Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Pelland Engineering

2006-11-06T17:22:17Z

207.200.116.73: /* The Pelland Sports */

'''Pelland Engineering''' was a British engineering company that produced [[kit car]]s and made an attempt on the world land-speed record for [[steam car]]s.

==The Pelland Sports==
On his return from [[Australia]], [[Peter Pellandine]] set up Pelland Engineering at [[Thetford]], [[Norfolk]]. In 1979, he began to manufacture kit cars developed from his [[Pellandini Cars |Pellandini]] steam car. The two seat Pelland Sports used the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] drivetrain but mounted backwards to create a mid-engined configuration. This was intended to enhance the dynamic characteristics of the car. The bodyshell was a [[GRP]] [[monocoque]] with VW front torsion bar suspension but Pellandine's own design traverse-leaf arrangement at the rear. It was essentially a roadster but a gullwing hardtop was available.

The design was sold to Ryder Cars of [[Coventry]] in 1980 who marketed it as the Rembrandt.

Listair subtly updated the styling in the late 1980s and sold it as the Dash. They also offered the option of an [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] engine.

Dash Sportscars of [[Chesterwood]], [[Hereford]] then took on the project in 1990.

Around 1996/7 the project was sold to Richard Bell of Chichester, West Sussex.

The Dash demo car and molds were passed on to Mel Hubberd of Manx Buggies (www.manxbuggies.co.uk), the original Pelland molds and company went to Dana Point California USA when Richard moved there in 2003.
Plans are on going to produce an electric version and to re-develop the original VW version.
<a href="http://photobucket.com/" target="_blank"><img src="http://i90.photobucket.com/albums/k256/bajabell/Pelland.jpg" border="0" alt="Photobucket - Video and Image Hosting"></a>

==The Pelland Steamer==
The Pelland Sports formed the basis of the Pelland Mk II Steam Car. It was a project Pellandine had originally started in Australia with funding from the Australian government. It had a three-cylinder double acting engine in a 'broad-arrow' configuration. This was mounted in a tubular steel [[chassis]], with a [[Kevlar]] body giving a gross weight of just 1,050 lb. Uncomplicated and robust, the steam engine was claimed to give trouble-free, efficient performance. It had huge [[torque]] (1,100 ft·lbf) at zero engine revs, and could accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in under 8 seconds.

Pelladine's intention was to break the world land-speed record for steam cars which stood at 127.66 mph. He made a number of attempts to set a record, but was repeatedly thwarted by technical problems. The last attempt was in 1991. Subsequently sold at [[Christie's]], this historic car can be viewed at the [[Lakeland Motor Museum]] at [[Holker Hall]], [[Cark-in-Cartmel]], [[Cumbria]].

==The Pelland Sports Mk II ==
Peter Pellandine marketed an all-new version of his Pelland Sports in 1989. It also used a GRP monocoque but with bespoke double wishbone suspension and a mid-mounted [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] powertrain. It was available in both roadster and coupe versions with traditional style doors, rather than the gullwings of earlier projects. The car's roadholding was described as superb by "Kitcars International" magazine.

==References==
* Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1885 to present - G N Georgano (1982)
* The Kitcars International Guide to Kit Cars and Their Values 1964 to 1991 - Haydn Davies and Ian Hyne (1991)

==External Links==
[http://www.speedrecordclub.com/features/steam/steam2.htm Pelland steamer Mark II]

Pelland Engineering

2006-11-06T17:19:31Z

207.200.116.73: /* The Pelland Sports */

'''Pelland Engineering''' was a British engineering company that produced [[kit car]]s and made an attempt on the world land-speed record for [[steam car]]s.

==The Pelland Sports==
On his return from [[Australia]], [[Peter Pellandine]] set up Pelland Engineering at [[Thetford]], [[Norfolk]]. In 1979, he began to manufacture kit cars developed from his [[Pellandini Cars |Pellandini]] steam car. The two seat Pelland Sports used the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] drivetrain but mounted backwards to create a mid-engined configuration. This was intended to enhance the dynamic characteristics of the car. The bodyshell was a [[GRP]] [[monocoque]] with VW front torsion bar suspension but Pellandine's own design traverse-leaf arrangement at the rear. It was essentially a roadster but a gullwing hardtop was available.

The design was sold to Ryder Cars of [[Coventry]] in 1980 who marketed it as the Rembrandt.

Listair subtly updated the styling in the late 1980s and sold it as the Dash. They also offered the option of an [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] engine.

Dash Sportscars of [[Chesterwood]], [[Hereford]] then took on the project in 1990.

Around 1996/7 the project was sold to Richard Bell of Chichester, West Sussex.

The Dash demo car and molds were passed on to Mel Hubberd of Manx Buggies (www.manxbuggies.co.uk), the original Pelland molds and company went to Dana Point California USA when Richard moved there in 2003.
Plans are on going to produce an electric version and to re-develop the original VW version.

==The Pelland Steamer==
The Pelland Sports formed the basis of the Pelland Mk II Steam Car. It was a project Pellandine had originally started in Australia with funding from the Australian government. It had a three-cylinder double acting engine in a 'broad-arrow' configuration. This was mounted in a tubular steel [[chassis]], with a [[Kevlar]] body giving a gross weight of just 1,050 lb. Uncomplicated and robust, the steam engine was claimed to give trouble-free, efficient performance. It had huge [[torque]] (1,100 ft·lbf) at zero engine revs, and could accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in under 8 seconds.

Pelladine's intention was to break the world land-speed record for steam cars which stood at 127.66 mph. He made a number of attempts to set a record, but was repeatedly thwarted by technical problems. The last attempt was in 1991. Subsequently sold at [[Christie's]], this historic car can be viewed at the [[Lakeland Motor Museum]] at [[Holker Hall]], [[Cark-in-Cartmel]], [[Cumbria]].

==The Pelland Sports Mk II ==
Peter Pellandine marketed an all-new version of his Pelland Sports in 1989. It also used a GRP monocoque but with bespoke double wishbone suspension and a mid-mounted [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] powertrain. It was available in both roadster and coupe versions with traditional style doors, rather than the gullwings of earlier projects. The car's roadholding was described as superb by "Kitcars International" magazine.

==References==
* Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1885 to present - G N Georgano (1982)
* The Kitcars International Guide to Kit Cars and Their Values 1964 to 1991 - Haydn Davies and Ian Hyne (1991)

==External Links==
[http://www.speedrecordclub.com/features/steam/steam2.htm Pelland steamer Mark II]

Pelland Engineering

2006-11-06T17:18:13Z

207.200.116.73: /* The Pelland Sports */

'''Pelland Engineering''' was a British engineering company that produced [[kit car]]s and made an attempt on the world land-speed record for [[steam car]]s.

==The Pelland Sports==
On his return from [[Australia]], [[Peter Pellandine]] set up Pelland Engineering at [[Thetford]], [[Norfolk]]. In 1979, he began to manufacture kit cars developed from his [[Pellandini Cars |Pellandini]] steam car. The two seat Pelland Sports used the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] drivetrain but mounted backwards to create a mid-engined configuration. This was intended to enhance the dynamic characteristics of the car. The bodyshell was a [[GRP]] [[monocoque]] with VW front torsion bar suspension but Pellandine's own design traverse-leaf arrangement at the rear. It was essentially a roadster but a gullwing hardtop was available.

The design was sold to Ryder Cars of [[Coventry]] in 1980 who marketed it as the Rembrandt.

Listair subtly updated the styling in the late 1980s and sold it as the Dash. They also offered the option of an [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] engine.

Dash Sportscars of [[Chesterwood]], [[Hereford]] then took on the project in 1990.

Around 1996/7 the project was sold to Richard Bell of Chichester, West Sussex.

The Dash demo car and molds were passed on to Mel Hubberd of Manx Buggies (www.manxbuggies.co.uk), the original Pelland molds and company went to Dana Point California USA when Richard moved there in 2003.
Plans are on going to produce an electric version and to re-develop an originale VW version.

==The Pelland Steamer==
The Pelland Sports formed the basis of the Pelland Mk II Steam Car. It was a project Pellandine had originally started in Australia with funding from the Australian government. It had a three-cylinder double acting engine in a 'broad-arrow' configuration. This was mounted in a tubular steel [[chassis]], with a [[Kevlar]] body giving a gross weight of just 1,050 lb. Uncomplicated and robust, the steam engine was claimed to give trouble-free, efficient performance. It had huge [[torque]] (1,100 ft·lbf) at zero engine revs, and could accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in under 8 seconds.

Pelladine's intention was to break the world land-speed record for steam cars which stood at 127.66 mph. He made a number of attempts to set a record, but was repeatedly thwarted by technical problems. The last attempt was in 1991. Subsequently sold at [[Christie's]], this historic car can be viewed at the [[Lakeland Motor Museum]] at [[Holker Hall]], [[Cark-in-Cartmel]], [[Cumbria]].

==The Pelland Sports Mk II ==
Peter Pellandine marketed an all-new version of his Pelland Sports in 1989. It also used a GRP monocoque but with bespoke double wishbone suspension and a mid-mounted [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] powertrain. It was available in both roadster and coupe versions with traditional style doors, rather than the gullwings of earlier projects. The car's roadholding was described as superb by "Kitcars International" magazine.

==References==
* Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1885 to present - G N Georgano (1982)
* The Kitcars International Guide to Kit Cars and Their Values 1964 to 1991 - Haydn Davies and Ian Hyne (1991)

==External Links==
[http://www.speedrecordclub.com/features/steam/steam2.htm Pelland steamer Mark II]

Pelland Engineering

2006-09-21T20:00:24Z

207.200.116.73: /* The Pelland Sports */

A British engineering company that produced [[kit car]]s and made an attempt on the world land-speed record for [[steam car]]s.

==The Pelland Sports==

On his return from [[Australia]], [[Peter Pellandine]] set up Pelland Engineering at [[Thetford]], [[Norfolk]]. In 1979, he began to manufacture kit cars developed from his [[Pellandini Cars |Pellandini]] steam car. The two seat Pelland Sports used the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] drivetrain but mounted backwards to create a mid-engined configuration. This was intended to enhance the dynamic characteristics of the car. The bodyshell was a [[GRP]] [[monocoque]] with VW front torsion bar suspension but Pellandine's own design traverse-leaf arrangement at the rear. It was essentially a roadster but a gullwing hardtop was available.

The design was sold to Ryder Cars of [[Coventry]] in 1980 who marketed it as the Rembrandt.

Listair subtly updated the styling in the late 1980s and sold it as the Dash. They also offered the option of an [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] engine.

Dash Sportscars of [[Chesterwood]], [[Hereford]] then took on the project in 1990.

Around 1996/7 the project was sold to Richard Bell of West Sussex.
http://i90.photobucket.com/albums/k256/bajabell/Pelland.jpg
The Dash demo car and molds were passed on to Mel Hubberd of Manx Buggies (www.manxbuggies.co.uk), the original Pelland molds and company went to Dana Point California when Richard moved there in 2003.

==The Pelland Steamer==

The Pelland Sports formed the basis of the Pelland Mk II Steam Car. It was a project Pellandine had originally started in Australia with funding from the Australian government. It had a three-cylinder double acting engine in a 'broad-arrow' configuration. This was mounted in a tubular steel [[chassis]], with a [[Kevlar]] body giving a gross weight of just 1,050 lbs. Uncomplicated and robust, the steam engine was claimed to give trouble-free, efficient performance. It had huge [[torque]] (1,100ft/lbs) at zero engine revs, and could accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in under 8 seconds.

Pelladine's intention was to break the world land-speed record for steam cars which stood at 127.66 mph. He made a number of attempts to set a record, but was repeatedly thwarted by technical problems. The last attempt was in 1991. Subsequently sold at [[Christie's]], this historic car can be viewed at the [[Lakeland Motor Museum]] at [[Holker Hall]], [[Cark-in-Cartmel]], [[Cumbria]].

==The Pelland Sports Mk II ==

Peter Pellandine marketed an all-new version of his Pelland Sports in 1989. It also used a GRP monocoque but with bespoke double wishbone suspension and a mid-mounted [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] powertrain. It was available in both roadster and coupe versions with traditional style doors, rather than the gullwings of earlier projects. The car's roadholding was described as superb by "Kitcars International" magazine.

==References==

Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1885 to present - G N Georgano (1982)

The Kitcars International Guide to Kit Cars and Their Values 1964 to 1991 - Haydn Davies and Ian Hyne (1991)

==External Links==

[http://www.speedrecordclub.com/features/steam/steam2.htm Pelland steamer Mark II]

Pelland Engineering

2006-09-21T16:56:30Z

207.200.116.73: /* The Pelland Sports */

A British engineering company that produced [[kit car]]s and made an attempt on the world land-speed record for [[steam car]]s.

