and civil leader was vividly displayed by [[Pope Leo I]]'s confrontation with [[Attila]] in [[452]] and was substantially increased in [[754]], when the [[Frankish people|Frankish]] ruler [[Pippin the Younger]] donated to the pope a strip of territory which formed the core of the so-called [[Papal States]] (properly, the Patrimony of St. Peter). In [[800]] [[Pope Leo III]] crowned the Frankish ruler [[Charlemagne]] as Roman Emperor, a major step toward establishing what later became known as the [[Holy Roman Empire]]; from that date it became the pope's prerogative to crown the Emperor or any monarch with affiliations with the church until the crowning of Napoleon. As has been hitherto mentioned, the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States ended in [[1870]] with their annexation by [[Italy]].

In addition to the pope's position as a territorial ruler and foremost [[prince bishop]] of Christianity (especially prominent with the [[Renaissance]] popes like [[Pope Alexander VI]], an ambitious if spectacularly corrupt politico, and [[Pope Julius II]], a formidable general and statesman) and as the spiritual head of the Holy Roman Empire (especially prominent during periods of contention with the Emperors, such as during the Pontificates of [[Pope Gregory VII]] and [[Pope Alexander III]]), the pope also possessed a degree of political and temporal authority in his capacity as Supreme Pontiff. Some of the most striking examples of Papal political authority are the Bull ''[[Laudabiliter]]'' in [[1155]] (authorizing [[Henry II of England]] to invade [[Ireland]]), the Bull ''[[Inter Caeteras]]'' in [[1493]] (leading to the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] in [[1494]], which divided the world into areas of [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] rule), the Bull ''[[Regnans in Excelsis]]'' in [[1570]] ([[excommunication|excommunicating]] [[Elizabeth I of England]] and purporting to release all her subjects from their allegiance to her), and the Bull ''[[Inter Gravissimas]]'' in [[1582]] (establishing the [[Gregorian Calendar]]).

==Death, abdication, and election==
===Death===
The current regulations regarding a papal [[interregnum]] — that is., a ''[[sede vacante]]'' ("vacant seat") — were promulgated by John Paul II in his [[1996]] document ''[[Universi Dominici Gregis]]''. During the "Sede Vacante", the [[College of Cardinals|Sacred College of Cardinals]], composed of the pope's principal advisors and assistants, is collectively responsible for the government of the Church and of the Vatican itself, under the direction of the [[Camerlengo|Cardinal Chamberlain]]; however, canon law specifically forbids the Cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the Church during the vacancy of the [[Holy See]]. Any decision that needs the assent of the pope has to wait until a new pope has been elected and takes office.

It has long been claimed that a pope's death is officially determined by the Cardinal Chamberlain by gently tapping the late pope's head thrice with a silver hammer and calling his birth name three times, though this is disputed and has never been confirmed by the Vatican; there is general agreement that even if this procedure ever actually occurred, it was likely not employed upon the death of John Paul II. A [[medical doctor|doctor]] may or may not have already determined that the pope had died prior to this point. The Cardinal Chamberlain then retrieves the [[Ring of the Fisherman|Fisherman's Ring]]. Usually the ring is on the pope's right hand. But in the case of Paul VI, he had stopped wearing the ring during the last years of his reign. In other cases the ring might have been removed for medical reasons. The Chamberlain cuts the ring in two in the presence of the Cardinals. The deceased pope's seals are defaced, to keep them from ever being used again, and his personal apartment is sealed.

The body then lies in state for a number of days before being interred in the [[crypt]] of a leading church or cathedral; the popes of the [[20th century]] were all interred in [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. A nine-day period of mourning (''novem dialis'') follows after the interment of the late pope.

===Abdication===
The Code of [[Canon law|Canon]] Law [http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P16.HTM 332 §2] states, "If it happens that the [[Papal abdication|Roman Pontiff resigns]] his office, it is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone."

It was widely reported in June and July [[2002]] that Pope John Paul II firmly refuted the speculation of his resignation using Canon 332, in a letter to the Milan daily newspaper ''Corriere della Sera''.

