Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Jogginghose

2012-12-10T00:17:32Z

212.183.128.40:

{{unreferenced|date=December 2011}}
[[Image:sweatpants.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Three men wearing [[grey]] tracksuit bottoms]]
'''Tracksuit bottoms''', or '''Sweatpants''' are a [[casual]] variety of soft [[trousers]] intended for [[comfort]] or [[sportswear (activewear)|athletic]] purposes, although they are now worn in many different situations and have become one of the most commonly worn items of clothing.
In Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa they are known as '''[[tracksuit]] bottoms''', '''jogging bottoms''' (or '''joggers''') or '''track pants''', whereas in the US, they are known as '''sweatpants'''.

== Design ==
Tracksuit bottoms are usually made from [[cotton]], and the chief [[wiktionary:characteristic|characteristic]] distinguishing them from other athletic pants is the [[elastic band]] located around the [[waist]]. Also, many tracksuit bottoms do not have pockets. Tracksuit bottoms are traditionally [[ash gray]] in [[color]] but are now available in essentially any color. They are usually quite "baggy" and [[wiktionary:loose|loose]], which makes them easy to slip into (and out of) and allows a great deal of flexibility and comfort. Although once only worn for sport and at home, they are now often worn around in public in a huge variety of situations. They have become a fashionable item of clothing due to their comfort. In addition, this design traps less heat than most conventional, lightweight trousers, which may be a disadvantage in some contexts (such as cold [[temperature]]s) and an advantage in others (such as [[Thermoregulation|body heat]]-increasing [[aerobic exercise|aerobic]] activities). The sweatpant variations listed below are made from different materials.

== Variations ==
[[File:Woman fitness training.JPEG|thumb|Woman wearing a tearaway pant]]
There are many variations on the sweatpant design that have evolved to define their own categories of athletic pants. These variations include '''fashion pants''', '''windpants''', '''tearaway pants''', and '''muscle pants'''.

=== Fashion pants ===
'''Fashion pants''' typically refers to "[[fashion]] conscious" [[sportswear (activewear)|sportswear]]. The distinguishing characteristic is that fashion pants lack the elastic band at the ankles.

=== Windpants ===
Very similar to, but not to be confused with tracksuit bottoms are [[windpants]], also known as ''windbreakers'', which are lighter and serve to shield the wearer from cold [[wind]] rather than insulate. Windpants are almost always made out of [[polyester]] or [[nylon]]. Some have polyester [[Warp knitting|tricot]]. Some types of windpants have a separate inner liner made of cotton. Because of this, [[undergarments]] are not normally worn while wearing windpants. Due to the substance's natural friction against both itself and human legs, nylon makes "swooshing" [[sound]]s during [[walking]]. Windpants often have [[zipper]]s on each ankle, allowing athletes to unzip the end of each leg to pull the pants over their [[footwear]]. Some windpants have zippers that run the full length so the pants can be simply unzipped entirely; in this case, shorts are normally worn underneath.

=== Tearaway pants ===
'''Tearaway pants''', also known as ''breakaway pants'', ''rip-off pants'', or (in the UK) ''popper pants'', are another variation of tracksuit bottoms, and are closely related to windpants. Tearaway pants are windpants with [[Snap fastener|metal snaps]] running the length of both legs. Some tearaway pants have snaps on only part of the legs, but normally the snaps run the entire length. Some tearaway pants are reversible. Some do not have pockets but since shorts are usually worn underneath tearaway pants, many people open the top snaps to gain access to pockets in their shorts.

Sometimes, there are [[button]]s above each set of snaps to add more closure. The buttons and snaps allow athletes to remove their tearaway pants in a timely manner to compete in some sports. [[Basketball]] and [[track and field]] are the two sports most commonly associated with tearaway pants and windpants. Also, tearaway pants are a first choice for many male strippers and bachelor party entertainers. These pants were highly popularized by [[Chris Pontius]]' character, "Party Boy," from the American TV show [[Jackass]].

{{Clothing}}

[[Category:Sports clothing]]
[[Category:Trousers and shorts]]
[[Category:1990s fashion]]
[[Category:2000s fashion]]
[[Category:2010s fashion]]

[[ar:بنطال رياضة]]
[[et:Dressid]]
[[nl:Joggingpak]]
[[ja:スウェットスーツ]]
[[th:กางเกงวอร์ม]]

Erneuerbare Energien in der Europäischen Union

2011-10-21T02:02:04Z

212.183.128.40: /* Policy */

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
{{Update|date=April 2011}}
[[Image:European-union-renewables-new.svg|thumb|350px|Proportion of [[renewable energy]] in the EU countries (and some candidates), 2007]]
The countries of the [[European Union]] are currently the number two global leaders in the development and application of [[renewable energy]]. Promoting the use of renewable energy sources is important both to the reduction of the EU's dependence on foreign energy imports, and in meeting targets to combat [[global warming]].

==Policy==
{{Update|type=category|date=October 2011}}
{{See also|Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport|Energy policy of the European Union}}
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The [[Maastricht Treaty]] set an objective of promoting stable growth while protecting the environment. The [[Amsterdam Treaty]] added the principle of sustainable development to the objectives of the EU. Since 1997, the EU has been working towards a renewable energy supply equivalent to 12% of the total EU's energy consumption by 2010.

The [[Earth Summit 2002|Johannesburg Summit]] failed to introduce the radical changes targeted for ten years after the [[Rio Summit]]. No specific goals were set for the energy sector, which disappointed many countries. While the EU had proposed an annual increase in the use of renewable energy at a rate of 1.5% worldwide until 2010, Johannesburg's action plan did not recommend such a "substantial" increase, with no concrete goals nor dates being set.

The EU was unwilling to accept this result and with other nations formed a group of "pioneer countries" that promised to establish ambitious national or even regional goals to achieve global targets. The Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition (JREC) has a total of more than 80 member countries; the EU members, Brazil, South Africa and New Zealand amongst them.

In the European Conference for Renewable Energy in Berlin in 2004, the EU defined ambitious goals of its own. The conclusion was that by 2020, the EU would seek to obtain 20% of its total energy consumption requirements with renewable energy sources. Up until that point, the EU had only set targets up to 2010, and this proposal was the first to represent the EU's commitment up to 2020.

===Renewables targets===
EU leaders reached agreement in principle in March 2007 that '''20 percent''' of the bloc's energy should be produced from renewable fuels and by 2020 as part of its drive to cut emissions of [[carbon dioxide]]. Renewables now account for less than 7 percent of the EU energy mix. In a special report, the European Parliament said that to give the legislation teeth, it should contain binding renewable energy targets for particular sectors – electricity, heating and transport – rather than just a general goal. The parliament said it would resist any attempt to treat nuclear energy as a substitute for renewables.<ref>[http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/44517/story.htm News] and [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2007-0406&language=EN&ring=A6-2007-0287 Official EP resolution of 25 September 2007 on the Road Map for Renewable Energy in Europe]</ref>

Underlying many of the EU's energy policy proposals is to limit global temperature changes to no more than 2 °C above pre-industrial levels,<ref>[http://2008.energyconferencebulgaria.eu/html/?go=press&p=detail&newsId=14 New EU energy plan – more security, less pollution], press release by European Commission</ref> of which 0.8 °C has already taken place and another 0.5–0.7 °Cis already [[Climate commitment|committed]].<ref>Oliver Geden (2010), http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2010C19_gdn_ks.pdf What Comes After the Two-Degree Target?], SWP Comments 19</ref> 2 °C is usually seen as the upper temperature limit to avoid 'dangerous [[global warming]]'<ref>Samuel Randalls (2010), [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.62/abstract History of the 2 °C climate target], Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, Volume 1, Issue 4, pp. 598–605, July/August 2010</ref>.

===Actions===
EU [[energy conservation|energy efficiency]] and renewable energy actions includes:
* [[BUILD UP]]
* [[The Covenant of Mayors]]
* [[Sustainable Energy Europe Campaign]]
* CONCERTO
* [[ManagEnergy]]
* [[Intelligent Energy – Europe]] (IEE)
* [[U4energy]] is an initiative funded under the IEE programme to improve energy consumption in schools and their local communities.
* [[Eco-innovation]]

==Member states==
{{Main|:Category:Renewable energy in the European Union}}
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}
===Germany===
{{Main|Renewable energy in Germany}}
At the end of 2007 renewable energy in Germany provided 14.88% of Germany's electricity production, with the largest contribution being made by wind power.
===Italy===
{{Main|Renewable energy in Italy}}

===Portugal===
{{Main|Renewable energy in Portugal}}

In 2010, more than 50% of all yearly electricity consumption in Portugal was generated from renewable energy sources.<ref>[http://pelanatureza.pt/ficheiros/estatisticas-da-energias-renovaveis.pdf Nation Bureau for Geology and Energy, Energias Renováveis - Estatísticas Rápidas de fevereiro de 2011 (in Portuguese)]</ref> The most important generation sources were hydroelectric (30%) and wind power (18%), with bioenergy (5%) and photovoltaic solar power (0,5%) accounting for the rest. In 2001, the Portuguese government launched a new [[energy policy]] instrument – the E4 Programme (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous Energies), consisting of a set of multiple, diversified measures aimed at promoting a consistent, integrated approach to energy supply and demand. By promoting energy efficiency and the use of endogenous (renewable) energy sources, the programme seeks to upgrade the competitiveness of the Portuguese economy and to modernize the country’s social fabric, while simultaneously preserving the environment by reducing gas emissions, especially the CO2 responsible for climatic change. As a result, in the five years between 2005 and 2010, energy production from renewable sources increased 28%.<ref name="nyt080910">{{cite news|last=ROSENTHAL|first=ELISABETH|title=Portugal Gives Itself a Clean-Energy Makeover|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/science/earth/10portugal.html|accessdate=11 August 2010|newspaper=New York Times|date=August 9, 2010}}</ref>

===Spain===
{{Main|Renewable energy in Spain}}

Spain as a whole has the target of generating 30% of its electricity needs from renewable energy sources by 2010, with half of that amount coming from wind power. In 2006, 20% of the total electricity demand was already produced with renewable energy sources, and in January 2009 the total electricity demand produced with renewable energy sources reached 34.8%.<ref>[http://www.energias-renovables.com/paginas/Contenidosecciones.asp?ID=14&Cod=16066&Tipo=&Nombre=Noticias Las renovables ahorraron en enero 90 millones de euros en importaciones de gas], Energías-Renovables.com, (Spanish)</ref>

Some [[autonomous communities in Spain|regions of Spain]] lead Europe in the use of [[renewable energy]] technology and plan to reach 100% renewable energy generation in few years. [[Castilla y León]] and [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], in particular, are near this goal. In 2006 they fulfilled about 70% of their total electricity demand from renewable energy sources.

If [[nuclear power]] is also considered CO2 free, two autonomous communities in Spain have already managed to fulfill their total 2006 electricity demand "free" of CO2 emissions: [[Extremadura]] and [[Castilla-La Mancha]].<ref name="RenewableSpain2006">[http://www.ree.es/cap07/pdf/infosis/Inf_Sis_Elec_REE_2006.pdf] Red Eléctrica de España Annual Report 2006</ref>

In 2005 Spain became the first country in the world to require the installation of [[photovoltaic]] electricity generation in new buildings, and the second in the world (after [[Israel]]) to require the installation of [[solar hot water]] systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/download/RE_GSR_2006_Update.pdf |title=Layout 1 |publisher=Ren21.net |date= |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Renewable energy in the United Kingdom}}

By 2004 4.65% of the UK's primary energy requirements were being generated from renewable energy sources (including [[hydroelectricity]]), up from 2.55% in 1990. The [[Energy policy of the United Kingdom|UK Government energy policy]] expects that the total contribution from renewables should rise to 10% by 2010.

The prospects for [[renewable energy in Scotland]] in particular are significant. [[Scotland]] has an estimated potential of 36.5 GW of installed capacity from wind and 7.5 GW from [[tidal power]], 25% of the estimated total capacity for the European Union for both, and up to 14 GW of wave power potential, 10% of EU capacity.<ref>RSPB Scotland, WWF Scotland and FOE Scotland (February 2006) ''The Power of Scotland: Cutting Carbon with Scotland's Renewable Energy''. RSPB et al.</ref><ref>''A Scottish Energy Review'' (November 2005) Scottish National Party Framework Paper. Edinburgh.</ref> The [[Scottish Executive]] has a target of generating 17% to 18% of [[Scotland|Scotland's]] electricity from renewables by 2010,<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/1050/0002275.pdf Scotland Gov. News] Dec</ref> rising to 40% by 2020.<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2003/03/3412 Scotland Gov. News ] 2003</ref>

==Renewable energy sectors==
===Bioenergy===
{{See|Biofuel}}

Britain's first major [[bioethanol]] plant should be completed by the middle of 2009 and should use more than one million tonnes of wheat per year. The plant, in Wilton, northeast England, will be Europe's largest biorefinery, producing around 400 million to 450 million litres of bioethanol a year as well as 350,000 tonnes of animal feed. Currently the largest plant in the UK is a British Sugar facility in eastern England with an annual production capacity of about 70 million litres.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/feedarticle/8164659/print Major UK biofuel plant seen operating by mid-2009]{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref>

===Geothermal===
{{See|Geothermal energy}}

[[European Geothermal Energy Council]] (EGEC) promotes [[geothermal energy]] in the European Union.

