https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=204.218.244.11 2025-06-05T12:35:01Z Benutzerbeiträge MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.3 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sequim&diff=133985977 2005-12-15T12:38:08Z

<p>204.218.244.11: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Sequim''' is a city located in [[Clallam County, Washington]]. As of the [[2000]] census, the city had a total population of 4,334. It is located along the Dungeness River near the base of the Olympic Mountains. The city has been increasing in population dramatically in recent years and has become a magnet for retirees, losing its rural charm. The city and the surrounding area are particularly known for their production of [[lavender]]. The area is also known for its [[Dungeness crab]]. Sequim lies within the [[rainshadow]] of the Olympic Mountains and receives an average of less than 15&quot; of rain per year.<br /> <br /> Sequim is pronounced &quot;s'kwim&quot;. The e is silent.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Sequim was officially incorporated on [[October 31]], [[1913]]. <br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> [[Image:WAMap-doton-Sequim.png|right|Location of Sequim, Washington]]Sequim is located at 48&amp;deg;4'41&quot; North, 123&amp;deg;6'5&quot; West (48.078002, -123.101427){{GR|1}}.<br /> <br /> According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 13.7 [[square kilometer|km&amp;sup2;]] (5.3 [[square mile|mi&amp;sup2;]]). 13.7 km&amp;sup2; (5.3 mi&amp;sup2;) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of [[2000]], there are 4,334 people, 2,163 households, and 1,111 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] is 316.9/km&amp;sup2; (820.6/mi&amp;sup2;). There are 2,424 housing units at an average density of 177.3/km&amp;sup2; (459.0/mi&amp;sup2;). The racial makeup of the city is 93.91% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.30% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.15% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.75% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.09% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.92% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.87% from two or more races. 2.86% of the population are [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.<br /> <br /> There are 2,163 households out of which 15.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.1% are [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 48.6% are non-families. 44.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 30.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.90 and the average family size is 2.55.<br /> <br /> In the city the population is spread out with 15.3% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 15.2% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 44.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 59 years. For every 100 females there are 73.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 68.9 males.<br /> <br /> The median income for a household in the city is $27,880, and the median income for a family is $35,652. Males have a median income of $35,160 versus $20,347 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city is $19,253. 13.9% of the population and 9.8% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 19.9% of those under the age of 18 and 10.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> {{Mapit-US-cityscale|48.078002|-123.101427}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Clallam County, Washington]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Washington]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305446 2005-12-15T07:46:35Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* American Great Awakenings */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnection occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> u fucked yo mama and daddy last night... hahahahahahahaha a threesome!!!!<br /> <br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> <br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305444 2005-12-15T07:44:42Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* Other meanings */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnection occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.<br /> i fucked yo mama last night!!!!!! and star trek sucks cock!<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> <br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305442 2005-12-15T07:44:00Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* Further reading */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnection occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> <br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]<br /> you all need to fucking die or i will kill all of you... eather that or knock the fuck out of you!!!!!!!!!!!!<br /> DIE BITCHES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305441 2005-12-15T07:43:39Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* Further reading */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnection occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> <br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]<br /> you all need to fucking die or i will kill all of you... eather that or knock the fuck out of you!!!!!!!!!!!!</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305439 2005-12-15T07:41:55Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* Other meanings */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnection occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.if you don't die now a chick with black hair will come through your fucking television and kill you with her penis<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> <br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305437 2005-12-15T07:40:56Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* American Great Awakenings */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnection occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> The greta Awakening is extremly boring topic and if you read this sentence your brain will be destroyed.<br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> <br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> <br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305435 2005-12-15T07:38:54Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* American Great Awakenings */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnection occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution. After they prayed and crap they where all molested and killed by aliens<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> <br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> <br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305432 2005-12-09T08:28:07Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* The Pattern of Great Awakenings */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnect occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals. wtffsmtgtsmfwtfiggtdtm,giagtsmf<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> <br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305430 2005-12-09T08:26:16Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* Other meanings */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnect occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were expoused naked bodies.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!Pokemon rulz!!!<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> <br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305428 2005-12-09T08:24:22Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* The Pattern of Great Awakenings */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnect occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s.During the great Awakening this huge squadron of aliens came thats looked just like the ones from star trek came and killed everyone. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> <br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305426 2005-12-09T08:22:10Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* Further reading */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnect occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> <br /> wtf that isnt true<br /> <br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.<br /> wowzers<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994i got to go poopy now so dont open the door<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> poopy<br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305425 2005-12-09T08:21:39Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* American Great Awakenings */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnect occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> <br /> wtf that isnt true<br /> <br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.<br /> wowzers<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> poopy<br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305424 2005-12-09T08:21:10Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* Other meanings */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnect occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.<br /> wowzers<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> poopy<br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&diff=51305423 2005-12-09T08:20:41Z