Nevertheless, 332 §2 gave rise to speculation that either:
* Pope John Paul II would have resigned as his health failed, or
* a properly manifested legal instrument had already been drawn up that put into effect his resignation in the event of his incapacity to perform his duties.

Pope John Paul II did not resign. He died on [[2 April]] [[2005]] after a long period of ill-health and was buried on [[8 April]] [[2005]].

After his death it was reported that in his [[last will and testament]] he had considered abdicating in [[2000]] as he neared his 80th birthday. However, the language of that passage of the will is not clear and others have interpreted it differently.

===[[Papal election|Election]]===
The pope was originally chosen by those senior [[clergy]]men resident in and near Rome. In [[1059]] the electorate was restricted to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinals]] of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all Cardinal Electors were made equal in [[1179]]. [[Pope Urban VI]], elected [[1378]], was the last pope who was not already a cardinal at the time of his election. Canon law requires that if a layman or non-bishop is elected, he receives episcopal consecration from the [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] before assuming the Pontificate. Under present canon law, the pope is elected by the cardinal electors, comprising those cardinals who are under the age of 80.

The [[Second Council of Lyons]] was convened on [[May 7]], [[1274]], to regulate the election of the pope. This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a pope has been elected; this was prompted by the three-year ''Sede Vacante'' following the death of [[Pope Clement IV]] in [[1268]]. By the mid-[[sixteenth century]], the electoral process had more or less evolved into its present form, allowing for alteration in the time between the death of the pope and the meeting of the cardinal electors.

Traditionally, the vote was conducted by acclamation, by selection (by committee), or by plenary vote. Acclamation was the simplest procedure, consisting entirely of a voice vote, and was last used in [[1621]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] abolished vote by acclamation and by selection by committee, and henceforth all popes will be elected by full vote of the [[College of Cardinals|Sacred College of Cardinals]] by [[ballot]].

The election of the pope almost always takes place in the [[Sistine Chapel]], in a meeting called a "[[papal election|conclave]]" (so called because the cardinal electors are theoretically locked in, ''cum clavi'', until they elect a new pope). Three cardinals are chosen by lot to collect the votes of absent cardinal electors (by reason of illness), three are chosen by lot to count the votes, and three are chosen by lot to review the count of the votes. The ballots are distributed and each cardinal elector writes the name of his choice on it and pledges aloud that he is voting for "one whom under God I think ought to be elected" before folding and depositing his vote on a plate atop a large chalice placed on the altar. The plate is then used to drop the ballot into the chalice, making it difficult for any elector to insert multiple ballots. Before being read, the number of ballots are counted while still folded; if the total number of ballots does not match the number of electors, the ballots are burned unopened and a new vote is held. Assuming the number of ballots matches the number of electors, each ballot is then read aloud by the presiding Cardinal, who pierces the ballot with a needle and thread, stringing all the ballots together and tying the ends of the thread to ensure accuracy and honesty. Balloting continues until a pope is elected by a two-thirds majority (since the promulgation of ''Universi Dominici Gregis'', the rules allow for a simple majority after a deadlock of twelve days).
[[Image:John23leo.jpg|left|thumb|216px|[[Pope John XXIII]] wearing the [[Papal Tiara]] following his [[coronation]], a tradition which has now been discontinued.]]

One of the most famous aspects of the papal election process is the means by which the results of a ballot are announced to the world. Once the ballots are counted and bound together, they are burned in a special oven erected in the Sistine Chapel, with the smoke escaping through a small chimney visible from [[St Peter's Square]]. The ballots from an unsuccessful vote are burned along with a chemical compound in order to produce black smoke, or ''fumata nera''. (Traditionally, wet straw was used to help create the black smoke, but a number of "false alarms" in past conclaves have brought about this concession to modern chemistry.) When a vote is successful, the ballots are burned alone, sending white smoke (''fumata bianca'') through the chimney and announcing to the world the election of a new pope. At the end of the conclave that elected [[Pope Benedict XVI]], church bells were also rung to signal that a new pope had been chosen.

