Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Jaunting Car

2006-05-11T20:46:58Z

206.77.0.155:

[[Image:Irish_jaunting_car,_ca_1890-1900.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Irish jaunting car, photochrom, ca. 1890-1900]]

The Irish form of the [[sprung cart]], called a '''jaunting car''' or '''outside car''' was a popular mode of transportation in 19th Century [[Dublin]] popularized by [[Valentine Vousden]] in a song by that name. The jaunting car was peculiar in that its seats ran longitudinally and the passengers' feet were placed on a footboard outboard of the wheels. Legend tells of the knights of [[Erin]] fighting battles in chariots arranged this way. all this is not really good information so go to google.com

[[Category:Animal powered vehicles]]
{{ireland-stub}}

Bart Simpson

2006-04-07T16:02:57Z

206.77.0.155: /* Origin and Influence */

{{Simpsons character|
image= [[Image:C-bart1.png|222px]]|
bgcolor=#000|
fgcolor=#fff|
name=Bart Simpson|
gender=[[Male]]|
hair=Nine points of spiky blond hair|
age=10|
well known sayings="eat my shorts", "don't have a cow, man|
job=see below|
relatives=Father [[Homer Simpson|Homer]], mother [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], sisters [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]] and grandfather [[Abraham Simpson|Abe]]. (See [[Simpson family]])|
appearance=[[The Tracey Ullman Show]], Simpsons short 'Good Night'|
}}
{{redirect|Bart}}
'''Bartholomew Jo-Jo Simpson''', better known as '''Bart''', (voiced by [[Nancy Cartwright (actress)|Nancy Cartwright]]) He is a [[fictional character]] featured in the [[animated]] [[television series]] ''[[The Simpsons]]''. He is the eldest child and son of [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] and [[Marge Simpson]], and the brother of [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]]. Along with his father Homer, Bart is arguably the most well-known and recognizable character on the long running animated series.

According to ''[[The Simpsons Uncensored Family Album]]'', his "[[birthday]]" is [[April Fool's Day]]. According to the show's chronology, Bart was born in [[1982]] as he is two years and 38 days older than Lisa, who was born during the [[1984 Summer Olympics]]. However, in "[[I Married Marge]]", it was revealed that Bart was conceived in June [[1980]] (Homer and Marge had just seen ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]''), which would make his birthday [[April 1]], [[1981]]. The year is probably not consistent as Bart is always described as being 10 years old. Indeed, [[Krusty the Clown|Krusty]] expresses surprise when Bart tells him he voted for him (twice) for [[United States Congress|Congress]]: "But you're only ten."

Bart's interests include [[skateboarding]], [[comic book]]s (especially ''[[Radioactive Man]]''), terrorizing Lisa, [[video games]], helping Lisa solve various problems (e.g, reuniting Krusty with his estranged father), [[Charles Dickens|Dickensian]] chimney sweeps, [[mooning]] unsuspecting victims, and [[prank call]]ing [[Moe Szyslak]] at his tavern. Like many other characters, Bart is left-handed.

==Profile==

He is a self-proclaimed [[slacker|underachiever]] who begins each show in [[detention]] writing lines on the blackboard. He is pretty much distracted by anything, even, strangely enough, [[algebraic equation]]s. His penchant for shocking people began before he was born: Bart "mooned" [[Julius Hibbert|Dr. Hibbert]] while he performed a [[sonogram]] on Marge. He is considerably undermotivated and takes great joy in disrupting the routine at [[Springfield Elementary School|Springfield Elementary]], yet his pranks are often elaborately complex, while his actions and speech frequently show considerable mental agility, street-smarts, and understanding, so he cannot be called "stupid" per se. Despite this, however, he seems to have trouble understanding even the simplest things, such as the word "irony" and what the [[equator]] is. The fact he is the son of Homer and shares many of the same mannerisms and behaviors may account for his antics. Homer even described Bart as "a cooler, in-your-face version" of himself. There are
other moments however, where it is hinted that Bart represses a startling intelligence. His inability to channel this hidden intellect at will is most-likely attributed to the Simpson gene. See below for details on this.