==The Pelland Sports==

On his return from [[Australia]], [[Peter Pellandine]] set up Pelland Engineering at [[Thetford]], [[Norfolk]]. In 1979, he began to manufacture kit cars developed from his [[Pellandini Cars |Pellandini]] steam car. The two seat Pelland Sports used the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] drivetrain but mounted backwards to create a mid-engined configuration. This was intended to enhance the dynamic characteristics of the car. The bodyshell was a [[GRP]] [[monocoque]] with VW front torsion bar suspension but Pellandine's own design traverse-leaf arrangement at the rear. It was essentially a roadster but a gullwing hardtop was available.

The design was sold to Ryder Cars of [[Coventry]] in 1980 who marketed it as the Rembrandt.

Listair subtly updated the styling in the late 1980s and sold it as the Dash. They also offered the option of an [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] engine.

Dash Sportscars of [[Chesterwood]], [[Hereford]] then took on the project in 1990.

Around 1996/7 the project was sold to Richard Bell of West Sussex.
The Dash demo car and molds were passed on to Mel Hubberd of Manx Buggies (www.manxbuggies.co.uk), the original Pelland molds and company went to Dana Point California when Richard moved there in 2003.

==The Pelland Steamer==

The Pelland Sports formed the basis of the Pelland Mk II Steam Car. It was a project Pellandine had originally started in Australia with funding from the Australian government. It had a three-cylinder double acting engine in a 'broad-arrow' configuration. This was mounted in a tubular steel [[chassis]], with a [[Kevlar]] body giving a gross weight of just 1,050 lbs. Uncomplicated and robust, the steam engine was claimed to give trouble-free, efficient performance. It had huge [[torque]] (1,100ft/lbs) at zero engine revs, and could accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in under 8 seconds.

Pelladine's intention was to break the world land-speed record for steam cars which stood at 127.66 mph. He made a number of attempts to set a record, but was repeatedly thwarted by technical problems. The last attempt was in 1991. Subsequently sold at [[Christie's]], this historic car can be viewed at the [[Lakeland Motor Museum]] at [[Holker Hall]], [[Cark-in-Cartmel]], [[Cumbria]].

==The Pelland Sports Mk II ==

Peter Pellandine marketed an all-new version of his Pelland Sports in 1989. It also used a GRP monocoque but with bespoke double wishbone suspension and a mid-mounted [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] powertrain. It was available in both roadster and coupe versions with traditional style doors, rather than the gullwings of earlier projects. The car's roadholding was described as superb by "Kitcars International" magazine.

==References==

Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1885 to present - G N Georgano (1982)

The Kitcars International Guide to Kit Cars and Their Values 1964 to 1991 - Haydn Davies and Ian Hyne (1991)

==External Links==

[http://www.speedrecordclub.com/features/steam/steam2.htm Pelland steamer Mark II]

Pelland Engineering

2006-09-21T16:54:29Z

207.200.116.73: /* The Pelland Sports */

A British engineering company that produced [[kit car]]s and made an attempt on the world land-speed record for [[steam car]]s.

==The Pelland Sports==

On his return from [[Australia]], [[Peter Pellandine]] set up Pelland Engineering at [[Thetford]], [[Norfolk]]. In 1979, he began to manufacture kit cars developed from his [[Pellandini Cars |Pellandini]] steam car. The two seat Pelland Sports used the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] drivetrain but mounted backwards to create a mid-engined configuration. This was intended to enhance the dynamic characteristics of the car. The bodyshell was a [[GRP]] [[monocoque]] with VW front torsion bar suspension but Pellandine's own design traverse-leaf arrangement at the rear. It was essentially a roadster but a gullwing hardtop was available.

The design was sold to Ryder Cars of [[Coventry]] in 1980 who marketed it as the Rembrandt.

Listair subtly updated the styling in the late 1980s and sold it as the Dash. They also offered the option of an [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] engine.

Dash Sportscars of [[Chesterwood]], [[Hereford]] then took on the project in 1990.

Around 1996/7 the project was sold to Richard Bell of West Sussex.
The Dash demo car and molds were passed on to Mel Hubberd of Manx Buggies (www.manxbuggies.co.uk), the original Pelland molds and company went to California when Richard moved there in 2003.

==The Pelland Steamer==

The Pelland Sports formed the basis of the Pelland Mk II Steam Car. It was a project Pellandine had originally started in Australia with funding from the Australian government. It had a three-cylinder double acting engine in a 'broad-arrow' configuration. This was mounted in a tubular steel [[chassis]], with a [[Kevlar]] body giving a gross weight of just 1,050 lbs. Uncomplicated and robust, the steam engine was claimed to give trouble-free, efficient performance. It had huge [[torque]] (1,100ft/lbs) at zero engine revs, and could accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in under 8 seconds.

Pelladine's intention was to break the world land-speed record for steam cars which stood at 127.66 mph. He made a number of attempts to set a record, but was repeatedly thwarted by technical problems. The last attempt was in 1991. Subsequently sold at [[Christie's]], this historic car can be viewed at the [[Lakeland Motor Museum]] at [[Holker Hall]], [[Cark-in-Cartmel]], [[Cumbria]].

==The Pelland Sports Mk II ==

Peter Pellandine marketed an all-new version of his Pelland Sports in 1989. It also used a GRP monocoque but with bespoke double wishbone suspension and a mid-mounted [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] powertrain. It was available in both roadster and coupe versions with traditional style doors, rather than the gullwings of earlier projects. The car's roadholding was described as superb by "Kitcars International" magazine.

==References==

Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1885 to present - G N Georgano (1982)

The Kitcars International Guide to Kit Cars and Their Values 1964 to 1991 - Haydn Davies and Ian Hyne (1991)

==External Links==

[http://www.speedrecordclub.com/features/steam/steam2.htm Pelland steamer Mark II]

Pelland Engineering

2006-09-21T16:40:51Z

207.200.116.73: /* The Pelland Sports */

A British engineering company that produced [[kit car]]s and made an attempt on the world land-speed record for [[steam car]]s.

==The Pelland Sports==

On his return from [[Australia]], [[Peter Pellandine]] set up Pelland Engineering at [[Thetford]], [[Norfolk]]. In 1979, he began to manufacture kit cars developed from his [[Pellandini Cars |Pellandini]] steam car. The two seat Pelland Sports used the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] drivetrain but mounted backwards to create a mid-engined configuration. This was intended to enhance the dynamic characteristics of the car. The bodyshell was a [[GRP]] [[monocoque]] with VW front torsion bar suspension but Pellandine's own design traverse-leaf arrangement at the rear. It was essentially a roadster but a gullwing hardtop was available.

The design was sold to Ryder Cars of [[Coventry]] in 1980 who marketed it as the Rembrandt.

Listair subtly updated the styling in the late 1980s and sold it as the Dash. They also offered the option of an [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] engine.

Dash Sportscars of [[Chesterwood]], [[Hereford]] then took on the project in 1990.

Around 1996/7 the project was sold to Richard Bell of West Sussex.
The Dash demo car and molds were passed on to Mel Hubberd of Manx Buggies, the original Pelland molds and company went to California when Richard moved there in 2003.

==The Pelland Steamer==

The Pelland Sports formed the basis of the Pelland Mk II Steam Car. It was a project Pellandine had originally started in Australia with funding from the Australian government. It had a three-cylinder double acting engine in a 'broad-arrow' configuration. This was mounted in a tubular steel [[chassis]], with a [[Kevlar]] body giving a gross weight of just 1,050 lbs. Uncomplicated and robust, the steam engine was claimed to give trouble-free, efficient performance. It had huge [[torque]] (1,100ft/lbs) at zero engine revs, and could accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in under 8 seconds.

Pelladine's intention was to break the world land-speed record for steam cars which stood at 127.66 mph. He made a number of attempts to set a record, but was repeatedly thwarted by technical problems. The last attempt was in 1991. Subsequently sold at [[Christie's]], this historic car can be viewed at the [[Lakeland Motor Museum]] at [[Holker Hall]], [[Cark-in-Cartmel]], [[Cumbria]].

==The Pelland Sports Mk II ==

Peter Pellandine marketed an all-new version of his Pelland Sports in 1989. It also used a GRP monocoque but with bespoke double wishbone suspension and a mid-mounted [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] powertrain. It was available in both roadster and coupe versions with traditional style doors, rather than the gullwings of earlier projects. The car's roadholding was described as superb by "Kitcars International" magazine.

==References==

Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1885 to present - G N Georgano (1982)

The Kitcars International Guide to Kit Cars and Their Values 1964 to 1991 - Haydn Davies and Ian Hyne (1991)

==External Links==

[http://www.speedrecordclub.com/features/steam/steam2.htm Pelland steamer Mark II]

Argyll

2006-07-07T00:15:11Z

207.200.116.73:

I won't stop until 'Dat dere cell-tech' is on the English language article: Ronnie coleman!

Boleslaw II. (Schlesien)

2006-07-05T05:01:26Z

207.200.116.73:

I won't stop until 'Dat dere cell-tech' is on the English language article: Ronnie coleman!

Sandro Burki

2006-07-05T04:08:33Z

207.200.116.73:

I won't stop until 'Dat dere cell-tech' is on the English language article: Ronnie coleman!

Elizabeth Clarke

2006-06-26T09:28:55Z

207.200.116.73:

'''Elizabeseth Clarke''' was one of many women accused of [[witchcraft]] by the Witchfinder General, [[Matthew Hopkins]] in [[1645]] in [[Essex]], [[England]]. She confessed after being tortured.

*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/wcwe/wcwe08.htm The Witch-Cult in Western Europe]

{{UK-bio-stub}}

[[Category:Alleged witches|Clarcke, Elizabeth]]

Swanley

2006-06-22T02:50:13Z

207.200.116.73:

I'm not gonna stop until you let me add 'dat dere cell-tech' to Article:: Ronnie Coleman (English

Schaghticoke (Town, New York)

2006-06-22T01:53:40Z

207.200.116.73:

'''Schaghticoke''' is a [[town]] in [[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer County]], [[New York]], [[USA]]. The population was 7[[Image:Ceiling cat 00.jpg]],456 at the 2000 census. The [[Schaghticoke]] is a native tribe aborignal to the area.

The '''Town of Schaghticoke''' is on the northern border of the county, north of [[Troy, New York]]. The town contains a village, also called [[Schaghticoke (village), New York|Schaghticoke]].

== History ==
The first permanent settlement began around 1668.
The town, one of the original county towns, was formed in [[1788]] from a previously established district (1772 in [[Albany County, New York|Albany County]]).

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of 134.3 [[km²]] (51.9 [[square mile|mi²]]). 129.3 km² (49.9 mi²) of it is land and 5.1 km² (2.0 mi²) of it (3.76%) is water.

The north town line is the border of [[Washington County, New York|Washington County]], and the west town line, defined by the Hudson River, is the border of [[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga County]].

The [[Hoosic River]] flows through the town to the [[Hudson River]] at the west town line.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]][[Geographic references#2|2]] of 2000, there were 7,456 people, 2,714 households, and 2,103 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] was 57.7/km² (149.4/mi²). There were 2,823 housing units at an average density of 21.8/km² (56.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.57% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.26% [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.17% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.36% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.13% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.50% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.66% of the population.

There were 2,714 households out of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 17.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the town the population was spread out with 26.3% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $48,393, and the median income for a family was $57,423. Males had a median income of $40,574 versus $27,078 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $20,673. About 3.4% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.

== Communities and locations in the Town of Schaghticoke ==
*'''East Schaghticoke''' -- A location south of Schaghticoke village.
*'''Grant Hollow''' -- A hamlet northeast of Troy and Spiegletown on Route 40.
*'''Hemstreet Park''' -- A location at the west town line at the Hudson River that is a suburb of [[Mechanicville, New York]].
*'''Melrose''' -- A hamlet northeast of Grant Hollow on Route 40.
*'''Pleasantdale''' -- A suburban community north of Troy.
*'''Reynolds''' -- A [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]] in the western part of the town.
*[[Schaghticoke (village), New York|Schaghticoke]] -- The Village of Schaghticoke.
*'''Schaghticoke Hill''' -- A hamlet south of Schaghticoke village on Route 40.
*'''Spiegletown''' -- A hamlet northeast of Troy on Route 40.
*[[Valley Falls, New York|Valley Falls]] -- A small part of the Village of Valley Falls is located near Schaghticoke village.

==External links==
* [http://www.townofschaghticoke.org Town of Schaghticoke, NY]
* [http://www.schaghticokefair.com/ Schaghticoke Fair]
* [http://www.schaghticoke.com Schaghticoke tribe]

[[Category:Rensselaer County, New York]]
[[Category:Towns in New York]]

Hadleigh Castle

2006-06-18T08:46:22Z

207.200.116.73:

[[Image:Hadleigh_Castle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Hadleigh Castle]]
'''Hadleigh Castle''', [[Essex]] otstsverlooks the [[Thames]] from a ridge. Construction was started in 1230 by [[Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent|Hubert de Burgh]], regent to [[Henry III of England|Henry III]]. Henry fell out with Hubert and confiscated the [[castle]], as a royal property it was extended in the mid [[14th century]] by [[Edward III of England|Edward III]].