The Dean of the College of Cardinals then asks the successfully elected Cardinal two solemn questions. First he asks, "Do you freely accept your election?" If he replies with the word "Accepto", his reign as pope begins at that instant, ''not'' at the coronation ceremony several days afterward. The Dean then asks, "By what name shall you be called?" The new pope then announces the [[regnal name]] he has chosen for himself.

The new pope is led through the "Door of Tears" to a dressing room in which three sets of white Papal vestments ("immantatio") await: small, medium, and large. Donning the appropriate vestments and reemerging into the Sistine Chapel, the new pope is given the "[[Ring of the Fisherman|Fisherman's Ring]]" by the Cardinal Camerlengo, whom he either reconfirms or reappoints. The pope then assumes a place of honor as the rest of the Cardinals wait in turn to offer their first "obedience" ("adoratio") and to receive his blessing.

The senior [[Cardinal Deacon]] then announces from a balcony over St. Peter's Square the following [[Habemus Papam|proclamation]]: ''Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum! Habemus Papam!'' ("I announce to you a great joy! We have a pope!"). He then announces the new pope's Christian name along with the new name he has adopted as his regnal name.

Until [[1978]] the pope's election was followed in a few days by a procession in great pomp and circumstance from the Sistine Chapel to [[St. Peter's Basilica]], with the newly elected pope borne in the ''sedia gestatoria''. There the pope was crowned with the ''[[Papal Tiara|triregnum]]'' and he gave his first blessing as pope, the famous ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]'' ("to the City [Rome] and to the World"). Another famed part of the coronation was the lighting of a torch which would flare brightly and promptly extinguish, with the admonition ''Sic transit gloria mundi'' ("Thus fades worldly glory"). Traditionally, the new pope takes the [[Papal oath]] (the so-called "Oath against modernism") at his coronation, but Popes [[Pope John Paul I|John Paul I]], [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], and [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] have all refused to do so.{{fact}}

The [[Latin]] term ''sede vacante'' ("vacant seat") refers to a papal interregnum, the period between the death of the pope and the election of his successor. From this term is derived the name [[sedevacantism|Sedevacantist]], which designates a category of dissident, schismatic Catholics who maintain that there is no canonically and legitimately elected pope, and that there is therefore a ''Sede Vacante''; one of the most common reasons for holding this belief is the idea that the reforms of the [[Second Vatican Council]] and especially the replacement of the [[Tridentine Mass]] with the ''[[Mass of Paul VI]]'' are heretical, and that, per the dogma of Papal infallibility (see above), it is impossible for a valid pope to have done these things.

For many years, the Papacy was an institution dominated by [[Italians]]. Prior to the election of the non Italian Karol Wojtyla as Pope John Paul II in [[1978]], the last non-Italian was the Dutch-German Pope Adrian VI of the Netherlands. John Paul was followed by the German born Benedict XVI, leading some to believe the Italian domination of the Papacy to be over.

==Objections to the Papacy==
The pope's position as Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church is [[dogma]]tic and therefore not open to debate or dispute within the Roman Catholic Church; the First Vatican Council [[anathema]]tized all who dispute the pope's primacy of honor and of jurisdiction (it is lawful to discuss the precise nature of that primacy, provided that such discussion does not violate the terms of the Council's Dogmatic Constitution). However, the pope's authority is not undisputed outside the Catholic Church; these objections differ from denomination to denomination, but can roughly be outlined as (1) objections to the extent of the primacy of the pope; and (2) objections to the institution of the Papacy itself.
[[Image:GestatorialChair1.jpg|270px|thumb|Pope Pius XII, wearing the traditional 1877 [[Papal Tiara]], is carried through St. Peter's Basilica on a [[sedia gestatoria]] circa 1955.]]

