Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Musik der Renaissance

2008-10-07T09:06:18Z

212.132.0.11:

Als '''Renaissancemusik''' bezeichnet man die Musik der beginnenden Neuzeit, also den Zeitraum des [[15. As'' 'Renaissance music''' refers to the music of the early modern period, so the period of [[15 Jahrhundert|15.]] und [[16. Century | 15]] and [[16th Jahrhundert]]s. Century]] s. Philosophische Grundlage des Zeitalters ist der [[Humanismus]] und eine Rückbesinnung auf die [[Antike]]. == Merkmale und Formen == Das aufkommende, auf die Antike zurückgeführte Weltbild mit dem Menschen im Mittelpunkt schlägt sich auch in der Musik nieder: Hohe Spaltklänge, also nichtvermischte Klänge, des Mittelalters wurden gegen den Vollklang ersetzt, die Quinten- und [[Quartenharmonik]] weicht Terzen und Sexten. Philosophical basis of age is the [[humanism]] and a return to the [[ancient]]. == == Characteristics and the emerging forms, back to the ancient world led by the man at the center is also reflected in the music: High gap sounds, so nichtvermischte sounds of the Middle Ages were replaced Vollklang against the fifth-and [[quart harmonics]] deviates thirds and sixths. Die Entwicklung der Dreiklangsharmonie bereitet sich vor, indem statt der vormals üblichen aufeinander folgenden Stimmeinsätze die Zeilen jetzt gemeinsam begonnen wurden. The development of the triad harmony is preparing, through instead of the usual formerly consecutive vocal use the lines now jointly started. Komplizierte Formen der [[Isorhythmie]] werden zugunsten einfacher Formen aufgegeben. Complicated forms of [[Isorhythmie]] be abandoned in favor of simpler forms. [[Zahlenmystik]] und niederländische [[Kanon (Musik)|Kanons]] sind Nachwirkungen der [[Spätgotik|spätgotischen Zeit]]. In der [[Florentiner Camerata]] wurde die [[Monodie]] entwickelt; die Folge war ein europaweites Umschwenken in Richtung einer Musik, die erstmals menschliche [[Affekt]]e, in [[Figur (Musik)|musikalische Figuren]] gekleidet, als zentralen Inhalt hatte. Die musikalische Satztechnik des [[Fauxbourdon]] wird ein weiteres Kennzeichen für die Renaissancemusik. [[Number mysticism]] and Dutch [[canon (music) | canon]] are after-effects of the [[Late | Late time]]. In the [[Florentine Camerata]] was [[monody]] developed, and the result was a Europe-wide shift in the direction of music, the first human [[affect]] e, in [[figure (music) | musical figures]] dressed as central contents had. The musical technique of the sentence [[Fauxbourdon]] will be another indicator for Renaissance music. Sie sicherte die Verständlichkeit der Texte und war leicht nachvollziehbar. Der subjektive Ausdruck einer Komposition erhielt wesentlich größeren Spielraum als im Mittelalter. They secured the clarity of the texts and was easy to understand. The subjective expression of a composition was much larger margin than in the Middle Ages. Mit dem Beginn der [[Affektenlehre]] wurde die Komposition weiter „vermenschlicht“. With the start of the [[affect teaching]] was the composition more "vermenschlicht." In einzelnen Kompositionen breitet sich eine Tonsymbolik aus, die nur kundige Hörer wahrnehmen konnten. In individual compositions propagates a Tonsymbolik that only trained listeners were able to perceive. [[Josquin Desprez]] verwendet im [[Credo]] einer [[Messe (Musik)|Messe]] an der Textstelle ''tertia die'' (am dritten Tag) sowie bei einer Erwähnung der [[Dreifaltigkeit]] [[Triole (Musik)|Triolen]]. In der Epoche der [[Renaissance]] ist die Einteilung der Stimmen in [[Sopran]], [[Alt (Stimmlage)|Alt]], [[Tenor (Stimmlage)|Tenor]] und [[Bass (Stimmlage)|Bass]] abgeschlossen. [[Josquin Desprez]] used in [[credo]] a [[Fair (music) | Fair]] on the text''the tertia''(on the third day) as well as a mention of [[Trinity]] [[ Triplet (music) | triplets]]. In the era of the [[Renaissance]] is the division of votes in [[soprano]], [[Alt (voice) | Alt]], [[tenor (voice) | tenor] ] And [[Bass (voice) | bass]] completed. Mit der zugefügten Bassstimme im [[Chorsatz]] wandelte sich das Klangideal, und der [[Vierstimmiger Satz|vierstimmige Chorsatz]] wurde Standard. == Vokalpolyphonie == [[Bild:Orlando di Lasso.png|thumb|left|[[Orlando di Lasso]]]] Deutschsprachige Vertreter der Mehrstimmigkeit waren [[Ludwig Senfl]] und [[Hans Leo Haßler]]; große Bekanntheit erreichte [[Orlando di Lasso]]. With the added bass voice in the [[choir sentence]] changed the sound ideal, and the [[four-sentence | four choir sentence]] was standard. == == Vocal [[Image: Orlando di Lasso.png | thumb | left | [[ Orlando di Lasso]]]] German representatives of polyphony were [[Ludwig Senfl]] and [[Leo Hans Haßler]]; achieved great notoriety [[Orlando di Lasso]]. Um diese Zeit entwickelte sich auch das [[Madrigal (Musik)|Madrigal]], die bedeutendste [[Formenlehre (Musik)|Form]] der weltlichen Musik in der Renaissance. At this time also developed the [[Madrigal (music) | Madrigal]], the most important [[morphology (music) | form]] of secular music in the Renaissance. Eine typisch deutsche Entwicklung ist das [[Tenorlied]], bei der die (oft einem [[Volkslied]] entlehnte [[Melodie]]) als [[Cantus firmus]] im [[Tenor (Stimmlage)|Tenor]] liegt und von den anderen [[Stimme (Musik)|Stimmen]] kunstvoll umspielt wird. Seit Mitte des 16. A typical German development is the [[tenor song]], in which the (often a [[folk]] borrowed [[melody]]) than [[Cantus firmus]] in [[tenor (voice) | tenor]], and from the other [[voice (music) | votes]] is artfully plays around. Since the middle of the 16th Jahrhunderts gab es in Italien verschiedene musikalische Zentren, die in Form von teilweise lange bestehenden Künstlerkreisen oder „Schulen“ wirkten, wie die [[Römische Schule]] um [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]], die mit Klangfarben und [[Venezianische Mehrchörigkeit|Raumwirkungen]] experimentierende [[Venezianische Schule]] und die [[Florentiner Camerata]]. == Instrumentalmusik == Im Mittelpunkt der Renaissancemusik steht die mehrstimmige ([[Polyphonie|polyphone]]) [[Vokalmusik]], die [[Instrumentalmusik]] wird mit [[Conrad Paumann]]s ''[[Fundamentum organisandi]]'' von [[1452]] eingeleitet. [[Bild: Michelangelo Caravaggio 020.jpg|thumb|Der Lautenspieler, [[Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio|Caravaggio]]]] In der [[Kirchenmusik]] beginnt die [[Orgel]] langsam Fuß zu fassen. Century in Italy there were various musical centers, in the form of partially existing long artistic circles or "schools" acted as the [[Roman School]] by [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]], with the tone and [[Venetian Mehrchörigkeit | Spatial effects]] experimental [[Venetian school]] and [[Florentine Camerata]]. == == Instrumental Music At the heart of Renaissance music is polyphonic ([[Polyphony | polyphonic]]) [[vocal music]], the [[Instrumental Music ]] With [[Conrad PAUMANN]] s''[[Fundamentum organisandi]]''of [[1452]] initiated. [[Image: Michelangelo Caravaggio 020.jpg | thumb | The lutenist, [[Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio | Caravaggio]]]] in [[church]] starts [[organ]] slowly foothold. Orgelbücher mit Noten und Lehrbücher entstanden. Organ books with notes and textbooks emerged. Eine spezifische Orgelnotation, [[Tabulatur]] genannt, entwickelte sich in verschiedenen Ländern mit spezifischen regionalen Unterschieden. An organ-specific notation, [[tablature]] called, developed in different countries with specific regional differences. Die [[alte deutsche Orgeltabulatur|alte]] und die [[Tabulatur#neue_deutsche_Orgeltabulatur|neue deutsche Orgeltabulatur]], spanische, italienische, englische und französische Tabulaturformen entstanden. The [[old German Orgeltabulatur | old]] and [[# tablature neue_deutsche_Orgeltabulatur | new German Orgeltabulatur]], Spanish, Italian, English and French Tabulaturformen emerged. Die Vorherrschaft übernimmt im 16. The dominance over in the 16th Jahrhundert Italien. Century Italy. An San Marco in [[Venedig]] wurden neue Formen der Orgelmusik eingeführt und von dort aus