[[GeoEner]] is the Building and Industrial Geothermal Energy Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refrige.com/november-2008/saunier-duval-participates-in-first-edition-of-geoener/menu-id-2574.html |title=Saunier Duval participates in first edition of GeoEner. Digg_title REFRIGE.COM Portal – HVAC & Refrigeration news, events, training, books, magazines and directory online |publisher=Refrige.com |date=7 November 2008 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>
{{Expand section|date=March 2009}}

===Wind power===
{{Main|Wind power in the European Union}}

[[Image:WEAs in Neuenkirchen.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Wind farm]] in [[Neuenkirchen, Schleswig-Holstein|Neuenkirchen]], [[Dithmarschen]] (Germany).]]
EEA ([[European Environment Agency]])s ''Europe's onshore and offshore wind energy potential''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/europes-onshore-and-offshore-wind-energy-potential |title=Europe's onshore and offshore wind energy potential – EEA |publisher=Eea.europa.eu |date=8 June 2009 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref> report, confirms wind energy could power Europe many times over. The report highlights wind power’s potential in 2020 as three times greater than Europe’s expected electricity demand, rising to a factor of seven by 2030.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eolicenergynews.org/?p=1329#more-1329 |title=EEA report confirms wind energy could power Europe many times over |publisher=Eolic Energy News |date=15 June 2009 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>

The implementation of [[wind power]] is especially widespread in Germany, Spain, [[Denmark]], Portugal and [[Ireland]]. The results of the investigation carried out by '' EUWINet'' (a project financed partly by the [[European Commission]]) indicated that the annual median growth of the European wind power market is 35%, and that EU Members contribute around 75% of the world's wind power. Thanks to the growth that has resulted from the use and development of this energy source, the wind power market has helped to generate more than 25,000 jobs within the EU.

The [[energy policy of the United Kingdom]] calls for appreciable expansion of wind energy by the year 2010.

===[[Solar energy]]===
{{Main|Solar power in the European Union}}

====Photovoltaic solar power====
[[Image:Berlin pv-system block-103 20050309 p1010367.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Photovoltaic cells in use on top of a building in Berlin.]]

The need for the strategic development of [[photovoltaic]] systems in the EU has led to the creation of [[PV-NET]], a network that gathers representatives from all the sectors of the research and development community concerned with the photovoltaic solar energy industry (see [[solar cell]]). The network promotes communication between speakers through the organisation of specialised conferences, workshops and congresses.

This interaction has led to the editing of a waybill, finished in 2003 with the aim of providing a solid basis for EU leaders and European citizens to base their decisions and policy making and in order to help reach the objective set by the European Commission to multiply the use of photovoltaic systems by thirty times by 2010.

In 2002, the world production of photovoltaic modules surpassed 550 MW, of which more than the 50% was produced in the EU. At the end of 2004, 79% of all European capacity was in Germany, where 794 MWp had been installed. The [[European Commission]] anticipates that Germany may have installed around 4,500 MWp by 2010.<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/sectors/photovoltaic_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/sectors/photovoltaic_en.htm] ''ec.europa.eu''</ref>

[[Portugal]] has the second largest photovoltaic power station in the world,<ref>[http://ww1.rtp.pt/noticias/?article=379834&visual=26&tema=4 http://ww1.rtp.pt/noticias/?article=379834&visual=26&tema=4] ''ww1.rtp.pt''</ref> which was completed in December 2008. The complex, called [[Amareleja photovoltaic power station]], covers an area of 250-hectare. The 46-megawatt solar power plant produces enough electricity for 30,000 homes and saves more than 89,383 tons a year in [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. Also in production since January 2007, the [[Serpa solar power plant]] with a installed capacity 11MW, covers an area of 60-hectare, produces enough energy for 8,000 homes and saves more than 30,000 tons a year in [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. These solar parks are approximately 30 km apart.

====Solar heating and cooling====
{{Main|Solar heating and cooling}}

Solar heating is the usage of solar energy to provide space or [[water heating]]. Worldwide the use was 88 GWthermal (2005). Growth potential is enormous. At present the EU is second after China in the installations. If all EU countries used solar thermal as enthusiastically as the [[Austria]]ns, the EU’s installed capacity would already be 91 GWth (130 million m2 today, far beyond the target of 100 million m2 by 2010, set by the [[White Paper]] in 1997). In 2005 solar heating in the EU was equivalent to more than 686.000 tons of oil. [[European Solar Thermal Industry Federation|ESTIF]]’s minimum target is to produce solar heating equivalent to 5.600.000 tons of oil (2020). A more ambitious, but feasible, target is 73 millions tons of oil per year (2020) – a lorry row spanning 1.5 times around the globe.<ref>[http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/downloads/STAP/Solar_Thermal_Action_Plan_2007_A4.pdf Solar Thermal Action Plan for Europe ESTIF, 1/2007]{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref>

The research efforts and infrastructure needed to supply 50% of the energy for space and water [[heating and cooling]] across Europe using solar thermal energy has been set out under the aegis of the [[European Solar Thermal Technology Platform]] (ESTTP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://esttp.org |title=European Solar Thermal Technology Platform |publisher=ESTTP |date= |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref> Published in late December 2008, more than 100 experts developed the [[strategic research agenda]] (SRA),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.estif.org/no_cache/news/single-news-item/archive/2008/december/article/european-solar-thermal-technology-platform-specifies-research-needed-to-make-solar-thermal-the-leadi/?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=289&cHash=335ab2bee5 |title=Single News Item – News |publisher=ESTIF |date=19 December 2008 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref> which includes a deployment roadmap showing the non-technological framework conditions that will enable this ambitious goal to be reached by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/04/action-plan-for-50-how-solar-thermal-can-supply-europes-energy?cmpid=WNL-Friday-April17-2009 |title=Action Plan for 50%: How Solar Thermal Can Supply Europe's Energy | Renewable Energy News Article |publisher=Renewableenergyworld.com |date= |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>

===Wave power===
[[Image:Pelamis at EMEC.jpg|thumb|250px|Pelamis wave energy convetor]]

The world's first commercial wave farm is located at the ''Aguçadora Wave Park'' near [[Póvoa de Varzim]] in Portugal. The farm which uses three [[Pelamis Wave Energy Converter|Pelamis P-750]] machines was officially opened in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portugal.gov.pt/portal/pt/comunicacao/agenda/20080923.htm |title=Portal do Governo |publisher=Portugal.gov.pt |date= |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref> by the Portuguese minister for the economy. A second phase of the project is now planned to increase the installed capacity from 2.25MW to 21MW using a further 25 machines.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lima |first=Joao |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=aSsaOB9qbiKE&refer=australia |title=Babcock, EDP and Efacec to Collaborate on Wave Energy Projects |publisher=Bloomberg |date=23 September 2008 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>

Funding for a wave farm in [[Scotland]] using four Pelamis machines was announced on 20 February 2007 by the [[Scottish Executive]]. The funding of just over £4 million is part of a £13 million funding package for [[Renewable energy in Scotland#Wave power|marine power in Scotland]]. The farm, is to be located at the European Marine Test Centre ([[EMEC]]) off the coast of Orkney and will have an installed capacity of 3MW.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6377423.stm |work=BBC News | title=Orkney to get 'biggest' wave farm | date=20 February 2007 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref>

===Hydrogen fuel===
[[Image:Mazda RX 8 titan front left.jpg|thumb|300px|A Mazda RX-8 powered by Hydrogen fuel.]]
The European Commission is currently sponsoring a practical programme of vehicle trials for battery powered vehicles. The most ambitious projects are the [[Euro|€]]1 million '''CUTE''' (''[[Clean Urban Transport for Europe]]'') scheme and the '''ECTOS''' (''[[Ecological City Transport System]]'').

The tests are taking place in the cities of [[Amsterdam]], Barcelona, Hamburg, London, Luxembourg, [[Madrid]], [[Porto]], [[Reykjavík]], Stockholm and [[Stuttgart]]. It consists of putting into service public buses, called [[Citaro]], manufactured by [[DaimlerChrysler]].

==Economics==
===Jobs===
The renewable energy industry have offered new work opportunities in the EU during 2005–2009.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:pink;"| Jobs by the renewable energy industry in the EU<ref>http://www.erec.org/statistics/jobs.html Jobs provided by RES Industry in the EU (2005–2009)] EREC 2010</ref>
|-
! style="background:okra;"| year
! style="background:okra;"| Employees
|-
| align=left | 2005 || 230.000
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 2006 || 300.000
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 2007 || 360.000
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 2008 || 400.000
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 2009 || 550.000
|}

==Statistics==
===Installed wind power capacity===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
! colspan="15" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"| EU Wind Energy Capacity (MW)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/statistics/cumulative_wind_per_ms_1998_2009_ws.xls|title=Cumulative installed capacity per EU Member State 1998 – 2009 (MW)|author=EWEA Staff|publisher=[[European Wind Energy Association]]|date=2010|accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/statistics/EWEA_Annual_Statistics_2010.pdf|title=EWEA Annual Statistics 2010|author=EWEA Staff|publisher=[[European Wind Energy Association]]|date=February 2011|accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"| No
! style="background:#cfb;"| Country
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2010
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2009
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2008
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2007
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2006
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2005
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2004
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2003
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2002
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2001
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2000
! style="background:#cfb;"| 1999
! style="background:#cfb;"| 1998
|-
| – || align=left | [[Wind power in the European Union|EU-27]] || 84,074 || 74,767 || 64,712 || 56,517 || 48,069 || 40,511 || 34,383 || 28,599 || 23,159 || 17,315 || 12,887 || 9,678 || 6,453
|-
| 1 || align=left | [[Wind power in Germany|Germany]] || 27,214 ||25,777 || 23,897 || 22,247 || 20,622 || 18,415 || 16,629 || 14,609 || 11,994 || 8,754 || 6,113 || 4,442 || 2,875
|-
| 2 || align=left | [[Wind power in Spain|Spain]] || 20,676 || 19,149 || 16,689 || 15,131 || 11,623 || 10,028 || 8,264 || 6,203 || 4,825 || 3,337 || 2,235 || 1,812 || 834
|-
| 3 || align=left | [[Wind power in Italy|Italy]] || 5,797 || 4,850 || 3,736 || 2,726 || 2,123 || 1,718 || 1,266 || 905 || 788 || 682 || 427 || 277 || 180
|-
| 4 || align=left | [[Wind power in France|France]] || 5,660 || 4,492 || 3,404 || 2,454 || 1,567 || 757 || 390 || 257 || 148 || 93 || 66 || 25 || 19
|-
| 5 || align=left | [[Wind power in the United Kingdom|UK]] || 5,204 || 4,051 || 2,974 || 2,406 || 1,962 || 1,332 || 904 || 667 || 552 || 474 || 406 || 362 || 333
|-
| 6 || align=left | [[Wind power in Denmark|Denmark]] || 3,752|| 3,465 || 3,163 || 3,125 || 3,136 || 3,128 || 3,118 || 3,116 || 2,889 || 2,489 || 2,417 || 1,771 || 1,443
|-
| 7 || align=left | [[Wind power in Portugal|Portugal]] || 3,702 || 3,535 || 2,862 || 2,150 || 1,716 || 1,022 || 522 || 296 || 195 || 131 || 100 || 61 || 60
|-
| 8 || align=left | [[Wind power in the Netherlands|Netherlands]] || 2,237 || 2,229 || 2,225 || 1,747 || 1,558 || 1,219 || 1,079 || 910 || 693 || 486 || 446 || 433 || 361
|-
| 9 || align=left | [[Wind power in Sweden|Sweden]] || 2,163 || 1,560 || 1,048 || 788 || 571 || 509 || 442 || 399 || 345 || 293 || 231 || 220 || 174
|-
| 10 || align=left | [[Wind power in the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] || 1,428 || 1,260 || 1,027 || 795 || 746 || 496 || 339 || 190 || 137 || 124 || 118 || 74 || 73
|-
| 11 || align=left | [[Wind power in Greece|Greece]] || 1,208 || 1,087 || 985 || 871 || 746 || 573 || 473 || 383 || 297 || 272 || 189 || 112 || 39
|-
| 12 || align=left | [[Wind power in Poland|Poland]] || 1,107 || 725 || 544 || 276 || 153 || 83 || 63 || 63 || 27 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 13 || align=left | [[Wind power in Austria|Austria]] || 1,011 || 995 || 995 || 982 || 965 || 819 || 606 || 415 || 140 || 94 || 77 || 34 || 30
|-
| 14 || align=left | [[Wind power in Belgium|Belgium]] || 911 || 563 || 415 || 287 || 194 || 167 || 96 || 68 || 35 || 32 || 13 || 6 || 6
|-
| 15 || align=left | [[Wind power in Romania|Romania]] || 462 || 14 || 11 || 8 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 16 || align=left | [[Wind power in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || 375 || 177 || 120 || 57 || 36 || 10 || 10 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 17|| align=left | [[Wind power in Hungary|Hungary]] || 295 || 201 || 127 || 65 || 61 || 17 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 18 || align=left | [[Wind power in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] || 215 || 192 || 150 || 116 || 54 || 28 || 17 || 9 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 19 || align=left | [[Wind power in Finland|Finland]] || 197 || 146 || 143 || 110 || 86 || 82 || 82 || 52 || 43 || 39 || 39 || 39 || 17
|-
| 20 || align=left | [[Wind power in Lithuania|Lithuania]] || 154 || 91 || 54 || 54 || 51 || 48 || 6 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 21 || align=left | [[Wind power in Estonia|Estonia]] || 149 || 142 || 78 || 59 || 32 || 32 || 6 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 22 || align=left | [[Wind power in Cyprus|Cyprus]] || 82 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 23 || align=left | [[Wind power in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] || 42 || 35 || 35 || 35 || 35 || 35 || 35 || 22 || 17 || 15 || 10 || 10 || 9
|-
| 24 || align=left | [[Wind power in Latvia|Latvia]] || 31 || 28 || 27 || 27 || 27 || 27 || 27 || 27 || 24 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 25 || align=left | [[Wind power in Slovakia|Slovakia]] || 3 || 3 || 5 || 5 || 5 || 5 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 26 || align=left | [[Wind power in Slovenia|Slovenia]] || 0.03 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 27 || align=left | [[Wind power in Malta|Malta]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| – || align=left | EU-27 Offshore || 2,946 || 2,061 || 1,471 || 1,088 || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 28 || align=left | [[Wind power in Turkey|Turkey]] || 1,329 || 801 || 458 || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 29 || align=left | [[Wind power in Norway|Norway]] || 441 || 431 || 429 || 333 || 314 || 267 || 160 || 101 || || || || ||
|-
| 30 || align=left | [[Wind power in Ukraine|Ukraine]] || 87 || 94 || 90 || 89 || 86 || 77 || || || || || || ||
|-
| 31 || align=left | [[Wind power in Switzerland|Switzerland]] || 42 || 18 || 14 || 12 || 12 || 12 || || || || || || ||
|-
| 32 || align=left | [[Wind power in Iceland|Iceland]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || || || || || || ||
|-
| 33 || align=left | [[Wind power in Russia|Russia]] || 9 || 9 || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| – || align=left | Europe (MW) || 86,075 || 76,152 || 65,741 || 57,136 || 48,563 || 40,898 || || || || || || ||
|}