<p>204.218.244.11: /* Further reading */</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup-date|May 2005}}<br /> '''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought.<br /> <br /> The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. <br /> <br /> There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history:<br /> <br /> * The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]])<br /> * The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]])<br /> * The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])<br /> <br /> In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history:<br /> <br /> * The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]])<br /> * The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) <br /> <br /> Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]].<br /> <br /> Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==The Pattern of Great Awakenings==<br /> For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]].<br /> <br /> A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnect occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. <br /> <br /> A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals.<br /> <br /> In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). <br /> <br /> Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. <br /> <br /> But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over.<br /> <br /> ==American Great Awakenings==<br /> Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.<br /> <br /> Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]].<br /> <br /> {{Great awakenings}}<br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused.<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966<br /> *Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening &amp; the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626<br /> *William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997.<br /> *Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.<br /> *Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991<br /> *Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994<br /> *James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967<br /> ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967<br /> poopy<br /> [[Category:Religious history of the United States]]<br /> <br /> [[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papst_(Titel)&diff=143506320 2005-02-02T13:27:41Z

<p>204.218.244.11: </p> <hr /> <div>{{otheruses}}<br /> <br /> [[image:20040128-1_v8127-12-cheneypope-515h.jpg|thumb|250px|Pope John Paul II has reigned since 22 Oct 1978.]]<br /> The '''Pope''' is the [[Catholic]] [[bishop]] and [[patriarch]] of [[Rome]], and head of [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Eastern Rite|Eastern Catholic Churches]] (note that the name within the communion is simply &quot;the one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church&quot;). In addition to this spiritual role, the Pope is also head of the independent, sovereign [[Vatican City|State of the Vatican City]], a [[city-state]] entirely surrounded by the city of [[Rome]]. Prior to [[1870]], the Pope's temporal authority extended over a large area of central [[Italy]], a territory formally known as the &quot;Patrimony of St Peter&quot; under the terms of the [[Donation of Constantine]], but more familiar as the [[Papal States]]. The office of the Pope is informally called the [[Papacy]] and formally called the [[Papacy|Pontificate]]; his ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the [[Holy See]] (''Sancta Sedes''). Catholics worldwide consider each pope to be [[Jesus]]' representative on [[Earth]].<br /> <br /> The last Pope was [[Pope John Paul II]], who was elected at the age of 58 in [[1978]]. He was the first non-Italian to be elected to the Pontificate since [[Adrian VI]], who was briefly pope in 1522-23. [[Pope John Paul II]] tragically died of complications due to age on March 18, 2005. The vatican mourned and Michael Jackson held a special concert in his memory. Shortly after the events of Michael Jackson in the Vatican, many families came forth claiming their children were sexually abused, the investigations are inconclusive.<br /> <br /> ==Other Popes==<br /> An '''[[antipope]]''' is a person who claims the Pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it. The existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the Church, or to confusion as to who is the legitimate Pope at the time (see [[Western Schism|Papal Schism]]). <br /> <br /> The heads of the [[Coptic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] are also called &quot;Popes&quot; for historical reasons, with the former being called &quot;'''Coptic Pope'''&quot; or &quot;'''Pope of Alexandria'''&quot; and the latter called &quot;'''Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa'''&quot;; the parallel construction &quot;'''Pope of Rome'''&quot; is uncommon but occasionally used.<br /> <br /> ==Word origins==<br /> The word &quot;Pope&quot; is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''pappas'' (&quot;father&quot;) and was originally used in an affectionate sense of any priest or bishop (in the exact same way that modern priests are addressed as &quot;Father&quot;). In the [[4th century|fourth]] and [[5th century|fifth centuries]], ''pappas'' ([[Latin language|Latinized]] as ''papa'', a form still preserved in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) was still frequently used of any bishop in the [[Western world|West]], although it gradually came to be increasingly restricted to its modern, exclusive use by the Bishop of Rome. In the [[East]], especially in [[Greece]] and [[Russia]], priests are still referred to as ''pappas''.<br /> <br /> As early as the [[third century]], the [[Patriarch of Alexandria|Bishop of Alexandria]] exercised a high degree of central control of suffragan [[Egypt]]ian bishops, in a manner consciously similar to the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome; the Alexandrian archbishop was given precedence immediately after the Roman pontiff by the [[Council of Nicaea]], and adopted the title &quot;Pope of Alexandria,&quot; which still forms an integral part of the titles of the Greek Orthodox &quot;Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa&quot; and of the Coptic &quot;Pope of Alexandria and of the See of Saint Mark the Apostle.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Office and nature==<br /> The title &quot;Pope&quot; is an informal one; the formal title of the Pope is &quot;[[Bishop]] of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, [[Servus Servorum Dei|Servant of the Servants of God]],&quot; although this is rarely seen or used in full (by comparison, the formal title of the Orthodox Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria is &quot;Successor of Saint Mark the Apostle, Shepherd of Shepherds, Father of Fathers, Supreme Pontiff of All Metropolitans and Bishops, Judge of the World, and Beloved of Christ&quot;, often called the &quot;Ecumenical Judge&quot;; the Coptic Pope is styled &quot;Pope and Patriarch of the See of Alexandria and of All the Predication of the Evangelist St. Mark&quot;). In [[canon law]] he is referred to as the &quot;Roman Pontiff&quot; (''Pontifex Romanus''). The Pope is styled &quot;[[Your Holiness]]&quot; (''Sanctitas Vostra'') and is frequently referred to as &quot;the Holy Father.&quot;<br /> <br /> The Pope's signature is usually in the format &quot;''NN. PP. x''&quot; (''e.g.'', [[Pope Paul VI]] signed his name as &quot;Paulus PP. VI&quot;), and his name is frequently accompanied in inscriptions by the abbreviation &quot;Pont. Max.&quot; or &quot;P.M.&quot; (abbreviation of the ancient title ''[[Pontifex Maximus]]'', literally &quot;Greatest Bridge-maker&quot;, but usually translated &quot;Supreme Pontiff&quot;). The signature of [[Papal bull]]s is customarily ''NN. Episcopus Ecclesia Catholicae'' (&quot;NN. Bishop of the Catholic Church&quot;), while the heading is ''NN. Episcopus [[Servus Servorum Dei]]'' (&quot;NN. Bishop and Servant of the Servants of God&quot;), the latter title dating to the time of [[Pope Gregory I]] ''the Great''. Other titles used in some official capacity include ''Summus Pontifex'' (&quot;Highest Pontiff&quot;), ''Sanctissimus Pater'' and ''Beatissimus Pater'' (&quot;Most Holy Father&quot; and &quot;Most Blessed Father&quot;), ''Sanctissimus Dominus Noster'' (&quot;Our Most Holy Lord&quot;), and, in the [[Middle Ages|Mediaeval period]], ''Dominus Apostolicus'' (&quot;Apostolic Lord&quot;).<br /> <br /> [[Image:Vatican flag large.png|right|thumb|125px|[[Flag of the Vatican City|Flag]] of the [[Vatican City]]]]<br /> <br /> The Pope's official residence is the [[Palace of the Vatican]], and he also possesses a summer palace at [[Castel Gandolfo]] (believed to be situated on the site of the ancient city-state [[Alba Longa]]). Historically the official residence of the Pope was the [[Lateran Palace]], donated by the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Constantine I of the Roman Empire|Constantinus I]]. The former Papal summer palace, the [[Quirinal Palace]], has subsequently been the official residence of the [[King of Italy|Kings of Italy]] and [[President of Italy|Presidents of the Italian Republic]].<br /> <br /> Contrary to popular belief, it is the Pope's ecclesiastical jurisdiction (the Holy See) and not his secular jurisdiction (Vatican City) which conducts international relations; for hundreds of years, the Pope's court (the [[Roman Curia]]) has functioned as the government of the Catholic Church. <br /> The name &quot;Holy See&quot; (also &quot;Apostolic See&quot;) is in ecclesiastical terminology the ordinary jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome (including the Roman Curia); the Pope's various honours, powers, and privileges within the Catholic Church and the international community derive from his Episcopate of Rome in lineal succession from the [[Apostle]] [[St. Peter]] (see [[Apostolic Succession]]). Consequently Rome has traditionally occupied a central position in the Catholic Church, although this is not necessarily so. The Pope derives his Pontificate from being Bishop of Rome but is not obligated to reside in Rome; according to the Latin formula ''ubi Papa, ibi Curia'', wherever the Pope resides is the central government of the Church, provided that the Pope is Bishop of Rome. As such, between [[1309]] and [[1378]] the Popes resided not in Rome but in [[Avignon]], a period often called the [[Babylonian Captivity]] in allusion to the [[Bible|Biblical]] exile of [[Israel]] (see [[Avignon Papacy]]).<br /> <br /> Catholic [[tradition]] maintains that the institution of the Pontificate can be found in the [[Bible]], and cites certain key passages in support of this contention. Chief among these passages is [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew xvi: 18 &amp;#8211; 19]], wherein Jesus Christ says to [[St. Peter]], &quot;Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jona! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but My Father Who is in Heaven. And I tell you, you are Peter (&quot;The Rock&quot; derived from Greek), and on this rock I will build My Church, and the gates of Hell shall not prevail against it. And I will give you the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven: and whatever you bind on Earth shall be bound in Heaven, and whatever you loose on Earth shall be loosed in Heaven&quot;. Other important passages include [[Gospel of Luke|Luke xxii: 31 &amp;#8211; 32]], [[Gospel of John|John i: 42]], and [[Gospel of John|John xxi: 15 &amp;#8211; 17]].