verbreitet: [[Toccata]], [[Präludium]] und [[Präambulum]], [[Ricercar]] als Vorläufer der späteren [[Fuge (Musik)|Fuge]], [[Fantasie (Kompositionsform)|Fantasie]] und [[Canzona]] gingen in das Repertoire der Orgelspieler ein. Das gebräuchlichste Hausinstrument der Zeit ist die [[Laute]], für die eine eigene Griffschrift entwickelt wurde, die ebenfalls eine eigene [[Tabulatur]] erhielt. At San Marco in [[Venice]] introduced new forms of organ music, and from there spread: [[Toccata]], [[Prelude]] and [[Präambulum]], [[Ricercar]] as a precursor of the later [[ Fugue (music) | Fugue]], [[fantasy (composition form) | fantasy]] and [[Canzona]] went into the repertoire of organ player. The most common instrument of the house is the time [[Lute]] for which a separate Handle correspondence has been developed, which is also a [[tablature]] received. Solistische Gesänge und Ensemblestücke wurden mit ihr begleitet, ebenso konnten Vokalwerke für Laute umgeschrieben werden. In die Zeit der Renaissance fällt auch die erste große Instrumentenentwicklungswelle im neuzeitlichen Europa. Singing solo and ensemble pieces were accompanied her, were equally vocal works for lute be rewritten. At the time of the Renaissance is also the first great wave instrument development in modern Europe. Neben der Weiterentwicklung des mittelalterlichen Instrumentariums erscheinen viele neu entwickelte Instrumente erstmals in dieser Zeit. Besides the development of medieval instruments appear many newly developed instruments first time during this period. Insbesondere Holzblas-, Blechblas- und Streichinstrumente werden in Anlehnung an das Gesangsquartett in mehreren Stimmlagen ([[Instrumentenfamilie|Familien]]) gebaut, wobei meist mindestens die Größen Sopran (oder Diskant), Alt, Tenor und Bass gebaut werden. Holzblas in particular, brass and string instruments are in line with the vocal quartet in several layers of vote ([[instrument Family | Families]]) built with mostly at least the sizes soprano (or treble), alto, tenor and bass will be built. Versuchsweise werden auch kleinere und größere Instrumente gebaut, die sich jedoch nicht bei allen Instrumententypen durchsetzen. Experimental are also smaller and larger instruments built, but not all types of instrument to enforce. Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts stehen folgende Instrumente, die in mehreren Stimmlagen gebaut werden und zum Ensemblespiel geeignet sind, zur Verfügung: * Holzblasinstrumente ** [[Schalmei]] ** [[Pommer]] ** [[Rauschpfeife]] ** [[Dulzian]] ** [[Krummhorn]] ** [[Cornamuse]] ** [[Kortholt]] ** [[Sordun]] ** [[Rankett]] ** [[Chalumeau]] ** [[Blockflöte]] ** [[Querflöte]] ** [[Gemshorn]] * Blechblasinstrumente ** [[Posaune]] ** [[Zink (Musik)|Zink]] * Streichinstrumente ** [[Viola da gamba]] ** [[Viola da Braccio]] ** [[Rebec]] Üblich ist das Spiel im Quartett, aber auch drei- und fünfstimmige Instrumentalstücke kommen vor. End of the 16th century, the following instruments, which in several layers of vote be built on ensemble playing and are capable of: * Woodwinds ** [[shawm]] ** [[Pommer]] ** [[Rauschpfeife]] * * [[Dulzian]] ** [[Cinderford]] ** [[Cornamuse]] ** [[Kortholt]] ** [[Sordun]] ** [[Rankett]] ** [[Chalumeau]] ** [[Recorder]] ** [[flute]] ** [[Gemshorn]] * Brass ** [[trombone]] ** [[zinc (music) | Zinc]] * ** Stringed Instruments [[viola da gamba] ] ** [[Viola da Braccio]] ** [[rebec]] practice is the game in the quartet, but also three-and instrumental pieces fünfstimmige occur. Die Instrumentierung ist meist nicht fest gelegt. The instrumentation is usually not made. So kommen sowohl homogene, aus nur einer Instrumentenfamilie bestehende Besetzungen als auch gemischte Besetzungen zum Einsatz. Thus both homogeneous, from only one family existing instrument ensembles as well as mixed ensembles are used. In gemischten Besetzungen kommen auch nicht in Familien gebaute Instrumente wie [[Sackpfeife (Musikinstrument)|Sackpfeife]], [[Nyckelharpa|Schlüsselfidel]], [[Drehleier]], [[Laute]], [[Harfe]], [[Psalterium]], [[Regal (Musikinstrument)|Regal]] oder die [[Naturtrompete]] zum Einsatz. In mixed ensembles are also not into families built instruments such as [[sack whistle (musical instrument) | sack whistle]], [[Nyckelharpa | Key Fidel]], [[hurdy-gurdy]], [[Lute]], [[harp]], [[ Psaltery]], [[Regal (musical instrument) | shelf]] or [[natural trumpet]] is used. Der Gebrauch von [[Schlagwerk (Musik)|Schlagwerk]] ist häufig anzutreffen, jedoch nicht obligatorisch. Bestimmend für die Renaissance ist auch die Erfindung des [[Notendruck]]s durch [[Ottaviano dei Petrucci]]. ''Tanzbücher'' (Sammlungen von Tanzstücken und ähnlichem Liedgut) von [[Pierre Attaingnant]], [[Jacques Moderne]], [[Pierre Phalèse]] und [[Tielmann Susato]] entstehen. == Nachwirkungen == Die Renaissance wird durch die Epoche des [[Barock]] abgelöst, die von Italien um 1600 ausgeht (siehe [[Barockmusik]]). The use of [[percussion (music) | percussion]] is frequently encountered, but not mandatory. Determinant for the Renaissance is the invention of the [[Note pressure]] s by [[dei Ottaviano Petrucci]].''''Dance Books (Collections of dance pieces and other songs) by [[Pierre Attaingnant]], [[Jacques Modern]], [[Pierre Phalèse]] and [[Tielmann Susato]] arise. == == The after-effects will be through the Renaissance era of [[Baroque]] removed, the Italy starting around 1600 (see [[Baroque Music]]). Der Stilwandel äußert sich am augenfälligsten in der Einführung von [[Monodie]] und [[Generalbass]]. The style change manifests itself most obvious in the introduction of [[monody]] and [[bass]]. Außerdem entstanden die ersten [[Oper]]n. In addition, the first [[opera]] n. Trotzdem werden grundlegende in der Renaissance entstandene musikalische Konzepte auch in nachfolgenden Epochen verwendet, z. B. Nevertheless, fundamental in the Renaissance also created musical concepts in subsequent eras, such as die [[Venezianische Mehrchörigkeit|Mehrchörigkeit]]. the [[Venetian Mehrchörigkeit | Mehrchörigkeit]]. Letzte Nachklänge einer wirklich renaissancemäßigen Haltung sind auch in den Fantasien für [[Gambenconsort]] von [[Henry Purcell]] zu finden. == Siehe auch == * [[Renaissance]] * [[Liste von Komponisten der Renaissance]] * [[Alte Musik]] * [[Ars nova]] * [[Zeitalter der Franko-Flamen]] * [[Historische Aufführungspraxis]] {{Navigationsleiste Epochen der Musik}} [[Kategorie:Renaissance (Musik)|!]] [[Kategorie:Renaissance]] {{Link FA|fi}} [[ca:Música del Renaixement]] [[cs:Renesance (hudba)]] [[da:Renæssancemusik]] [[en:Renaissance music]] [[eo:Renesanca muziko]] [[es:Música del Renacimiento]] [[fi:Renessanssin musiikki]] [[fr:Musique de la Renaissance]] [[gl:Música renacentista]] [[he:מוזיקת רנסאנס]] [[id:Musik Renaisans]] [[it:Musica rinascimentale]] [[ja:ルネサンス音楽]] [[ms:Muzik era pembaharuan]] [[pl:Muzyka renesansu]] [[pt:Música renascentista]] [[ru:Музыка эпохи Возрождения]] [[sh:Renesansna muzika]] [[simple:Renaissance music]] [[sk:Renesančná hudba]] [[sl:Renesančna glasba]] [[uk:Музика епохи Відродження]] After a last sounds really renaissancemäßigen attitude are also in the fantasies of [[Gambenconsort]] by [[Henry Purcell]] to find. == == * See also [[Renaissance]] [[list of composers of the Renaissance]] * [[Early music]] [[Ars nova]] [[era of Franco-Flemish]] [[historical performance practice]] ((navigation bar eras of music)) [[Category: Renaissance (music )|!]] [[Category: Renaissance]] ((link FA | fi)) [[ca: Música del Renaixement]] [[cs: Renesance (hudba)]] [[da: Renæssancemusik]] [[Category: Renaissance music]] [ [eo: Renesanca Muziko]] [[it: Música del Renacimiento]] [[fi: Renessanssin musiikki]] [[fr: Musique de la Renaissance]] [[gl: Música renacentista]] [[See: מוזיקת רנסאנס]] [[id: Music Renaisans]] [[it: Musica Renaissance]] [[yes:ルネサンス音楽]] [[ms: Muzik era pembaharuan]] [[pl: Muzyka renesansu]] [[pt: Música renascentista]] [ [ru: Музыка эпохи Возрождения]] [[sh: Renesansna Muzika]] [[simple: Renaissance music]] [[sk: Renesančná hudba]] [[sl: Renesančna glasba]] [[uk: Музика епохи Відродження]]