The castle was usually tenanted, often by the king's [[wife]], so [[Catherine of Aragon]], [[Anne of Cleves]] and [[Catherine Parr]] all used it. [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] sold it in [[1551]], and it was used as a source of [[Rock (geology)|stone]] for other buildings, and landslips further damaged the structure. Today only the [[barbican]] and a couple of towers remain, but still with commanding views. Owned by [[English Heritage]], it is open any reasonable time.

The British [[artist]] [[John Constable]] painted a picture of the castle in [[1829]] which now hangs in the [[Yale Center for British Art]] at [[New Haven]], [[United States]].

==External links==

*[http://www.knowledgeoflondon.com/castlelane.html/ Hadleigh Castle virtual tour]
*[http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/hadleigh/hadleigh.php Castle Explorer]
*[http://home.clara.net/giaco/southend/gallery/hadleigh.html Hadleigh Castle Digital painting]


[[Category:Buildings and structures in Essex]]
[[Category:Castles in England]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Essex]]
[[Category:English Heritage]]

[[ru:Замок Хадли]]

Hadleigh Castle

2006-06-18T08:46:09Z

207.200.116.73:

[[Image:Hadleigh_Castle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Hadleigh Castle]]
'''Hadleigh Castle''', [[Essex]] otsverlooks the [[Thames]] from a ridge. Construction was started in 1230 by [[Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent|Hubert de Burgh]], regent to [[Henry III of England|Henry III]]. Henry fell out with Hubert and confiscated the [[castle]], as a royal property it was extended in the mid [[14th century]] by [[Edward III of England|Edward III]].

The castle was usually tenanted, often by the king's [[wife]], so [[Catherine of Aragon]], [[Anne of Cleves]] and [[Catherine Parr]] all used it. [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] sold it in [[1551]], and it was used as a source of [[Rock (geology)|stone]] for other buildings, and landslips further damaged the structure. Today only the [[barbican]] and a couple of towers remain, but still with commanding views. Owned by [[English Heritage]], it is open any reasonable time.

The British [[artist]] [[John Constable]] painted a picture of the castle in [[1829]] which now hangs in the [[Yale Center for British Art]] at [[New Haven]], [[United States]].

==External links==

*[http://www.knowledgeoflondon.com/castlelane.html/ Hadleigh Castle virtual tour]
*[http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/hadleigh/hadleigh.php Castle Explorer]
*[http://home.clara.net/giaco/southend/gallery/hadleigh.html Hadleigh Castle Digital painting]


[[Category:Buildings and structures in Essex]]
[[Category:Castles in England]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Essex]]
[[Category:English Heritage]]

[[ru:Замок Хадли]]

William Orlando Butler

2006-06-18T08:35:31Z

207.200.116.73:

'''William Orlando Butler''' ([[April 19]], [[1791]] - [[August 6]], [[1880]]) was a [[United States of America|U.S.]] [[political figure]] from [[Kentuctsky]]. He served as a [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] congressman from Kentucky from [[1839]] to [[1843]], and was the Democratic [[Vice President of the United States|vice-presidential]] nominee under [[Lewis Cass]] in [[U.S. presidential election, 1848|1848]].

He was born in [[Kentucky]] and graduated at [[Transylvania University]] in [[1812]]. He fought in a number of engagements in southern States during the [[War of 1812]]. He fought at the famous [[Battle of New Orleans]] on January 8, [[1815]].

From [[1817]]-[[1844]], he worked as a lawyer and a politician. He was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor in [[1844]].

On June 29, [[1846]], he was appointed major general of volunteers and commanded the 1st Volunteer Division in the [[Army of Occupation]]. He served as second-in-command to [[Zachary Taylor]] during the [[Battle of Monterrey]] in which he was wounded. On February 18, [[1848]], he superseded General [[Winfield Scott]] as the commanding general of the [[United States|American]] army. He left the service on August 18, [[1848]].

He published a collection of poems entitled, ''The Boatman's Horn and Other Poems'', and he was present at the [[peace conference of 1861]].

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets|Democratic Party vice presidential candidate]]| before=[[George M. Dallas]]|after=[[William R. King]]|years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1848|1848]] (lost)}}
{{succession box|title=[[Democratic nominee for Governor of Kentucky]]| before=[[Richard French]]|after=[[Lazarus W. Powell]]|years=[[1844]]-[[1844]])}}
{{end box}}
{{USDemVicePresNominees}}
{{Kentucky-politician-stub}}

[[Category:1791 births|Butler, William Orlando]]
[[Category:1880 deaths|Butler, William Orlando]]
[[Category:U.S. Democratic Party vice presidential nominees|Butler, William Orlando]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky|Butler, William Orlando]]

Muhammad Jamalul Alam II.

2006-06-17T07:04:48Z

207.200.116.73:

'''Muhammad Jamalul Alam II''' ([[1889]]-[[1924]]) was the [[sultan]] of [[Brunei]] from [[May 12]] [[1906]] until his death on [[September 11][[Image:Sarahvulva.jpg|550px]]] [[1924]]. By the time he became sultan, the [[United Kingdom]] had established a protectorate over Brunei. During his reign there was a power struggle between himself, the British residents and the nobles. A regency council of two nobles ruled for him until [[1918]]. He was knighted in [[1920]]. As sultan, he strengthened Brunei's police and education systems.

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin]] |
title= [[Sultan of Brunei]] |
years= 1906–1924 |
after= [[Ahmad Tajuddin]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{noble-stub}}

[[Category:Sultans of Brunei]]
[[Category:1889 births|Alam]]
[[Category:1924 deaths|Alam]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of St Michael and St George]]

Mormonische Pioniere

2006-05-25T09:10:38Z

207.200.116.73: /* References */ Barney reference.

[[Image:Handcart_Mormon_Pioneers.jpg|right|thumbnail|A statue commemorating the Mormon pioneers]]

The '''Mormon Pioneers''' were members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], who [[migration|migrated]] across the [[United States]] from the midwest to the [[Salt Lake Valley]] in what is today the State of [[Utah]]. The journey was taken by about 70,000 people beginning in [[April]], [[1847]], and ending with the completion of the [[transcontinental railroad]] in [[1869]].

===Background to the Migration===
Since its founding in 1830, members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] were often mistreated and persecuted by their neighbors. There was violence directed against the church, its members, and its leader, [[Joseph Smith, Jr.|Joseph Smith]]. This among other reasons caused the body of the church to move from one place to another- Ohio, Missouri, and then to Illinois where church members build the city of [[Nauvoo, Illinois| Nauvoo]]. MIssouri Governor [[Lilburn Boggs]] issued an [[Extermination Order (Mormonism)|extermination order]] against all Mormons living in the state. In [[1844]] Joseph Smith had been murdered while in custody in the city of [[Carthage, Illinois]]. In 1846, religious tension had reached its peak and mobs burned the Latter-day Saint [[Temple (Mormonism)|temple]] in [[Nauvoo Temple|Nauvoo]].

According to church belief, God directed [[Brigham Young]], Joseph Smith's successor as church leader, to call for the saints (as church members call themselves) to organize and head to west, beyond the western frontier of the Unted States. During the winter of 1846-47, Latter-Day Saint leaders in Winter Quarters and Iowa laid plans for the migration of the large number of Saints, their equipment and livestock. This major undertaking was a significant test of leadership capability and the existing administrative network of the recently restructured Church. For his role in the migration, Brigham Young is sometimes referred to as the "American Moses."

Young personally reviewed all available information on the Great Salt Lake Valley and the Great Basin, consulting with mountain men and trappers who traveled through Winter Quarters and meeting with Father [[Pierre-Jean De Smet]], a [[Jesuit]] missionary familiar with the Great Basin. The wary Young insisted the Mormons should settle in a location no one else wanted, and felt the Great Salt Lake met that requirement but would provide the Saints with many advantages as well.

=== The Vanguard Company of 1847 ===
A vanguard company was designed to break the trail west to the Rocky Mountains, gather information about trail conditions, including water sources and native tribes, and to ultimately select the central gathering point in the Great Basin. The initial company would select and break the primary trail with the expectation that later pioneers would maintain and improve it. It was hoped that the group could, wherever possible, establish fords and ferries and plant crops for later harvest. In late February, plans were made to gather portable boats, maps, scientific instruments, farm implements and seeds. Techniques for irrigating crops were investigated. A new route on the north side of the Platte River was chosen to avoid major interaction with travelers using the established [[Oregon Trail]] on the river’s south side. Given the needs of the large volume of Saints who would travel west, Church leaders decided to avoid potential conflicts over grazing rights, water access and campsites.

In April 1847, Young consulted with members of the Twelve who had recently returned from the British mission. [[John Taylor]], [[Parley P. Pratt]] and [[Orson Hyde]] brought money contributed by the English Saints, a map based on [[John C. Fremont]]’s recent western expedition, and instruments for calculating latitude, elevation, temperature and barometric pressure. Chosen members of the vanguard group were gathered together, final supplies were packed, and the group was organized into military companies. The group consisted of 143 men, including three black slaves and eight members of the [[Council of the Twelve Apostles|Council of the Twelve]], three women, and two children. The train contained 73 wagons, one cannon, 93 horses, 52 mules, 66 oxen, 19 cows, 17 dogs and some chickens, and carried enough supplies to fully provision the group for one year. Young divided this group into 14 companies, each with a designated captain. Apprehensive of possible Indian danger, a milita and night guard was formed under the direction of [[Stephen Markham]].

On April 5th, 1847, at 2 p.m., the wagon train moved west from Winter Quarters toward the Great Basin. The first segment of the journey, from Winter Quarters to [[Fort Laramie]] took six weeks, with the company arriving at the fort on June 1st. The company halted for repairs. While at Fort Laramie, the vanguard company was joined by members of the [[Mormon Battalion]] who had been excused from service due to illness and sent to winter in [[Pueblo, Colorado]]. Also traveling in the new group were Church members from Mississippi who had taken a more southern route toward the Great Basin. At this point, the now larger company took the established Oregon Trail toward the trading post at [[Fort Bridger, Wyoming|Ft. Bridger]]. At a difficult crossing of the Platte, the company made use of their portable boat and were able to cross with comparative ease. Missourians at the river paid the Saints $1.50 per wagon to help them cross. Seizing the opportunity to both help future travelers and increase the cash available to the migration, nine men were left behind to construct and operate a ferry at that location.

During the last week of June, [[Sam Brannan]], leader of the Mormon emigrant ship ''Brooklyn'', met the company near [[Green River, Wyoming]]. He reported to Young about his group's successful journey and their settlement in what is today [[San Francisco, California]]. He urged the vanguard company to continue on to California but was unable to shift the leader’s focus away from the Great Basin. Young also met mountain man [[Jim Bridger]] on June 28th. They discussed possible routes into the Salt Lake Valley, and the feasibility of viable settlements in the mountain valleys of the Great Basin. Bridger was enthusiastic about settlement near Utah Lake, reporting fish, wild fruit, timber and good grazing. He told Young that local Indians raised good crops, including corn and pumpkins, but that there was everpresent danger of frost. The company pushed on through South Pass, rafted across the Green River and arrived at Fort Bridger on July 7th. About the same time, they were joined by thirteen more members of the sick detachment of the Mormon Battalion.

The vanguard company now faced a more rugged and hazardous journey, and were concerned about negotiating the passes of the Rocky Mountains. They had received conflicting advice, but Young chose to follow the trail used by the [[Donner Party|Donner-Reed party]] on their journey to California the previous year. Shortly after leaving Fort Bridger, the group met trapper [[Miles Goodyear]], who owned a trading post at the mouth of the Weber River. He was enthusiastic about the agricultural potential of the large Weber Valley. During the trip through the rugged mountains, the vanguard company divided into three sections. Since crossing the Green River, several members of the party had suffered from a fever, generally accepted as a “mountain fever” probably induced by wood ticks. Young himself became ill soon after meeting Goodyear. The small sick detachment lagged behind the larger group, and a scouting division was created to move ahead on the designated route.

In July 1847 the first company reached the Salt Lake Valley, with scouts [[Erastus Snow]] and [[Orson Pratt]] entering the valley on July 21st. Pratt wrote:

:''we could not refrain from a shout of joy, which almost involuntarily escaped from our lips the moment this grand and lovely scenery was within our view.''

The two scouts undertook a twelve mile exploratory circuit into the valley before returning to the larger party. The next day, larger segments of the valley were explored, streams and hot springs investigated and the first camp established in the Salt Lake Valley. On July 23rd, Pratt offered a prayer dedicating the land to the Lord. Ground was broken, irrigation ditches were dug, and the first fields of potatoes and turnips were planted.