A trademark of Bart, is that in the intro to every episode Bart usually writes standards on a chalkboard as punishment. The standards change with every episode.
{{see|List of Bart Simpson's blackboard sentences}}
Bart caused a diplomatic incident between the [[United States]] and [[Australia]] in "[[Bart vs. Australia]]" when he placed a very long [[collect call]] to an Australian boy to find out in which direction [[toilet]]s flush in the [[southern hemisphere]]. (This is an oversimplification of [[Coriolis_effect#Draining_bathtubs.2Ftoilets|that phenomenon]], which amusingly popularized the legend even more.)

Although he gets into endless trouble and can be rather mean or even shallow and selfish, Bart also exhibits many qualities of high [[integrity]]. He has on a few occasions, helped the love life of his school Principal [[Seymour Skinner]] and his teacher [[Edna Krabappel]] despite the fact he often terrorizes them. Although he hates his school, he has also aided in various efforts to keep it open during times where it is dangerously close to being closed or actually is. He seems moderately popular at school, but he often befriends outcasts like his best friends [[Milhouse Van Houten]] and [[Ralph Wiggum]]. One great example of his [[quasi]] sense of honor is in the episode ''[[This Little Wiggy]]'' where Bart stands up for Ralph at the cost of peer popularity. Bart even makes friends of former adversaries such as [[Nelson Muntz]] and [[Martin Prince]]. Although they have their animosity, Muntz has often helped out Bart with his various schemes, as well as when they fail. Despite his tough attitude, Bart is also a total
softie towards his mother.

Perhaps his greatest friendship and example of his better qualities is his relationship with his sister Lisa. Although they often butt heads in [[sibling rivalry]], the two have come to each other's aid countless times and often think on the same plane of thought when it comes to mutual benefit. Many times when Lisa has been left alone in her endeavors, she's found Bart to be her most trustworthy as well as only ally. In the episode ''[[Milhouse Doesn't Live Here Anymore]]'', when Bart's best friend temporarily moves away, his friendship with Lisa is explored greatly. Bart isn't afraid to show that he considers Lisa his best friend and she the same as well. When Milhouse eventually returns to Springfield, it seems at first that Bart forgets this, leaving a nonchalant but secretly depressed Lisa on her own again. In the end however, he catches her before bed and lets her know that he'll always be there for her, through mock [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]] playing cards to emphasize this.

==Personality Traits==
[[Image:HomerStranglingBart.jpg|left|thumb|Bart being strangled.]]
Many times, when Homer finds out that Bart has said or done something stupid or bad, he yells out, "Why you little—!" and strangles Bart in anger.

Bart will often address Homer by his first name instead of "Dad". This is parodied on an episode where Bart was a [[baby]]. Homer is trying to get Bart to say "Dad". Instead he keeps calling him "Homer". Homer would then say "[[D'oh!]]"

Bart speaks [[French language|French]] fluently due to a summer he spent as an exchange student in [[France]]. Illegally being worked by two men who were planning to sell [[wine]] spiked with [[anti-freeze]], Bart became a national hero when he exposed the scheme to the police. He also was able to speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]] briefly on a trip to [[Brazil]]; however, he forced himself to forget when he discovered that Brazilians speak [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. He also had an exchange with Homer in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In "[[Bart on the Road]]," he makes a delivery to [[Hong Kong]] where he hauls a cooler labeled "HUMAN EYES" off the plane, and brings it to a man in a white lab coat where they converse in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (specifically, the variety of [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]] spoken in the city). This may be inherited from Homer, who has also demonstrated advanced language abilities, including [[penguin]].

Bart takes after his father in many ways. He is lazy like his father and enjoys laying around the house and watching TV. Bart also seems to be following in his father's footsteps when it comes to manners. Like Homer, Bart often burps without excusing himself and finds it amusing. The most notable occurance of this was in the Tracy Ullman Show short "Burping Contest", in which he engaged in a burping contest with Lisa. For Lisa, however, that was a very rare occurance and she would never exhibit such vulgar behavior again.