===Photovoltaics===
====Total installed capacity====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:pink;"| PV in Europe (MWpower)<ref name="BaroPhoto2007">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro178.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER] Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 178, p. 49-70, 4/2007</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2009">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro190.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2009 – EurObserv’ER] Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 190, p. 72-102, 3/2009</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2010">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro196.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2010 – EurObserv’ER]</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2011">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro202.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2011 – EurObserv’ER]</ref>
|-
! style="background:pink;"| #
! style="background:pink;"| Country
! style="background:pink;"| 2005
! style="background:pink;"| 2006
! style="background:pink;"| 2007
! style="background:pink;"| 2008
! style="background:pink;"| 2009
! style="background:pink;"| 2010
|-
| align=left | – || align=left | [[Solar power in the European Union|EU-27]] || 2,170 || 3,420 || 4,940 || 10,380 || 15,860 || 29,327
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 1 || align=left | [[Solar power in Germany|Germany]] || 1,910 || 3,063 || 3,846 || 6,019 || 9,830 || 17,370
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 2 || align=left | [[Solar power in Spain|Spain]] || 58 || 118 || 733 || 3,421 || 3,520 || 3,808
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 3 || align=left | [[Solar power in Italy|Italy]] || 46 || 58 || 120 || 458 || 1,032 || 3,479
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 4 || align=left | [[Solar power in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] || 0 || 1 || 4 || 55 || 466 || 1,953
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 5 || align=left | [[Solar power in France|France]] || 26 || 33 || 47 || 104 || 289 || 1,054
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 6 || align=left | [[Solar power in Belgium|Belgium]] || 2 || 4 || 22 || 71 || 363 || 787
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 7 || align=left | [[Solar power in Greece|Greece]] || 5 || 7 || 9 || 19 || 55 || 205
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 8 || align=left | [[Solar power in Slovakia|Slovakia]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.07 || 0.2 || 144
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 9 || align=left | [[Solar power in Portugal|Portugal]] || 3 || 4 || 18 || 68 || 102 || 131
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 10 || align=left | [[Solar power in Austria|Austria]] || 24 || 29 || 27 || 32 || 53 || 103
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 11 || align=left | [[Solar power in the Netherlands|Netherlands]] || 51 || 51 || 53 || 57 || 68 || 97
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 12 || align=left | [[Solar power in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] || 11 || 14 || 19 || 23 || 33 || 75
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 13 || align=left | [[Solar power in Slovenia|Slovenia]] || 0.2 || 0.4 || 1 || 2 || 9 || 36
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 14 || align=left | [[Solar power in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] || 24 || 24 || 24 || 25 || 26 || 27
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 15 || align=left | [[Solar power in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || || || 0.8 || 1 || 6 || 17
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 16 || align=left | [[Solar power in Sweden|Sweden]] || 4 || 5 || 6 || 8 || 9 || 10
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 17 || align=left | [[Solar power in Finland|Finland]] || 4 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 8 || 10
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 18 || align=left | [[Solar power in Denmark|Denmark]] || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 7
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 19 || align=left | [[Solar power in Cyprus|Cyprus]] || 0.5 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 6
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 20 || align=left | [[Solar power in Romania|Romania]] || || 0.2 || 0.3 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 2
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 21 || align=left | [[Solar power in Poland|Poland]] || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 1 || 1 || 2
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 22 || align=left | [[Solar power in Hungary|Hungary]] || 0.2 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 0.7 || 2
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 23 || align=left | [[Solar power in Malta|Malta]] || 0.1 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 2 || 2
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 24 || align=left | [[Solar power in Ireland|Ireland]] || 0.3 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 0.6
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 25 || align=left | [[Solar power in Lithuania|Lithuania]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.06 || 0.07 || 0.08
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 26 || align=left | [[Solar power in Estonia|Estonia]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.01 || 0.05 || 0.08
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 27 || align=left | [[Solar power in Latvia|Latvia]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.004 || 0.008 || 0.008
|}

====Installed capacity per capita====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:pink;"| PV per capita 2010<ref name="BaroPhoto2011"/>
|-
! style="background:pink;"| #
! style="text-align:left; background:pink;"| Country
! style="text-align:right; background:pink;"| W/capita
|-
| align=right | 1 || {{GER}} || align=right | 212.3
|-
| align=right | 2 || {{CZE}} || align=right | 185.9
|-
| align=right | 3 || {{ESP}} || align=right | 82.8
|-
| align=right | 4 || {{BEL}} || align=right | 72.6
|-
| align=right | 5 || {{ITA}} || align=right | 57.6
|-
| align=right | 6 || {{LUX}} || align=right | 54.3
|-
| align=right | 7 || {{SVK}} || align=right | 26.5
|-
| align=right | 8 || {{GRE}} || align=right | 18.2
|-
| align=right | 9 || {{SLO}} || align=right | 17.8
|-
| align=right | 10 || {{FRA}} || align=right | 16.3
|-
| align=right | 11 || {{POR}} || align=right | 12.3
|-
| align=right | 12 || {{AUT}} || align=right | 12.2
|-
| align=right | 13 || {{CYP}} || align=right | 7.8
|-
| align=right | 14 || {{NED}} || align=right | 5.8
|-
| align=right | 15 || {{MLT}} || align=right | 4.0
|-
| align=right | 16 || {{BUL}} || align=right | 2.3
|-
| align=right | 17 || {{FIN}} || align=right | 1.8
|-
| align=right | 18 || {{DEN}} || align=right | 1.3
|-
| align=right | 19 || {{UK}} || align=right | 1.2
|-
| align=right | 20 || {{SWE}} || align=right | 1.1
|-
| align=right | 21 || {{HUN}} || align=right | 0.2
|-
| align=right | 22 || {{IRL}} || align=right | 0.1
|-
| align=right | 23 || {{ROM}} || align=right | 0.1
|-
| align=right | 24 || {{EST}} || align=right | 0.1
|-
| align=right | 25 || {{POL}} || align=right | 0
|-
| align=right | 26 || {{LTU}} || align=right | 0
|-
| align=right | 27 || {{LAT}} || align=right | 0
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:pink;"| EU27 (W/capita)
| style="text-align:right; background:pink;"| '''58.5'''
|-
| colspan=3 |
|}

===Solar heating===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ style="text-align:center; style=;"background: #FFDEAD"| [[Solar heating]] in European Union* (kWth)<ref name="SunHeat2006">[http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/downloads/Solar_Thermal_Markets_in_Europe_2006.pdf Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2006] European Solar Thermal Industry Federation ESTIF, June 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/market_data/downloads/2008%20Solar_Thermal_Markets_in_Europe_2008.pdf |title=Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2008 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/market_data/downloads/2009%20Solar_Thermal_Markets_in_Europe_2009.pdf Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2009]{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #FFDEAD" | Country
! style="background: #FFDEAD" | Total (2009)
! style="background: #FFDEAD" | Total (2008)
! style="background: #FFDEAD" | add 2006
! style="background: #FFDEAD" | add 2005
! style="background: #FFDEAD" | add 2004
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | Germany || 8,896,300 || 7,765,800 || 1 050 000 || 665 000 || 525 000
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Greece]] || 2,851,940 || 2,707,740 || style="text-align:right;"| 168 000 || style="text-align:right;"| 154 350 || style="text-align:right;"| 150 500
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Austria]] || 2,517,812 || 2,268,231 || style="text-align:right;"| 204 868 || style="text-align:right;"| 163 429 || style="text-align:right;"| 127 816
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Italy]] || 1,404,361 || 1 124 361 || style="text-align:right;"| 130 200 || style="text-align:right;"| 88 941 || style="text-align:right;"| 68 417
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | France || 1,371,370 || 1,136,870 || style="text-align:right;"| 154 000 || style="text-align:right;"| 85 050 || style="text-align:right;"| 36 400
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | Spain || 1,261,516 || 987,816 || style="text-align:right;"| 122 500 || style="text-align:right;"| 74 760 || style="text-align:right;"| 63 000
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Cyprus]] || 514,640 || 485,240 || style="text-align:right;"| 42 000 || style="text-align:right;"| 35 000 || style="text-align:right;"| 21 000
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Poland]] || 356,902 || 255,973 || style="text-align:right;"| 28 980 || style="text-align:right;"| 19 390 || style="text-align:right;"| 20 230
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Portugal]] || 345,338 || 223,265 || style="text-align:right;"| 14 000 || style="text-align:right;"| 11 200 || style="text-align:right;"| 7 000
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | UK || 332,514 || 270,144 || style="text-align:right;"| 37 800 || style="text-align:right;"| 19 600 || style="text-align:right;"| 17 500
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Denmark]] || 330,946 || 292,796 || style="text-align:right;"| 17 710 || style="text-align:right;"| 14 875 || style="text-align:right;"| 14 000
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Netherlands]] || 285,139 || 254,339 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 280 || style="text-align:right;"| 14 174 || style="text-align:right;"| 18 410
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Sweden]] || 217,362 || 202,445 || style="text-align:right;"| 19 977 || style="text-align:right;"| 15 835 || style="text-align:right;"| 14 041
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Belgium]] || 203,593 || 188,263 || style="text-align:right;"| 24 945 || style="text-align:right;"| 14 164 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 290
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Czech Republic]] || 147,854 || 115,570 || style="text-align:right;"| 15 421 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 885 || style="text-align:right;"| 8 575
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Slovenia]] || 111,510 || 96,110 || style="text-align:right;"| 4 830 || style="text-align:right;"| 3 360 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 260
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Slovakia]] || <100,000 || 66,675 || 5 950 || style="text-align:right;"| 5 250 || style="text-align:right;"| 3 850
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Romania]] || <100,000 || 66 010 || style="text-align:right;"| 280 || style="text-align:right;"| 280 || style="text-align:right;"| 280
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Ireland]] || <100,000 || 52,080 || style="text-align:right;"| 3 500 || style="text-align:right;"| 2 450 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 400
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Malta]] || <100,000 || 24,752 || style="text-align:right;"| 3 150 || style="text-align:right;"| 2 800 || style="text-align:right;"| 2 951
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Bulgaria]] || <100,000 || 22,120 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 540 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 400 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 260
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Finland]] || <100,000 || 17,705 || style="text-align:right;"| 2 380 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 668 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 141
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Hungary]] || <100,000 || 17,675 || style="text-align:right;"| 700 || style="text-align:right;"| 700 || style="text-align:right;"|1 050
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Luxembourg]] || <100,000 || 15,750 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 750 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 330 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 190
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Latvia]] || <100,000 || 5,005 || style="text-align:right;"| 840 || style="text-align:right;"| 700 || style="text-align:right;"| 350
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Lithuania]] || <100,000 || 3,003 || style="text-align:right;"| 420 || style="text-align:right;"| 350 || style="text-align:right;"| 350
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Estonia]] || <100,000 || 1,379 || style="text-align:right;"| 210 || style="text-align:right;"| 175 || style="text-align:right;"| 175
|- style="text-align:right;"
! style="text-align:left; background:#ffdead;"| EU27+CH GWth
| style="background: #FFDEAD" | '''19.08''' || style="text-align:right; background:#ffdead;"| ''' 2.10''' || style="text-align:right; background:#ffdead;"| ''' 1.43''' || style="text-align:right; background:#ffdead;"| '''1.14'''
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align:left;"| * = The relation between collector area and capacity: m2 = 0.7 kWthermal
|}