On July 24th, Young first saw the valley from a “sick” wagon driven by his friend [[Wilford Woodruff]]. According to Woodruff, Young expressed his satisfaction in the appearance of the valley and declared "This is the right place, drive on." Today a monument stands in the spot where he made this declaration. Young later reported that he had seen the valley, including Ensign Peak, in a vision and recognized the spot.

On July 28th, Young established a location for the future Salt Lake Temple and presented a city plan to the larger group for their approval. In August 1847, Young and other selected members of the vanguard company returned to Winter Quarters. By December 1847, more than two thousand Mormons had completed the journey to the Salt Lake Valley, and several hundred had returned east to gather and organize the companies scheduled for following years. Each year during the Mormon migration, people continued to be organized into "companies", each company bearing the name of its leader. The company was further divided into groups of 10 and 50 with authority and responsiblity delegated downward.

===Travel Conditions===
The material conditions of the church members varied as they covered the more than 1000 miles to the Great Basin. Covered wagons pulled by oxen were common, but some people pulled or pushed handcarts (similar to wheelbarrows) holding all of their belongings. Others walked much of the way as family members rode in the carts. The pioneers traveled to the [[Salt Lake Valley]] in the Great Basin using wagons, [[Mormon handcart pioneers|handcarts]], and, in some cases, hand carrying their belongings. Their trail along the [[Platte River]] and over the [[Sweetwater River (Wyoming)|Sweetwater River]] became known as the [[Mormon Trail]].

Due to the weather in the American heartland, the best time to travel was April-September. Some companies however, got a late start resulting in disaster. The most famous of these are the Willie and the Martin handcart companies. Leaving Iowa in July, they did not reach Utah until November, suffering many deaths due to winter weather and the lack of adequate supplies.

===More Migration===
After the initial departure of the Latter-day Saints living in Illinois and Missouri, converts to the church from other areas in the United States and from Europe followed the initial trail to join the main body of the church in Salt Lake City. Every year from 1847 until 1869 there were church members making this journey. Migration continued until about 1890, but those who came by railroad are not generally considered to be "Mormon Pioneers."

===Settling the Desert===
Upon arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, the Mormons literally had to make a place to live. They created irrigation systems, made farms, built houses and schools. Later, Brigham Young directed satellite communities to be formed in all directions. Church members headed south into present day Arizona, West into California, North into Idaho and Canada, and East into Wyoming, settling many familiar communities in those areas.

===Heritage===
The Mormon pioneer chapter is considered important to American history in general, but holds a special place to church members. They view it not only as a journey across a wilderness, but also a great manifestation of spiritual faith. They hold dear the pioneers who gave up their homes to face such uncertainty in the name of their religion. Diary entries of pioneers display not only hardship but also a firm desire to follow God's will, exemplary faith in God and in their newfound religion. Many entries and stories also exhibit events which many consider to be miracles, many of which saved lives.

In all, nearly 70,000 Mormon pioneers crossed the plains. Because of fatalities, suffering and sacrifices endured by these early Mormon Pioneers, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints considers many of the graveyards and campsites along the trail to be [[hallowed ground]].

==See also==
* [[Mormon handcart pioneers]]
* [[Mormon Trail]]
* [[Pioneer Day]]

==External links==
* [http://www.lds.org/gospellibrary/pioneer/pioneerstory.htm Mormon Pioneer Story]
* [http://overlandtrails.lib.byu.edu/ ''Trails of Hope:'' Diaries of the Mormon Pioneers]
*[http://www.lds.org/churchhistory/library/pioneercompanylist-information/0,16281,4117-1-2144%20,00.html Database of Pioneer Companies and Individuals]
*[http://www.signaturebooks.com/excerpts/rescue.htm Excerpt from book about the stranded handcart companies]

==References==
* Barney, Ronald O., editor. ''The Mormon Vanguard Brigade of 1847: Norton Jacob's Record.'' Utah State University Press, Logan, Utah 2005. ISBN 0874216095.
*Hafen, Leroy and Ann. "Handcarts to Zion". University of Nebraska Press, 1992.
*Slaughter, William and Landon, Michael. "Trail of Hope: The Story of the Mormon Trail". Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1997.
*Stegner, Wallace. "The Gathering of Zion". University of Nebraska Press, 1992.

[[Category:History of the American West]]
[[Category:History of United States expansionism]]
[[Category:History of the Latter Day Saint movement]]

[[ja:モルモン開拓者]]

LGBT-Symbole

2006-05-13T13:20:38Z

207.200.116.73: /* Bisexuality symbol */

{{LGBT}}
Like many other organizations and communities, members of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered ([[GLBT]]) community have adopted certain symbols by which they are identified and by which they demonstrate unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another.

== Pink and black triangles ==
[[Image:Pink triangle.svg|thumb|125px|left|The pink triangle was originally used to denote homosexual men as a [[Nazi concentration camp badges|Nazi concentration camp badge]].]]
[[Image:Black triangle.svg|right|thumb|125px|The black triangle was used to mark [[lesbian]]s, [[Prostitution|prostitutes]] or women who used [[birth control]] (among others) in [[Nazi concentration camp]]s.]]
One of the oldest of these symbols is the [[pink triangle]], which originated from the [[Nazi concentration camp badges]] that homosexuals were required to wear on their clothing. It is estimated that as many as 220,000 gays and lesbians perished alongside the 6,000,000 Jews whom the Nazis exterminated in their death camps during World War II as part of Hitler’s so-called final solution. For this reason, the pink triangle is used both as an identification symbol and as a memento to remind both its wearers and the general public of the atrocities that gays suffered under Nazi persecutors. [[ACT-UP]] (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) also adopted the inverted pink triangle to symbolize the “active fight back” against the disease “rather than a passive resignation to fate.”

The Nazis compelled “undesirable” women, including lesbians, to wear the inverted [[black triangle]]. Modern-day lesbians have reclaimed this symbol for themselves as gay men have reclaimed the pink triangle.

''See also: [[History of gays in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust]]''

== Lambda ==

In 1970, the Greek letter lambda was selected to symbolize the [[Gay Activists Alliance]]’s campaign for [[gay liberation]], and, four years later. the International Gay Rights Congress in Edinburgh, Scotland, chose the same symbol to represent lesbian and gay rights. As a result, the lambda has become internationally known. It is traditional for the lambda to be shown in lavender, a color which, like pink, is often associated with homosexuality.

== Rainbow flag ==
[[Image:Gay_flag.svg|right|thumb|200px|Current version of the [[Gay pride flag]]]]
{{main|Rainbow flag}}
Gilbert Baker designed the [[rainbow flag]] for the 1978 San Francisco's Gay Freedom Celebration. The flag does not depict or show an actual rainbow. Rather, the colors of the rainbow are displayed as horizontal stripes, with red at the top and purple at the bottom. It represents the diversity of gays and lesbians around the world.

== Freedom rings ==

Freedom rings, designed by David Spada, are six aluminum rings, each in one of the colors of the rainbow flag. Symbolizing independence and tolerance, these rings are worn as necklaces, bracelets, rings, and key chains.

== Red ribbon ==
[[Image:Red_ribbon.png|left|thumbnail|120px|The [[Red Ribbon]]]]
{{Main|Red ribbon}}
The red ribbon the global symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]].

== Leather pride flag ==
{{Main|Leather Pride flag}}
[[Image:Leather, Latex, and BDSM pride.png|thumb|200px|The Leather Pride flag]]
Lest the gays and lesbians who pursue a sadomasochistic lifestyle be forgotten, Tony DeBlase displayed a flag with a central horizontal white band above and below which black and gray bands alternate with one another. The upper left corner of the flag is adorned with a red Valentine heart. First flown in Chicago during the 1989 Mr. Leather Contest, the flag has become known as the leather pride flag and symbolizes those who enjoy a sadomasochistic, bondage-and-discipline lifestyle in which uniforms, leather, western clothing, and other fetishes play a central part. The use of the Leather Pride flag is not exclusive to homosexuals.

== Labrys ==
[[Image:Labrys-symbol.png|left|thumbnail|120px|The [[Labrys]]]]
{{main|Labrys}}
The [[labrys]], or double-bladed battle axe, was associated with the Greek goddess Demeter (Artemis in Roman mythology). Supposedly used by Scythian Amazon warriors, who were ruled by two queens at a time. It is believed that Demeter’s devotees’ worship involved lesbian sex. The labrys represents lesbian and feminist strength and self-sufficiency.

== Bisexuality symbol ==
[[Image:Bi flag.svg|right|thumb|200px|[[Bisexual pride flag]]]]
Usually, to show a bisexual identification, women wear two of the biological symbols for female, the circles of which are linked. Bisexual men represent their sexual preference the same way, except that the biological symbol for male is used instead of the female symbol.

In 1988, Michael page designed a [[bisexual pride flag]] to represent the bisexual community. This rectangular flag consists of a broad red stripe above a narrower purple stripe beneath which is another broad stripe in blue.

== Transgendered symbol ==
[[Image:Glogoclr100.gif|left|thumb|400px|A popular variant by Nancy Nangeroni of the transgender symbol developed by Holly Boswell]]
{{main|Transgender symbols}}
Popular transgender symbols, used to identify transvestites, transsexuals, and other transgendered men and women, frequently consist of a modified biological symbol. In addition to the arrow projecting from the top right of the circle that comprises the biological symbol for the male (from the astrological symbol for [[Mars]]), and in addition to the cross projecting from the bottom of the circle that comprises the biological symbol for the female (from the astrological symbol for [[Venus]]), the symbol incorporates both these devices as well as a cross topped by an arrowhead (combining the male and the female motifs) which projects from the top left of the circle. (See also: [[Gender symbols|Gender symbols]])
[[Image:Transgender Pride flag.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Transgender Pride flag]]]]
Another transgender symbol is the [[Transgender Pride flag]] designed by Monica Helms, and first shown at a pride parade in Phoenix, Arizona, USA in 2000. The flag represents the transgendered community and consists of five horizontal stripes, two light blue, two pink, with a white stripe in the center. Helms described the meaning of the flag as follows:

<blockquote>The light blue is the traditional color for baby boys, pink is for girls, and the white in the middle is for those who are transitioning, those who feel they have a neutral gender or no gender, and those who are intersexed. The pattern is such that no matter which way you fly it, it will always be correct. This symbolizes us trying to find correctness in our own lives.</blockquote>

Other transgender symbols include the [[butterfly]] (symbolizing transformation or metamorphosis), and a pink/light blue [[yin and yang]] symbol.

== Other, lesser symbols ==

In addition to these major symbols of the GLBT community, other lesser symbols have been used to represent members’ unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one.

* American poet [[Walt Whitman]] used the [[calamus]] plant to represent homoerotic love.
* Nineteenth-century poets used the ladslove plant to symbolize homosexuality.
* In ancient Rome, as in 19th-century England, green indicated homosexual affiliations.
* Since the first century the [[hare]], the [[hyena]], and the [[weasel]] have been associated with male homosexuality.
* The [[phoenix]], representing the ability of the penis to erect and resurrect itself sexually, has long symbolized male homosexuality.
* In the early years of the 20th century, a red necktie was worn by some men to signal their homosexuality to others.
* The pinky ring was a fashionable jewelry accessory for male homosexuals during the decades of the 1950’s through the 1970’s.
* Gay activists in Boston chose the [[rhinoceros]] as a symbol of the gay movement after conducting a media campaign for this purpose, selecting this animal because, although it is sometimes misunderstood, it is really both docile and intelligent.

== External links ==

*http://www.swade.net/gallery/symbols.html shows images of these symbols and offers a brief historical account of each of them.

[[Category:LGBT symbols| ]]

[[br:Arouezioù LGBT]]

LGBT-Symbole

2006-05-13T13:18:45Z

207.200.116.73: /* Transgendered symbol */

{{LGBT}}
Like many other organizations and communities, members of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered ([[GLBT]]) community have adopted certain symbols by which they are identified and by which they demonstrate unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another.

== Pink and black triangles ==
[[Image:Pink triangle.svg|thumb|125px|left|The pink triangle was originally used to denote homosexual men as a [[Nazi concentration camp badges|Nazi concentration camp badge]].]]
[[Image:Black triangle.svg|right|thumb|125px|The black triangle was used to mark [[lesbian]]s, [[Prostitution|prostitutes]] or women who used [[birth control]] (among others) in [[Nazi concentration camp]]s.]]
One of the oldest of these symbols is the [[pink triangle]], which originated from the [[Nazi concentration camp badges]] that homosexuals were required to wear on their clothing. It is estimated that as many as 220,000 gays and lesbians perished alongside the 6,000,000 Jews whom the Nazis exterminated in their death camps during World War II as part of Hitler’s so-called final solution. For this reason, the pink triangle is used both as an identification symbol and as a memento to remind both its wearers and the general public of the atrocities that gays suffered under Nazi persecutors. [[ACT-UP]] (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) also adopted the inverted pink triangle to symbolize the “active fight back” against the disease “rather than a passive resignation to fate.”