Bart's athletic ability is constantly shown to be quite high. Although his underachiever ways often conflict with this gift, when he has the will he either does very well, or flat out excels at what he asserts himself to. As the picture above suggests, Bart is into [[skateboarding]] and is very good at it as well, capable of numerous acrobatic feats. In various sports such as [[Hockey]] and [[Baseball]], Bart also does very well and even contributes a good amount of teamwork surprisingly. His one flawed physical activity however, is [[American Football]]. Although his father would wish otherwise, Bart acknowledges that he's not the best at the game. Bart is also very good at dancing, although most of the time he avoids this practice due to reservations over public image. When briefly practicing [[Ballet]], Bart was the top student in the class and amazed the school audience during a show, although he was masked during this show to conceal his identity. When it comes to general performance, acrobatics,
running, fighting, Bart shows that he's quite capable of taking care of himself. Although he cannot boast Homer's near superhuman ability survive tremendous amounts of pain and injury, Bart himself has also survived a great deal of hazardous situations and injury as well. Generally, while Bart appears to not be in the best shape, he is potentially an athletic prodigy it would seem with all these potential talents.

Bart is [[allergy|allergic]] to [[butterscotch]], imitation butterscotch, [[cauliflower]], and [[Phosphorescence|glow-in-the-dark]] monster makeup. According to Marge in the episode "[[The Father, The Son, and the Holy Guest Star]]", Bart wore diapers until the age of 5 (meaning Lisa was trained before him), because he thought there was a monster in the [[potty]].

==Origin and Influence==

In an interview, Simpsons creator [[Matt Groening]] stated he chose the name as an [[anagram]] of ''[[brat]]''. As all of the Simpsons are named after, and very loosely based off of members of Groening's own family many naturally believe that Bart is specifically based off of ''The Simpsons'' creator himself. Groening has himself said in a DVD commentary that he had not so much in common with Bart when he was a child himself however, although he has never denied this claim either. Groening once said that Bart was partly inspired by a photo of a kid in a park holding a grenade. He has also said that one of the inspirations for Bart was Groening's older brother Mark. Whether any of this is true or not is up for grabs.

The name Bart may also have come from the psychotic bad-seed child Bart whom starred in [[V.C. Andrews]]’s incest romance novels which were wildly popular during the 1980s.

[[Image:Malta anti-EU.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Since the inception of the Simpsons, Bart has become internationally recognized as a symbol of defiance to authority. This [[Maltese language]] anti-[[European Union]] [[bumper sticker]] became popular during the contentions deliberations regarding [[Malta]]'s admission to the EU. (Photo taken in [[Tarxien]] in [[August 2005]].)]] Bart is also without a doubt the most often used character from The Simpsons to depict on various memorabilia such as t-shirts to car decals, and even graffiti. Bart and other characters from ''[[The Simpsons]]'' appeared in numerous [[television commercials]] for [[Nestlé]]'s [[Butterfinger]] candy bars from [[1990]] to [[2001]], with his and its slogan ''"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!"''. This was parodied when in an episode when he discovered a [[video tape]] with Lisa that he partcipated in a TV Commercial for anti-odor product when he was a baby; Bart says that he doesn't remember being in a commercial, then
he holds up a Butterfinger and eats it.

In 1998, ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'' magazine selected Bart as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century—the only fictional character to make the list.

When he vandalizes property, Bart uses the alias ''El Barto'', which is a [[Spanglish]] way of saying "The Bart". However, no one in Springfield has made the connection and Bart still vandalizes property without getting caught. He is also known as ''Bartman''.

==Attire==

Bart's dress sense is fairly standard. His normal attire is an orange(or sometimes red) t-shirt, blue shorts, white socks and blue [[Sneaker (footwear)|training shoes]], although on most pieces of Simpsons-related merchandise, his shirt is light-blue (this is done to differentiate between counterfeit merchandise and official merchandise). His churchgoing outfit consists of a blue two-piece suit (with shorts rather than long pants), white shirt, blue tie, blue shoes and white socks (episode: 'Two Dozen and One Greyhounds'). The only other clothing "scenario" that comes up regularly is his "bed outfit", which consists of a green [[pajamas]] set (although he has been known to wear white socks on his feet to bed, he more regularly goes barefoot to bed). Bart's underwear style is of white [[briefs|underpants]]. The use of underpants over boxer shorts is commented on by the show's creators on the Series 4 DVD, where he says they were trying to be different as [[boxer shorts]] were the least taboo form of
underwear on TV as they showed "less of a bulge".

