Kurdische Alphabete

2008-01-26T05:10:33Z

207.134.107.2: /* Sorani Alphabet */

The '''Kurdish alphabet''' is a [[writing system]] for the [[Kurdish language]]. Three systems currently exist. The form used in [[Turkey]] was derived from the [[Latin alphabet]] by [[Jaladat Ali Badirkhan]] in [[1932]], and thus is also called the '''Bedirxan script'''. It is used by [[Kurds]] in [[Turkey]] and [[Syria]].
A recent alphabet also exists called [[Yekgirtú]], unified, this alphabet is however not used extensively.

==Kurmanji Alphabet==
The Kurmanji Kurdish dialect contains 31 letters:

A, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Û, V, W, X, Y, Z

There are seven vowels in this alphabet, four short and three long. The long vowels are represented using a [[circumflex]]. The short vowels are (E, I, U) and the long ones are (A, Ê, Î, O, Û). The Kurdish vowel system is almost the same as English [http://www.culturalorientation.net/kurds/klang.html]. The [[Turkey|Turkish]] state does not recognise the alphabet, and use of the letters ''X'', ''W'', ''Q'' which do not exist in the [[Turkish alphabet]] have led to persecution in [[2000]] and [[2003]] (see [http://www.ihf-hr.org/viewbinary/viewdocument.php?download=1&doc_id=6391], p.8, and [http://www.rsf.org/rsf/uk/html/mo/cplp/cp/000300.html]). Since [[September 2003]], many Kurds have applied to the courts seeking to change their names to Kurdish ones written with the letters ''Q'', ''W'', and ''X'' but eventually failed.<ref name=cla3a>{{cite web | url = http://www.unhchr.ch/minorities/statements10/CLA3a.doc | title = Submission to the Sub-Commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights: Working Group of Minorities; Tenth Session, Agenda Item 3 (a) | first = Saniye | last = Karakaş | coauthors = [[Diyarbakır]] Branch of the Contemporary Lawyers Association | publisher = [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] | year=2004 | month= March | accessdate = 2006-11-07 | format = [[Microsoft Word|MS Word]]|quote = Kurds have been officially allowed since September 2003 to take Kurdish names, but cannot use the letters "x,w or q", which are common in Kurdish but do not exist in Turkey's version of the Latin alphabet. [...] Those letters, however, are used in Turkey in the names of companies, TV and radio channels, and trademarks. For example [[Turkish Army]] has company under the name of [[AXA]] [[OYAK]] and there is [[Show TV|SHOW TV]] television channel in Turkey.}}</ref>

==Sorani Alphabet==
The [[Sorani]] Kurdish dialect is mainly written using a modified Arabic-based alphabet with 33 letters. Unlike the regular [[Arabic alphabet]], which is an [[abjad]], Sorani is an [[abugida]] in which vowels are mandatory, making the script easy to read.

ى, ێ, ﮪ , ﻭﻭ, ﻭ , ﯙ , ﻥ , ﻡ , ﻝ, ڵ, ﮒ, ﮎ, ﻕ, ڤ, ﻑ, ﻍ, ﻉ, ﺵ, ﺱ, ﮊ, ﺯ, ڕ, ﺭ, ﺩ, ﺥ, ﺡ, ﭺ, ﺝ, ﺕ, ﭖ, ﺏ, ﺋ, ﺍ

Kurds in [[Iraq]] and [[Iran]] mainly use this alphabet, though the Kurmanji alphabet is also in use.

==Cyrillic Alphabet==
A third system, used for the few (Kurmanji-speaking) Kurds in the former [[Soviet Union]], uses a modified [[Cyrillic alphabet]], consisting of 32 letters:

А, Б, В, Г, Г', Д, Е, Ә, Ә́, Ж, З, И, Й, К, К', Л, М, Н, О, Ö, П, П', Р, Р', С, Т, Т', У, Ф, Х, Һ, Һ', Ч, Ч', Ш, Щ, Ь, Э, Q, W

==''Yekgirtú''==
The ''Yekgirtú'' alphabet is a recent creation. It has many advantages compared to the Kurmanji and Sorani alphabets. It is adapted for all Kurdish dialects and not exclusive to just one, and is therefore called ''Yekgirtú'', which means "unified." It is also better adapted to the vowel-rich Kurdish language than to the Arabic script, and is also adapted to the modern-day IT and computer society, as it uses only letters that can be used by keyboards all over the world.
The ''Yekgirtú'' alphabet consists of 34 letters:

A, B, C, D, E, É, F, G, H, I, Í, J, Jh, K, L, ll, M, N, O, P, Q, R, rr, S, Sh, T, U, Ú, Ù, V, W, X, Y, Z

==Comparison of Kurmanji, Yekgirtú and Sorani Alphabets==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Kurmanji
! Yekgirtú
! Stand-alone (Sorani)
! Initial (Sorani)
! Medial (Sorani)
! Final (Sorani)
! IPA

|- align="center"
| A,a 
| A,a 
| {{Arabiyyah| ا}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ئا }}
| colspan="1" | —
|{{Arabiyyah| ـا}}
| {{IPA|[a:]}}

|- align="center"
| B,b 
| B,b 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺏ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺑ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـبـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـب}}
| {{IPA|[b]}}

|- align="center"
| C,c 
| J,j 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺝ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺟ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـجـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـج}}
| {{IPA|[ʤ]}}

|- align="center"
| Ç,ç 
| C,c 
| {{Arabiyyah|چ }}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﭼ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـچـ }}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـچ}}
| {{IPA|[tʃ]}}

|- align="center"
| D,d 
| D,d 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺩ}}
| colspan="2" | —
| {{Arabiyyah| ــد}}
| {{IPA|[d]}}