PENIZ

Electronic Data Capture

2006-09-08T09:29:45Z

212.132.0.11:

An '''Electronic Data Capture''' (EDC) system is a computerized [[system]] designed
for the collection of clinical [[data]] in electronic format for use mainly in human [[clinical trials]].

Typically, EDC systems provide:
* a [[graphical user interface]] [[component]] for data entry
* a [[validation]] [[component]] to check user data
* a [[reporting]] tool for [[analysis]] of the collected data
* a [[ Nicole is a hot piece of ass!

EDC systems are used by Life Sciences companies, broadly defined as the pharmaceutical, medical device and biotechnology industries in all aspects of clinical research, but are particularly beneficial for late-phase (phase III-IV) studies and [[pharmacovigilance]] and post-market safety surveillance. EDC can increase the data accuracy and decrease the time to collect data for studies of drugs and medical devices.

==History==
EDC had its origins in another class of software—Remote Data Entry, or RDE—that surfaced in the life sciences market in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Clinical research data—patient data collected during the investigation of a new drug or medical device—is collected by physicians, nurses, and research study coordinators in medical settings (offices, hospitals, universities) throughout the world. Historically, this information was collected on paper forms which were then sent to the research sponsor (e.g., a pharmaceutical company) for data entry into a database and subsequent statistical analysis environment. This process has a number of shortcomings, though:
* data is copied multiple times, which produces errors
* errors that are generated are not caught until weeks later
* visibility into the medical status of patients by sponsors is delayed

To address these and other concerns, RDE systems were invented so that physicians, nurses, and study coordinators could enter the data directly at the medical setting. By moving data entry out of the sponsor site and into the clinic or other facility, a number of benefits could be derived:
* data checks could be implemented during data entry, preventing some errors altogether and immediately prompting for resolution of other errors
* data could be transmitted nightly to sponsors, thereby improving the sponsor's ability to monitor the progress and status of the research study and its patients

These early RDE systems used "thick-client" software—software installed locally on a laptop computer's hardware—to collect the patient data. The system could then use a modem connection over an analog phone line to periodically transmit the data back to the sponsor, and to collect questions from the sponsor that the medical staff would need to answer.

Though effective, RDE brought with it several shortcomings as well. The most significant shortcoming was that hardware (e.g., a laptop computer) needed to be deployed, installed, and supported at every investigational (medical) site. In addition to being expensive for sponsors and complicated for medical staff, this model resulted in a proliferation of laptop computers at many investigational sites that participated in more than one research study simultaneously. Usability and space constraints led to a lot of dissatisfaction among medical practitioners. With the rise of the Internet in the mid 1990s, the obvious solution to some of these issues was the adoption of web-based software that could be accessed using existing computers at the investigational sites. EDC represents this new class of software.