The Nazis compelled “undesirable” women, including lesbians, to wear the inverted [[black triangle]]. Modern-day lesbians have reclaimed this symbol for themselves as gay men have reclaimed the pink triangle.

''See also: [[History of gays in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust]]''

== Lambda ==

In 1970, the Greek letter lambda was selected to symbolize the [[Gay Activists Alliance]]’s campaign for [[gay liberation]], and, four years later. the International Gay Rights Congress in Edinburgh, Scotland, chose the same symbol to represent lesbian and gay rights. As a result, the lambda has become internationally known. It is traditional for the lambda to be shown in lavender, a color which, like pink, is often associated with homosexuality.

== Rainbow flag ==
[[Image:Gay_flag.svg|right|thumb|200px|Current version of the [[Gay pride flag]]]]
{{main|Rainbow flag}}
Gilbert Baker designed the [[rainbow flag]] for the 1978 San Francisco's Gay Freedom Celebration. The flag does not depict or show an actual rainbow. Rather, the colors of the rainbow are displayed as horizontal stripes, with red at the top and purple at the bottom. It represents the diversity of gays and lesbians around the world.

== Freedom rings ==

Freedom rings, designed by David Spada, are six aluminum rings, each in one of the colors of the rainbow flag. Symbolizing independence and tolerance, these rings are worn as necklaces, bracelets, rings, and key chains.

== Red ribbon ==
[[Image:Red_ribbon.png|left|thumbnail|120px|The [[Red Ribbon]]]]
{{Main|Red ribbon}}
The red ribbon the global symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]].

== Leather pride flag ==
{{Main|Leather Pride flag}}
[[Image:Leather, Latex, and BDSM pride.png|thumb|200px|The Leather Pride flag]]
Lest the gays and lesbians who pursue a sadomasochistic lifestyle be forgotten, Tony DeBlase displayed a flag with a central horizontal white band above and below which black and gray bands alternate with one another. The upper left corner of the flag is adorned with a red Valentine heart. First flown in Chicago during the 1989 Mr. Leather Contest, the flag has become known as the leather pride flag and symbolizes those who enjoy a sadomasochistic, bondage-and-discipline lifestyle in which uniforms, leather, western clothing, and other fetishes play a central part. The use of the Leather Pride flag is not exclusive to homosexuals.

== Labrys ==
[[Image:Labrys-symbol.png|left|thumbnail|120px|The [[Labrys]]]]
{{main|Labrys}}
The [[labrys]], or double-bladed battle axe, was associated with the Greek goddess Demeter (Artemis in Roman mythology). Supposedly used by Scythian Amazon warriors, who were ruled by two queens at a time. It is believed that Demeter’s devotees’ worship involved lesbian sex. The labrys represents lesbian and feminist strength and self-sufficiency.

== Bisexuality symbol ==
[[Image:Bi flag.svg|right|thumb|200px|[[Bisexual pride flag]]]]
Usually, to show a bisexual identification, women wear two of the biological symbols for female, the circles of which are linked. Bisexual men represent their sexual preference the same way, except that the biological symbol for male is used instead of the female symbol.

In 1988, Michael page designed a [[bisexual pride flag]] to represent the bisexual community.

== Transgendered symbol ==
[[Image:Glogoclr100.gif|left|thumb|400px|A popular variant by Nancy Nangeroni of the transgender symbol developed by Holly Boswell]]
{{main|Transgender symbols}}
Popular transgender symbols, used to identify transvestites, transsexuals, and other transgendered men and women, frequently consist of a modified biological symbol. In addition to the arrow projecting from the top right of the circle that comprises the biological symbol for the male (from the astrological symbol for [[Mars]]), and in addition to the cross projecting from the bottom of the circle that comprises the biological symbol for the female (from the astrological symbol for [[Venus]]), the symbol incorporates both these devices as well as a cross topped by an arrowhead (combining the male and the female motifs) which projects from the top left of the circle. (See also: [[Gender symbols|Gender symbols]])
[[Image:Transgender Pride flag.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Transgender Pride flag]]]]
Another transgender symbol is the [[Transgender Pride flag]] designed by Monica Helms, and first shown at a pride parade in Phoenix, Arizona, USA in 2000. The flag represents the transgendered community and consists of five horizontal stripes, two light blue, two pink, with a white stripe in the center. Helms described the meaning of the flag as follows:

<blockquote>The light blue is the traditional color for baby boys, pink is for girls, and the white in the middle is for those who are transitioning, those who feel they have a neutral gender or no gender, and those who are intersexed. The pattern is such that no matter which way you fly it, it will always be correct. This symbolizes us trying to find correctness in our own lives.</blockquote>

Other transgender symbols include the [[butterfly]] (symbolizing transformation or metamorphosis), and a pink/light blue [[yin and yang]] symbol.

== Other, lesser symbols ==

In addition to these major symbols of the GLBT community, other lesser symbols have been used to represent members’ unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one.

* American poet [[Walt Whitman]] used the [[calamus]] plant to represent homoerotic love.
* Nineteenth-century poets used the ladslove plant to symbolize homosexuality.
* In ancient Rome, as in 19th-century England, green indicated homosexual affiliations.
* Since the first century the [[hare]], the [[hyena]], and the [[weasel]] have been associated with male homosexuality.
* The [[phoenix]], representing the ability of the penis to erect and resurrect itself sexually, has long symbolized male homosexuality.
* In the early years of the 20th century, a red necktie was worn by some men to signal their homosexuality to others.
* The pinky ring was a fashionable jewelry accessory for male homosexuals during the decades of the 1950’s through the 1970’s.
* Gay activists in Boston chose the [[rhinoceros]] as a symbol of the gay movement after conducting a media campaign for this purpose, selecting this animal because, although it is sometimes misunderstood, it is really both docile and intelligent.

== External links ==

*http://www.swade.net/gallery/symbols.html shows images of these symbols and offers a brief historical account of each of them.

[[Category:LGBT symbols| ]]

[[br:Arouezioù LGBT]]

LGBT-Symbole

2006-05-13T13:17:17Z

207.200.116.73: /* Other, lesser symbols */

{{LGBT}}
Like many other organizations and communities, members of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered ([[GLBT]]) community have adopted certain symbols by which they are identified and by which they demonstrate unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another.

== Pink and black triangles ==
[[Image:Pink triangle.svg|thumb|125px|left|The pink triangle was originally used to denote homosexual men as a [[Nazi concentration camp badges|Nazi concentration camp badge]].]]
[[Image:Black triangle.svg|right|thumb|125px|The black triangle was used to mark [[lesbian]]s, [[Prostitution|prostitutes]] or women who used [[birth control]] (among others) in [[Nazi concentration camp]]s.]]
One of the oldest of these symbols is the [[pink triangle]], which originated from the [[Nazi concentration camp badges]] that homosexuals were required to wear on their clothing. It is estimated that as many as 220,000 gays and lesbians perished alongside the 6,000,000 Jews whom the Nazis exterminated in their death camps during World War II as part of Hitler’s so-called final solution. For this reason, the pink triangle is used both as an identification symbol and as a memento to remind both its wearers and the general public of the atrocities that gays suffered under Nazi persecutors. [[ACT-UP]] (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) also adopted the inverted pink triangle to symbolize the “active fight back” against the disease “rather than a passive resignation to fate.”

The Nazis compelled “undesirable” women, including lesbians, to wear the inverted [[black triangle]]. Modern-day lesbians have reclaimed this symbol for themselves as gay men have reclaimed the pink triangle.

''See also: [[History of gays in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust]]''

== Lambda ==

In 1970, the Greek letter lambda was selected to symbolize the [[Gay Activists Alliance]]’s campaign for [[gay liberation]], and, four years later. the International Gay Rights Congress in Edinburgh, Scotland, chose the same symbol to represent lesbian and gay rights. As a result, the lambda has become internationally known. It is traditional for the lambda to be shown in lavender, a color which, like pink, is often associated with homosexuality.

== Rainbow flag ==
[[Image:Gay_flag.svg|right|thumb|200px|Current version of the [[Gay pride flag]]]]
{{main|Rainbow flag}}
Gilbert Baker designed the [[rainbow flag]] for the 1978 San Francisco's Gay Freedom Celebration. The flag does not depict or show an actual rainbow. Rather, the colors of the rainbow are displayed as horizontal stripes, with red at the top and purple at the bottom. It represents the diversity of gays and lesbians around the world.

== Freedom rings ==

Freedom rings, designed by David Spada, are six aluminum rings, each in one of the colors of the rainbow flag. Symbolizing independence and tolerance, these rings are worn as necklaces, bracelets, rings, and key chains.

== Red ribbon ==
[[Image:Red_ribbon.png|left|thumbnail|120px|The [[Red Ribbon]]]]
{{Main|Red ribbon}}
The red ribbon the global symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]].

== Leather pride flag ==
{{Main|Leather Pride flag}}
[[Image:Leather, Latex, and BDSM pride.png|thumb|200px|The Leather Pride flag]]
Lest the gays and lesbians who pursue a sadomasochistic lifestyle be forgotten, Tony DeBlase displayed a flag with a central horizontal white band above and below which black and gray bands alternate with one another. The upper left corner of the flag is adorned with a red Valentine heart. First flown in Chicago during the 1989 Mr. Leather Contest, the flag has become known as the leather pride flag and symbolizes those who enjoy a sadomasochistic, bondage-and-discipline lifestyle in which uniforms, leather, western clothing, and other fetishes play a central part. The use of the Leather Pride flag is not exclusive to homosexuals.

== Labrys ==
[[Image:Labrys-symbol.png|left|thumbnail|120px|The [[Labrys]]]]
{{main|Labrys}}
The [[labrys]], or double-bladed battle axe, was associated with the Greek goddess Demeter (Artemis in Roman mythology). Supposedly used by Scythian Amazon warriors, who were ruled by two queens at a time. It is believed that Demeter’s devotees’ worship involved lesbian sex. The labrys represents lesbian and feminist strength and self-sufficiency.

== Bisexuality symbol ==
[[Image:Bi flag.svg|right|thumb|200px|[[Bisexual pride flag]]]]
Usually, to show a bisexual identification, women wear two of the biological symbols for female, the circles of which are linked. Bisexual men represent their sexual preference the same way, except that the biological symbol for male is used instead of the female symbol.

In 1988, Michael page designed a [[bisexual pride flag]] to represent the bisexual community.

== Transgendered symbol ==
[[Image:Glogoclr100.gif|left|thumb|400px|A popular variant by Nancy Nangeroni of the transgender symbol developed by Holly Boswell]]
{{main|Transgender symbols}}
Popular transgender symbols used to identify transvestites, transsexuals, and other transgendered men and women, frequently consist of a modified biological symbol. In addition to the arrow projecting from the top right of the circle that comprises the biological symbol for the male (from the astrological symbol for [[Mars]]), and in addition to the cross projecting from the bottom of the circle that comprises the biological symbol for the female (from the astrological symbol for [[Venus]]), the symbol incorporates both these devices as well as a cross topped by an arrowhead (combining the male and the female motifs) which projects from the top left of the circle. (See also: [[Gender symbols|Gender symbols]])
[[Image:Transgender Pride flag.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Transgender Pride flag]]]]
Another transgender symbol is the [[Transgender Pride flag]] designed by Monica Helms, and first shown at a pride parade in Phoenix, Arizona, USA in 2000. The flag represents the transgendered community and consists of five horizontal stripes, two light blue, two pink, with a white stripe in the center. Helms described the meaning of the flag as follows:

<blockquote>The light blue is the traditional color for baby boys, pink is for girls, and the white in the middle is for those who are transitioning, those who feel they have a neutral gender or no gender, and those who are intersexed. The pattern is such that no matter which way you fly it, it will always be correct. This symbolizes us trying to find correctness in our own lives.</blockquote>

Other transgender symbols include the [[butterfly]] (symbolizing transformation or metamorphosis), and a pink/light blue [[yin and yang]] symbol.

== Other, lesser symbols ==

In addition to these major symbols of the GLBT community, other lesser symbols have been used to represent members’ unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one.

* American poet [[Walt Whitman]] used the [[calamus]] plant to represent homoerotic love.
* Nineteenth-century poets used the ladslove plant to symbolize homosexuality.
* In ancient Rome, as in 19th-century England, green indicated homosexual affiliations.
* Since the first century the [[hare]], the [[hyena]], and the [[weasel]] have been associated with male homosexuality.
* The [[phoenix]], representing the ability of the penis to erect and resurrect itself sexually, has long symbolized male homosexuality.
* In the early years of the 20th century, a red necktie was worn by some men to signal their homosexuality to others.
* The pinky ring was a fashionable jewelry accessory for male homosexuals during the decades of the 1950’s through the 1970’s.
* Gay activists in Boston chose the [[rhinoceros]] as a symbol of the gay movement after conducting a media campaign for this purpose, selecting this animal because, although it is sometimes misunderstood, it is really both docile and intelligent.