<br /> <br /> ==Regalia and insignia==<br /> <br /> The most famous symbol of the Papacy is almost certainly the ''[[Papal Tiara|triregnum]]'' (a thrice-crowned hat), also called the &quot;tiara&quot; or &quot;triple crown&quot;; recent Popes have not, however, worn the ''triregnum'' and have instead chosen to wear the episcopal [[mitre]] (an erect cloth hat). Unlike ordinary bishops, the Pope does not bear a [[crozier]] (a bent pastoral staff styled after a shepherd's crook), but rather bears a staff topped by an erect [[crucifix]], a custom established before the [[Thirteenth century]]. The Pope also uses the [[pallium]] (a circular band of fabric about two inches wide, worn over the [[chasuble]] about the neck, breast and shoulders and having two twelve-inch-long pendants hanging down in front and behind, ornamented with six small, black crosses distributed about the breast, back, shoulders, and pendants) at all ecclesiastical functions but not subject to the restrictions imposed upon [[archbishop]]s upon whom the Pope has conferred the right to use the pallium.<br /> <br /> Equally famous as the ''triregnum'' and perhaps more important a symbol of the Papacy is the image of two keys, one gold and one silver, in saltire (i.e., crossed over one another so as to form an X), with a red cord tying them together. This represents the &quot;Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven&quot; ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew xvi: 19]]; ''cf.'' [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah xxii: 22]]) and is in many ways the quintessential symbol of the Papacy as an institution and of its central role within the Catholic Church. Jesus's definition of Petrine authority (&quot;whatever you bind on Earth shall be bound in Heaven, and whatever you loose on Earth shall be loosed in Heaven&quot;) established two jurisdictions, Heaven and Earth; the silver and gold keys are said to represent these two jurisdictions. The silver key symbolises the power to bind and loose on Earth, and the gold key the power to bind and loose in Heaven.<br /> <br /> [[Image:Vatican coa.png|right|thumb|120px|'''Vatican coat of arms''']]<br /> <br /> Another famous part of the Papal regalia is the Fisherman's Ring, a gold ring decorated with a depiction of St. Peter in a boat casting his net, with the name of the reigning Pope around it. The Fisherman's Ring was first mentioned in a letter of [[Pope Clement IV]] to his nephew in [[1265]] wherein he mentions that Popes were accustomed to sealing public documents with leaden &quot;[[Papal bull|bull]]s&quot; attached, and private letters with &quot;the seal of the Fisherman&quot; (by the [[Fifteenth century|XV Century]], the Fisherman's Ring was used to seal [[Papal brief]]s). The Fisherman's Ring is placed on the newly-elected Pope's finger by the [[Camerlengo|Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church]]; on the Pope's death, the Cardinal Chamberlain smashes the Fisherman's Ring with a hammer, symbolising the end of the late Pope's authority.<br /> <br /> The ''umbracullum'' (better known in the Italian form ''ombrellino'') is a canopy or umbrella (consisting of alternating red and gold stripes) whose original function was quite simply to provide shade. As it was traditionally a royal prerogative to walk beneath a canopy, [[Pope Alexander VI]] began using the ''umbracullum'' to symbolise the temporal powers of the Papacy; it was formerly carried by a man standing behind the Pope, and features in the [[heraldry|heraldic arms]] of the Cardinal Chamberlain (who governs the Church during a ''Sede Vacante'', a Papal interregnum) and the former arms of the Papal States. The practice of walking with the ''umbracullum'' has been discontinued, although it continues to feature in heraldry and remains the insigne of a [[basilica]], usually displayed to the right of the main altar. <br /> <br /> [[Image:Paulcrnd.jpg|left|thumb|300px|'''The Coronation of Pope Paul VI''']]<br /> <br /> In heraldry, the Pope's arms are surmounted by the aforementioned two keys in saltire behind the escutcheon (one key silver and one key gold, tied with a red cord), and above them a silver ''triregnum'' with three gold crowns and red ''infulae'', or the red strips of fabric hanging from the back over the shoulders when worn (&quot;two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or&quot;). The flag most frequently associated with the Pope is the yellow and white flag of Vatican City, with the arms of the Holy See (&quot;Gules, two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or&quot;) on the right hand side in the white half of the flag. This flag was first adopted in [[1808]], whereas the previous flag had been red and gold, the traditional colours of the Pontificate. <br /> <br /> One of the most familiar (and now discontinued) trappings of the Papacy was the ''sedia gestatoria'', a mobile throne or armchair carried by twelve footmen (''palafrenieri'') in red uniforms. Traditionally, the ''sedia gestatoria'' was used in certain solemn occasions of Pontifical ceremony, most especially the procession held shortly after the Pope's election from the [[Sistine Chapel]] to [[St. Peter's Basilica]] where the Pope held his coronation ceremony; the Pope was carried in great pomp and circumstance, accompanied by two attendants bearing large (and largely ceremonial) fans made of white ostrich-feathers (''flabella''). While being carried in the ''sedia gestatoria'' the Pope frequently wore a long cloak or mantle (called a [[cope]]) which flowed from his shoulders over the sides of the throne. The use of the ''sedia gestatoria'' and of the ''flabella'' has been discontinued by [[Pope John Paul II]], with the former being replaced by the so-called [[Popemobile]].<br /> <br /> ==Status and authority==<br /> The status and authority of the Pope in the Catholic Church was dogmatically defined by the [[First Vatican Council]] in its Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ ([[July 18]], [[1870]]). The first chapter of this document is entitled &quot;On the institution of the apostolic primacy in blessed Peter&quot;, and states that (s.1) &quot;according to the Gospel evidence, a primacy of jurisdiction over the whole church of [[God]] was immediately and directly promised to the blessed apostle Peter and conferred on him by Christ the lord&quot; and that (s.6) &quot;if anyone says that blessed Peter the [[apostle]] was not appointed by Christ the lord as prince of all the apostles and visible head of the whole church militant; or that it was a primacy of honour only and not one of true and proper jurisdiction that he directly and immediately received from our lord Jesus Christ Himself: let him be [[anathema]].&quot;<br /> <br /> The Dogmatic Constitution's second chapter, &quot;On the permanence of the primacy of blessed Peter in the Roman pontiffs&quot;, states that (s.1) &quot;that which our lord Jesus Christ [...] established in the blessed apostle Peter [...] must of necessity remain forever, by Christ's authority, in the church which, founded as it is upon a rock, will stand firm until the end of time,&quot; that (s.3) &quot;whoever succeeds to the chair of Peter obtains by the institution of Christ Himself, the primacy of Peter over the whole church&quot;, and that (s.5) &quot;if anyone says that it is not by the institution of Christ the lord Himself (that is to say, by divine law) that blessed Peter should have perpetual successors in the primacy over the whole church; or that the Roman pontiff is not the successor of blessed Peter in this primacy: let him be anathema.&quot;<br /> <br /> The Dogmatic Constitution's third chapter, &quot;On the power and character of the [[primacy of the Roman pontiff]],&quot; states that (s.1) &quot;the definition of the [[ecumenical council]] of [[Council of Florence|Florence]], which must be believed by all faithful [[Christianity|Christian]]s, namely that the apostolic see and the Roman pontiff hold a world-wide primacy, and that the Roman pontiff is the successor of blessed Peter, the prince of the apostles, true vicar of Christ, head of the whole church and father and teacher of all Christian people,&quot; that (s.2) &quot;by divine ordinance, the Roman church possesses a pre-eminence of ordinary power over every other church, and that the jurisdictional power of the Roman pontiff is both episcopal and immediate&quot; and that &quot;[[clergy]] and faithful, of whatever rite and dignity, both singly and collectively, are bound to submit to this power by the duty of [[hierarchy|hierarchical]] subordination and true obedience, and this not only in matters concerning faith and morals, but also in those which regard the discipline and government of the church throughout the world.&quot;<br /> <br /> The powers of the Pope are defined by the Dogmatic Constitution (ch.3, s.8) such that &quot;he is the supreme judge of the faithful, and that in all cases which fall under ecclesiastical jurisdiction recourse may be had to his judgement&quot; and that &quot;the sentence of the apostolic see (than which there is no higher authority) is not subject to revision by anyone, nor may anyone lawfully pass judgement thereupon&quot; (can. 331 defines the power of the Pope as &quot;supreme, full, immediate and universal ordinary power in the Church, and he can always freely exercise this power&quot;). It also dogmatically defined (ch.4, s.9) the doctrine of [[papal infallibility|Papal infallibility]], ''sc.'' such that<br /> <br /> :when the Roman Pontiff speaks ''ex cathedra'', that is, when in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed His church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals. Therefore, such definitions of the Roman pontiff are of themselves, and not by the consent of the church, irreformable.<br /> <br /> ==Political role==<br /> <br /> Though the progressive [[Christianization|Christianisation]] of the [[Roman Empire]] in the [[Fourth century]] did not confer upon bishops civil authority within the state, the gradual withdrawal of imperial authority during the 5th century left the Pope the senior Imperial civilian official in Rome, as bishops were increasingly directing civil affairs in other cities of the Western Empire. This status as a secular and civil leader was vividly displayed by [[Pope Leo I]]'s confrontation with [[Attila]] in 452 and was substantially increased in [[754]], when the [[Franks|Frankish]] ruler [[Pepin the Short]] donated to the Pope a strip of territory which formed the core of the so-called [[Papal States]] (properly the Patrimony of St. Peter). In [[800]], [[Pope Leo III]] crowned the Frankish ruler [[Charlemagne]] as Roman Emperor, a major step toward establishing what later became known as the [[Holy Roman Empire]]; from that date it became the Pope's prerogative to crown the Emperor, a tradition which continued until [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]], the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope (subsequent Emperors never received coronation), and which was partially revived by [[Napoléon Bonaparte]]. As has been hitherto mentioned, the Pope's sovereignty over the Papal States ended in [[1870]] with their annexation by [[Italy]].