==Bart related episodes==

Episodes that feature Bart extensively include:
* "[[Bart the Genius]]" - Bart is mistaken for a [[genius]].
* "[[Bart the General]]" - Bart takes on the class bully in a parody of ''[[Patton (film)|Patton]]''.
* "[[The Wandering Juvie]]" - Bart gets sent to juvenile detention and escapes á la ''[[The Defiant Ones]]''.
* "[[The Heartbroke Kid]]" - Bart puts on weight after gorging on junk food at school and suffers a [[heart attack]].

As Bart is one of the main characters, he is featured prominently in many more episodes as well.

==Antics==
* Prank-calling (usually [[Moe's Tavern]], but sometimes other countries)
* Stealing a policeman's car
* Painting the parking lines two inches narrower than normal
* Mooning
* Vandalizing (cars, public property, etc.)
* Shooting a stink bomb at an entertainer
* Pantsing a robotic version of [[George Washington]]
* Robbing a bakery, then melting the plastic couple from a wedding cake on an electric chair
* Strangling his father with a belt
* Shaking Homer's beer until it exploded
* Spraying the tag 'El Barto' in a variety of places in many episodes
* Opening his [[Christmas]] presents two hours early

==Bart Simpson's prank phone calls==
*Al Coholic (Alcoholic)
*Heywood U. Cuddleme (Hey, would you cuddle me?)
*Mike Rotch (My crotch)
*Ivanna Tinkle (I wanna tinkle)
*I.P. Freely (I pee freely)
*Hugh Jass (Huge ass)
*Amanda Huggenkiss (A man to hug and kiss)
*Bea O'Problem (B.O. Problem)
*Seymour Butts (See more butts)
*Oliver Klozoff (All of our clothes off)
*Homer Sexual
*Ollie Tabooger (All eat a booger)
*Maya Buttreeks (My-a butt reeks)
*Anita Bath (I need a bath)

==Relations==
Bart is:
* Grandson to [[Abraham Simpson]], [[Mona (The Simpsons)|Mona Simpson]], [[Clancy Bouvier]], and [[Jackie (The Simpsons)|Jacqueline Bouvier]].
* Son to [[Homer Jay Simpson]] and [[Marge Simpson|Marjorie Bouvier Simpson]].
* Older brother to [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa Marie Simpson]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Margaret Simpson]].
* The twin brother of [[Fictional characters within The Simpsons#Hugo|Hugo]] (who appears in a Halloween-Special episode, and is thus not canon).
* Nephew to [[Herb Powell|Herbert Powell]], Abbie, [[Patty Bouvier]] and [[Selma Bouvier|Selma Bouvier Terwilliger Hutz McClure Stu]].
*His former uncles-by-marriage include [[Sideshow Bob| Robert Underdunk "Sideshow Bob" Terwilliger]], [[List of recurring characters from The Simpsons#Lionel Hutz|Lionel Hutz]], [[Troy McClure]], and [[List of recurring characters from The Simpsons#Disco Stu|Disco Stu]].
* Former heir to [[Montgomery Burns|C. Montgomery Burns]].
* His cousin by adoption is [[Ling Bouvier]].
* In the comics, it is revealed that the Simpsons and the Delroys are related, which means Cletus, Brandine, and their numerous children are Bart's cousins. However, this has never been mentioned in the series.

==Jobs==
Bart's jobs have been:

*Schoolyard anti-bully army's general ([[Bart the General]])
*Slave at a French vineyard ([[The Crepes of Wrath]])
*Actor on a political ad ([[Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish]])
*A daredevil ([[Bart the Daredevil]])
*Blood donor ([[Bart vs. Thanksgiving]]) and ([[Blood Feud]])
*Fat Tony's Slave ([[Bart the Murderer]])
*Boxcar racer ([[Saturdays of Thunder]])
*Necromancer ([[Treehouse of Horror III]])
*Movie actor ([[Radioactive Man]])
*A courier ([[Bart on the Road]])
*News Anchor ([[Girly Edition]])
*Lard salesman ([[Lard of the Dance]])
*Faith healer ([[Faith Off]])
*Jockey ([[Saddlesore Galactica]])
*Thai menu boy ([[Lisa the Tree Hugger]])
*Con artist ([[The Great Money Caper]])
*Android's Dungeon manager ([[Worst Episode Ever]])
*Boy band singer ([[New Kids on the Blecch]])
*Police sting agent ([[Trilogy of Error]])
*A comic book writer ([[I Am Furious Yellow]])
*Commericial Actor ([[Barting Over]])
*T-shirt designer ([[Fat Man and Little Boy (The Simpsons)|Fat Man and Little Boy]]Fat Man and Little Boy]]]])
*An assistant barber
*Nuclear power plant safety inspector ([[Missionary: Impossible]])

==Future==

It should be noted that the specific years listed below are probably inconsistent, given the general "timelessness" of the series. For instance, in 2010 Bart is depicted as being in his early twenties. However, this was if Bart was ten during the initial airing of "Lisa's Wedding". As 2010 is only four years away from the current time, and Bart is still depicted as a ten year old in 2006 this makes it impossible for him to be that age by that date. So in other words, the specific dates should be treated as very loose canon. Also, as these events are glimpses into the unknown future, these events may not come to pass exactly.:

*'''2010 (four years from "now"):''' Is a demolition contractor. He "can't believe he's getting paid to do this" and mentions that he's "just getting all his aggression out before I go to law school". Has a receding hairline and stubble, just like Homer. Has been married twice, and considering getting married again. (Depicted in "[[Lisa's Wedding]]")
*'''2030 (twenty-four years from "now"):''' Bart lives with Ralph Wiggum and they have an unsuccessful band, the Tequilla Mockingbirds. Dropped out of the Devry Institute. Mooches off of Lisa, now the [[President of the United States]], and criticizes her for no longer being cool and promotes his band during her address to the nation. (Depicted in "[[Bart to the Future]]")
*'''28 years from "now":''' Is now [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (incorrectly referred to in the episode as "Chief Justice of the Supreme Court." Finally sees "Itchy & Scratchy: The Movie" with Homer. (Depicted in "[[Itchy & Scratchy: The Movie]]")
*'''One minute before death (at the age of 83):''' Finds true love, according to Professor Frink. His brain is put into a pauper's grave. (Mentioned in "[[Future-Drama]]")
*'''1000 years later:''' Having been revealed as God's last prophet, is the cause of holy war. According to one army of followers, the ones who wear Bart wigs and call him Bart Simpson, he preached a message of tolerance and love. By the other army, who dress in Bartman purple masks and call him by the same name, he preached a message of understanding and peace, before he was betrayed by his follower Milhouse and was pulled apart by snowmobiles until he died. This stemmed from a present-day scene when Bart tells paintball-warring Catholics and Protestants, "It's all Christianity". (Depicted in "The Father, The Daughter, and The Holy Guest Star")
*'''1000 years later:''' Reanimated using future technology, through a name carved by him into wet cement. Only a daydream sequence, not factual.

==Bartman==
[[Image:nes bartradioactive.jpg|thumb|right|'''Bartman''' in the [[video game]] ''[[Bartman Meets Radioactive Man]]'']]
'''Bartman''' is a [[comic book]] title and the [[alter ego]] of Bart Simpson. Essentially, in addition to his normal clothes, Bart wears a [[purple]] [[mask]] and [[cape]] to become Bartman. The name, when written, bears a striking resemblance to the name [[Batman]], and Bartman is indeed supposed to be a [[superhero]] of some sort. Bartman makes a short appearance in the ''Simpsons'' episode "[[Three Men and a Comic Book]]".

This alter ego is the basis for the short-lived [[Bongo Comics]] series ([[1993]]-[[1995]]), which saw the young Bart adopt the mantle of crimefighting. He was aided by [[Milhouse]], as the [[Robin (comics)|Robin]]-like '''Houseboy'''. Like Bart's costume, Milhouse's was simplistic, involving only a [[green]] mask and cape in addition to his ordinary clothing. The series only lasted 6 issues.