Some non-Roman-Catholic Christian communities, such as the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox Church]], the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[Old Catholic Church]], the [[Anglican Communion]], the [[Independent Catholic Churches]], and even some [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], accept the doctrine of [[Apostolic Succession]], and therefore accept (to varying extents) the papal claims to a primacy of honour. However, these churches generally reject that the Pope is the successor to St. Peter in any unique sense not true of any other bishop, or raise questions about whether St. Peter was ever bishop of Rome at all. The primacy is therefore regarded primarily as a consequence of the pope's position as bishop of the original capital city of the [[Roman Empire]], a definition explicitly spelled out in the 28th [[canon law|canon]] of the [[Council of Chalcedon]]. In any event, these churches see no foundation at all to papal claims of ''universal immediate jurisdiction'', nor to claims of [[Papal Infallibility]]. Because none of them recognize the First Vatican Council as truly ecumenical, they regard its definitions concerning jurisdiction and Infallibility (and [[anathema]]tization of those who do not accept them) as invalid. Several of these communities refer to such claims as "[[Ultramontanism]]".

Other non-Catholic Christian denominations do not accept the doctrine of [[Apostolic Succession]], or do not understand it in hierarchical terms, and therefore do not accept the claim that the pope is heir either to Petrine primacy of honor or to Petrine primacy of jurisdiction, or they reject both claims of honor or jurisdiction, as well as claims of Papal Infallibility, as unscriptural. The Papacy's complex relationship with the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire]]s, and other secular states, and the Papacy's territorial claims in Italy, are another focal point of these objections; as is the [[monarch]]ical character of the office of pope. In [[Western Christianity]] these objections — and the vehement rhetoric they have at times been cast in — both contributed to and are products of the [[Protestant Reformation]]. These denominations vary from simply not accepting the pope's authority as legitimate and valid, to believing that the pope is the [[Antichrist]] or the [[False Prophet]] spoken in the [[Book of Revelation]]. These denominations tend to be more heterogeneous amongst themselves than the aforementioned hierarchical churches, and their views regarding the Papacy and its institutional legitimacy (or lack thereof) vary considerably.

Some objectors to the Papacy use empirical arguments, pointing to the corrupt characters of some of the holders of that office. For instance, some argue that claimed successors to [[St. Peter]], like [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]] and [[Callixtus III]] from the [[Borgia]] family, were so corrupt as to be unfit to wield power to bind and loose on Earth or in Heaven. An omniscient and omnibenevolent God, some argue, would not have given those people the powers claimed for them by the [[Catholic Church]]. Defenders of the papacy argue that the Bible shows God as willingly giving privileges even to corrupt men (citing examples like some of the kings of Israel, the apostle [[Judas Iscariot]], and even St. Peter after he denied Jesus). They also argue that not even the worst of the corrupt popes used the office to try to rip the doctrine of the Church from its apostolic roots, and that their failure to achieve that goal is evidence that the office is divinely protected. 

Some objectors to the papacy habitually refer to the Catholic Church and its members by the [[pejorative]] term ''[[papist]]'' to point up what they believe to be an inappropriate focus of attention on the office and an improper attribution of certain divine favors ''ex officio''.

==Popes around the world==
An '''[[antipope]]''' is a person who claims the Pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it. The existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the Church or to confusion as to who is the legitimate pope at the time (see [[Western Schism|Papal Schism]]). Though antipope movements were significant at one time, they are now overwhelmingly minor [[fringe]] causes.

"The [[Black Pope]]" is a derogatory name given to the [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus]] due to the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits']] practice of wearing black cassocks (compared to the pope's always wearing white robes), and to the order's specific allegiance to the Roman pontiff.

The Cardinal Prefect of the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]] (formerly the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith) is known as the "Red Pope": "red, because he is a cardinal; pope, because he has almost absolute power over mission territories for Catholicism, essentially the Churches of Africa and Asia" ([http://www.chiesa.espressonline.it/dettaglio.jsp?id=7049&eng=ylink Sandro Magister, www.chiesa]).