<br /> <br /> In addition to the Pope's position as a territorial ruler and foremost [[prince bishop]] of Christendom (especially prominent with the [[Renaissance]] Popes like [[Pope Alexander VI]] an ambitious if spectacularly corrupt politico, and [[Pope Julius II]], a formidable general and statesman) and as the spiritual head of the Holy Roman Empire (especially prominent during periods of contention with the Emperors, such as during the Pontificates of [[Pope Gregory VII]] and [[Pope Alexander III]]), the Pope also possessed a degree of political and temporal authority in his capacity as Supreme Pontiff. Some of the most striking examples of Papal political authority are the Bull ''[[Laudabiliter]]'' in [[1155]] (authorising [[Henry II of England]] to invade [[Ireland]]), the Bull ''[[Inter Caeteras]]'' in [[1493]] (leading to the [[Treaty of Torsedillas]] in [[1494]], which divided the world into areas of [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] rule) the Bull ''[[Regnans in Excelsis]]'' in [[1570]] ([[excommunication|excommunicating]] [[Elizabeth I of England]] and purporting to release all her subjects from their allegiance to her), the Bull ''[[Inter Gravissimas]]'' in [[1582]] (establishing the [[Gregorian Calendar]]).<br /> <br /> ==Death and election==<br /> <br /> The current regulations regarding a Papal [[interregnum]] -- i.e., a ''Sede Vacante'' &quot;vacant see&quot; -- were promulgated by John Paul II in his [[1996]] document ''[[Universi Dominici Gregis]]''. During the ''Sede Vacante'', the [[College of Cardinals|Sacred College of Cardinals]], composed of the Pope's principal advisors and assistants, is collectively responsible for the government of the Church and of the Vatican itself, under the direction of the [[Camerlengo|Cardinal Chamberlain]]; however, canon law specifically forbids the Cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the Church during the vacancy of the Holy See. Any decision that needs the assent of the Pope has to wait until a new Pope has been elected and takes office. <br /> <br /> The Pope's death is officially determined by the Cardinal Chamberlain by gently tapping the late Pope's head thrice with a golden hammer and calling his name. A doctor may or may not have already determined that the Pope had passed away. The Cardinal Chamberlain then retrieves the Fisherman's Ring. Usually the ring is on the Pope's right hand. But with Paul VI, he had stopped wearing the ring during the last years of his reign, and left it in his desk. In other cases the ring might have been removed for medical reasons. The Chamberlin cuts the ring in two in the presence of the Cardinals. The deceased Pope's seals are defaced, to keep the Pope's seal from ever being used again, and his personal apartment is sealed.<br /> <br /> The body then lies in state for a number of days before being interred in the [[crypt]] of a leading church or cathedral; the Popes of the [[Twentieth century]] have all been interred in [[St. Peter's Basilica]], but it is expected that the reigning Pope, [[Pope John Paul II]], will be interred in his native [[Poland]]. A nine-day period of mourning (''novem dialis'') follows after the interment of the late Pope.<br /> <br /> The Pope was originally chosen by those senior [[clergy]]men resident in and near Rome. In [[1059]], the electorate was restricted to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinals]] of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all Cardinal Electors were made equal in [[1179]]. The Pope is usually a member of the Sacred College of Cardinals, but theoretically any male Catholic (including a layman) may be elected; [[Pope Urban VI]] was the last Pope who was not already a cardinal at the time of his election. Canon law requires that if a layman or non-bishop is elected, he receives episcopal consecration from the [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] before assuming the Pontificate. Under present canon law, the Pope is elected by the cardinal electors, comprising those cardinals who are under the age of 80. <br /> <br /> The [[Second Council of Lyons]] was convened on [[May 7]], [[1274]], to regulate the election of the Pope. This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the Pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a Pope has been elected; this was prompted by the three-year ''Sede Vacante'' following the death of [[Pope Clement IV]] in [[1268]]. By the mid-[[Sixteenth century]], the electoral process had more or less evolved into its present form, allowing for alteration in the time between the death of the Pope and the meeting of the cardinal electors.<br /> <br /> Traditionally the vote was conducted by acclamation, by selection by committee, or by plenary vote. Acclamation was the simplest procedure, consisting entirely of a voice vote, and was last used in [[1621]]. The reigning Pope, [[Pope John Paul II]], has abolished vote by acclamation and by selection by committee, and henceforth all Popes will be elected by full vote of the [[College of Cardinals|Sacred College of Cardinals]] by [[ballot]]. <br /> <br /> The election of the Pope almost always takes place in the [[Sistine Chapel]], in a meeting called a &quot;[[papal election|conclave]]&quot; (so called because twenty days after the Pope's death, the present cardinal electors are theoretically locked in, ''cum clavi'', until they elect a new Pope). Three cardinals are chosen by lot to collect the votes of absent cardinal electors (by reason of illness), three are chosen by lot to count the votes, and three are chosen by lot to review the count of the votes. The ballots are distributed and each cardinal elector writes the name of his choice on it and pledges aloud that he is voting for &quot;one whom under God I think ought to be elected&quot; before depositing his vote. Balloting continues until a Pope is elected by two-third majority (since the promulgation of ''Universi Dominici Gregis'' the rules allow for a simple majority after a deadlock of twelve days).<br /> <br /> One of the most famous parts of the conclave is the means by which the results of a ballot are announced to the world. Once the ballots are counted, they are burned, and the smoke indicates the results: black smoke (''sfumata''), created using straw with the ballots, announces that the vote was not decisive, and white smoke announces the election of a new Pope. The Dean of the College of Cardinals asks the Pope-elect to confirm his acceptance, and then announces the name he has chosen for himself (starting in [[535]], the Pope has customarily chosen a new name for himself during his Pontificate). The senior cardinal deacon then announces from a balcony over St. Peter's Square the following proclamation: ''Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum! Habemus Papam!'' (&quot;I announce to you a great joy! We have a Pope!&quot;)<br /> <br /> Until [[1978]], the Pope's election was followed in a few days by a procession in great pomp and circumstance from the Sistine Chapel to [[St. Peter's Basilica]], with the newly-elected Pope borne in the ''sedia gestatoria''. There the Pope was crowned with the ''[[Papal Tiara|triregnum]]'' and he gave his first blessing as Pope, the famous ''Urbi et Orbi'' (&quot;to the City [Rome] and to the World&quot;). Another famed part of the coronation was the lighting of a torch which would flare brightly and promptly extinguish, with the admonition ''Sic transit gloria mundi'' (&quot;Thus fades worldly glory&quot;). Traditionally, the pope-elect takes the [[Papal oath]] (the so called &quot;Oath against modernism&quot;) at his coronation, but [[John Paul I]] and later [[John Paul II]] have refused to do so. <br /> <br /> As has been hitherto noted, the [[Latin]] term ''Sede Vacante'' (&quot;vacant seat&quot;) refers to a Papal interregnum, or the period between the death of the Pope and the election of his successor. From this term is derived the name [[sedevacantism|Sedevacantist]], which designates a category of dissident, schismatic Catholics who maintain that there is no canonically and legitimately elected Pope, and that there is therefore a ''Sede Vacante''; one of the most common reasons for holding this belief is the idea that the reforms of the [[Second Vatican Council]] and especially the replacement of the [[Tridentine Mass]] with the ''[[Novus Ordo Missae]]'' are heretical, and that, per the dogma of Papal infallibility (see above), it is impossible for a valid Pope to have done these things.<br /> <br /> ==Objections to the Papacy==<br /> <br /> The Pope's position as Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church is [[dogma]]tic and therefore not open to debate or dispute within the Catholic Church; the First Vatican Council [[anathema]]tised all who dispute the Pope's primacy of honour and of jurisdiction (it is lawful to discuss the precise nature of that primacy, provided that such discussion does not violate the terms of the Council's Dogmatic Constitution). However, the Pope's authority is not undisputed outside the Catholic Church; these objections differ from denomination to denomination, but can roughly be outlined as (1.) objections to the extent of the primacy of the Pope; and (2.) objections to the institution of the Papacy itself. <br /> [[Image:J23paceminterris.jpg|frame|John XXIII signed his [[encyclical]] ''Pacem in Terris''.]]<br /> <br /> Some non-Catholic Christian denominations, such as the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox Church]], the [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Church]], and the [[Anglican Communion]], accept the doctrine of [[Apostolic Succession]], and therefore accept (to varying extents) the claim that the Pope as successor to [[St. Peter]] is heir to Petrine primacy of honour. These churches deny, however, the claim that the Pope is also heir to Petrine primacy of jurisdiction. Because none of these denominations recognise the First Vatican Council as ecumenical, they regard its definitions of Papal jurisdiction and infallibility (and [[anathema]]tisation of those who do not accept them) as non-binding.