== External links ==

*http://www.swade.net/gallery/symbols.html shows images of these symbols and offers a brief historical account of each of them.

[[Category:LGBT symbols| ]]

[[br:Arouezioù LGBT]]

Gangster Disciples

2006-04-19T00:39:22Z

207.200.116.73:

The '''Gangster Disciples''', headed by [[Larry Hoover]], are one of the largest [[African American]] [[street gang]]s in the [[United States]]. Originally formed on the south side of [[Chicago]], they still have a wide presence there and in other [[midwest]] cities. They are apart of the ''Folks'' coalition of gangs which includes the [[Black Disciples]], [[Maniac Latin Disciples]], [[Spanish Cobras]], [[Simon City Royals]] and a number of others.

Symbols used by the Gangster Disciples include a six pointed star ([[Star of David]]) in remembrance to one of the originators David Barksdale, (there is no connection to the [[Jewish]] symbol) pitchforks, and a heart with wings, horns and a tail. The gangs colors are royal blue and black.

The Gangster Disciples are known to be involved in about $100 million a year of [[drug trafficking]].

Their main rivals are the [[Vice Lords]] and [[Black P. Stones]].

Gangster Disciples

2006-04-19T00:35:39Z

207.200.116.73:

The '''Gangster Disciples''', headed by [[Larry Hoover]], are one of the largest African American [[street gang]]s in the [[United States]]. Originally formed on the south side of [[Chicago]], they still have a wide presence there and in other [[midwest]] cities. They are apart of the ''Folks'' coalition of gangs which includes the [[Black Disciples]], [[Maniac Latin Disciples]], [[Spanish Cobras]], [[Simon City Royals]] and a number of others.

Symbols used by the Gangster Disciples include a six pointed star ([[Star of David]]) in remembrance to one of the originators David Barksdale, (there is no connection to the [[Jewish]] symbol) pitchforks, and a heart with wings, horns and a tail. The gangs colors are royal blue and black.

The Gangster Disciples are known to be involved in about $100 million a year of [[drug trafficking]].

Their main rivals are the [[Vice Lords]] and [[Black P. Stones]].

Gangster Disciples

2006-04-19T00:33:33Z

207.200.116.73:

The '''Gangster Disciples''' are one of the largest African American [[street gang]]s in the [[United States]]. Originally formed on the south side of [[Chicago]], they still have a wide presence there and in other [[midwest]] cities. They are apart of the ''Folks'' coalition of gangs which includes the [[Black Disciples]], [[Maniac Latin Disciples]], [[Spanish Cobras]], [[Simon City Royals]] and a number of others.

Symbols used by the Gangster Disciples include a six pointed star ([[Star of David]]) in remembrance to one of the originators David Barksdale, (there is no connection to the [[Jewish]] symbol) pitchforks, and a heart with wings, horns and a tail. The gangs colors are royal blue and black.

The Gangster Disciples are known to be involved in about $100 million a year of [[drug trafficking]].

Their main rivals are the [[Vice Lords]] and [[Black P. Stones]].

Gangster Disciples

2006-04-19T00:33:03Z

207.200.116.73:

The '''Gangster Disciples''' are one of the largest African American [[street gang]]s in the [[United States]]. Originally formed on the south side of [[Chicago]], they still have a wide presence there and in other [[midwest]] cities. They are apart of the ''Folks'' coalition of gangs which includes the Black Disciples, [[Maniac Latin Disciples]], [[Spanish Cobras]], [[Simon City Royals]] and a number of others.

Symbols used by the Gangster Disciples include a six pointed star ([[Star of David]]) in remembrance to one of the originators David Barksdale, (there is no connection to the [[Jewish]] symbol) pitchforks, and a heart with wings, horns and a tail. The gangs colors are royal blue and black.

The Gangster Disciples are known to be involved in about $100 million a year of [[drug trafficking]].

Their main rivals are the [[Vice Lords]] and [[Black P. Stones]].

Gangster Disciples

2006-04-19T00:26:57Z

207.200.116.73:

The '''Gangster Disciples''' are one of the largest African American [[street gang]]s in the [[United States]]. Originally formed on the south side of [[Chicago]], they still have a wide presence there and in other [[midwest]] cities. They are apart of the ''Folks'' coalition of gangs which includes the Black Disciples, Maniac Latin Disciples, Spanish Cobras, Simon City Royals and a number of others.

Symbols used by the Gangster Disciples include a six pointed star ([[Star of David]]) in remembrance to one of the originators David Barksdale, (there is no connection to the [[Jewish]] symbol) pitchforks, and a heart with wings, horns and a tail. The gangs colors are royal blue and black.

The Gangster Disciples are known to be involved in about $100 million a year of [[drug trafficking]].

Their main rivals are the [[Vice Lords]] and [[Black P. Stones]].

Gangster Disciples

2006-04-19T00:14:49Z

207.200.116.73:

The '''Gangster Disciples''' are one of the largest African American [[street gang]]s in the [[United States]]. Originally formed on the south side of [[Chicago]], they still have a wide presence there and in other [[midwest]] cities. They are apart of the ''Folks'' coalition of gangs which includes the Black Disciples, Maniac Latin Disciples, Spanish Cobras, Simon City Royals and a number of others.

Symbols used by the Gangster Disciples include a six pointed star ([[Star of David]]) in remembrance to one of the originators David Barksdale, (there is no connection to the [[Jewish]] symbol) pitchforks, and a heart with wings, horns and a tail. The gangs colors are royal blue and black.

The Gangster Disciples are known to be involved in about $100 million a year of [[drug trafficking]].

Their main rivals are the [[Vice Lords]] and [[Latin Kings]].

LGBT-Symbole

2006-04-09T04:02:20Z

207.200.116.73: /* Rainbow flag */

Like many other organizations and communities, members of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered ([[GLBT]]) community have adopted certain symbols by which they are identified and by which they demonstrate unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another.

== Pink and black triangles ==
[[Image:Pink triangle.svg|thumb|125px|left|The pink triangle was originally used to denote homosexual men as a [[Nazi concentration camp badges|Nazi concentration camp badge]].]]
[[Image:Black triangle.svg|right|thumb|125px|The black triangle was used to mark [[lesbian]]s, [[Prostitution|prostitutes]] or women who used [[birth control]] (among others) in [[Nazi concentration camp]]s.]]
One of the oldest of these symbols is the [[pink triangle]], which originated from the [[Nazi concentration camp badges]] that homosexuals were required to wear on their clothing. It is estimated that as many as 220,000 gays and lesbians perished alongside the 6,000,000 Jews whom the Nazis exterminated in their death camps during World War II as part of Hitler’s so-called final solution. For this reason, the pink triangle is used both as an identification symbol and as a memento to remind both its wearers and the general public of the atrocities that gays suffered under Nazi persecutors. [[ACT-UP]] (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) also adopted the inverted pink triangle to symbolize the “active fight back” against the disease “rather than a passive resignation to fate.”

The Nazis compelled “undesirable” women, including lesbians, to wear the inverted [[black triangle]]. Modern-day lesbians have reclaimed this symbol for themselves as gay men have reclaimed the pink triangle.

''See also: [[History of gays in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust]]''

== Lambda ==

In 1970, the Greek letter lambda was selected to symbolize the [[Gay Activists Alliance]]’s campaign for [[gay liberation]], and, four years later. the International Gay Rights Congress in Edinburgh, Scotland, chose the same symbol to represent lesbian and gay rights. As a result, the lambda has become internationally known. It is traditional for the lambda to be shown in lavender, a color which, like pink, is often associated with homosexuality.

== Rainbow flag ==
[[Image:Gay_flag.svg|right|thumb|200px|Current version of the [[Gay pride flag]]]]
{{main|Rainbow flag}}
Gilbert Baker designed the [[rainbow flag]] for the 1978 San Francisco's Gay Freedom Celebration. The flag does not depict or show an actual rainbow. Rather, the colors of the rainbow are displayed as horizontal stripes, with red at the top and purple at the bottom. It represents the diversity of gays and lesbians around the world.

== Freedom rings ==

Freedom rings, designed by David Spada, are six aluminum rings, each in one of the colors of the rainbow flag. Symbolizing independence and tolerance, these rings are worn as necklaces, bracelets, rings, and key chains.

== Red ribbon ==
[[Image:Red_ribbon.png|left|thumbnail|120px|The [[Red Ribbon]]]]
{{Main|Red ribbon}}
The red ribbon the global symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]].

== Leather pride flag ==
[[Image:Leather, Latex, and BDSM pride.png|thumb|200px|The [[Leather Pride flag]]]]
Lest the gays and lesbians who pursue a sadomasochistic lifestyle be forgotten, Tony DeBlase displayed a flag with a central horizontal white band above and below which black and gray bands alternate with one another. The upper left corner of the flag is adorned with a red Valentine heart. First flown in Chicago during the 1989 Mr. Leather Contest, the flag has become known as the leather pride flag and symbolizes those who enjoy a sadomasochistic, bondage-and-discipline lifestyle in which uniforms, leather, western clothing, and other fetishes play a central part.

== Labrys ==
[[Image:Labrys-symbol.png|left|thumbnail|120px|The [[Labrys]]]]
{{main|Labrys}}
The [[labrys]], or double-bladed battle axe, was associated with the Greek goddess Demeter (Artemis in Roman mythology). Supposedly used by Scythian Amazon warriors, who were ruled by two queens at a time. It is believed that Demeter’s devotees’ worship involved lesbian sex. The labrys represents lesbian and feminist strength and self-sufficiency.

== Bisexuality symbol ==
[[Image:Bi flag.svg|right|thumb|200px|[[Bisexual pride flag]]]]
Usually, to show a bisexual identification, women wear two of the biological symbols for female, the circles of which are linked. Bisexual men represent their sexual preference the same way, except that the biological symbol for male is used instead of the female symbol.

In 1988, Michael page designed a [[bisexual pride flag]] to represent the bisexual community.

== Transgendered symbol ==
[[Image:Glogoclr100.gif|left|thumb|400px|A popular variant by Nancy Nangeroni of the transgender symbol developed by Holly Boswell]]
{{main|Transgender symbols}}
Popular transgender symbols used to identify transvestites, transsexuals, and other transgendered men and women, frequently consist of a modified biological symbol. In addition to the arrow projecting from the top right of the circle that comprises the biological symbol for the male (based on Mars, the arrow representing the Greek war god’s spear), and in addition to the cross projecting from the bottom of the circle that comprises the biological symbol for the female (based on Demeter, the circle-and-cross combination representing her hand mirror), the symbol incorporates both these devices as well as a cross topped by an arrowhead (combining the male and the female motifs) which projects from the top left of the circle.
[[Image:Transgender Pride flag.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Transgender Pride flag]]]]
Another transgender symbol is the [[Transgender Pride flag]] designed by Monica Helms, and first shown at a pride parade in Phoenix, Arizona, USA in 2000. The flag represents the transgendered community and consists of five horizontal stripes, two light blue, two pink, with a white stripe in the center. Helms described the meaning of the flag as follows:

<blockquote>The light blue is the traditional color for baby boys, pink is for girls, and the white in the middle is for those who are transitioning, those who feel they have a neutral gender or no gender, and those who are intersexed. The pattern is such that no matter which way you fly it, it will always be correct. This symbolizes us trying to find correctness in our own lives.</blockquote>

Other transgender symbols include the [[butterfly]] (symbolizing transformation or metamorphosis), and a pink/light blue [[yin and yang]] symbol.

== Other, lesser symbols ==

In addition to these major symbols of the GLBT community, other lesser symbols have been used to represent members’ unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one.

* [[Walt Whitman]] used the [[calamus]] plant to represent homoerotic love.
* Nineteenth-century poets used the ladslove plant to symbolize homosexuality.
* In ancient Rome, as in 19th-century England, green indicated homosexual affiliations.
* Since the first century the [[hare]], the [[hyena]], and the [[weasel]] have been associated with male homosexuality.
* The [[phoenix]], representing the ability of the penis to erect and resurrect itself sexually, has long symbolized male homosexuality.
* In the early years of the 20th century, a red necktie was worn by some men to signal their homosexuality to others.
* The pinky ring was a fashionable jewelry accessory for male homosexuals during the decades of the 1950’s through the 1970’s.
* Gay activists in Boston chose the [[rhinoceros]] as a symbol of the gay movement after conducting a media campaign for this purpose, selecting this animal because, although it is sometimes misunderstood, it is really both docile and intelligent.

== External links ==

*http://www.swade.net/gallery/symbols.html shows images of these symbols and offers a brief historical account of each of them.