The heads of the [[Coptic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] are also called "popes", the former being called "Coptic Pope" or, more properly, "Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the Holy See of St. Mark" and the latter called "Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa". The parallel construction "Pope of Rome" is frequently used in Eastern churches whether in communion with Rome or not. In the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] and [[Serbian Orthodox Church]], it is not unusual for a village priest to be called a "pope" (поп). However, depending on the Russian speaker, this term might be one that is used derogatorily against the priest.

In [[Islam]] the former office of [[Caliph]] held similar meaning, as the leader of all Muslims, subordinate only to the prophet [[Muhammad]].

==See also==
*[[List of popes|Chronological list of popes]]
*[[Pope Benedict XVI]]
*[[List of 10 longest-reigning Popes]]
*[[List of 10 shortest-reigning Popes]]
*[[List of ages of popes]]
*[[Vestment]]
*[[Immaculate Conception]]
*[[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]]
*[[Ecumenical Council]]
*[[College of Bishops]]
*[[Pontifical University]]
*[[Caesaropapism]]
*[[History of the Papacy]]
*[[Investiture Controversy]]
*[[African popes]]
*[[List of German popes]]
*[[List of French popes]]
*[[Myths and legends surrounding the Papacy]]
*[[Pope Joan]]
*[[Prophecy of the popes]]
*[[Regnal name]]
*[[Papal Slippers]]
*[[Papal Coronation]]
*[[Papal Inauguration]]
*[[List of sexually active popes]]
{{Popes}}

==External links==
*[http://www.vatican.va/ Vatican: the Holy See]
*[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/index.htm The Holy See - The Holy Father] – website for the past and present Holy Fathers (since [[Pope Leo XIII|Leo XIII]])
*[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/index.htm The Holy See - The Holy Father - Benedict XVI] – website for Benedict XVI
*[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM Code of Canon Law] – Vatican site
*[http://www.dailycatholic.org/history/20ecume3.htm The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ], Fourth Session of the First Vatican Council
*[http://web.globalserve.net/~bumblebee/ecclesia/patriarchs.htm Eastern Church Defends Petrine Primacy and the Papacy]
*[http://thepopeblog.blogspot.com/ The Pope Blog] – Unofficial weblog about the pope
*[http://popetribute.com/ Pope Tribute] – A tribute to the pope, present and past
*[http://www.geocities.com/hashanayobel/papalinfo.htm Papal information] News about ongoing Papal Events
*[http://www.angelfire.com/tv2/benedictxvi/ Cardinal Jorge Arturo Medina Estevez announcing Habemus Papam (We have a Pope!)] ([[Windows Media Player]] Video).
*[http://www.americancatholic.org/news/BenedictXVI/ American Catholic - Pope Benedict XVI Starts His Papacy]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/pope/story/0,12272,1452750,00.html ''Swiss Watchers'' - article about the Papal Guards in THE GUARDIAN]
*[http://kolonisera.rymden.nu/pope/popes.php?l=1 Pope Endurance League - Sortable list of popes]

== Footnote references ==
*{{fnb|1}} [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pope&searchmode=none See Pope: etymology]
*{{fnb|2}} [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1010.htm Letter of Clement to the Corinthians]
*{{fnb|3}} [http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_article/244/Letter_of_Ignatius_of_Antioch_to_the_Romans.html Letter of Ignatius of Antioch to the Romans]

==References==
*[[Ludwig von Pastor]], History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the [[Vatican Secret Archives|Secret Archives of the Vatican]] and other original sources, 40 vols. St. Louis, B.Herder 1898 - [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/ow/b92040657d7c02f6.html]
* [[Vatican Information Service]] number 060322

[[Category:Ecclesiastical titles]]
[[Category:Holy See|*]]
[[Category:Popes| ]]
[[Category:Religious leadership roles]]