<br /> <br /> Other non-Catholic Christian denominations do not accept the doctrine of [[Apostolic Succession]], or do not understand it in hierarchical terms, and therefore do not accept the claim that the Pope is heir either to Petrine primacy of honour or to Petrine primacy of jurisdiction. The Papacy's complex relationship with the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire]]s, and other secular states, and the Papacy's territorial claims in Italy, are another focal point of these objections; as is the [[monarch]]ical character of the office of Pope. In [[Western Christianity]], these objections &amp;mdash; and the vehement rhetoric they have at times been cast in &amp;mdash; are products of the [[Protestant Reformation]]. These denominations vary from simply not accepting the Pope's authority as legitimate and valid, to believing that the Pope is the [[Antichrist]] or one of the beasts spoken of in the [[Book of Revelation]]. These denominations tend to be more heterogeneous amongst themselves than the aforementioned hierarchical churches, and their views regarding the Papacy and its institutional legitimacy (or lack thereof) vary considerably.<br /> <br /> Some objectors to the papacy use empirical arguments, pointing to the corrupt characters of some of the holders of that office. For instance, some argue that claimed successors to [[St. Peter]], like Popes [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]] and [[Callixtus III]] from the [[Borgia]] family, were so corrupt as to be unfit to wield power to bind and loose on Earth or in Heaven. An omniscient and omnibenevolent God, some argue, would not have given those people the powers claimed for them by the [[Catholic Church]]. Defenders of the papacy argue that the Bible shows God as willingly giving privileges even to corrupt men (citing examples like some of the kings of Israel, the apostle [[Judas Iscariot]], and even St. Peter after he denied Jesus). They also argue that not even the worst of the corrupt popes used the office to try to rip the doctrine of the Church from its apostolic roots, and that this is evidence that the office is divinely protected.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> *[[List of popes|Chronological list of popes]]<br /> *[[Myths and legends surrounding the Papacy]]<br /> *[[List of 10 longest-reigning Popes]]<br /> *[[List of 10 shortest-reigning Popes]]<br /> *[[Vestment]]<br /> *[[Immaculate Conception]]<br /> *[[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]]<br /> *[[Ecumenical Council]]<br /> *[[College of Bishops]]<br /> *[[Pontifical University]]<br /> *[[Caesaropapism]]<br /> *[[Investiture Controversy]]<br /> *[[Papal abdication]]<br /> *[[African popes]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> '''Roman Catholic Pope'''<br /> *[http://www.vatican.va/ The Holy See]<br /> *[http://www.dailycatholic.org/history/20ecume3.htm The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ], Fourth Session of the First Vatican Council<br /> *[http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0017.htm The Code of Canon Law]<br /> *[http://web.globalserve.net/~bumblebee/ecclesia/patriarchs.htm Eastern Church Defends Petrine Primacy and the Papacy]<br /> <br /> '''Coptic Orthodox Pope'''<br /> *[http://www.copticpope.org/ Official website]&amp;mdash;The Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and of the See of Saint Mark the Apostle<br /> <br /> '''Eastern Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and All Africa'''<br /> *[http://www.greekorthodox-alexandria.org/main.htm Official website]&amp;mdash;His Beatitude Petros VII Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa<br /> &lt;!--Categories--&gt;<br /> [[Category:Christian leaders]]<br /> [[Category:Popes| ]]<br /> [[Category:Positions of authority]]<br /> [[Category:Roman Catholic Church]]<br /> &lt;!--Interlanguage links--&gt;<br /> [[ca:Papa]]<br /> [[da:Pave]]<br /> [[de:Papst]]<br /> [[eo:Papo]]<br /> [[es:Papa]]<br /> [[fi:Paavi]]<br /> [[fr:Pape]]<br /> [[he:&amp;#1488;&amp;#1508;&amp;#1497;&amp;#1508;&amp;#1497;&amp;#1493;&amp;#1512;]]<br /> [[it:Papa]]<br /> [[ja:&amp;#12525;&amp;#12540;&amp;#12510;&amp;#25945;&amp;#30343;]]<br /> [[ko:&amp;#44368;&amp;#54889;]]<br /> [[la:Papa]]<br /> [[nl:paus]]<br /> [[no:Pave]]<br /> [[pl:Papie&amp;#380;]]<br /> [[pt:Papa]]<br /> [[ro:Pap&amp;#259;]]<br /> [[ru:&amp;#1055;&amp;#1072;&amp;#1087;&amp;#1089;&amp;#1090;&amp;#1074;&amp;#1086;]]<br /> [[sl:pape&amp;#382;]]<br /> [[sv:Påve]]<br /> [[zh:&amp;#25945;&amp;#23447;]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papst_(Titel)&diff=143506318 2005-02-02T13:24:15Z

<p>204.218.244.11: </p> <hr /> <div>{{otheruses}}<br /> <br /> [[image:20040128-1_v8127-12-cheneypope-515h.jpg|thumb|250px|Pope John Paul II has reigned since 22 Oct 1978.]]<br /> The '''Pope''' is the [[Catholic]] [[bishop]] and [[patriarch]] of [[Rome]], and head of [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Eastern Rite|Eastern Catholic Churches]] (note that the name within the communion is simply &quot;the one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church&quot;). In addition to this spiritual role, the Pope is also head of the independent, sovereign [[Vatican City|State of the Vatican City]], a [[city-state]] entirely surrounded by the city of [[Rome]]. Prior to [[1870]], the Pope's temporal authority extended over a large area of central [[Italy]], a territory formally known as the &quot;Patrimony of St Peter&quot; under the terms of the [[Donation of Constantine]], but more familiar as the [[Papal States]]. The office of the Pope is informally called the [[Papacy]] and formally called the [[Papacy|Pontificate]]; his ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the [[Holy See]] (''Sancta Sedes''). Catholics worldwide consider each pope to be [[Jesus]]' representative on [[Earth]].<br /> <br /> The last Pope was [[Pope John Paul II]], who was elected at the age of 58 in [[1978]]. He is the first non-Italian to be elected to the Pontificate since [[Adrian VI]], who was briefly pope in 1522-23. [[Pope John Paul II]] tragically died of complications due to age on March 18, 2005. The vatican mourned, many didnt notice.<br /> <br /> ==Other Popes==<br /> An '''[[antipope]]''' is a person who claims the Pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it. The existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the Church, or to confusion as to who is the legitimate Pope at the time (see [[Western Schism|Papal Schism]]). <br /> <br /> The heads of the [[Coptic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] are also called &quot;Popes&quot; for historical reasons, with the former being called &quot;'''Coptic Pope'''&quot; or &quot;'''Pope of Alexandria'''&quot; and the latter called &quot;'''Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa'''&quot;; the parallel construction &quot;'''Pope of Rome'''&quot; is uncommon but occasionally used.<br /> <br /> ==Word origins==<br /> The word &quot;Pope&quot; is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''pappas'' (&quot;father&quot;) and was originally used in an affectionate sense of any priest or bishop (in the exact same way that modern priests are addressed as &quot;Father&quot;). In the [[4th century|fourth]] and [[5th century|fifth centuries]], ''pappas'' ([[Latin language|Latinized]] as ''papa'', a form still preserved in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) was still frequently used of any bishop in the [[Western world|West]], although it gradually came to be increasingly restricted to its modern, exclusive use by the Bishop of Rome. In the [[East]], especially in [[Greece]] and [[Russia]], priests are still referred to as ''pappas''.<br /> <br /> As early as the [[third century]], the [[Patriarch of Alexandria|Bishop of Alexandria]] exercised a high degree of central control of suffragan [[Egypt]]ian bishops, in a manner consciously similar to the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome; the Alexandrian archbishop was given precedence immediately after the Roman pontiff by the [[Council of Nicaea]], and adopted the title &quot;Pope of Alexandria,&quot; which still forms an integral part of the titles of the Greek Orthodox &quot;Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa&quot; and of the Coptic &quot;Pope of Alexandria and of the See of Saint Mark the Apostle.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Office and nature==<br /> The title &quot;Pope&quot; is an informal one; the formal title of the Pope is &quot;[[Bishop]] of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, [[Servus Servorum Dei|Servant of the Servants of God]],&quot; although this is rarely seen or used in full (by comparison, the formal title of the Orthodox Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria is &quot;Successor of Saint Mark the Apostle, Shepherd of Shepherds, Father of Fathers, Supreme Pontiff of All Metropolitans and Bishops, Judge of the World, and Beloved of Christ&quot;, often called the &quot;Ecumenical Judge&quot;; the Coptic Pope is styled &quot;Pope and Patriarch of the See of Alexandria and of All the Predication of the Evangelist St. Mark&quot;). In [[canon law]] he is referred to as the &quot;Roman Pontiff&quot; (''Pontifex Romanus''). The Pope is styled &quot;[[Your Holiness]]&quot; (''Sanctitas Vostra'') and is frequently referred to as &quot;the Holy Father.&quot;<br /> <br /> The Pope's signature is usually in the format &quot;''NN. PP. x''&quot; (''e.g.'', [[Pope Paul VI]] signed his name as &quot;Paulus PP. VI&quot;), and his name is frequently accompanied in inscriptions by the abbreviation &quot;Pont. Max.&quot; or &quot;P.M.&quot; (abbreviation of the ancient title ''[[Pontifex Maximus]]'', literally &quot;Greatest Bridge-maker&quot;, but usually translated &quot;Supreme Pontiff&quot;). The signature of [[Papal bull]]s is customarily ''NN. Episcopus Ecclesia Catholicae'' (&quot;NN. Bishop of the Catholic Church&quot;), while the heading is ''NN. Episcopus [[Servus Servorum Dei]]'' (&quot;NN. Bishop and Servant of the Servants of God&quot;), the latter title dating to the time of [[Pope Gregory I]] ''the Great''. Other titles used in some official capacity include ''Summus Pontifex'' (&quot;Highest Pontiff&quot;), ''Sanctissimus Pater'' and ''Beatissimus Pater'' (&quot;Most Holy Father&quot; and &quot;Most Blessed Father&quot;), ''Sanctissimus Dominus Noster'' (&quot;Our Most Holy Lord&quot;), and, in the [[Middle Ages|Mediaeval period]], ''Dominus Apostolicus'' (&quot;Apostolic Lord&quot;).