|- align="center" ﮫﺋﮫ ﮦ
| E,e 
| E,e 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﮦ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺋﮫ}}
| colspan="1" | —
| {{Arabiyyah|ﮫ}}
| {{IPA|[æː]}}

|- align="center"
| Ê,ê 
| É,é 
| {{Arabiyyah|ێ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ئێـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـێـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـێ}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ]}}

|- align="center"
| F,f 
| F,f 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻑ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻓ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـفـ }}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻒ}}
| {{IPA|[f]}}

|- align="center"
| G,g 
| G,g 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﮒ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﮔ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـگـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـگ }}
| {{IPA|[g]}}

|- align="center"
| H,h 
| H,h 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻫ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻫ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـهـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـهـ}}
| {{IPA|[h]}}

|- align="center"
| I,i 
| I,i 
| colspan="4" | —
| {{IPA|}}

|- align="center"
| Î,î 
| Í,í 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﯼ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺋﯾ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـيـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﯽ}}
| {{IPA|[iː]}}

|- align="center"
| J,j 
| Jh,jh 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﮊ}}
| colspan="2" | —
| {{Arabiyyah| ـژ }}
| {{IPA|[ʒ]}}

|- align="center"
| K,k 
| K,k 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﮎ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﮐ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـکـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﮏ}}
| {{IPA|[k]}}

|- align="center"
| L,l 
| L,l 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻝ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻟ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـلـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـل }}
| {{IPA|[l]}}

|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | —
| ll 
| {{Arabiyyah|ڵ}}, {{Arabiyyah|ڶ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ڵــ}}, {{Arabiyyah|ڶــ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـڵـ}}, {{Arabiyyah|ـڶـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـڵ}}, {{Arabiyyah| ـڶ}}
| {{IPA|[lˁ]}}

|- align="center"
| M,m 
| M,m 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻡ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻣ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـمـ }}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـم}}
|{{IPA|[m]}}

|- align="center"
| N,n 
| N,n 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻥ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻧ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـنـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـن}}
|{{IPA|[n]}}

|- align="center"
| O,o 
| O,o 
| {{Arabiyyah|ۆ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ئۆ}}
| colspan="1" | -
| {{Arabiyyah|ـۆ}}
| {{IPA|[oʊ]}}

|- align="center"
| P,p 
| P,p 
| {{Arabiyyah|پ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|پــ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـپـ }}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـپ}}
| {{IPA|[p]}}

|- align="center"
| Q,q 
| Q,q 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻕ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻗ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـقـ }}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـق}}
| {{IPA|[q]}}

|- align="center"
| R,r 
| R,r 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺭ}}
| colspan="2" | —
| {{Arabiyyah|ـر}}
| {{IPA|[r]}}

|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | —
| rr 
| {{Arabiyyah|ڕ}}, {{Arabiyyah|ڒ}}, {{Arabiyyah|ڔ}}
| colspan="2" | —
| {{Arabiyyah| ـڕ}}, {{Arabiyyah| ـڒ}}, {{Arabiyyah| ـڔ}}
| {{IPA|[r]}}

|- align="center"
| S,s 
| S,s 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺱ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺳ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـسـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـس}}
| {{IPA|[s]}}

|- align="center"
| Ş,ş 
| Sh,sh 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺵ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺷ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـشـ }}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـش }}
| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}

|- align="center"
| T,t 
| T,t 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺕ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺗ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ـتـ }}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـت}}
| {{IPA|[t]}}

|- align="center"
| U,u 
| U,u 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻭ}}
| colspan="2" | —
| {{Arabiyyah|ـو}}
| {{IPA|[u]}}

|- align="center"
| Û,û 
| Ú,ú 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻭﻭ}}
| colspan="2" | —
| {{Arabiyyah|ـوﻭ}}
| {{IPA|[ʉ]}}

|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | —
| Ù,ù 
| colspan="4" | —
| {{IPA|}}

|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | —
| colspan="1" | —
| {{Arabiyyah|ۊ}}
| colspan="2" | —
| {{Arabiyyah|ـۊ}}
| {{IPA|[œ]}}

|- align="center"
| V,v 
| V,v 
| {{Arabiyyah|ڤ}}
| {{Arabiyyah| ڤـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـڤـ }}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـڤ}}
| {{IPA|[v]}}

|- align="center"
| W,w 
| W,w 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻭ}}
| colspan="2" | —
| {{Arabiyyah|ـو}}
| {{IPA|[w]}}

|- align="center"
| X,x 
| X,x 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺥ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺧ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـخـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـخ}}
| {{IPA|[x]}}

|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | —
| colspan="1" | —
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻍ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ﻏ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـغـ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|ـغ}}
| {{IPA|[ʁ]}}

|- align="center"
| Y,y 
| Y,y 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﯼ}}
| {{Arabiyyah|يـ}}
| colspan="2" | —
| {{IPA|[j]}}

|- align="center"
| Z,z 
| Z,z 
| {{Arabiyyah|ﺯ}}
| colspan="2" | —
| {{Arabiyyah| ـز}}
| {{IPA|[z]}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.kurdishacademy.org/english/alphabet/comparison.html A table of the various Kurdish alphabets]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kurdish.htm Kurdish language, alphabet and pronunciation]
* [http://www.kurditgroup.org/downloads.php?cid=2 Kurdish Unicode Fonts]

[[Category:Latin-derived alphabets]]
[[Category:Arabic-derived alphabets]]
[[Category:Kurdish people]]

[[da:Kurdiske alfabet]]
[[de:Kurmandschi-Alphabet]]
[[ku:Alfabeyên kurdî]]
[[ru:Курдская письменность]]

Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Kurdische Alphabete