Bartman and Houseboy make a brief appearance in the ''Simpsons'' [[book]] ''The Simpsons Holiday

Humdinger'', published in [[2004]] by [[HarperCollins]]. In a [[parody]] of the story ''[[How the Grinch Stole Christmas]]'', Bartman takes on [[List of recurring characters from The Simpsons#Gil|Gil]], who is stealing [[Christmas]] presents in hopes of destroying the holiday.

Bartman is also featured in the [[video game]] ''[[Bartman Meets Radioactive Man]]'' ([[1992]]-[[1993]]).
Bartman also appears in the video game "Bart's Nightmare" for the SNES when you jump into a sheet of lost homework and enter an almost "mini-game" featuring the Bartman.

== Trivia ==

* [[Matt Groening]] drew Bart next to the words "Class of '72, Matt Groening" on the sidewalk of SW 18th Avenue in downtown [[Portland, Oregon]], behind Lincoln High School (which he attended) and across from [[Kings Hill/Southwest Salmon (MAX station)|Kings Hill Station]] in 1996 after the new sidewalk was laid following the construction of the Station. The City has opted not to remove the "[[graffiti]]" or cite Groening for vandalism.

==See also==
* [[Bart chalkboard gags on The Simpsons]]
* [[Do the Bartman]]

{{wikiquote}}

[[Category:Simpsons characters|Simpson, Bart]]
[[Category:Anti-heroes|Simpson, Bart]]
[[category:Celebrities who have appeared on Sesame Street|Simpson, Bart]]
[[Category:Fictional Americans|Simpson, Bart]]
[[Category:Fictional Christians|Simpson, Bart]]
[[Category:Fictional children|Simpson, Bart]]
[[da:Bart Simpson]]
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Komplexe Plastiden

2005-09-16T15:39:33Z

206.77.0.155:

[[Image:Chloroplastsfigure1.jpg|thumb|right|The inside of a chloroplast]]
'''Chloroplasts''' are [[organelle]]s found in [[plant]] [[cell (biology)|cells]] and [[eukaryote|eukaryotic]] [[alga]]e which conduct [[photosynthesis]].
Chloroplasts are similar to [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]] but are found only in plants. Both organelles are surrounded by a double membrane with an intermembrane space; both have their own DNA and are involved in energy metabolism; and both have reticulations, or many foldings, filling their inner spaces.
Chloroplasts convert light energy from the sun into [[Adenosine_triphosphate|ATP]] through a process called [[photosynthesis]].

Chloroplasts are one of the forms a [[plastid]] may take, and are generally considered to have originated as [[endosymbiotic theory|endosymbiotic]] [[cyanobacteria]].
In green plants chloroplasts are surrounded by two [[cell membrane|lipid bilayer membrane]]s, now thought to correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium.
The genome is considerably [[genome reduction|reduced]] compared to that of free-living cyanobacteria, but the parts that are still present show clear similarities.

It is interesting to note that in some algae (such as the [[heterokont]]s and other [[protist]]s such as [[Euglenozoa]] and [[Cercozoa]]), chloroplasts seem to have arisen through a secondary event of endosymbiosis, where an eukaryotic cell joined with a second eukaryotic cell containing chloroplasts, forming chloroplasts with four membrane layers.

The fluid within the chloroplast is called the [[stroma]], corresponding to the [[cytoplasm]] of the bacterium, and contains tiny circular [[DNA]] and [[ribosome]]s, though most of their proteins are synthesized by the cell nucleus.
Within the stroma are stacks of [[thylakoid]]s, the sub-organelle where photosynthesis actually takes place. A stack of thylakoids is called a [[granum]]. A thylakoid looks like a flattened disk, and inside is an empty area called the thylakoid space or lumen. The photosynthesis reaction takes place on the surface of the thylakoid.

The photosynthetic proteins in the membrane bind [[chlorophyll]], which is present with various accessory [[pigment]]s. These give chloroplasts their green colour.
Algal chloroplasts may be golden, brown, or red and show variation in the number of membranes and the presence of thylakoids.