<br /> <br /> [[Image:Vatican flag large.png|right|thumb|125px|[[Flag of the Vatican City|Flag]] of the [[Vatican City]]]]<br /> <br /> The Pope's official residence is the [[Palace of the Vatican]], and he also possesses a summer palace at [[Castel Gandolfo]] (believed to be situated on the site of the ancient city-state [[Alba Longa]]). Historically the official residence of the Pope was the [[Lateran Palace]], donated by the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Constantine I of the Roman Empire|Constantinus I]]. The former Papal summer palace, the [[Quirinal Palace]], has subsequently been the official residence of the [[King of Italy|Kings of Italy]] and [[President of Italy|Presidents of the Italian Republic]].<br /> <br /> Contrary to popular belief, it is the Pope's ecclesiastical jurisdiction (the Holy See) and not his secular jurisdiction (Vatican City) which conducts international relations; for hundreds of years, the Pope's court (the [[Roman Curia]]) has functioned as the government of the Catholic Church. <br /> The name &quot;Holy See&quot; (also &quot;Apostolic See&quot;) is in ecclesiastical terminology the ordinary jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome (including the Roman Curia); the Pope's various honours, powers, and privileges within the Catholic Church and the international community derive from his Episcopate of Rome in lineal succession from the [[Apostle]] [[St. Peter]] (see [[Apostolic Succession]]). Consequently Rome has traditionally occupied a central position in the Catholic Church, although this is not necessarily so. The Pope derives his Pontificate from being Bishop of Rome but is not obligated to reside in Rome; according to the Latin formula ''ubi Papa, ibi Curia'', wherever the Pope resides is the central government of the Church, provided that the Pope is Bishop of Rome. As such, between [[1309]] and [[1378]] the Popes resided not in Rome but in [[Avignon]], a period often called the [[Babylonian Captivity]] in allusion to the [[Bible|Biblical]] exile of [[Israel]] (see [[Avignon Papacy]]).<br /> <br /> Catholic [[tradition]] maintains that the institution of the Pontificate can be found in the [[Bible]], and cites certain key passages in support of this contention. Chief among these passages is [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew xvi: 18 &amp;#8211; 19]], wherein Jesus Christ says to [[St. Peter]], &quot;Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jona! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but My Father Who is in Heaven. And I tell you, you are Peter (&quot;The Rock&quot; derived from Greek), and on this rock I will build My Church, and the gates of Hell shall not prevail against it. And I will give you the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven: and whatever you bind on Earth shall be bound in Heaven, and whatever you loose on Earth shall be loosed in Heaven&quot;. Other important passages include [[Gospel of Luke|Luke xxii: 31 &amp;#8211; 32]], [[Gospel of John|John i: 42]], and [[Gospel of John|John xxi: 15 &amp;#8211; 17]].<br /> <br /> ==Regalia and insignia==<br /> <br /> The most famous symbol of the Papacy is almost certainly the ''[[Papal Tiara|triregnum]]'' (a thrice-crowned hat), also called the &quot;tiara&quot; or &quot;triple crown&quot;; recent Popes have not, however, worn the ''triregnum'' and have instead chosen to wear the episcopal [[mitre]] (an erect cloth hat). Unlike ordinary bishops, the Pope does not bear a [[crozier]] (a bent pastoral staff styled after a shepherd's crook), but rather bears a staff topped by an erect [[crucifix]], a custom established before the [[Thirteenth century]]. The Pope also uses the [[pallium]] (a circular band of fabric about two inches wide, worn over the [[chasuble]] about the neck, breast and shoulders and having two twelve-inch-long pendants hanging down in front and behind, ornamented with six small, black crosses distributed about the breast, back, shoulders, and pendants) at all ecclesiastical functions but not subject to the restrictions imposed upon [[archbishop]]s upon whom the Pope has conferred the right to use the pallium.<br /> <br /> Equally famous as the ''triregnum'' and perhaps more important a symbol of the Papacy is the image of two keys, one gold and one silver, in saltire (i.e., crossed over one another so as to form an X), with a red cord tying them together. This represents the &quot;Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven&quot; ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew xvi: 19]]; ''cf.'' [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah xxii: 22]]) and is in many ways the quintessential symbol of the Papacy as an institution and of its central role within the Catholic Church. Jesus's definition of Petrine authority (&quot;whatever you bind on Earth shall be bound in Heaven, and whatever you loose on Earth shall be loosed in Heaven&quot;) established two jurisdictions, Heaven and Earth; the silver and gold keys are said to represent these two jurisdictions. The silver key symbolises the power to bind and loose on Earth, and the gold key the power to bind and loose in Heaven.<br /> <br /> [[Image:Vatican coa.png|right|thumb|120px|'''Vatican coat of arms''']]<br /> <br /> Another famous part of the Papal regalia is the Fisherman's Ring, a gold ring decorated with a depiction of St. Peter in a boat casting his net, with the name of the reigning Pope around it. The Fisherman's Ring was first mentioned in a letter of [[Pope Clement IV]] to his nephew in [[1265]] wherein he mentions that Popes were accustomed to sealing public documents with leaden &quot;[[Papal bull|bull]]s&quot; attached, and private letters with &quot;the seal of the Fisherman&quot; (by the [[Fifteenth century|XV Century]], the Fisherman's Ring was used to seal [[Papal brief]]s). The Fisherman's Ring is placed on the newly-elected Pope's finger by the [[Camerlengo|Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church]]; on the Pope's death, the Cardinal Chamberlain smashes the Fisherman's Ring with a hammer, symbolising the end of the late Pope's authority.<br /> <br /> The ''umbracullum'' (better known in the Italian form ''ombrellino'') is a canopy or umbrella (consisting of alternating red and gold stripes) whose original function was quite simply to provide shade. As it was traditionally a royal prerogative to walk beneath a canopy, [[Pope Alexander VI]] began using the ''umbracullum'' to symbolise the temporal powers of the Papacy; it was formerly carried by a man standing behind the Pope, and features in the [[heraldry|heraldic arms]] of the Cardinal Chamberlain (who governs the Church during a ''Sede Vacante'', a Papal interregnum) and the former arms of the Papal States. The practice of walking with the ''umbracullum'' has been discontinued, although it continues to feature in heraldry and remains the insigne of a [[basilica]], usually displayed to the right of the main altar. <br /> <br /> [[Image:Paulcrnd.jpg|left|thumb|300px|'''The Coronation of Pope Paul VI''']]<br /> <br /> In heraldry, the Pope's arms are surmounted by the aforementioned two keys in saltire behind the escutcheon (one key silver and one key gold, tied with a red cord), and above them a silver ''triregnum'' with three gold crowns and red ''infulae'', or the red strips of fabric hanging from the back over the shoulders when worn (&quot;two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or&quot;). The flag most frequently associated with the Pope is the yellow and white flag of Vatican City, with the arms of the Holy See (&quot;Gules, two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or&quot;) on the right hand side in the white half of the flag. This flag was first adopted in [[1808]], whereas the previous flag had been red and gold, the traditional colours of the Pontificate. <br /> <br /> One of the most familiar (and now discontinued) trappings of the Papacy was the ''sedia gestatoria'', a mobile throne or armchair carried by twelve footmen (''palafrenieri'') in red uniforms. Traditionally, the ''sedia gestatoria'' was used in certain solemn occasions of Pontifical ceremony, most especially the procession held shortly after the Pope's election from the [[Sistine Chapel]] to [[St. Peter's Basilica]] where the Pope held his coronation ceremony; the Pope was carried in great pomp and circumstance, accompanied by two attendants bearing large (and largely ceremonial) fans made of white ostrich-feathers (''flabella''). While being carried in the ''sedia gestatoria'' the Pope frequently wore a long cloak or mantle (called a [[cope]]) which flowed from his shoulders over the sides of the throne. The use of the ''sedia gestatoria'' and of the ''flabella'' has been discontinued by [[Pope John Paul II]], with the former being replaced by the so-called [[Popemobile]].<br /> <br /> ==Status and authority==<br /> The status and authority of the Pope in the Catholic Church was dogmatically defined by the [[First Vatican Council]] in its Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ ([[July 18]], [[1870]]). The first chapter of this document is entitled &quot;On the institution of the apostolic primacy in blessed Peter&quot;, and states that (s.1) &quot;according to the Gospel evidence, a primacy of jurisdiction over the whole church of [[God]] was immediately and directly promised to the blessed apostle Peter and conferred on him by Christ the lord&quot; and that (s.6) &quot;if anyone says that blessed Peter the [[apostle]] was not appointed by Christ the lord as prince of all the apostles and visible head of the whole church militant; or that it was a primacy of honour only and not one of true and proper jurisdiction that he directly and immediately received from our lord Jesus Christ Himself: let him be [[anathema]].&quot;<br /> <br /> The Dogmatic Constitution's second chapter, &quot;On the permanence of the primacy of blessed Peter in the Roman pontiffs&quot;, states that (s.1) &quot;that which our lord Jesus Christ [...] established in the blessed apostle Peter [...] must of necessity remain forever, by Christ's authority, in the church which, founded as it is upon a rock, will stand firm until the end of time,&quot; that (s.3) &quot;whoever succeeds to the chair of Peter obtains by the institution of Christ Himself, the primacy of Peter over the whole church&quot;, and that (s.5) &quot;if anyone says that it is not by the institution of Christ the lord Himself (that is to say, by divine law) that blessed Peter should have perpetual successors in the primacy over the whole church; or that the Roman pontiff is not the successor of blessed Peter in this primacy: let him be anathema.