===Biofuels===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="9" style="text-align:left;" background-color:#BFD7FF;"| [[Biofuels]]<ref name="BaroBiofuels2007">[http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/erec/baro179_b.asp Biofuels barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER] Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 179, s. 63–75, 5/2007</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#ddf; text-align:left;"|
! style="background:#dcf0ff; text-align:left;"| Consumption 2005 (GWh)
! colspan="3" style="background:#ddf; text-align:left;"| Consumption 2006 (GWh)
! colspan="3" style="background:#bfd7ff; text-align:left;"| Consumption 2007 (GWh)

|-
! style="background:light yellow;"| No
! style="background:light yellow;"| Country
! style="background:#dcf0ff;"| Total
! style="background:#ddf;"| Total
! style="background:#ddf;"| [[Biodiesel]]
! style="background:#ddf;"| [[Bioethanol]]
! style="background:#bfd7ff;"| Total
! style="background:#bfd7ff;"| Biodiesel
! style="background:#bfd7ff;"| Bioethanol

|- style="text-align:right;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:left;"| {{DEU}}* || style="text-align:right;"| 21,703 || style="text-align:right;"| 40,417 || style="text-align:right;"| 29,447 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,544 || style="text-align:right;"| 46,552 || style="text-align:right;"| 34,395 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,408
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2 || style="text-align:left;"| {{FRA}} || style="text-align:right;"| 4,874 || style="text-align:right;"| 8,574 || style="text-align:right;"| 6,855 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,719 || style="text-align:right;"| 16,680 || style="text-align:right;"| 13,506 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,174
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 3 || style="text-align:left;"| {{AUT}} || style="text-align:right;"| 920 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,878 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,878 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 4,524 || style="text-align:right;"| 4,270 || style="text-align:right;"| 254
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 4 || style="text-align:left;"| {{ESP}} || style="text-align:right;"| 1,583 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,961 || style="text-align:right;"| 629 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,332 || style="text-align:right;"| 4,341 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,031 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,310
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 5 || style="text-align:left;"| {{GBR}} || style="text-align:right;"| 793 || style="text-align:right;"| 2,097 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,533 || style="text-align:right;"| 563 || style="text-align:right;"| 4,055 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,148 || style="text-align:right;"| 907
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 6 || style="text-align:left;"| {{SWE}}* || style="text-align:right;"| 1,938 || style="text-align:right;"| 2,587 || style="text-align:right;"| 523 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,894 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,271 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,158 || style="text-align:right;"| 2,113
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 7 || style="text-align:left;"| {{POR}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 2 || style="text-align:right;"| 818 || style="text-align:right;"| 818 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,847 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,847 || style="text-align:right;"| 0
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 8 || style="text-align:left;"| {{ITA}} || style="text-align:right;"| 2 059 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,732 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,732 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,621 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 621 || style="text-align:right;"| 0
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 9 || style="text-align:left;"| {{BUL}} || style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 96 || style="text-align:right;"| 96 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,308 || style="text-align:right;"| 539 || style="text-align:right;"| 769
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:left;"| {{POL}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 481 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 102 || style="text-align:right;"| 491 || style="text-align:right;"| 611 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,171 || style="text-align:right;"| 180 || style="text-align:right;"| 991
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 11 || style="text-align:left;"| {{BEL}} || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,061 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,061 || style="text-align:right;"| 0
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 12 || style="text-align:left;"| {{GRE}} || style="text-align:right;"| 32 || style="text-align:right;"| 540 || style="text-align:right;"| 540 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 940 || style="text-align:right;"| 940 || style="text-align:right;"| 0
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 13 || style="text-align:left;"| {{LTU}} || style="text-align:right;"| 97 || style="text-align:right;"| 226 || style="text-align:right;"| 162 || style="text-align:right;"| 64 || style="text-align:right;"| 612 || style="text-align:right;"| 477 || style="text-align:right;"| 135
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 14 || style="text-align:left;"| {{LUX}} || style="text-align:right;"| 7 || style="text-align:right;"| 6 || style="text-align:right;"| 6 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 407 || style="text-align:right;"| 397 || style="text-align:right;"| 10
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 15 || style="text-align:left;"| {{CZE}} || style="text-align:right;"| 33 || style="text-align:right;"| 226 || style="text-align:right;"| 213 || style="text-align:right;"| 13 || style="text-align:right;"| 382 || style="text-align:right;"| 380 || style="text-align:right;"| 2
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 16 || style="text-align:left;"| {{SLO}} || style="text-align:right;"| 58 || style="text-align:right;"| 50 || style="text-align:right;"| 48 || style="text-align:right;"| 2 || style="text-align:right;"| 160 || style="text-align:right;"| 151 || style="text-align:right;"| 9
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 17 || style="text-align:left;"| {{SVK}} || style="text-align:right;"| 110 || style="text-align:right;"| 153 || style="text-align:right;"| 149 || style="text-align:right;"| 4 || style="text-align:right;"| 154 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| 154
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 18 || style="text-align:left;"| {{HUN}} || style="text-align:right;"| 28 || style="text-align:right;"| 139 || style="text-align:right;"| 4 || style="text-align:right;"| 136 || style="text-align:right;"| 107 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 107
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 19 || style="text-align:left;"| {{NED}} || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 371 || style="text-align:right;"| 172 || style="text-align:right;"| 179 || style="text-align:right;"| 101 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| 101
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 20 || style="text-align:left;"| {{IRL}} || style="text-align:right;"| 9 || style="text-align:right;"| 36 || style="text-align:right;"| 8 || style="text-align:right;"| 13 || style="text-align:right;"| 97 || style="text-align:right;"| 27 || style="text-align:right;"| 54
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 21 || style="text-align:left;"| {{DEN}} || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 42 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 42 || style="text-align:right;"| 70 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 70
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 22 || style="text-align:left;"| {{LAT}} || style="text-align:right;"| 34 || style="text-align:right;"| 29 || style="text-align:right;"| 17 || style="text-align:right;"| 12 || style="text-align:right;"| 20 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 20
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 23 || style="text-align:left;"| {{FIN}} || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a.
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 24 || style="text-align:left;"| {{ROM}} || style="text-align:right;"| – || style="text-align:right;"| 32 || style="text-align:right;"| 32 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a.
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 25 || style="text-align:left;"| {{MLT}} || style="text-align:right;"| 8 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a.
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 26 || style="text-align:left;"| {{EST}} || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 7 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a.
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 27 || style="text-align:left;"| {{ CYP}} || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a.
|-
! style="text-align:right;"| 27 || align=left | EU
| style="text-align:right; background:#dcf0ff;"| '''34,796''' || style="text-align:right; background:#ddf;"| '''65,148''' || style="text-align:right; background:#ddf;"| '''47,380 ''' || style="text-align:right; background:#ddf;"| '''10,138''' || style="text-align:right; background:#bfd7ff;"| '''89,482''' || style="text-align:right; background:#bfd7ff;"| '''67,154''' || style="text-align:right; background:#bfd7ff;"| '''13,563'''
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align:left;"| *Total includes vegetable oils in Germany: 7309 GWh (2006) and 2018 GWh (2005) and biogas in Sweden: 225 GWh (2006) and 160 GWh (2005), n.a. = not available
|}

==See also==
{{Portal box|Renewable energy|European Union}}
{{colbegin|2}}
*[[List of renewable energy topics by country]]
*[[Climate change in the European Union]]
*[[Desertec]]
*[[Economy of the European Union]]
*[[EKOenergy]] ecolabel for energy
*[[Energie-Cités]]
*[[Environment in the European Union]]
*[[Eugene Green Energy Standard]]
*[[European Energy Research Alliance]]
*[[European Renewable Energy Council]]
*[[European Photovoltaic Industry Association]] (EPIA).
*[[European Pollutant Emission Register]] (EPER)
*[[Fraunhofer Society]]
*[[IDAE]]
*[[Intelligent Energy Europe]]
*[[Renewable energy commercialization]]
*[[Renewable energy development]]
*[[REN21]]
*[[Transport in the European Union]]
*[[U4energy]]
{{colend}}

===Further reading===
* Joanna Krzeminska, Are Support Schemes for Renewable Energies Compatible with Competition Objectives? An Assessment of National and Community Rules, Yearbook of European Environmental Law (Oxford University Press), Volume VII, Nov. 2007, p. 125

===In the media===
*11 September 1999, ''[[The Guardian]]:'' [http://www.guardian.co.uk/renewable/Story/0,,201987,00.html Renewable energy across Europe]
*23 March 2007, ''[[The BBC]]:'' [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6476273.stm EU environmental achievements] by Commissioner Dimas.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons|Renewable energy in the European Union}}
*[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Renewable_energy_statistics Eurostat - Statistics Explained - Renewable energy statistics]
*[http://www.energy.eu Europe's Energy Portal] European platform for energy efficiency and renewable energy.
*[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0016:0062:EN:PDF Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources]
*[http://www.managenergy.net ManagEnergy], for [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and [[renewable energy|renewable energies]] at the local and regional level.
*[http://www.reegle.info Reegle: Information Gateway For Renewable Energy And Energy Efficiency]
*[http://eeru.open.ac.uk/natta/renewonline/rol60/10.htm 34% from renewables in the EU by 2020?]

===Organizations===
*[http://www.erec.org European Renewable Energy Council]
*[http://www.eufores.org European Forum for Renewable Energy Sources]
*[http://www.fedarene.org European Federation of Regional Energy and Environment Agencies] (FEDARENE).
*[http://www.europeanfutureenergyforum.com European Future Energy Forum]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/energy/index_en.htm European Commission-Energy]

{{Renewable energy by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renewable Energy In The European Union}}
[[Category:Renewable energy in the European Union]]

[[es:Energías renovables en la Unión Europea]]
[[it:Energia rinnovabile nell'Unione europea]]
[[pt:Energias renováveis na União Europeia]]
[[fi:Uusiutuva energia Euroopan unionissa]]
[[zh:歐盟的再生能源]]

Erneuerbare Energien in der Europäischen Union

2011-10-21T02:00:12Z

212.183.128.40: /* Policy */

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
{{Update|date=April 2011}}
[[Image:European-union-renewables-new.svg|thumb|350px|Proportion of [[renewable energy]] in the EU countries (and some candidates), 2007]]
The countries of the [[European Union]] are currently the number two global leaders in the development and application of [[renewable energy]]. Promoting the use of renewable energy sources is important both to the reduction of the EU's dependence on foreign energy imports, and in meeting targets to combat [[global warming]].