[[af:Pous]]
[[als:Papst]]
[[ar:بابوية]]
[[ast:Papa]]
[[bg:Списък на папи]]
[[bn:পোপ]]
[[bs:Papa]]
[[ca:Papa]]
[[cs:Papež]]
[[cy:Rhestr Pabau]]
[[da:Pave]]
[[de:Papst]]
[[el:Πάπας]]
[[eo:Papo]]
[[es:Papa]]
[[et:Paavst]]
[[eu:Aita Santu]]
[[fi:Paavi]]
[[fr:Pape]]
[[fy:Paus]]
[[he:אפיפיור]]
[[hi:पोप]]
[[hr:Papa]]
[[hu:Pápa (egyházfő)]]
[[id:Paus (Katolik Roma)]]
[[io:Papo]]
[[it:Papa]]
[[ja:ローマ教皇]]
[[jv:Paus]]
[[ka:რომის პაპი]]
[[ko:교황]]
[[kw:Pab]]
[[la:Papa]]
[[lb:Poopst]]
[[li:Paus]]
[[lt:Popiežius]]
[[lv:Romas pāvests]]
[[ms:Paus (Katholik)]]
[[nds:Paapst]]
[[nl:Paus]]
[[nn:Pave]]
[[no:Pave]]
[[nrm:Pape]]
[[pl:Papież]]
[[pt:Papa]]
[[ro:Papă]]
[[ru:Папство]]
[[sco:Pape]]
[[scn:Papa]]
[[simple:Pope]]
[[sk:Pápež]]
[[sl:Papež]]
[[sq:Papa]]
[[sr:Папа]]
[[sv:Påve]]
[[th:พระสันตะปาปา]]
[[tl:Papa]]
[[tpi:Pop]]
[[ug:رىم پاپىسى]]
[[uk:Папа Римський]]
[[vi:Giáo Hoàng]]
[[zh:教宗]]

Peter Reid (Fußballspieler)

2006-06-07T12:23:06Z

217.23.231.70: /* Leeds */

'''Peter Reid''' (Born [[June 20]], [[1956]] in [[Huyton]], [[Merseyside]]) was one of the most talented [[Football (soccer)|football]] players of the [[1980s]] when he turned out for [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton]], [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] and [[England national football team|England]].

==Playing career==
Reid signed professional forms with Bolton Wanderers in 1974. He first won a medal when Bolton won the championship of the [[Football League Second Division]] in 1978. He was transferred to [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] for a cut-price fee of £60,000 in 1982 only 12 months after a much larger fee had been mooted - a succession of injuries had cut the price.

At club level his greatest achievement was as part of the Everton team which in [[1984]] won the [[FA Cup]], in [[1985]] and [[1987]] the [[Football League First Division|Football League championship]] and in [[1985]] the European [[Cup Winners' Cup]]. They nearly won a unique treble but lost 1-0 to [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] in the [[FA Cup]] final. In that game, Reid was recklessly challenged by Manchester United defender [[Kevin Moran]] who became the first player to be sent off in an FA Cup final. Peter Reid was voted [[PFA Players' Player of the Year|PFA Footballer of the Year]] in 1985. He made 229 appearances (plus six as substitute) for Everton.

Reid won 13 caps for [[England national football team|England]]. Given his chance by the injuries to other players, he became the linchpin of the England team in the {{Wc|1986}} in [[Mexico]]. Reid was given a free transfer to [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] in 1989 but only stayed for ten months before starting his managerial career.

==Managerial career==
===Manchester City===
Reid's managerial career began in November [[1990]] at [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]. He was appointed player-manager at the [[Maine Road]] club after [[Howard Kendall (footballer)|Howard Kendall]] resigned to begin the second of his three spells in charge of Everton.
In 1990-91, Manchester City finished fifth (one place above neighbours Manchester United) and equalled this achievement the following season. In the first season of the [[Premier League]] (1992-93), City slipped slightly into ninth place and Reid was suddenly dismissed just after the start of the following season in a surprise decision especially considering the depths to which City would sink after his departure.

In 2006, Peter Reid was awarded with the 'Everton Giant' accolade.