&quot;<br /> <br /> The Dogmatic Constitution's third chapter, &quot;On the power and character of the [[primacy of the Roman pontiff]],&quot; states that (s.1) &quot;the definition of the [[ecumenical council]] of [[Council of Florence|Florence]], which must be believed by all faithful [[Christianity|Christian]]s, namely that the apostolic see and the Roman pontiff hold a world-wide primacy, and that the Roman pontiff is the successor of blessed Peter, the prince of the apostles, true vicar of Christ, head of the whole church and father and teacher of all Christian people,&quot; that (s.2) &quot;by divine ordinance, the Roman church possesses a pre-eminence of ordinary power over every other church, and that the jurisdictional power of the Roman pontiff is both episcopal and immediate&quot; and that &quot;[[clergy]] and faithful, of whatever rite and dignity, both singly and collectively, are bound to submit to this power by the duty of [[hierarchy|hierarchical]] subordination and true obedience, and this not only in matters concerning faith and morals, but also in those which regard the discipline and government of the church throughout the world.&quot;<br /> <br /> The powers of the Pope are defined by the Dogmatic Constitution (ch.3, s.8) such that &quot;he is the supreme judge of the faithful, and that in all cases which fall under ecclesiastical jurisdiction recourse may be had to his judgement&quot; and that &quot;the sentence of the apostolic see (than which there is no higher authority) is not subject to revision by anyone, nor may anyone lawfully pass judgement thereupon&quot; (can. 331 defines the power of the Pope as &quot;supreme, full, immediate and universal ordinary power in the Church, and he can always freely exercise this power&quot;). It also dogmatically defined (ch.4, s.9) the doctrine of [[papal infallibility|Papal infallibility]], ''sc.'' such that<br /> <br /> :when the Roman Pontiff speaks ''ex cathedra'', that is, when in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed His church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals. Therefore, such definitions of the Roman pontiff are of themselves, and not by the consent of the church, irreformable.<br /> <br /> ==Political role==<br /> <br /> Though the progressive [[Christianization|Christianisation]] of the [[Roman Empire]] in the [[Fourth century]] did not confer upon bishops civil authority within the state, the gradual withdrawal of imperial authority during the 5th century left the Pope the senior Imperial civilian official in Rome, as bishops were increasingly directing civil affairs in other cities of the Western Empire. This status as a secular and civil leader was vividly displayed by [[Pope Leo I]]'s confrontation with [[Attila]] in 452 and was substantially increased in [[754]], when the [[Franks|Frankish]] ruler [[Pepin the Short]] donated to the Pope a strip of territory which formed the core of the so-called [[Papal States]] (properly the Patrimony of St. Peter). In [[800]], [[Pope Leo III]] crowned the Frankish ruler [[Charlemagne]] as Roman Emperor, a major step toward establishing what later became known as the [[Holy Roman Empire]]; from that date it became the Pope's prerogative to crown the Emperor, a tradition which continued until [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]], the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope (subsequent Emperors never received coronation), and which was partially revived by [[Napoléon Bonaparte]]. As has been hitherto mentioned, the Pope's sovereignty over the Papal States ended in [[1870]] with their annexation by [[Italy]].<br /> <br /> In addition to the Pope's position as a territorial ruler and foremost [[prince bishop]] of Christendom (especially prominent with the [[Renaissance]] Popes like [[Pope Alexander VI]] an ambitious if spectacularly corrupt politico, and [[Pope Julius II]], a formidable general and statesman) and as the spiritual head of the Holy Roman Empire (especially prominent during periods of contention with the Emperors, such as during the Pontificates of [[Pope Gregory VII]] and [[Pope Alexander III]]), the Pope also possessed a degree of political and temporal authority in his capacity as Supreme Pontiff. Some of the most striking examples of Papal political authority are the Bull ''[[Laudabiliter]]'' in [[1155]] (authorising [[Henry II of England]] to invade [[Ireland]]), the Bull ''[[Inter Caeteras]]'' in [[1493]] (leading to the [[Treaty of Torsedillas]] in [[1494]], which divided the world into areas of [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] rule) the Bull ''[[Regnans in Excelsis]]'' in [[1570]] ([[excommunication|excommunicating]] [[Elizabeth I of England]] and purporting to release all her subjects from their allegiance to her), the Bull ''[[Inter Gravissimas]]'' in [[1582]] (establishing the [[Gregorian Calendar]]).<br /> <br /> ==Death and election==<br /> <br /> The current regulations regarding a Papal [[interregnum]] -- i.e., a ''Sede Vacante'' &quot;vacant see&quot; -- were promulgated by John Paul II in his [[1996]] document ''[[Universi Dominici Gregis]]''. During the ''Sede Vacante'', the [[College of Cardinals|Sacred College of Cardinals]], composed of the Pope's principal advisors and assistants, is collectively responsible for the government of the Church and of the Vatican itself, under the direction of the [[Camerlengo|Cardinal Chamberlain]]; however, canon law specifically forbids the Cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the Church during the vacancy of the Holy See. Any decision that needs the assent of the Pope has to wait until a new Pope has been elected and takes office. <br /> <br /> The Pope's death is officially determined by the Cardinal Chamberlain by gently tapping the late Pope's head thrice with a golden hammer and calling his name. A doctor may or may not have already determined that the Pope had passed away. The Cardinal Chamberlain then retrieves the Fisherman's Ring. Usually the ring is on the Pope's right hand. But with Paul VI, he had stopped wearing the ring during the last years of his reign, and left it in his desk. In other cases the ring might have been removed for medical reasons. The Chamberlin cuts the ring in two in the presence of the Cardinals. The deceased Pope's seals are defaced, to keep the Pope's seal from ever being used again, and his personal apartment is sealed.<br /> <br /> The body then lies in state for a number of days before being interred in the [[crypt]] of a leading church or cathedral; the Popes of the [[Twentieth century]] have all been interred in [[St. Peter's Basilica]], but it is expected that the reigning Pope, [[Pope John Paul II]], will be interred in his native [[Poland]]. A nine-day period of mourning (''novem dialis'') follows after the interment of the late Pope.<br /> <br /> The Pope was originally chosen by those senior [[clergy]]men resident in and near Rome. In [[1059]], the electorate was restricted to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinals]] of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all Cardinal Electors were made equal in [[1179]]. The Pope is usually a member of the Sacred College of Cardinals, but theoretically any male Catholic (including a layman) may be elected; [[Pope Urban VI]] was the last Pope who was not already a cardinal at the time of his election. Canon law requires that if a layman or non-bishop is elected, he receives episcopal consecration from the [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] before assuming the Pontificate. Under present canon law, the Pope is elected by the cardinal electors, comprising those cardinals who are under the age of 80. <br /> <br /> The [[Second Council of Lyons]] was convened on [[May 7]], [[1274]], to regulate the election of the Pope. This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the Pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a Pope has been elected; this was prompted by the three-year ''Sede Vacante'' following the death of [[Pope Clement IV]] in [[1268]]. By the mid-[[Sixteenth century]], the electoral process had more or less evolved into its present form, allowing for alteration in the time between the death of the Pope and the meeting of the cardinal electors.<br /> <br /> Traditionally the vote was conducted by acclamation, by selection by committee, or by plenary vote. Acclamation was the simplest procedure, consisting entirely of a voice vote, and was last used in [[1621]]. The reigning Pope, [[Pope John Paul II]], has abolished vote by acclamation and by selection by committee, and henceforth all Popes will be elected by full vote of the [[College of Cardinals|Sacred College of Cardinals]] by [[ballot]]. <br /> <br /> The election of the Pope almost always takes place in the [[Sistine Chapel]], in a meeting called a &quot;[[papal election|conclave]]&quot; (so called because twenty days after the Pope's death, the present cardinal electors are theoretically locked in, ''cum clavi'', until they elect a new Pope). Three cardinals are chosen by lot to collect the votes of absent cardinal electors (by reason of illness), three are chosen by lot to count the votes, and three are chosen by lot to review the count of the votes. The ballots are distributed and each cardinal elector writes the name of his choice on it and pledges aloud that he is voting for &quot;one whom under God I think ought to be elected&quot; before depositing his vote. Balloting continues until a Pope is elected by two-third majority (since the promulgation of ''Universi Dominici Gregis'' the rules allow for a simple majority after a deadlock of twelve days).<br /> <br /> One of the most famous parts of the conclave is the means by which the results of a ballot are announced to the world. Once the ballots are counted, they are burned, and the smoke indicates the results: black smoke (''sfumata''), created using straw with the ballots, announces that the vote was not decisive, and white smoke announces the election of a new Pope. The Dean of the College of Cardinals asks the Pope-elect to confirm his acceptance, and then announces the name he has chosen for himself (starting in [[535]], the Pope has customarily chosen a new name for himself during his Pontificate). The senior cardinal deacon then announces from a balcony over St. Peter's Square the following proclamation: ''Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum! Habemus Papam!'' (&quot;I announce to you a great joy! We have a Pope!