==Policy==
{{Update|date=October 2011}}
{{See also|Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport|Energy policy of the European Union}}
<div class="floatright">
{| style="border:solid 1px #aaa;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
|+'''Share of renewable energies in gross electrical consumption in EU-25 countries in 2006 (in %).'''
|-
|
<timeline>
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id:gray value:gray(0.5)
id:line1 value:gray(0.9)
id:line2 value:gray(0.7)
id:2006 value:green legend:2006
id:2010 value:gray(0.9) legend:Target_2010

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ScaleMinor = start:0 increment:5 gridcolor:line1

BarData =
bar:Austria text:[[Austria ]]
bar:Sweden text:[[Sweden ]]
bar:Latvia text:[[Latvia ]]
bar:Portugal text:[[Portugal ]]
bar:Denmark text:[[Denmark ]]
bar:Finland text:[[Finland ]]
bar:Slovenia text:[[Slovenia ]]
bar:Spain text:[[Spain ]]
bar:Slovakia text:[[Slovakia ]]
bar:Italy text:[[Italy ]]
bar:Greece text:[[Greece ]]
bar:Germany text:[[Germany ]]
bar:France text:[[France ]]
bar:Ireland text:[[Ireland ]]
bar:Netherlands text:[[Netherlands ]]
bar:Czech_Republic text:[[Czech Republic ]]
bar:United_Kingdom text:[[United Kingdom ]]
bar:Hungary text:[[Hungary ]]
bar:Luxemburg text:[[Luxemburg ]]
bar:Poland text:[[Poland ]]
bar:Belgium text:[[Belgium ]]
bar:Lithuania text:[[Lithuania ]]
bar:Estonia text:[[Estonia ]]
bar:Cyprus text:[[Cyprus ]]
bar:Malta text:[[Malta ]]
bar:European_Union text:[[European Union ]]

Define $A10 = width:12 fontsize:S shift:(-1,-5) align:right anchor:from textcolor:green # Normal bar, green text
Define $A20 = width:12 fontsize:S shift:(5,-5) align:left anchor:till # Normal bar, black text

PlotData =
# ************** Austria **************
bar:Austria color:2010 $A20 from:start till:78.1 text:78.1%
bar:Austria color:2006 $A10 from:start till:62.89 text:62.89%

# ************** Sweden ***************
bar:Sweden color:2010 $A20 from:start till:60 text:60%
bar:Sweden color:2006 $A10 from:start till:48.47 text:48.47%

# ************** Latvia ***************
bar:Latvia color:2010 $A20 from:start till:49.3 text:49.3%
bar:Latvia color:2006 $A10 from:start till:38.75 text:38.75%

# ************** Portugal *************
bar:Portugal color:2010 $A20 from:start till:39 text:39%
bar:Portugal color:2006 $A10 from:start till:29.94 text:29.94%

# ************** Denmark **************
bar:Denmark color:2010 $A20 from:start till:29 text:29%
bar:Denmark color:2006 $A10 from:start till:26.59 text:26.59%

# ************** Finland **************
bar:Finland color:2010 $A20 from:start till:31.5 text:31.5%
bar:Finland color:2006 $A10 from:start till:25.54 text:25.54%

# ************** Slovenia *************
bar:Slovenia color:2010 $A20 from:start till:33.6 text:33.6%
bar:Slovenia color:2006 $A10 from:start till:23.96 text:23.96%

# ************** Spain ****************
bar:Spain color:2010 $A20 from:start till:29.4 text:29.4%
bar:Spain color:2006 $A10 from:start till:18.38 text:18.38%

# ************** Slovakia *************
bar:Slovakia color:2010 $A20 from:start till:31 text:31%
bar:Slovakia color:2006 $A10 from:start till:17.12 text:17.12%

# ************** Italy ****************
bar:Italy color:2010 $A20 from:start till:25 text:25%
bar:Italy color:2006 $A10 from:start till:14.82 text:14.82%

# ************** Greece ***************
bar:Greece color:2010 $A20 from:start till:20.1 text:20.1%
bar:Greece color:2006 $A10 from:start till:13.92 text:13.92%

# ************** Germany **************
bar:Germany color:2010 $A20 from:start till:12.5 text:12.5%
bar:Germany color:2006 $A10 from:start till:12.47 text:12.47%

# ************** France ***************
bar:France color:2010 $A20 from:start till:21 text:21%
bar:France color:2006 $A10 from:start till:12.38 text:12.38%

# ************** Ireland **************
bar:Ireland color:2010 $A20 from:start till:13.2 text:13.2%
bar:Ireland color:2006 $A10 from:start till:9.67 text:9.67%

# ************** Netherlands **********
bar:Netherlands color:2010 $A20 from:start till:9 text:9%
bar:Netherlands color:2006 $A10 from:start till:5.67 text:5.67%

# ************** Czech Republic *******
bar:Czech_Republic color:2010 $A20 from:start till:8 text:8%
bar:Czech_Republic color:2006 $A10 from:start till:5.6 text:5.60%

# ************** United Kingdom *******
bar:United_Kingdom color:2010 $A20 from:start till:10 text:10%
bar:United_Kingdom color:2006 $A10 from:start till:4.62 text:4.62%

# ************** Hungary **************
bar:Hungary color:2010 $A20 from:start till:3.6 text:3.6%
bar:Hungary color:2006 $A10 from:start till:3.88 text:3.88%

# ************** Luxemburg ************
bar:Luxemburg color:2010 $A20 from:start till:5.7 text:5.7%
bar:Luxemburg color:2006 $A10 from:start till:3.6 text:3.60%

# ************** Poland ***************
bar:Poland color:2010 $A20 from:start till:7.5 text:7.5%
bar:Poland color:2006 $A10 from:start till:2.99 text:2.99%

# ************** Belgium **************
bar:Belgium color:2010 $A20 from:start till:6 text:6%
bar:Belgium color:2006 $A10 from:start till:2.98 text:2.98%

# ************** Lithuania ************
bar:Lithuania color:2010 $A20 from:start till:7 text:7%
bar:Lithuania color:2006 $A10 from:start till:2.83 text:2.83%

# ************** Estonia **************
bar:Estonia color:2010 $A20 from:start till:5.1 text:5.1%
bar:Estonia color:2006 $A10 from:start till:1.91 text:1.91%

# ************** Cyprus ***************
bar:Cyprus color:2010 $A20 from:start till:6 text:6%
bar:Cyprus color:2006 $A10 from:start till:0.02 text:0.02%

# ************** Malta ****************
bar:Malta color:2010 $A20 from:start till:5 text:5%
bar:Malta color:2006 $A10 from:start till:0 text:0.00%

# ************** European Union *******
bar:European_Union color:2010 $A20 from:start till:21 text:21%
bar:European_Union color:2006 $A10 from:start till:14.65 text:14.65%

Legend = position:bottom orientation:vertical columns:1 top:50

</timeline>
|}
</div>

The [[Maastricht Treaty]] set an objective of promoting stable growth while protecting the environment. The [[Amsterdam Treaty]] added the principle of sustainable development to the objectives of the EU. Since 1997, the EU has been working towards a renewable energy supply equivalent to 12% of the total EU's energy consumption by 2010.

The [[Earth Summit 2002|Johannesburg Summit]] failed to introduce the radical changes targeted for ten years after the [[Rio Summit]]. No specific goals were set for the energy sector, which disappointed many countries. While the EU had proposed an annual increase in the use of renewable energy at a rate of 1.5% worldwide until 2010, Johannesburg's action plan did not recommend such a "substantial" increase, with no concrete goals nor dates being set.

The EU was unwilling to accept this result and with other nations formed a group of "pioneer countries" that promised to establish ambitious national or even regional goals to achieve global targets. The Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition (JREC) has a total of more than 80 member countries; the EU members, Brazil, South Africa and New Zealand amongst them.

In the European Conference for Renewable Energy in Berlin in 2004, the EU defined ambitious goals of its own. The conclusion was that by 2020, the EU would seek to obtain 20% of its total energy consumption requirements with renewable energy sources. Up until that point, the EU had only set targets up to 2010, and this proposal was the first to represent the EU's commitment up to 2020.

===Renewables targets===
EU leaders reached agreement in principle in March 2007 that '''20 percent''' of the bloc's energy should be produced from renewable fuels and by 2020 as part of its drive to cut emissions of [[carbon dioxide]]. Renewables now account for less than 7 percent of the EU energy mix. In a special report, the European Parliament said that to give the legislation teeth, it should contain binding renewable energy targets for particular sectors – electricity, heating and transport – rather than just a general goal. The parliament said it would resist any attempt to treat nuclear energy as a substitute for renewables.<ref>[http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/44517/story.htm News] and [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2007-0406&language=EN&ring=A6-2007-0287 Official EP resolution of 25 September 2007 on the Road Map for Renewable Energy in Europe]</ref>

Underlying many of the EU's energy policy proposals is to limit global temperature changes to no more than 2 °C above pre-industrial levels,<ref>[http://2008.energyconferencebulgaria.eu/html/?go=press&p=detail&newsId=14 New EU energy plan – more security, less pollution], press release by European Commission</ref> of which 0.8 °C has already taken place and another 0.5–0.7 °Cis already [[Climate commitment|committed]].<ref>Oliver Geden (2010), http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2010C19_gdn_ks.pdf What Comes After the Two-Degree Target?], SWP Comments 19</ref> 2 °C is usually seen as the upper temperature limit to avoid 'dangerous [[global warming]]'<ref>Samuel Randalls (2010), [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.62/abstract History of the 2 °C climate target], Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, Volume 1, Issue 4, pp. 598–605, July/August 2010</ref>.

===Actions===
EU [[energy conservation|energy efficiency]] and renewable energy actions includes:
* [[BUILD UP]]
* [[The Covenant of Mayors]]
* [[Sustainable Energy Europe Campaign]]
* CONCERTO
* [[ManagEnergy]]
* [[Intelligent Energy – Europe]] (IEE)
* [[U4energy]] is an initiative funded under the IEE programme to improve energy consumption in schools and their local communities.
* [[Eco-innovation]]

==Member states==
{{Main|:Category:Renewable energy in the European Union}}
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}
===Germany===
{{Main|Renewable energy in Germany}}
At the end of 2007 renewable energy in Germany provided 14.88% of Germany's electricity production, with the largest contribution being made by wind power.
===Italy===
{{Main|Renewable energy in Italy}}

===Portugal===
{{Main|Renewable energy in Portugal}}

In 2010, more than 50% of all yearly electricity consumption in Portugal was generated from renewable energy sources.<ref>[http://pelanatureza.pt/ficheiros/estatisticas-da-energias-renovaveis.pdf Nation Bureau for Geology and Energy, Energias Renováveis - Estatísticas Rápidas de fevereiro de 2011 (in Portuguese)]</ref> The most important generation sources were hydroelectric (30%) and wind power (18%), with bioenergy (5%) and photovoltaic solar power (0,5%) accounting for the rest. In 2001, the Portuguese government launched a new [[energy policy]] instrument – the E4 Programme (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous Energies), consisting of a set of multiple, diversified measures aimed at promoting a consistent, integrated approach to energy supply and demand. By promoting energy efficiency and the use of endogenous (renewable) energy sources, the programme seeks to upgrade the competitiveness of the Portuguese economy and to modernize the country’s social fabric, while simultaneously preserving the environment by reducing gas emissions, especially the CO2 responsible for climatic change. As a result, in the five years between 2005 and 2010, energy production from renewable sources increased 28%.<ref name="nyt080910">{{cite news|last=ROSENTHAL|first=ELISABETH|title=Portugal Gives Itself a Clean-Energy Makeover|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/science/earth/10portugal.html|accessdate=11 August 2010|newspaper=New York Times|date=August 9, 2010}}</ref>

===Spain===
{{Main|Renewable energy in Spain}}

Spain as a whole has the target of generating 30% of its electricity needs from renewable energy sources by 2010, with half of that amount coming from wind power. In 2006, 20% of the total electricity demand was already produced with renewable energy sources, and in January 2009 the total electricity demand produced with renewable energy sources reached 34.8%.<ref>[http://www.energias-renovables.com/paginas/Contenidosecciones.asp?ID=14&Cod=16066&Tipo=&Nombre=Noticias Las renovables ahorraron en enero 90 millones de euros en importaciones de gas], Energías-Renovables.com, (Spanish)</ref>

Some [[autonomous communities in Spain|regions of Spain]] lead Europe in the use of [[renewable energy]] technology and plan to reach 100% renewable energy generation in few years. [[Castilla y León]] and [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], in particular, are near this goal. In 2006 they fulfilled about 70% of their total electricity demand from renewable energy sources.

If [[nuclear power]] is also considered CO2 free, two autonomous communities in Spain have already managed to fulfill their total 2006 electricity demand "free" of CO2 emissions: [[Extremadura]] and [[Castilla-La Mancha]].<ref name="RenewableSpain2006">[http://www.ree.es/cap07/pdf/infosis/Inf_Sis_Elec_REE_2006.pdf] Red Eléctrica de España Annual Report 2006</ref>

In 2005 Spain became the first country in the world to require the installation of [[photovoltaic]] electricity generation in new buildings, and the second in the world (after [[Israel]]) to require the installation of [[solar hot water]] systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/download/RE_GSR_2006_Update.pdf |title=Layout 1 |publisher=Ren21.net |date= |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Renewable energy in the United Kingdom}}

By 2004 4.65% of the UK's primary energy requirements were being generated from renewable energy sources (including [[hydroelectricity]]), up from 2.55% in 1990. The [[Energy policy of the United Kingdom|UK Government energy policy]] expects that the total contribution from renewables should rise to 10% by 2010.