[[Category:LGBT symbols| ]]

[[br:Arouezioù LGBT]]

LGBT-Symbole

2006-04-08T07:11:39Z

207.200.116.73: /* Transgendered symbol */

Like many other organizations and communities, members of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered ([[GLBT]]) community have adopted certain symbols by which they are identified and by which they demonstrate unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another.

== Pink and black triangles ==
[[Image:Pink triangle.svg|thumb|125px|left|The pink triangle was originally used to denote homosexual men as a [[Nazi concentration camp badges|Nazi concentration camp badge]].]]
[[Image:Black triangle.svg|right|thumb|125px|The black triangle was used to mark [[lesbian]]s, [[Prostitution|prostitutes]] or women who used [[birth control]] (among others) in [[Nazi concentration camp]]s.]]
One of the oldest of these symbols is the [[pink triangle]], which originated from the [[Nazi concentration camp badges]] that homosexuals were required to wear on their clothing. It is estimated that as many as 220,000 gays and lesbians perished alongside the 6,000,000 Jews whom the Nazis exterminated in their death camps during World War II as part of Hitler’s so-called final solution. For this reason, the pink triangle is used both as an identification symbol and as a memento to remind both its wearers and the general public of the atrocities that gays suffered under Nazi persecutors. [[ACT-UP]] (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) also adopted the inverted pink triangle to symbolize the “active fight back” against the disease “rather than a passive resignation to fate.”

The Nazis compelled “undesirable” women, including lesbians, to wear the inverted [[black triangle]]. Modern-day lesbians have reclaimed this symbol for themselves as gay men have reclaimed the pink triangle.

''See also: [[History of gays in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust]]''

== Lambda ==

In 1970, the Greek letter lambda was selected to symbolize the [[Gay Activists Alliance]]’s campaign for [[gay liberation]], and, four years later. the International Gay Rights Congress in Edinburgh, Scotland, chose the same symbol to represent lesbian and gay rights. As a result, the lambda has become internationally known. It is traditional for the lambda to be shown in lavender, a color which, like pink, is often associated with homosexuality.

== Rainbow flag ==
[[Image:Gay_flag.svg|right|thumb|200px|Current version of the [[Gay pride flag]]]]
{{main|Rainbow flag}}
Gilbert Baker designed the [[rainbow flag]] for the 1978 San Francisco's Gay Freedom Celebration. The flag does not depict or show an actual rainbow. Rather. The colors of the rainbow are displayed as horizontal stripes, with red at the top and purple at the bottom. It represents the diversity of gays and lesbians around the world.

== Freedom rings ==

Freedom rings, designed by David Spada, are six aluminum rings, each in one of the colors of the rainbow flag. Symbolizing independence and tolerance, these rings are worn as necklaces, bracelets, rings, and key chains.

== Red ribbon ==
[[Image:Red_ribbon.png|left|thumbnail|120px|The [[Red Ribbon]]]]
{{Main|Red ribbon}}
The red ribbon the global symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]].

== Leather pride flag ==
[[Image:Leather, Latex, and BDSM pride.png|thumb|200px|The [[Leather Pride flag]]]]
Lest the gays and lesbians who pursue a sadomasochistic lifestyle be forgotten, Tony DeBlase displayed a flag with a central horizontal white band above and below which black and gray bands alternate with one another. The upper left corner of the flag is adorned with a red Valentine heart. First flown in Chicago during the 1989 Mr. Leather Contest, the flag has become known as the leather pride flag and symbolizes those who enjoy a sadomasochistic, bondage-and-discipline lifestyle in which uniforms, leather, western clothing, and other fetishes play a central part.

== Labrys ==
[[Image:Labrys-symbol.png|left|thumbnail|120px|The [[Labrys]]]]
{{main|Labrys}}
The [[labrys]], or double-bladed battle axe, was associated with the Greek goddess Demeter (Artemis in Roman mythology). Supposedly used by Scythian Amazon warriors, who were ruled by two queens at a time. It is believed that Demeter’s devotees’ worship involved lesbian sex. The labrys represents lesbian and feminist strength and self-sufficiency.

== Bisexuality symbol ==
[[Image:Bi flag.svg|right|thumb|200px|[[Bisexual pride flag]]]]
Usually, to show a bisexual identification, women wear two of the biological symbols for female, the circles of which are linked. Bisexual men represent their sexual preference the same way, except that the biological symbol for male is used instead of the female symbol.

In 1988, Michael page designed a [[bisexual pride flag]] to represent the bisexual community.

== Transgendered symbol ==
[[Image:Glogoclr100.gif|left|thumb|400px|A popular variant by Nancy Nangeroni of the transgender symbol developed by Holly Boswell]]
{{main|Transgender symbols}}
The International Foundation for Gender Education (IFGE) logo has become the symbol used to identify transvestites, transsexuals, and other transgendered men and women. It consists of a modified biological symbol shown on an inverted pink triangle. Instead of the arrow projecting from the top right of the circle that comprises the biological symbol for the male (based on Mars, the arrow representing the Greek war god’s spear) or the cross projecting from the bottom of the circle that comprises the biological symbol for the female (based on Demeter, the circle-and-cross combination representing her hand mirror), the symbol incorporates both these devices as well as a cross topped by an arrowhead (combining the male and the female motifs) which projects from the top left of the circle.
[[Image:Transgender Pride flag.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Transgender Pride flag]]]]
Another transgender symbol is the [[Transgender Pride flag]] designed by Monica Helms, and first shown at a pride parade in Phoenix, Arizona, USA in 2000. The flag represents the transgendered community and consists of five horizontal stripes, two light blue, two pink, with a white stripe in the center. Helms described the meaning of the flag as follows:

<blockquote>The light blue is the traditional color for baby boys, pink is for girls, and the white in the middle is for those who are transitioning, those who feel they have a neutral gender or no gender, and those who are intersexed. The pattern is such that no matter which way you fly it, it will always be correct. This symbolizes us trying to find correctness in our own lives.</blockquote>

Other transgender symbols include the [[butterfly]] (symbolizing transformation or metamorphosis), and a pink/light blue [[yin and yang]] symbol.

== Other, lesser symbols ==

In addition to these major symbols of the GLBT community, other lesser symbols have been used to represent members’ unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one.

* [[Walt Whitman]] used the [[calamus]] plant to represent homoerotic love.
* Nineteenth-century poets used the ladslove plant to symbolize homosexuality.
* In ancient Rome, as in 19th-century England, green indicated homosexual affiliations.
* Since the first century the [[hare]], the [[hyena]], and the [[weasel]] have been associated with male homosexuality.
* The [[phoenix]], representing the ability of the penis to erect and resurrect itself sexually, has long symbolized male homosexuality.
* In the early years of the 20th century, a red necktie was worn by some men to signal their homosexuality to others.
* The pinky ring was a fashionable jewelry accessory for male homosexuals during the decades of the 1950’s through the 1970’s.
* Gay activists in Boston chose the [[rhinoceros]] as a symbol of the gay movement after conducting a media campaign for this purpose, selecting this animal because, although it is sometimes misunderstood, it is really both docile and intelligent.

== External links ==

*http://www.swade.net/gallery/symbols.html shows images of these symbols and offers a brief historical account of each of them.

[[Category:LGBT symbols| ]]

[[br:Arouezioù LGBT]]

Geschichte der Juden auf den Philippinen

2005-12-10T01:01:00Z

207.200.116.73: /* Pre and Post WWII and Exodus to the US */

{{Jew}}As of [[2005]] the population of [[Jew]]s in the [[Philippines]] stands at the very most 500 people. Other estimates range between 100 and 500 people (0.000001% and 0.000005% of the country's total population). [[Manila]] boasts the largest Jewish community, though even here it consists of around 40 families, give or take a few. There are of course other Jews elsewhere in the country, but these are obviously fewer and almost all [[transient]]s, either [[diplomat]]s or business envoys. Their existence is almost totally unknown in mainstream society. There are a few [[Israel]]is in Manila recruiting caregivers for Israel and a few other executives.

==History==
===Spanish era: Sephardim and the Inquisition===
The history of the Philippines' first Jewish presence spans back to the [[16th century]], to a few individuals during the [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonial era]]. It was then that the earliest Jews in the Philippines are historically documented, when two [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] brothers (Jews of Spanish origin), Jorge and Domingo Rodríguez, are recorded as having reached Manila in the 1590's. By 1593 both were tried and convicted as ''Judaizantes'' (practicing Jews) at an [[auto de fe]] at the [[Mexico City]] office of the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. Known as [[Marrano]]s or ''nuevos cristianos'' ("New Christians"; newly [[Religious conversion|converted]] to [[Christianity]]), the two brothers had accompanied the Spanish [[conquistadors]] who colonised the Philippines. Eight other marranos in the Philippines were subsequently tried and convicted.

The first permanent settlement of Jews in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial years began in [[1870]] with the arrival of three [[Levy]] brothers from [[Alsace-Lorraine]], who were escaping the aftermath of the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. As succesful [[entrepreneur]]s, the businesses of the three brother grew, and with the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in [[March]] [[1869]] it provided a more direct trading route between Europe and the Philippines, attracting other Jews to Manila. By the end of the Spanish period, the Levy brothers had been joined by [[Egyptian Jews]] ([[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahim]]), and Sephardim from [[Turkey]] and [[Syria]], creating a community of about fifty individuals.

===American era===
It was not until the [[Spanish-American War]] at the end of the 19th century, when the [[United States]] took control of the islands from [[Spain]], that the Jewish community grew more than a few individuals. By [[1918]], twenty years after the Americans took over the Philippines, the Manila Jewish community totalled about 150 people, including a number of [[Russian Jews]]. By 1936, the Jewish community in the Philippines had a total population of about 500 persons.

A number of Jews were among the [[Thomasites]], a group of American educators who volunteered to teach and set up institutions around the country. A number of American Jews, chose to settle. This included engineers, business men, architects, physicians and others. The founder of the [[Makati Stock Exchange]] is an American Jew.

===Pre and Post WWII and Exodus to the US===
[[Image:Cantor Joseph Cysner.jpeg|left|thumb|200px|Cantor Joseph Cysner, inside Temple Emil, Manila, 1941.]]
The largest influx of Jews in Philippine history occurred in the years leading up to [[WWII]]. In the late 1930's the [[Jewish American]] cigar manufacturer [[Alex Frieder]] - an expatriate from [[Cincinnati]] resident in the Philippines - along with his three brothers Philip, Morris and Herbert, organised the [[Jewish Refugee Committee]] after seeing [[Jewish refugees]] stranded at Philippine ports after having escaped on ships from escalating persecution in Europe. They coordinate for 1,200 mostly [[Germany|German]] and [[Austrian]] [[Jewish refugees]] to obtain [[passport]]s and [[visa]]s to enter the Philippines. At first the Frieder's intended to help some 10,000 people make their way to the islands, but this was hampered by Japanese interventions. The Frieder brothers achieved the granting of permits of entry with the help of Alex's close friends, the then President of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]], [[Manuel L. Quezon]], and Commissioner of the Philippines, [[Paul V. McNutt]].

For the refugees that did manage to settle in the Philippines, the committee organised finding employment and new homes for them in [[Manila]]. Though relatively modest in numbers, the newly arrived refugees overwhelmed the tiny Jewish community, and multiplied its numbers overnight.

At their height, Jews [[resident]] in the Philippines at one stage numbered over 1,000.&dagger; The period in which most of these Jews arrived was under president [[Manuel L. Quezon]], when he allowed them entry as persecution in [[Europe]] increased, which eventually led to the [[Jewish Holocaust]].

Except for the first few intrepid Sephardi individuals who made their way to the archipelago during the colonial era, the entire population of Jews ever present in the Philippines were of Northern and Eastern European origin ([[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazim]]). Eventually, all but a few found there way to other destinations, mainly the [[United States]].

==Communal Life==
[[Image:Temple Emil.jpeg|right|thumb|250px|Temple Emil, Manila, c. 1940.]]The original established community of the 1870's had largely been [[secular]] and decentralised, but with the rise of [[anti-Semitism]] in Europe, and the following tide of Jewish refugees arriving to the Philippines - relative to the community's population numbers in Manila - sparked a renewed Jewish consciousness.

The one and only [[synagogue]] in the country - the second ever built in the Philippines - is Manila's [[Beth Yaakov Synagogue]], located at Taft and Quirino Avenues. It was built in the 1980's. The only other synagogue which existed prior to the erection of Beth Yaakov Synagogue was [[Temple Emil]], built in the 1920's. Unfortunately, Temple [[Emil]] was destroyed by the [[Japanese]] during [[WWII]], a time when the Jewish community of Manila saw itself under attack, and many were interned in Japanese detention camps. Interesingly, at first [[German Jews]] in the Philippines were not detained, as the Japanese regarded them nationals of their ally, [[Germany]]. However, the [[Nazis]] were able to contact the Japanese and influence them. The German Jews were segregated from other non-Jewish Germans and grouped together with the other prisoners.