==Current landscape==
The EDC landscape has continued to evolve from its evolution from RDE in the late 1990s, and today the market consists of a variety of new and established software providers:
* [http://www.datalabs.com DataLabs]
* [http://www.datatrak.net DataTrak]
* [http://www.entrypointplus.com Entrypoint Plus]
* [http://www.etrials.com etrials Worldwide]
* [http://www.lifetreeclinical.com Lifetree eClinical]
* [http://www.mdsol.com Medidata]
* [http://www.mednetstudy.com MedNet Solutions]
* [http://www.nextrials.com Nextrials]
* [http://www.ninaza.com Ninaza]
* [http://www.omnicomm.com/1Home/index.asp Omnicomm]
* [http://www.oracle.com/industries/life_sciences/clinical.html Oracle Clinical]
* [http://www.outcome.com Outcome]
* [http://www.phaseforward.com Phase Forward]
* [http://www.pdsedc.com Phoenix Data Systems]
* [http://www.unithink.org Unithink]

In addition to pure software companies; pharmaceutical, biotech and contract research organizations have developed their own EDC systems.

==The future of EDC==

As EDC software continues to mature, vendors are including capabilities that would have previously been developed and sold as separate software solutions: clinical data management systems (CDMS), clinical trial management systems (CTMS), business intelligence and reporting, and others. This convergence is expected to continue until electronic patient medical records become more pervasive within the broader healthcare ecosystem -- at which point the ideal solution would be to extract patient data directly from the electronic medical records as opposed to collecting the data in a separate data collection instrument. Standards such as [http://www.cdisc.org CDISC] and [http://www.hl7.org HL7] are already enabling this type of interoperability to be explored.

Electronic Data Capture

2006-09-08T09:28:47Z

212.132.0.11:

An '''Electronic Data Capture''' (EDC) system is a computerized [[system]] designed
for the collection of clinical [[data]] in electronic format for use mainly in human [[clinical trials]].

Typically, EDC systems provide:
* a [[graphical user interface]] [[component]] for data entry
* a [[validation]] [[component]] to check user data
* a [[reporting]] tool for [[analysis]] of the collected data

EDC systems are used by Life Sciences companies, broadly defined as the pharmaceutical, medical device and biotechnology industries in all aspects of clinical research, but are particularly beneficial for late-phase (phase III-IV) studies and [[pharmacovigilance]] and post-market safety surveillance. EDC can increase the data accuracy and decrease the time to collect data for studies of drugs and medical devices.nicole is a hoy piece of ass

==History==
EDC had its origins in another class of software—Remote Data Entry, or RDE—that surfaced in the life sciences market in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Clinical research data—patient data collected during the investigation of a new drug or medical device—is collected by physicians, nurses, and research study coordinators in medical settings (offices, hospitals, universities) throughout the world. Historically, this information was collected on paper forms which were then sent to the research sponsor (e.g., a pharmaceutical company) for data entry into a database and subsequent statistical analysis environment. This process has a number of shortcomings, though:
* data is copied multiple times, which produces errors
* errors that are generated are not caught until weeks later
* visibility into the medical status of patients by sponsors is delayed

To address these and other concerns, RDE systems were invented so that physicians, nurses, and study coordinators could enter the data directly at the medical setting. By moving data entry out of the sponsor site and into the clinic or other facility, a number of benefits could be derived:
* data checks could be implemented during data entry, preventing some errors altogether and immediately prompting for resolution of other errors
* data could be transmitted nightly to sponsors, thereby improving the sponsor's ability to monitor the progress and status of the research study and its patients

These early RDE systems used "thick-client" software—software installed locally on a laptop computer's hardware—to collect the patient data. The system could then use a modem connection over an analog phone line to periodically transmit the data back to the sponsor, and to collect questions from the sponsor that the medical staff would need to answer.

Though effective, RDE brought with it several shortcomings as well. The most significant shortcoming was that hardware (e.g., a laptop computer) needed to be deployed, installed, and supported at every investigational (medical) site. In addition to being expensive for sponsors and complicated for medical staff, this model resulted in a proliferation of laptop computers at many investigational sites that participated in more than one research study simultaneously. Usability and space constraints led to a lot of dissatisfaction among medical practitioners. With the rise of the Internet in the mid 1990s, the obvious solution to some of these issues was the adoption of web-based software that could be accessed using existing computers at the investigational sites. EDC represents this new class of software.