The prospects for [[renewable energy in Scotland]] in particular are significant. [[Scotland]] has an estimated potential of 36.5 GW of installed capacity from wind and 7.5 GW from [[tidal power]], 25% of the estimated total capacity for the European Union for both, and up to 14 GW of wave power potential, 10% of EU capacity.<ref>RSPB Scotland, WWF Scotland and FOE Scotland (February 2006) ''The Power of Scotland: Cutting Carbon with Scotland's Renewable Energy''. RSPB et al.</ref><ref>''A Scottish Energy Review'' (November 2005) Scottish National Party Framework Paper. Edinburgh.</ref> The [[Scottish Executive]] has a target of generating 17% to 18% of [[Scotland|Scotland's]] electricity from renewables by 2010,<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/1050/0002275.pdf Scotland Gov. News] Dec</ref> rising to 40% by 2020.<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2003/03/3412 Scotland Gov. News ] 2003</ref>

==Renewable energy sectors==
===Bioenergy===
{{See|Biofuel}}

Britain's first major [[bioethanol]] plant should be completed by the middle of 2009 and should use more than one million tonnes of wheat per year. The plant, in Wilton, northeast England, will be Europe's largest biorefinery, producing around 400 million to 450 million litres of bioethanol a year as well as 350,000 tonnes of animal feed. Currently the largest plant in the UK is a British Sugar facility in eastern England with an annual production capacity of about 70 million litres.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/feedarticle/8164659/print Major UK biofuel plant seen operating by mid-2009]{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref>

===Geothermal===
{{See|Geothermal energy}}

[[European Geothermal Energy Council]] (EGEC) promotes [[geothermal energy]] in the European Union.

[[GeoEner]] is the Building and Industrial Geothermal Energy Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refrige.com/november-2008/saunier-duval-participates-in-first-edition-of-geoener/menu-id-2574.html |title=Saunier Duval participates in first edition of GeoEner. Digg_title REFRIGE.COM Portal – HVAC & Refrigeration news, events, training, books, magazines and directory online |publisher=Refrige.com |date=7 November 2008 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>
{{Expand section|date=March 2009}}

===Wind power===
{{Main|Wind power in the European Union}}

[[Image:WEAs in Neuenkirchen.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Wind farm]] in [[Neuenkirchen, Schleswig-Holstein|Neuenkirchen]], [[Dithmarschen]] (Germany).]]
EEA ([[European Environment Agency]])s ''Europe's onshore and offshore wind energy potential''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/europes-onshore-and-offshore-wind-energy-potential |title=Europe's onshore and offshore wind energy potential – EEA |publisher=Eea.europa.eu |date=8 June 2009 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref> report, confirms wind energy could power Europe many times over. The report highlights wind power’s potential in 2020 as three times greater than Europe’s expected electricity demand, rising to a factor of seven by 2030.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eolicenergynews.org/?p=1329#more-1329 |title=EEA report confirms wind energy could power Europe many times over |publisher=Eolic Energy News |date=15 June 2009 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>

The implementation of [[wind power]] is especially widespread in Germany, Spain, [[Denmark]], Portugal and [[Ireland]]. The results of the investigation carried out by '' EUWINet'' (a project financed partly by the [[European Commission]]) indicated that the annual median growth of the European wind power market is 35%, and that EU Members contribute around 75% of the world's wind power. Thanks to the growth that has resulted from the use and development of this energy source, the wind power market has helped to generate more than 25,000 jobs within the EU.

The [[energy policy of the United Kingdom]] calls for appreciable expansion of wind energy by the year 2010.

===[[Solar energy]]===
{{Main|Solar power in the European Union}}

====Photovoltaic solar power====
[[Image:Berlin pv-system block-103 20050309 p1010367.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Photovoltaic cells in use on top of a building in Berlin.]]

The need for the strategic development of [[photovoltaic]] systems in the EU has led to the creation of [[PV-NET]], a network that gathers representatives from all the sectors of the research and development community concerned with the photovoltaic solar energy industry (see [[solar cell]]). The network promotes communication between speakers through the organisation of specialised conferences, workshops and congresses.

This interaction has led to the editing of a waybill, finished in 2003 with the aim of providing a solid basis for EU leaders and European citizens to base their decisions and policy making and in order to help reach the objective set by the European Commission to multiply the use of photovoltaic systems by thirty times by 2010.

In 2002, the world production of photovoltaic modules surpassed 550 MW, of which more than the 50% was produced in the EU. At the end of 2004, 79% of all European capacity was in Germany, where 794 MWp had been installed. The [[European Commission]] anticipates that Germany may have installed around 4,500 MWp by 2010.<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/sectors/photovoltaic_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/sectors/photovoltaic_en.htm] ''ec.europa.eu''</ref>

[[Portugal]] has the second largest photovoltaic power station in the world,<ref>[http://ww1.rtp.pt/noticias/?article=379834&visual=26&tema=4 http://ww1.rtp.pt/noticias/?article=379834&visual=26&tema=4] ''ww1.rtp.pt''</ref> which was completed in December 2008. The complex, called [[Amareleja photovoltaic power station]], covers an area of 250-hectare. The 46-megawatt solar power plant produces enough electricity for 30,000 homes and saves more than 89,383 tons a year in [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. Also in production since January 2007, the [[Serpa solar power plant]] with a installed capacity 11MW, covers an area of 60-hectare, produces enough energy for 8,000 homes and saves more than 30,000 tons a year in [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. These solar parks are approximately 30 km apart.

====Solar heating and cooling====
{{Main|Solar heating and cooling}}

Solar heating is the usage of solar energy to provide space or [[water heating]]. Worldwide the use was 88 GWthermal (2005). Growth potential is enormous. At present the EU is second after China in the installations. If all EU countries used solar thermal as enthusiastically as the [[Austria]]ns, the EU’s installed capacity would already be 91 GWth (130 million m2 today, far beyond the target of 100 million m2 by 2010, set by the [[White Paper]] in 1997). In 2005 solar heating in the EU was equivalent to more than 686.000 tons of oil. [[European Solar Thermal Industry Federation|ESTIF]]’s minimum target is to produce solar heating equivalent to 5.600.000 tons of oil (2020). A more ambitious, but feasible, target is 73 millions tons of oil per year (2020) – a lorry row spanning 1.5 times around the globe.<ref>[http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/downloads/STAP/Solar_Thermal_Action_Plan_2007_A4.pdf Solar Thermal Action Plan for Europe ESTIF, 1/2007]{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref>

The research efforts and infrastructure needed to supply 50% of the energy for space and water [[heating and cooling]] across Europe using solar thermal energy has been set out under the aegis of the [[European Solar Thermal Technology Platform]] (ESTTP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://esttp.org |title=European Solar Thermal Technology Platform |publisher=ESTTP |date= |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref> Published in late December 2008, more than 100 experts developed the [[strategic research agenda]] (SRA),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.estif.org/no_cache/news/single-news-item/archive/2008/december/article/european-solar-thermal-technology-platform-specifies-research-needed-to-make-solar-thermal-the-leadi/?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=289&cHash=335ab2bee5 |title=Single News Item – News |publisher=ESTIF |date=19 December 2008 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref> which includes a deployment roadmap showing the non-technological framework conditions that will enable this ambitious goal to be reached by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/04/action-plan-for-50-how-solar-thermal-can-supply-europes-energy?cmpid=WNL-Friday-April17-2009 |title=Action Plan for 50%: How Solar Thermal Can Supply Europe's Energy | Renewable Energy News Article |publisher=Renewableenergyworld.com |date= |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>

===Wave power===
[[Image:Pelamis at EMEC.jpg|thumb|250px|Pelamis wave energy convetor]]

The world's first commercial wave farm is located at the ''Aguçadora Wave Park'' near [[Póvoa de Varzim]] in Portugal. The farm which uses three [[Pelamis Wave Energy Converter|Pelamis P-750]] machines was officially opened in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portugal.gov.pt/portal/pt/comunicacao/agenda/20080923.htm |title=Portal do Governo |publisher=Portugal.gov.pt |date= |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref> by the Portuguese minister for the economy. A second phase of the project is now planned to increase the installed capacity from 2.25MW to 21MW using a further 25 machines.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lima |first=Joao |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=aSsaOB9qbiKE&refer=australia |title=Babcock, EDP and Efacec to Collaborate on Wave Energy Projects |publisher=Bloomberg |date=23 September 2008 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>

Funding for a wave farm in [[Scotland]] using four Pelamis machines was announced on 20 February 2007 by the [[Scottish Executive]]. The funding of just over £4 million is part of a £13 million funding package for [[Renewable energy in Scotland#Wave power|marine power in Scotland]]. The farm, is to be located at the European Marine Test Centre ([[EMEC]]) off the coast of Orkney and will have an installed capacity of 3MW.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6377423.stm |work=BBC News | title=Orkney to get 'biggest' wave farm | date=20 February 2007 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref>

===Hydrogen fuel===
[[Image:Mazda RX 8 titan front left.jpg|thumb|300px|A Mazda RX-8 powered by Hydrogen fuel.]]
The European Commission is currently sponsoring a practical programme of vehicle trials for battery powered vehicles. The most ambitious projects are the [[Euro|€]]1 million '''CUTE''' (''[[Clean Urban Transport for Europe]]'') scheme and the '''ECTOS''' (''[[Ecological City Transport System]]'').

The tests are taking place in the cities of [[Amsterdam]], Barcelona, Hamburg, London, Luxembourg, [[Madrid]], [[Porto]], [[Reykjavík]], Stockholm and [[Stuttgart]]. It consists of putting into service public buses, called [[Citaro]], manufactured by [[DaimlerChrysler]].

==Economics==
===Jobs===
The renewable energy industry have offered new work opportunities in the EU during 2005–2009.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:pink;"| Jobs by the renewable energy industry in the EU<ref>http://www.erec.org/statistics/jobs.html Jobs provided by RES Industry in the EU (2005–2009)] EREC 2010</ref>
|-
! style="background:okra;"| year
! style="background:okra;"| Employees
|-
| align=left | 2005 || 230.000
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 2006 || 300.000
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 2007 || 360.000
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 2008 || 400.000
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 2009 || 550.000
|}