==References==
*&dagger; "Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror". ISBN 0-252-02845-7 by Frank Ephraim. Narrates the story of the newly arrived Jews in the Philippines; from their day of their arrival, their daily life in Manila, to their departure to other destinations a decade later.
*&Dagger; [http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/233ab/zbaszynmanila/HarrisCysnerZbaszynManila.pdf PDF file:Jewish Cantor of Manila, Temple Emil]

==External references==
*[http://www.sino-judaic.org/filipinoamericaneffort.html The Sino-Judaic Institute] A Filipino-American Effort to Harbor Jews Is Honored
*[http://www.alpha-canada.org/Diplomats.htm Alpha-Canada Diplomats Who Saved Jews]
*[http://clarityandresolve.com/archives/2005/02/the_good_guys.php Clarity and Resolve.com]
*[http://www.lmtonline.com/news/archive/020705/pagea7.pdf#search='Jews%20Philippines Jews in the Philippines]
*[http://www.inq7.net/globalnation/col_gln/2005/mar08.htm INQ7 News]
*[http://www.remember.org/witness/lipetz.htm Jewish Student in Manila]
*http://www.monmouth.army.mil/monmessg/newmonmsg/apr292005/m17hayden.htm During WWII]
*[http://www.holocaustandhumanity.org/chhe_philippinesstory.html Frieder Family]

[[Category:Jews by country|Philippines]]
[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Jewish Spanish history]]
[[Category:Religion in the Philippines]]

Geschichte der Juden auf den Philippinen

2005-12-10T00:58:09Z

207.200.116.73: /* American era */

{{Jew}}As of [[2005]] the population of [[Jew]]s in the [[Philippines]] stands at the very most 500 people. Other estimates range between 100 and 500 people (0.000001% and 0.000005% of the country's total population). [[Manila]] boasts the largest Jewish community, though even here it consists of around 40 families, give or take a few. There are of course other Jews elsewhere in the country, but these are obviously fewer and almost all [[transient]]s, either [[diplomat]]s or business envoys. Their existence is almost totally unknown in mainstream society. There are a few [[Israel]]is in Manila recruiting caregivers for Israel and a few other executives.

==History==
===Spanish era: Sephardim and the Inquisition===
The history of the Philippines' first Jewish presence spans back to the [[16th century]], to a few individuals during the [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonial era]]. It was then that the earliest Jews in the Philippines are historically documented, when two [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] brothers (Jews of Spanish origin), Jorge and Domingo Rodríguez, are recorded as having reached Manila in the 1590's. By 1593 both were tried and convicted as ''Judaizantes'' (practicing Jews) at an [[auto de fe]] at the [[Mexico City]] office of the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. Known as [[Marrano]]s or ''nuevos cristianos'' ("New Christians"; newly [[Religious conversion|converted]] to [[Christianity]]), the two brothers had accompanied the Spanish [[conquistadors]] who colonised the Philippines. Eight other marranos in the Philippines were subsequently tried and convicted.

The first permanent settlement of Jews in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial years began in [[1870]] with the arrival of three [[Levy]] brothers from [[Alsace-Lorraine]], who were escaping the aftermath of the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. As succesful [[entrepreneur]]s, the businesses of the three brother grew, and with the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in [[March]] [[1869]] it provided a more direct trading route between Europe and the Philippines, attracting other Jews to Manila. By the end of the Spanish period, the Levy brothers had been joined by [[Egyptian Jews]] ([[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahim]]), and Sephardim from [[Turkey]] and [[Syria]], creating a community of about fifty individuals.

===American era===
It was not until the [[Spanish-American War]] at the end of the 19th century, when the [[United States]] took control of the islands from [[Spain]], that the Jewish community grew more than a few individuals. By [[1918]], twenty years after the Americans took over the Philippines, the Manila Jewish community totalled about 150 people, including a number of [[Russian Jews]]. By 1936, the Jewish community in the Philippines had a total population of about 500 persons.

A number of Jews were among the [[Thomasites]], a group of American educators who volunteered to teach and set up institutions around the country. A number of American Jews, chose to settle. This included engineers, business men, architects, physicians and others. The founder of the [[Makati Stock Exchange]] is an American Jew.

===Pre and Post WWII and Exodus to the US===
[[Image:Cantor Joseph Cysner.jpeg|left|thumb|200px|Cantor Joseph Cysner, inside Temple Emil, Manila, 1941.]]
The largest influx of Jews in Philippine history occurred in the years leading up to [[WWII]]. In the late 1930's the [[Jewish American]] cigar manufacturer [[Alex Frieder]] - an expatriate from [[Cincinnati]] resident in the Philippines - along with his three brothers Philip, Morris and Herbert, organised the [[Jewish Refugee Committee]] after seeing [[Jewish refugees]] stranded at Philippine ports after having escaped on ships from escalating persecution in Europe. They coordinate for 1,200 mostly [[Germany|German]] and [[Austrian]] [[Jewish refugees]] to obtain [[passport]]s and [[visa]]s to enter the Philippines. At first the Frieder's intended to helped some 10,000 people make their way to the islands, but this was hampered by Japanese interventions. The Frieder brothers achieved the granting of permits of entry with the help of Alex's close friends, the then President of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]], [[Manuel L. Quezon]], and Commissioner of the Philippines, [[Paul V. McNutt]].

For the refugees that did manage to settle in the Philippines, the committee organised finding employment and new homes for them in [[Manila]]. Though relatively modest in numbers, the newly arrived refugees overwhelmed the tiny Jewish community, and multiplied its numbers overnight.

At their height, Jews [[resident]] in the Philippines at one stage numbered over 1,000.&dagger; The period in which most of these Jews arrived was under president [[Manuel L. Quezon]], when he allowed them entry as persecution in [[Europe]] increased, which eventually led to the [[Jewish Holocaust]].

Except for the first few intrepid Sephardi individuals who made their way to the archipelago during the colonial era, the entire population of Jews ever present in the Philippines were of Northern and Eastern European origin ([[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazim]]). Eventually, all but a few found there way to other destinations, mainly the [[United States]].

==Communal Life==
[[Image:Temple Emil.jpeg|right|thumb|250px|Temple Emil, Manila, c. 1940.]]The original established community of the 1870's had largely been [[secular]] and decentralised, but with the rise of [[anti-Semitism]] in Europe, and the following tide of Jewish refugees arriving to the Philippines - relative to the community's population numbers in Manila - sparked a renewed Jewish consciousness.

The one and only [[synagogue]] in the country - the second ever built in the Philippines - is Manila's [[Beth Yaakov Synagogue]], located at Taft and Quirino Avenues. It was built in the 1980's. The only other synagogue which existed prior to the erection of Beth Yaakov Synagogue was [[Temple Emil]], built in the 1920's. Unfortunately, Temple [[Emil]] was destroyed by the [[Japanese]] during [[WWII]], a time when the Jewish community of Manila saw itself under attack, and many were interned in Japanese detention camps. Interesingly, at first [[German Jews]] in the Philippines were not detained, as the Japanese regarded them nationals of their ally, [[Germany]]. However, the [[Nazis]] were able to contact the Japanese and influence them. The German Jews were segregated from other non-Jewish Germans and grouped together with the other prisoners.

==References==
*&dagger; "Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror". ISBN 0-252-02845-7 by Frank Ephraim. Narrates the story of the newly arrived Jews in the Philippines; from their day of their arrival, their daily life in Manila, to their departure to other destinations a decade later.
*&Dagger; [http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/233ab/zbaszynmanila/HarrisCysnerZbaszynManila.pdf PDF file:Jewish Cantor of Manila, Temple Emil]

==External references==
*[http://www.sino-judaic.org/filipinoamericaneffort.html The Sino-Judaic Institute] A Filipino-American Effort to Harbor Jews Is Honored
*[http://www.alpha-canada.org/Diplomats.htm Alpha-Canada Diplomats Who Saved Jews]
*[http://clarityandresolve.com/archives/2005/02/the_good_guys.php Clarity and Resolve.com]
*[http://www.lmtonline.com/news/archive/020705/pagea7.pdf#search='Jews%20Philippines Jews in the Philippines]
*[http://www.inq7.net/globalnation/col_gln/2005/mar08.htm INQ7 News]
*[http://www.remember.org/witness/lipetz.htm Jewish Student in Manila]
*http://www.monmouth.army.mil/monmessg/newmonmsg/apr292005/m17hayden.htm During WWII]
*[http://www.holocaustandhumanity.org/chhe_philippinesstory.html Frieder Family]

[[Category:Jews by country|Philippines]]
[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Jewish Spanish history]]
[[Category:Religion in the Philippines]]

Darrington (Washington)

2005-11-18T04:50:10Z

207.200.116.73: /* Demographics */

Darrington (Washington)

2005-11-18T04:48:38Z

207.200.116.73: /* Geography */

{{otheruses2|Darrington}}

[[Image:WAMap-doton-Darrington.png|right|Location of Darrington, Washington]]
'''Darrington''' is a town located in [[Snohomish County, Washington]]. As of the [[2000]] census, the town had a total population of 1,136.

==History==
Darrington was officially incorporated on [[October 15]], [[1945]].

[[Link title]]== Geography ==
Darrington is located at 48°15'8" North, 121°36'14" West (48.252260, -121.603876){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of 2.5 [[square kilometer|km²]] (1.0 [[square mile|mi²]]). 2.5 km² (1.0 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. it also was thebiggest population

== Demographics ==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of [[2000]], there are 1,136 people, 473 households, and 292 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] is 452.2/km² (1,171.9/mi²). There are 505 housing units at an average density of 201.0/km² (520.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 94.98% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.00% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.67% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.35% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.00% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.26% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 2.73% from two or more races. 1.23% of the population are [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There are 473 households out of which 30.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.0% are [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% are non-families. 31.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.40 and the average family size is 3.08.

In the town the population is spread out with 27.1% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town is $32,813, and the median income for a family is $44,063. Males have a median income of $36,429 versus $25,625 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town is $17,384. 8.9% of the population and 4.7% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 10.9% of those under the age of 18 and 6.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

== Trivia ==
Darrington is the original hometown of [[United States|American]] [[television]] gameshow host [[Bob Barker]] from the [[Columbia Broadcasting System|CBS]] show ''The Price Is Right''.

== External links ==
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|48.25226|-121.603876}}
http://www.darringtonwa.org

[[Category:Snohomish County, Washington]]
[[Category:Towns in Washington]]

Joe Hahn

2005-10-07T04:55:49Z

207.200.116.73:

'''Joseph Hahn''', a.k.a. "Chairman Hahn" or "Mr. Hahn", (born [[March 15]] [[1977]]) is the [[Korean American]] [[Disc jockey|DJ]] for the band [[Linkin Park]].

He was born in [[Glendale, California]] but now lives in [[Los Angeles]] where the band is based. In high school he ran track and was into [[visual arts]] which he pursued afterwards. Both he and bandmate [[Mike Shinoda]] went to [[Art Center College of Design]] in Pasadena, California which is where they met and both majored in [[illustration]]. However, he did not graduate but instead dropped out to pursue a career involving doing [[special effects]] in television and movies such as [[The X-Files]], [[Sphere (movie)|Sphere]], and [[Dune (TV miniseries)|Dune]].

Eventually when the roots of Linkin Park started in 1997, he was recruited to be the DJ. Since then he has held that position and also helps direct some of their music videos such as In The End, Pts.Of.Athry, Somewhere I Belong, Numb, From The Inside, and some of the Reanimation videos. He has also directed videos for [[Static-X]], [[Story of the Year]] and [[Alkaline Trio]] plus did the artwork, design and illustrations for [[Todd Shea]]'s CD "Songs Carried on Angels Wings". Joe has his own split personality named Remy, Remy made his debut in Cure For The Itch, track 11 off the [[Hybrid Theory]] album.

Joe is known for being [[sarcastic]] in interviews. He has a dry sense of humor and is creative. He can also play guitar, and has switched instruments with Brad during concerts.

While bandmates [[Chester Bennington]] and Mike Shinoda continue to work on their solo projects, Joe has invested his time into making movies. He recently shot "The Seed" in L.A. and plans to enter it in the 2006 Sundance Film Festival. "Kung Fu High School" and "King Rat" are also in the works by Joe.

==External links==

* [http://www.joehahn.com/ Joe Hahn Fansite]
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1060386/ Joe Hahn on IMDb]

[[Category:Hip hop DJs|Hahn, Joe]]
[[Category:Korean Americans|Hahn, Joe]]
[[Category:Linkin Park]]
[[Category:1977 births|Hahn, Joe]]
[[Category:Music video directors|Hahn, Joseph]]

[[bg:Джоузеф Хан]]
[[he:ג'ו האן]]