==Current landscape==
The EDC landscape has continued to evolve from its evolution from RDE in the late 1990s, and today the market consists of a variety of new and established software providers:
* [http://www.datalabs.com DataLabs]
* [http://www.datatrak.net DataTrak]
* [http://www.entrypointplus.com Entrypoint Plus]
* [http://www.etrials.com etrials Worldwide]
* [http://www.lifetreeclinical.com Lifetree eClinical]
* [http://www.mdsol.com Medidata]
* [http://www.mednetstudy.com MedNet Solutions]
* [http://www.nextrials.com Nextrials]
* [http://www.ninaza.com Ninaza]
* [http://www.omnicomm.com/1Home/index.asp Omnicomm]
* [http://www.oracle.com/industries/life_sciences/clinical.html Oracle Clinical]
* [http://www.outcome.com Outcome]
* [http://www.phaseforward.com Phase Forward]
* [http://www.pdsedc.com Phoenix Data Systems]
* [http://www.unithink.org Unithink]

In addition to pure software companies; pharmaceutical, biotech and contract research organizations have developed their own EDC systems.

==The future of EDC==

As EDC software continues to mature, vendors are including capabilities that would have previously been developed and sold as separate software solutions: clinical data management systems (CDMS), clinical trial management systems (CTMS), business intelligence and reporting, and others. This convergence is expected to continue until electronic patient medical records become more pervasive within the broader healthcare ecosystem -- at which point the ideal solution would be to extract patient data directly from the electronic medical records as opposed to collecting the data in a separate data collection instrument. Standards such as [http://www.cdisc.org CDISC] and [http://www.hl7.org HL7] are already enabling this type of interoperability to be explored.

Gary Jones (Schauspieler)

2006-05-16T10:31:59Z

212.132.0.11: /* External links */

[[Image:Sgt. Davis in 'Letter from Pegasus'.jpg|thumb|Gary Jones as [[Walter Harriman|Sgt. Walter Harriman]] in ''[[Stargate: Atlantis]]'']]

''This article is about the actor. For the poker player and commentator, see [[Gary Jones (poker player)]].''

'''Gary Jones''' (born [[January 4]], [[1958]] in [[Swansea]]) is a [[Welsh people|Welsh]]-born actor best known for his recurring role as Sgt. Walter Harriman in ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' and ''[[Stargate Atlantis]]''. He has also made guest appearances on such shows as ''[[Sliders]]'', ''[[The Outer Limits]]'', ''[[Andromeda (TV series)|Andromeda]]'' and ''[[Dead Like Me]]''.

==External links==
* {{imdb name|id=0428104|name=Gary Jones}}
*[http://agalaxyofstars.net/phpBB2/viewforum.php?f=27 Official message board]
*[http://www.gateworld.net/blogs/jones/ Personal weblog] at [[GateWorld]]

[[Category:1958 births|Jones, Gary]]
[[Category:Andromeda actors|Jones, Gary]]
[[Category:Living people|Jones, Gary]]
[[Category:Sliders actors|Jones, Gary]]
[[Category:Stargate actors|Jones, Gary]]

{{UK-actor-stub}}
Gary Lee Jones is one of dudleys most proud citzens. he says dudley is home of the 'non-whites' he is a out and out racist and doesnt like anyone who is not white. (he likes chinkys cos they are funny) he also has a small penis and has sex with his hand and occasionally a hooker

Gary Jones (Schauspieler)

2006-05-16T10:30:33Z

212.132.0.11: /* External links */

[[Image:Sgt. Davis in 'Letter from Pegasus'.jpg|thumb|Gary Jones as [[Walter Harriman|Sgt. Walter Harriman]] in ''[[Stargate: Atlantis]]'']]

''This article is about the actor. For the poker player and commentator, see [[Gary Jones (poker player)]].''

'''Gary Jones''' (born [[January 4]], [[1958]] in [[Swansea]]) is a [[Welsh people|Welsh]]-born actor best known for his recurring role as Sgt. Walter Harriman in ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' and ''[[Stargate Atlantis]]''. He has also made guest appearances on such shows as ''[[Sliders]]'', ''[[The Outer Limits]]'', ''[[Andromeda (TV series)|Andromeda]]'' and ''[[Dead Like Me]]''.

==External links==
* {{imdb name|id=0428104|name=Gary Jones}}
*[http://agalaxyofstars.net/phpBB2/viewforum.php?f=27 Official message board]
Gary jones is from dudley. he lives at 'the knoll' on tansley hill by corny bank. he has a large dog so burgulars beware. however his dog is not very vicous unless you run. like our mate tom who got chased over the wall. he is also a gay