==Statistics==
===Installed wind power capacity===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
! colspan="15" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"| EU Wind Energy Capacity (MW)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/statistics/cumulative_wind_per_ms_1998_2009_ws.xls|title=Cumulative installed capacity per EU Member State 1998 – 2009 (MW)|author=EWEA Staff|publisher=[[European Wind Energy Association]]|date=2010|accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/statistics/EWEA_Annual_Statistics_2010.pdf|title=EWEA Annual Statistics 2010|author=EWEA Staff|publisher=[[European Wind Energy Association]]|date=February 2011|accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"| No
! style="background:#cfb;"| Country
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2010
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2009
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2008
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2007
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2006
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2005
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2004
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2003
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2002
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2001
! style="background:#cfb;"| 2000
! style="background:#cfb;"| 1999
! style="background:#cfb;"| 1998
|-
| – || align=left | [[Wind power in the European Union|EU-27]] || 84,074 || 74,767 || 64,712 || 56,517 || 48,069 || 40,511 || 34,383 || 28,599 || 23,159 || 17,315 || 12,887 || 9,678 || 6,453
|-
| 1 || align=left | [[Wind power in Germany|Germany]] || 27,214 ||25,777 || 23,897 || 22,247 || 20,622 || 18,415 || 16,629 || 14,609 || 11,994 || 8,754 || 6,113 || 4,442 || 2,875
|-
| 2 || align=left | [[Wind power in Spain|Spain]] || 20,676 || 19,149 || 16,689 || 15,131 || 11,623 || 10,028 || 8,264 || 6,203 || 4,825 || 3,337 || 2,235 || 1,812 || 834
|-
| 3 || align=left | [[Wind power in Italy|Italy]] || 5,797 || 4,850 || 3,736 || 2,726 || 2,123 || 1,718 || 1,266 || 905 || 788 || 682 || 427 || 277 || 180
|-
| 4 || align=left | [[Wind power in France|France]] || 5,660 || 4,492 || 3,404 || 2,454 || 1,567 || 757 || 390 || 257 || 148 || 93 || 66 || 25 || 19
|-
| 5 || align=left | [[Wind power in the United Kingdom|UK]] || 5,204 || 4,051 || 2,974 || 2,406 || 1,962 || 1,332 || 904 || 667 || 552 || 474 || 406 || 362 || 333
|-
| 6 || align=left | [[Wind power in Denmark|Denmark]] || 3,752|| 3,465 || 3,163 || 3,125 || 3,136 || 3,128 || 3,118 || 3,116 || 2,889 || 2,489 || 2,417 || 1,771 || 1,443
|-
| 7 || align=left | [[Wind power in Portugal|Portugal]] || 3,702 || 3,535 || 2,862 || 2,150 || 1,716 || 1,022 || 522 || 296 || 195 || 131 || 100 || 61 || 60
|-
| 8 || align=left | [[Wind power in the Netherlands|Netherlands]] || 2,237 || 2,229 || 2,225 || 1,747 || 1,558 || 1,219 || 1,079 || 910 || 693 || 486 || 446 || 433 || 361
|-
| 9 || align=left | [[Wind power in Sweden|Sweden]] || 2,163 || 1,560 || 1,048 || 788 || 571 || 509 || 442 || 399 || 345 || 293 || 231 || 220 || 174
|-
| 10 || align=left | [[Wind power in the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] || 1,428 || 1,260 || 1,027 || 795 || 746 || 496 || 339 || 190 || 137 || 124 || 118 || 74 || 73
|-
| 11 || align=left | [[Wind power in Greece|Greece]] || 1,208 || 1,087 || 985 || 871 || 746 || 573 || 473 || 383 || 297 || 272 || 189 || 112 || 39
|-
| 12 || align=left | [[Wind power in Poland|Poland]] || 1,107 || 725 || 544 || 276 || 153 || 83 || 63 || 63 || 27 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 13 || align=left | [[Wind power in Austria|Austria]] || 1,011 || 995 || 995 || 982 || 965 || 819 || 606 || 415 || 140 || 94 || 77 || 34 || 30
|-
| 14 || align=left | [[Wind power in Belgium|Belgium]] || 911 || 563 || 415 || 287 || 194 || 167 || 96 || 68 || 35 || 32 || 13 || 6 || 6
|-
| 15 || align=left | [[Wind power in Romania|Romania]] || 462 || 14 || 11 || 8 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 16 || align=left | [[Wind power in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || 375 || 177 || 120 || 57 || 36 || 10 || 10 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 17|| align=left | [[Wind power in Hungary|Hungary]] || 295 || 201 || 127 || 65 || 61 || 17 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 18 || align=left | [[Wind power in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] || 215 || 192 || 150 || 116 || 54 || 28 || 17 || 9 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 19 || align=left | [[Wind power in Finland|Finland]] || 197 || 146 || 143 || 110 || 86 || 82 || 82 || 52 || 43 || 39 || 39 || 39 || 17
|-
| 20 || align=left | [[Wind power in Lithuania|Lithuania]] || 154 || 91 || 54 || 54 || 51 || 48 || 6 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 21 || align=left | [[Wind power in Estonia|Estonia]] || 149 || 142 || 78 || 59 || 32 || 32 || 6 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 22 || align=left | [[Wind power in Cyprus|Cyprus]] || 82 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 23 || align=left | [[Wind power in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] || 42 || 35 || 35 || 35 || 35 || 35 || 35 || 22 || 17 || 15 || 10 || 10 || 9
|-
| 24 || align=left | [[Wind power in Latvia|Latvia]] || 31 || 28 || 27 || 27 || 27 || 27 || 27 || 27 || 24 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 25 || align=left | [[Wind power in Slovakia|Slovakia]] || 3 || 3 || 5 || 5 || 5 || 5 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 26 || align=left | [[Wind power in Slovenia|Slovenia]] || 0.03 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 27 || align=left | [[Wind power in Malta|Malta]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| – || align=left | EU-27 Offshore || 2,946 || 2,061 || 1,471 || 1,088 || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 28 || align=left | [[Wind power in Turkey|Turkey]] || 1,329 || 801 || 458 || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 29 || align=left | [[Wind power in Norway|Norway]] || 441 || 431 || 429 || 333 || 314 || 267 || 160 || 101 || || || || ||
|-
| 30 || align=left | [[Wind power in Ukraine|Ukraine]] || 87 || 94 || 90 || 89 || 86 || 77 || || || || || || ||
|-
| 31 || align=left | [[Wind power in Switzerland|Switzerland]] || 42 || 18 || 14 || 12 || 12 || 12 || || || || || || ||
|-
| 32 || align=left | [[Wind power in Iceland|Iceland]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || || || || || || ||
|-
| 33 || align=left | [[Wind power in Russia|Russia]] || 9 || 9 || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| – || align=left | Europe (MW) || 86,075 || 76,152 || 65,741 || 57,136 || 48,563 || 40,898 || || || || || || ||
|}

===Photovoltaics===
====Total installed capacity====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:pink;"| PV in Europe (MWpower)<ref name="BaroPhoto2007">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro178.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER] Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 178, p. 49-70, 4/2007</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2009">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro190.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2009 – EurObserv’ER] Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 190, p. 72-102, 3/2009</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2010">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro196.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2010 – EurObserv’ER]</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2011">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro202.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2011 – EurObserv’ER]</ref>
|-
! style="background:pink;"| #
! style="background:pink;"| Country
! style="background:pink;"| 2005
! style="background:pink;"| 2006
! style="background:pink;"| 2007
! style="background:pink;"| 2008
! style="background:pink;"| 2009
! style="background:pink;"| 2010
|-
| align=left | – || align=left | [[Solar power in the European Union|EU-27]] || 2,170 || 3,420 || 4,940 || 10,380 || 15,860 || 29,327
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 1 || align=left | [[Solar power in Germany|Germany]] || 1,910 || 3,063 || 3,846 || 6,019 || 9,830 || 17,370
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 2 || align=left | [[Solar power in Spain|Spain]] || 58 || 118 || 733 || 3,421 || 3,520 || 3,808
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 3 || align=left | [[Solar power in Italy|Italy]] || 46 || 58 || 120 || 458 || 1,032 || 3,479
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 4 || align=left | [[Solar power in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] || 0 || 1 || 4 || 55 || 466 || 1,953
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 5 || align=left | [[Solar power in France|France]] || 26 || 33 || 47 || 104 || 289 || 1,054
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 6 || align=left | [[Solar power in Belgium|Belgium]] || 2 || 4 || 22 || 71 || 363 || 787
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 7 || align=left | [[Solar power in Greece|Greece]] || 5 || 7 || 9 || 19 || 55 || 205
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 8 || align=left | [[Solar power in Slovakia|Slovakia]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.07 || 0.2 || 144
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 9 || align=left | [[Solar power in Portugal|Portugal]] || 3 || 4 || 18 || 68 || 102 || 131
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 10 || align=left | [[Solar power in Austria|Austria]] || 24 || 29 || 27 || 32 || 53 || 103
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 11 || align=left | [[Solar power in the Netherlands|Netherlands]] || 51 || 51 || 53 || 57 || 68 || 97
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 12 || align=left | [[Solar power in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] || 11 || 14 || 19 || 23 || 33 || 75
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 13 || align=left | [[Solar power in Slovenia|Slovenia]] || 0.2 || 0.4 || 1 || 2 || 9 || 36
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 14 || align=left | [[Solar power in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] || 24 || 24 || 24 || 25 || 26 || 27
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 15 || align=left | [[Solar power in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || || || 0.8 || 1 || 6 || 17
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 16 || align=left | [[Solar power in Sweden|Sweden]] || 4 || 5 || 6 || 8 || 9 || 10
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 17 || align=left | [[Solar power in Finland|Finland]] || 4 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 8 || 10
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 18 || align=left | [[Solar power in Denmark|Denmark]] || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 7
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 19 || align=left | [[Solar power in Cyprus|Cyprus]] || 0.5 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 6
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 20 || align=left | [[Solar power in Romania|Romania]] || || 0.2 || 0.3 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 2
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 21 || align=left | [[Solar power in Poland|Poland]] || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 1 || 1 || 2
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 22 || align=left | [[Solar power in Hungary|Hungary]] || 0.2 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 0.7 || 2
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 23 || align=left | [[Solar power in Malta|Malta]] || 0.1 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 2 || 2
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 24 || align=left | [[Solar power in Ireland|Ireland]] || 0.3 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 0.6
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 25 || align=left | [[Solar power in Lithuania|Lithuania]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.06 || 0.07 || 0.08
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 26 || align=left | [[Solar power in Estonia|Estonia]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.01 || 0.05 || 0.08
|- style="text-align:left;"
| align=left | 27 || align=left | [[Solar power in Latvia|Latvia]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.004 || 0.008 || 0.008
|}

====Installed capacity per capita====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:pink;"| PV per capita 2010<ref name="BaroPhoto2011"/>
|-
! style="background:pink;"| #
! style="text-align:left; background:pink;"| Country
! style="text-align:right; background:pink;"| W/capita
|-
| align=right | 1 || {{GER}} || align=right | 212.3
|-
| align=right | 2 || {{CZE}} || align=right | 185.9
|-
| align=right | 3 || {{ESP}} || align=right | 82.8
|-
| align=right | 4 || {{BEL}} || align=right | 72.6
|-
| align=right | 5 || {{ITA}} || align=right | 57.6
|-
| align=right | 6 || {{LUX}} || align=right | 54.3
|-
| align=right | 7 || {{SVK}} || align=right | 26.5
|-
| align=right | 8 || {{GRE}} || align=right | 18.2
|-
| align=right | 9 || {{SLO}} || align=right | 17.8
|-
| align=right | 10 || {{FRA}} || align=right | 16.3
|-
| align=right | 11 || {{POR}} || align=right | 12.3
|-
| align=right | 12 || {{AUT}} || align=right | 12.2
|-
| align=right | 13 || {{CYP}} || align=right | 7.8
|-
| align=right | 14 || {{NED}} || align=right | 5.8
|-
| align=right | 15 || {{MLT}} || align=right | 4.0
|-
| align=right | 16 || {{BUL}} || align=right | 2.3
|-
| align=right | 17 || {{FIN}} || align=right | 1.8
|-
| align=right | 18 || {{DEN}} || align=right | 1.3
|-
| align=right | 19 || {{UK}} || align=right | 1.2
|-
| align=right | 20 || {{SWE}} || align=right | 1.1
|-
| align=right | 21 || {{HUN}} || align=right | 0.2
|-
| align=right | 22 || {{IRL}} || align=right | 0.1
|-
| align=right | 23 || {{ROM}} || align=right | 0.1
|-
| align=right | 24 || {{EST}} || align=right | 0.1
|-
| align=right | 25 || {{POL}} || align=right | 0
|-
| align=right | 26 || {{LTU}} || align=right | 0
|-
| align=right | 27 || {{LAT}} || align=right | 0
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:pink;"| EU27 (W/capita)
| style="text-align:right; background:pink;"| '''58.5'''
|-
| colspan=3 |
|}