==See also==
*[[Chloroplast membrane]]
*[[Calvin cycle]]

==External links==
*[http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Chloroplasts.html Chloroplasts] and [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/L/LightReactions.html Photosynthesis: The Role of Light] from [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/ Kimball's Biology Pages]
*[http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/C/chloropl.html Chloroplast, Botany]
*[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8041699 Use of chloroplast DNA in studying plant phylogeny and evolution]

==Sources==
*{{NCBI-scienceprimer}}

{{organelles}}
[[Category:Organelles]][[Category:Photosynthesis]]

[[bg:Хлоропласт]]
[[da:Grønkorn]]
[[de:Chloroplast]]
[[es:Cloroplasto]]
[[fa:سبزدیسه]]
[[fr:Chloroplaste]]
[[he:כלורופלסט]]
[[it:Cloroplasto]]
[[nl:Bladgroenkorrel]]
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[[nds:Chloroplast]]
[[pl:Chloroplast]]
[[pt:Cloroplasto]]

Komplexe Plastiden

2005-09-16T15:38:23Z

206.77.0.155:

[[Image:Chloroplastsfigure1.jpg|thumb|right|The inside of a chloroplast]]
'''Chloroplasts''' are [[organelle]]s found in [[plant]] [[cell (biology)|cells]] and [[eukaryote|eukaryotic]] [[alga]]e which conduct [[photosynthesis]].
Chloroplasts are similar to [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]] but are found only in plants. Both organelles are surrounded by a double membrane with an intermembrane space; both have their own DNA and are involved in energy metabolism; and both have reticulations, or many foldings, filling their inner spaces.
Chloroplasts convert light energy from the sun into [[Adenosine_triphosphate|ATP]] through a process called [[photosynthesis]].bitch

Chloroplasts are one of the forms a [[plastid]] may take, and are generally considered to have originated as [[endosymbiotic theory|endosymbiotic]] [[cyanobacteria]].
In green plants chloroplasts are surrounded by two [[cell membrane|lipid bilayer membrane]]s, now thought to correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium.
The genome is considerably [[genome reduction|reduced]] compared to that of free-living cyanobacteria, but the parts that are still present show clear similarities.

It is interesting to note that in some algae (such as the [[heterokont]]s and other [[protist]]s such as [[Euglenozoa]] and [[Cercozoa]]), chloroplasts seem to have arisen through a secondary event of endosymbiosis, where an eukaryotic cell joined with a second eukaryotic cell containing chloroplasts, forming chloroplasts with four membrane layers.

The fluid within the chloroplast is called the [[stroma]], corresponding to the [[cytoplasm]] of the bacterium, and contains tiny circular [[DNA]] and [[ribosome]]s, though most of their proteins are synthesized by the cell nucleus.
Within the stroma are stacks of [[thylakoid]]s, the sub-organelle where photosynthesis actually takes place. A stack of thylakoids is called a [[granum]]. A thylakoid looks like a flattened disk, and inside is an empty area called the thylakoid space or lumen. The photosynthesis reaction takes place on the surface of the thylakoid.

The photosynthetic proteins in the membrane bind [[chlorophyll]], which is present with various accessory [[pigment]]s. These give chloroplasts their green colour.
Algal chloroplasts may be golden, brown, or red and show variation in the number of membranes and the presence of thylakoids.

==See also==
*[[Chloroplast membrane]]
*[[Calvin cycle]]

==External links==
*[http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Chloroplasts.html Chloroplasts] and [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/L/LightReactions.html Photosynthesis: The Role of Light] from [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/ Kimball's Biology Pages]
*[http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/C/chloropl.html Chloroplast, Botany]
*[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8041699 Use of chloroplast DNA in studying plant phylogeny and evolution]

==Sources==
*{{NCBI-scienceprimer}}

{{organelles}}
[[Category:Organelles]][[Category:Photosynthesis]]

[[bg:Хлоропласт]]
[[da:Grønkorn]]
[[de:Chloroplast]]
[[es:Cloroplasto]]
[[fa:سبزدیسه]]
[[fr:Chloroplaste]]
[[he:כלורופלסט]]
[[it:Cloroplasto]]
[[nl:Bladgroenkorrel]]
[[ja:葉緑体]]
[[nds:Chloroplast]]
[[pl:Chloroplast]]
[[pt:Cloroplasto]]