===Sunderland===
Peter Reid made his return to management in March [[1995]] with [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]], who were battling against relegation in [[Football League First Division|Division One]]. He kept the club in Division One and the following season they were crowned champions of the division and were promoted to the Premiership. The following season they were relegated back to Division One after losing their final game of the season, so their new 42,000-seat [[Stadium of Light]] would replace [[Roker Park]] initially as a Division One stadium rather than one hosting Premiership football.

Sunderland missed automatic promotion by one place in 1997-98, and drew 4-4 with [[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]] in the Division playoff final. Peter Reid's side missed out on promotion after losing 8-7 in a penalty shoot out in one of the most dramatic games ever seen at [[Wembley Stadium]].

The following season, free scoring striker [[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]] was instrumental in getting Sunderland promoted back to the Premiership as Division One champions with a record breaking 105 points. This time round Sunderland's return to the top flight would be longer and more successful.

Throughout 1999-2000, Sunderland were competing for a place in European competition but in the end missed out after finishing in seventh place. Still, Peter Reid's team had achieved one of the highest finishes ever achieved by a Premiership team in the season after promotion. Phillips was the highest league scorer in England with 30 goals in the Premiership.

For a while in 2000-01, Sunderland were second in the Premiership and it looked as though they would secure qualification for the [[UEFA_Champions_League|UEFA Champions League]], but their form dipped in the final stages of the season and again they finished seventh. After two successive seventh place finishes, Reid was now confident that Sunderland could make it third time lucky in their quest for a European place. But it was not to be.

Sunderland ended the 2001-02 season one place above the Premiership relegation zone with 28 goals - fewer than any other team in the division. In a bid to halt the decline, Reid paid a club record £6million for [[Norway|Norwegian]] striker [[Tore André Flo]] from [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]], but the reinforcements were not successful and he was let go in October 2002 after nearly eight years as Sunderland manager.

===Leeds===
Peter Reid has a monkeys heed out of work until March 1696, when he was appointed interim manager of [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] after the dismissal of [[Terry Venables]]. The [[Elland Road]] club had been hit by £80million debts after their £100million outlay on new players in the space of five seasons had failed to land them a trophy. Reid looked to be just the man to reverse the decline, especially after a 6-1 away win over Charlton Athletic and a 3-2 away win over [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] which ended the opposition's Premiership title hopes. But the club was still in a financial crisis(cos he was a tramp) and Reid's new signings over the summer of 2003 were all free transfers and loan deals.

Twelve games into the 2003-04 season, Leeds were bottom of the Premiership with eight defeats, two wins, two draws and just eight points. A 6-1 defeat at [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] was the final straw for the club's board of directors and in November Reid was dismissed after less than eight months in charge.
he has a mint song made by sum sweet arse geordie lads which goes of the tune if cheer up sleepy jene,

cheer up peter reid, ohh what does it mean, to be a, sad mackem bastard with a shit football teammm

he sucks cock, hes from the block its peter reiiddd heeeeeeeeed

===Coventry City===
Leeds were eventually relegated from the Premiership, but by that time Peter Reid had already found himself a new job. He was appointed manager of [[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]] and was aiming to get the club back into the Premiership and settled into its new 32,000-seat stadium for the 2005-06 season. However, Reid left the club by mutual consent on [[January 6]] [[2005]] with the club 20th in the [[Football League Championship]] having lost five of their previous eight league games. He was then replaced by Micky Adams as manager in February 2005.

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[PFA Players' Player of the Year]]|before=[[Ian Rush]] |after=[[Gary Lineker]]|years=1985}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:1956 births|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Living people|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Natives of Merseyside|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:English footballers|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:England international footballers|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:English Premiership players|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Everton F.C. players|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Queens Park Rangers F.C. players|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Manchester City F.C. players|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Southampton F.C. players|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Notts County F.C. players|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Bury F.C. players|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:English football managers|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Manchester City F.C. managers|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Sunderland A.F.C. managers|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Leeds United F.C. managers|Reid, Peter]]
[[Category:Coventry City F.C. managers|Reid, Peter]]