===Solar heating===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ style="text-align:center; style=;"background: #FFDEAD"| [[Solar heating]] in European Union* (kWth)<ref name="SunHeat2006">[http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/downloads/Solar_Thermal_Markets_in_Europe_2006.pdf Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2006] European Solar Thermal Industry Federation ESTIF, June 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/market_data/downloads/2008%20Solar_Thermal_Markets_in_Europe_2008.pdf |title=Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2008 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/market_data/downloads/2009%20Solar_Thermal_Markets_in_Europe_2009.pdf Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2009]{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #FFDEAD" | Country
! style="background: #FFDEAD" | Total (2009)
! style="background: #FFDEAD" | Total (2008)
! style="background: #FFDEAD" | add 2006
! style="background: #FFDEAD" | add 2005
! style="background: #FFDEAD" | add 2004
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | Germany || 8,896,300 || 7,765,800 || 1 050 000 || 665 000 || 525 000
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Greece]] || 2,851,940 || 2,707,740 || style="text-align:right;"| 168 000 || style="text-align:right;"| 154 350 || style="text-align:right;"| 150 500
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Austria]] || 2,517,812 || 2,268,231 || style="text-align:right;"| 204 868 || style="text-align:right;"| 163 429 || style="text-align:right;"| 127 816
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Italy]] || 1,404,361 || 1 124 361 || style="text-align:right;"| 130 200 || style="text-align:right;"| 88 941 || style="text-align:right;"| 68 417
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | France || 1,371,370 || 1,136,870 || style="text-align:right;"| 154 000 || style="text-align:right;"| 85 050 || style="text-align:right;"| 36 400
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | Spain || 1,261,516 || 987,816 || style="text-align:right;"| 122 500 || style="text-align:right;"| 74 760 || style="text-align:right;"| 63 000
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Cyprus]] || 514,640 || 485,240 || style="text-align:right;"| 42 000 || style="text-align:right;"| 35 000 || style="text-align:right;"| 21 000
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Poland]] || 356,902 || 255,973 || style="text-align:right;"| 28 980 || style="text-align:right;"| 19 390 || style="text-align:right;"| 20 230
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Portugal]] || 345,338 || 223,265 || style="text-align:right;"| 14 000 || style="text-align:right;"| 11 200 || style="text-align:right;"| 7 000
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | UK || 332,514 || 270,144 || style="text-align:right;"| 37 800 || style="text-align:right;"| 19 600 || style="text-align:right;"| 17 500
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Denmark]] || 330,946 || 292,796 || style="text-align:right;"| 17 710 || style="text-align:right;"| 14 875 || style="text-align:right;"| 14 000
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Netherlands]] || 285,139 || 254,339 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 280 || style="text-align:right;"| 14 174 || style="text-align:right;"| 18 410
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Sweden]] || 217,362 || 202,445 || style="text-align:right;"| 19 977 || style="text-align:right;"| 15 835 || style="text-align:right;"| 14 041
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Belgium]] || 203,593 || 188,263 || style="text-align:right;"| 24 945 || style="text-align:right;"| 14 164 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 290
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Czech Republic]] || 147,854 || 115,570 || style="text-align:right;"| 15 421 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 885 || style="text-align:right;"| 8 575
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Slovenia]] || 111,510 || 96,110 || style="text-align:right;"| 4 830 || style="text-align:right;"| 3 360 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 260
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Slovakia]] || <100,000 || 66,675 || 5 950 || style="text-align:right;"| 5 250 || style="text-align:right;"| 3 850
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Romania]] || <100,000 || 66 010 || style="text-align:right;"| 280 || style="text-align:right;"| 280 || style="text-align:right;"| 280
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Ireland]] || <100,000 || 52,080 || style="text-align:right;"| 3 500 || style="text-align:right;"| 2 450 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 400
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Malta]] || <100,000 || 24,752 || style="text-align:right;"| 3 150 || style="text-align:right;"| 2 800 || style="text-align:right;"| 2 951
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Bulgaria]] || <100,000 || 22,120 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 540 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 400 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 260
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Finland]] || <100,000 || 17,705 || style="text-align:right;"| 2 380 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 668 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 141
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Hungary]] || <100,000 || 17,675 || style="text-align:right;"| 700 || style="text-align:right;"| 700 || style="text-align:right;"|1 050
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Luxembourg]] || <100,000 || 15,750 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 750 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 330 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 190
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Latvia]] || <100,000 || 5,005 || style="text-align:right;"| 840 || style="text-align:right;"| 700 || style="text-align:right;"| 350
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Lithuania]] || <100,000 || 3,003 || style="text-align:right;"| 420 || style="text-align:right;"| 350 || style="text-align:right;"| 350
|- style="text-align:right;"
| align=left | [[Estonia]] || <100,000 || 1,379 || style="text-align:right;"| 210 || style="text-align:right;"| 175 || style="text-align:right;"| 175
|- style="text-align:right;"
! style="text-align:left; background:#ffdead;"| EU27+CH GWth
| style="background: #FFDEAD" | '''19.08''' || style="text-align:right; background:#ffdead;"| ''' 2.10''' || style="text-align:right; background:#ffdead;"| ''' 1.43''' || style="text-align:right; background:#ffdead;"| '''1.14'''
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align:left;"| * = The relation between collector area and capacity: m2 = 0.7 kWthermal
|}

===Biofuels===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="9" style="text-align:left;" background-color:#BFD7FF;"| [[Biofuels]]<ref name="BaroBiofuels2007">[http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/erec/baro179_b.asp Biofuels barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER] Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 179, s. 63–75, 5/2007</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#ddf; text-align:left;"|
! style="background:#dcf0ff; text-align:left;"| Consumption 2005 (GWh)
! colspan="3" style="background:#ddf; text-align:left;"| Consumption 2006 (GWh)
! colspan="3" style="background:#bfd7ff; text-align:left;"| Consumption 2007 (GWh)

|-
! style="background:light yellow;"| No
! style="background:light yellow;"| Country
! style="background:#dcf0ff;"| Total
! style="background:#ddf;"| Total
! style="background:#ddf;"| [[Biodiesel]]
! style="background:#ddf;"| [[Bioethanol]]
! style="background:#bfd7ff;"| Total
! style="background:#bfd7ff;"| Biodiesel
! style="background:#bfd7ff;"| Bioethanol

|- style="text-align:right;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:left;"| {{DEU}}* || style="text-align:right;"| 21,703 || style="text-align:right;"| 40,417 || style="text-align:right;"| 29,447 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,544 || style="text-align:right;"| 46,552 || style="text-align:right;"| 34,395 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,408
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2 || style="text-align:left;"| {{FRA}} || style="text-align:right;"| 4,874 || style="text-align:right;"| 8,574 || style="text-align:right;"| 6,855 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,719 || style="text-align:right;"| 16,680 || style="text-align:right;"| 13,506 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,174
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 3 || style="text-align:left;"| {{AUT}} || style="text-align:right;"| 920 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,878 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,878 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 4,524 || style="text-align:right;"| 4,270 || style="text-align:right;"| 254
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 4 || style="text-align:left;"| {{ESP}} || style="text-align:right;"| 1,583 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,961 || style="text-align:right;"| 629 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,332 || style="text-align:right;"| 4,341 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,031 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,310
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 5 || style="text-align:left;"| {{GBR}} || style="text-align:right;"| 793 || style="text-align:right;"| 2,097 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,533 || style="text-align:right;"| 563 || style="text-align:right;"| 4,055 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,148 || style="text-align:right;"| 907
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 6 || style="text-align:left;"| {{SWE}}* || style="text-align:right;"| 1,938 || style="text-align:right;"| 2,587 || style="text-align:right;"| 523 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,894 || style="text-align:right;"| 3,271 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,158 || style="text-align:right;"| 2,113
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 7 || style="text-align:left;"| {{POR}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 2 || style="text-align:right;"| 818 || style="text-align:right;"| 818 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,847 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,847 || style="text-align:right;"| 0
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 8 || style="text-align:left;"| {{ITA}} || style="text-align:right;"| 2 059 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,732 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,732 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,621 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 621 || style="text-align:right;"| 0
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 9 || style="text-align:left;"| {{BUL}} || style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 96 || style="text-align:right;"| 96 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,308 || style="text-align:right;"| 539 || style="text-align:right;"| 769
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:left;"| {{POL}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 481 || style="text-align:right;"| 1 102 || style="text-align:right;"| 491 || style="text-align:right;"| 611 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,171 || style="text-align:right;"| 180 || style="text-align:right;"| 991
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 11 || style="text-align:left;"| {{BEL}} || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,061 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,061 || style="text-align:right;"| 0
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 12 || style="text-align:left;"| {{GRE}} || style="text-align:right;"| 32 || style="text-align:right;"| 540 || style="text-align:right;"| 540 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 940 || style="text-align:right;"| 940 || style="text-align:right;"| 0
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 13 || style="text-align:left;"| {{LTU}} || style="text-align:right;"| 97 || style="text-align:right;"| 226 || style="text-align:right;"| 162 || style="text-align:right;"| 64 || style="text-align:right;"| 612 || style="text-align:right;"| 477 || style="text-align:right;"| 135
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 14 || style="text-align:left;"| {{LUX}} || style="text-align:right;"| 7 || style="text-align:right;"| 6 || style="text-align:right;"| 6 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 407 || style="text-align:right;"| 397 || style="text-align:right;"| 10
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 15 || style="text-align:left;"| {{CZE}} || style="text-align:right;"| 33 || style="text-align:right;"| 226 || style="text-align:right;"| 213 || style="text-align:right;"| 13 || style="text-align:right;"| 382 || style="text-align:right;"| 380 || style="text-align:right;"| 2
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 16 || style="text-align:left;"| {{SLO}} || style="text-align:right;"| 58 || style="text-align:right;"| 50 || style="text-align:right;"| 48 || style="text-align:right;"| 2 || style="text-align:right;"| 160 || style="text-align:right;"| 151 || style="text-align:right;"| 9
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 17 || style="text-align:left;"| {{SVK}} || style="text-align:right;"| 110 || style="text-align:right;"| 153 || style="text-align:right;"| 149 || style="text-align:right;"| 4 || style="text-align:right;"| 154 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| 154
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 18 || style="text-align:left;"| {{HUN}} || style="text-align:right;"| 28 || style="text-align:right;"| 139 || style="text-align:right;"| 4 || style="text-align:right;"| 136 || style="text-align:right;"| 107 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 107
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 19 || style="text-align:left;"| {{NED}} || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 371 || style="text-align:right;"| 172 || style="text-align:right;"| 179 || style="text-align:right;"| 101 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| 101
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 20 || style="text-align:left;"| {{IRL}} || style="text-align:right;"| 9 || style="text-align:right;"| 36 || style="text-align:right;"| 8 || style="text-align:right;"| 13 || style="text-align:right;"| 97 || style="text-align:right;"| 27 || style="text-align:right;"| 54
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 21 || style="text-align:left;"| {{DEN}} || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 42 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 42 || style="text-align:right;"| 70 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 70
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 22 || style="text-align:left;"| {{LAT}} || style="text-align:right;"| 34 || style="text-align:right;"| 29 || style="text-align:right;"| 17 || style="text-align:right;"| 12 || style="text-align:right;"| 20 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 20
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 23 || style="text-align:left;"| {{FIN}} || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a.
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 24 || style="text-align:left;"| {{ROM}} || style="text-align:right;"| – || style="text-align:right;"| 32 || style="text-align:right;"| 32 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a.
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 25 || style="text-align:left;"| {{MLT}} || style="text-align:right;"| 8 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:right;"| 10 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a.
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 26 || style="text-align:left;"| {{EST}} || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 7 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a.
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 27 || style="text-align:left;"| {{ CYP}} || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| 0 || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a. || style="text-align:right;"| n.a.
|-
! style="text-align:right;"| 27 || align=left | EU
| style="text-align:right; background:#dcf0ff;"| '''34,796''' || style="text-align:right; background:#ddf;"| '''65,148''' || style="text-align:right; background:#ddf;"| '''47,380 ''' || style="text-align:right; background:#ddf;"| '''10,138''' || style="text-align:right; background:#bfd7ff;"| '''89,482''' || style="text-align:right; background:#bfd7ff;"| '''67,154''' || style="text-align:right; background:#bfd7ff;"| '''13,563'''
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align:left;"| *Total includes vegetable oils in Germany: 7309 GWh (2006) and 2018 GWh (2005) and biogas in Sweden: 225 GWh (2006) and 160 GWh (2005), n.a. = not available
|}

==See also==
{{Portal box|Renewable energy|European Union}}
{{colbegin|2}}
*[[List of renewable energy topics by country]]
*[[Climate change in the European Union]]
*[[Desertec]]
*[[Economy of the European Union]]
*[[EKOenergy]] ecolabel for energy
*[[Energie-Cités]]
*[[Environment in the European Union]]
*[[Eugene Green Energy Standard]]
*[[European Energy Research Alliance]]
*[[European Renewable Energy Council]]
*[[European Photovoltaic Industry Association]] (EPIA).
*[[European Pollutant Emission Register]] (EPER)
*[[Fraunhofer Society]]
*[[IDAE]]
*[[Intelligent Energy Europe]]
*[[Renewable energy commercialization]]
*[[Renewable energy development]]
*[[REN21]]
*[[Transport in the European Union]]
*[[U4energy]]
{{colend}}

===Further reading===
* Joanna Krzeminska, Are Support Schemes for Renewable Energies Compatible with Competition Objectives? An Assessment of National and Community Rules, Yearbook of European Environmental Law (Oxford University Press), Volume VII, Nov. 2007, p. 125

===In the media===
*11 September 1999, ''[[The Guardian]]:'' [http://www.guardian.co.uk/renewable/Story/0,,201987,00.html Renewable energy across Europe]
*23 March 2007, ''[[The BBC]]:'' [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6476273.stm EU environmental achievements] by Commissioner Dimas.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons|Renewable energy in the European Union}}
*[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Renewable_energy_statistics Eurostat - Statistics Explained - Renewable energy statistics]
*[http://www.energy.eu Europe's Energy Portal] European platform for energy efficiency and renewable energy.
*[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0016:0062:EN:PDF Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources]
*[http://www.managenergy.net ManagEnergy], for [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and [[renewable energy|renewable energies]] at the local and regional level.
*[http://www.reegle.info Reegle: Information Gateway For Renewable Energy And Energy Efficiency]
*[http://eeru.open.ac.uk/natta/renewonline/rol60/10.htm 34% from renewables in the EU by 2020?]

===Organizations===
*[http://www.erec.org European Renewable Energy Council]
*[http://www.eufores.org European Forum for Renewable Energy Sources]
*[http://www.fedarene.org European Federation of Regional Energy and Environment Agencies] (FEDARENE).
*[http://www.europeanfutureenergyforum.com European Future Energy Forum]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/energy/index_en.htm European Commission-Energy]

{{Renewable energy by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renewable Energy In The European Union}}
[[Category:Renewable energy in the European Union]]

[[es:Energías renovables en la Unión Europea]]
[[it:Energia rinnovabile nell'Unione europea]]
[[pt:Energias renováveis na União Europeia]]
[[fi:Uusiutuva energia Euroopan unionissa]]
[[zh:歐盟的再生能源]]