&quot;)<br /> <br /> Until [[1978]], the Pope's election was followed in a few days by a procession in great pomp and circumstance from the Sistine Chapel to [[St. Peter's Basilica]], with the newly-elected Pope borne in the ''sedia gestatoria''. There the Pope was crowned with the ''[[Papal Tiara|triregnum]]'' and he gave his first blessing as Pope, the famous ''Urbi et Orbi'' (&quot;to the City [Rome] and to the World&quot;). Another famed part of the coronation was the lighting of a torch which would flare brightly and promptly extinguish, with the admonition ''Sic transit gloria mundi'' (&quot;Thus fades worldly glory&quot;). Traditionally, the pope-elect takes the [[Papal oath]] (the so called &quot;Oath against modernism&quot;) at his coronation, but [[John Paul I]] and later [[John Paul II]] have refused to do so. <br /> <br /> As has been hitherto noted, the [[Latin]] term ''Sede Vacante'' (&quot;vacant seat&quot;) refers to a Papal interregnum, or the period between the death of the Pope and the election of his successor. From this term is derived the name [[sedevacantism|Sedevacantist]], which designates a category of dissident, schismatic Catholics who maintain that there is no canonically and legitimately elected Pope, and that there is therefore a ''Sede Vacante''; one of the most common reasons for holding this belief is the idea that the reforms of the [[Second Vatican Council]] and especially the replacement of the [[Tridentine Mass]] with the ''[[Novus Ordo Missae]]'' are heretical, and that, per the dogma of Papal infallibility (see above), it is impossible for a valid Pope to have done these things.<br /> <br /> ==Objections to the Papacy==<br /> <br /> The Pope's position as Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church is [[dogma]]tic and therefore not open to debate or dispute within the Catholic Church; the First Vatican Council [[anathema]]tised all who dispute the Pope's primacy of honour and of jurisdiction (it is lawful to discuss the precise nature of that primacy, provided that such discussion does not violate the terms of the Council's Dogmatic Constitution). However, the Pope's authority is not undisputed outside the Catholic Church; these objections differ from denomination to denomination, but can roughly be outlined as (1.) objections to the extent of the primacy of the Pope; and (2.) objections to the institution of the Papacy itself. <br /> [[Image:J23paceminterris.jpg|frame|John XXIII signed his [[encyclical]] ''Pacem in Terris''.]]<br /> <br /> Some non-Catholic Christian denominations, such as the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox Church]], the [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Church]], and the [[Anglican Communion]], accept the doctrine of [[Apostolic Succession]], and therefore accept (to varying extents) the claim that the Pope as successor to [[St. Peter]] is heir to Petrine primacy of honour. These churches deny, however, the claim that the Pope is also heir to Petrine primacy of jurisdiction. Because none of these denominations recognise the First Vatican Council as ecumenical, they regard its definitions of Papal jurisdiction and infallibility (and [[anathema]]tisation of those who do not accept them) as non-binding.<br /> <br /> Other non-Catholic Christian denominations do not accept the doctrine of [[Apostolic Succession]], or do not understand it in hierarchical terms, and therefore do not accept the claim that the Pope is heir either to Petrine primacy of honour or to Petrine primacy of jurisdiction. The Papacy's complex relationship with the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire]]s, and other secular states, and the Papacy's territorial claims in Italy, are another focal point of these objections; as is the [[monarch]]ical character of the office of Pope. In [[Western Christianity]], these objections &amp;mdash; and the vehement rhetoric they have at times been cast in &amp;mdash; are products of the [[Protestant Reformation]]. These denominations vary from simply not accepting the Pope's authority as legitimate and valid, to believing that the Pope is the [[Antichrist]] or one of the beasts spoken of in the [[Book of Revelation]]. These denominations tend to be more heterogeneous amongst themselves than the aforementioned hierarchical churches, and their views regarding the Papacy and its institutional legitimacy (or lack thereof) vary considerably.<br /> <br /> Some objectors to the papacy use empirical arguments, pointing to the corrupt characters of some of the holders of that office. For instance, some argue that claimed successors to [[St. Peter]], like Popes [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]] and [[Callixtus III]] from the [[Borgia]] family, were so corrupt as to be unfit to wield power to bind and loose on Earth or in Heaven. An omniscient and omnibenevolent God, some argue, would not have given those people the powers claimed for them by the [[Catholic Church]]. Defenders of the papacy argue that the Bible shows God as willingly giving privileges even to corrupt men (citing examples like some of the kings of Israel, the apostle [[Judas Iscariot]], and even St. Peter after he denied Jesus). They also argue that not even the worst of the corrupt popes used the office to try to rip the doctrine of the Church from its apostolic roots, and that this is evidence that the office is divinely protected.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> *[[List of popes|Chronological list of popes]]<br /> *[[Myths and legends surrounding the Papacy]]<br /> *[[List of 10 longest-reigning Popes]]<br /> *[[List of 10 shortest-reigning Popes]]<br /> *[[Vestment]]<br /> *[[Immaculate Conception]]<br /> *[[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]]<br /> *[[Ecumenical Council]]<br /> *[[College of Bishops]]<br /> *[[Pontifical University]]<br /> *[[Caesaropapism]]<br /> *[[Investiture Controversy]]<br /> *[[Papal abdication]]<br /> *[[African popes]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> '''Roman Catholic Pope'''<br /> *[http://www.vatican.va/ The Holy See]<br /> *[http://www.dailycatholic.org/history/20ecume3.htm The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ], Fourth Session of the First Vatican Council<br /> *[http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0017.htm The Code of Canon Law]<br /> *[http://web.globalserve.net/~bumblebee/ecclesia/patriarchs.htm Eastern Church Defends Petrine Primacy and the Papacy]<br /> <br /> '''Coptic Orthodox Pope'''<br /> *[http://www.copticpope.org/ Official website]&amp;mdash;The Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and of the See of Saint Mark the Apostle<br /> <br /> '''Eastern Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and All Africa'''<br /> *[http://www.greekorthodox-alexandria.org/main.htm Official website]&amp;mdash;His Beatitude Petros VII Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa<br /> &lt;!--Categories--&gt;<br /> [[Category:Christian leaders]]<br /> [[Category:Popes| ]]<br /> [[Category:Positions of authority]]<br /> [[Category:Roman Catholic Church]]<br /> &lt;!--Interlanguage links--&gt;<br /> [[ca:Papa]]<br /> [[da:Pave]]<br /> [[de:Papst]]<br /> [[eo:Papo]]<br /> [[es:Papa]]<br /> [[fi:Paavi]]<br /> [[fr:Pape]]<br /> [[he:&amp;#1488;&amp;#1508;&amp;#1497;&amp;#1508;&amp;#1497;&amp;#1493;&amp;#1512;]]<br /> [[it:Papa]]<br /> [[ja:&amp;#12525;&amp;#12540;&amp;#12510;&amp;#25945;&amp;#30343;]]<br /> [[ko:&amp;#44368;&amp;#54889;]]<br /> [[la:Papa]]<br /> [[nl:paus]]<br /> [[no:Pave]]<br /> [[pl:Papie&amp;#380;]]<br /> [[pt:Papa]]<br /> [[ro:Pap&amp;#259;]]<br /> [[ru:&amp;#1055;&amp;#1072;&amp;#1087;&amp;#1089;&amp;#1090;&amp;#1074;&amp;#1086;]]<br /> [[sl:pape&amp;#382;]]<br /> [[sv:Påve]]<br /> [[zh:&amp;#25945;&amp;#23447;]]</div>

204.218.244.11 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papst_(Titel)&diff=143506317 2005-02-02T13:23:18Z

<p>204.218.244.11: </p> <hr /> <div>{{otheruses}}<br /> <br /> [[image:20040128-1_v8127-12-cheneypope-515h.jpg|thumb|250px|Pope John Paul II has reigned since 22 Oct 1978.]]<br /> The '''Pope''' is the [[Catholic]] [[bishop]] and [[patriarch]] of [[Rome]], and head of [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Eastern Rite|Eastern Catholic Churches]] (note that the name within the communion is simply &quot;the one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church&quot;). In addition to this spiritual role, the Pope is also head of the independent, sovereign [[Vatican City|State of the Vatican City]], a [[city-state]] entirely surrounded by the city of [[Rome]]. Prior to [[1870]], the Pope's temporal authority extended over a large area of central [[Italy]], a territory formally known as the &quot;Patrimony of St Peter&quot; under the terms of the [[Donation of Constantine]], but more familiar as the [[Papal States]]. The office of the Pope is informally called the [[Papacy]] and formally called the [[Papacy|Pontificate]]; his ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the [[Holy See]] (''Sancta Sedes''). Catholics worldwide consider each pope to be [[Jesus]]' representative on [[Earth]].<br /> <br /> The reigning Pope is [[Pope John Paul II]], who was elected at the age of 58 in [[1978]]. He is the first non-Italian to be elected to the Pontificate since [[Adrian VI]], who was briefly pope in 1522-23. [[Pope John Paul II]] tragically died of complications due to age on March 18, 2005. The vatican mourned, many didnt notice.<br /> <br /> ==Other Popes==<br /> An '''[[antipope]]''' is a person who claims the Pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it. The existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the Church, or to confusion as to who is the legitimate Pope at the time (see [[Western Schism|Papal Schism]]). <br /> <br /> The heads of the [[Coptic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] are also called &quot;Popes&quot; for historical reasons, with the former being called &quot;'''Coptic Pope'''&quot; or &quot;'''Pope of Alexandria'''&quot; and the latter called &quot;'''Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa'''&quot;; the parallel construction &quot;'''Pope of Rome'''&quot; is uncommon but occasionally used.<br /> <br /> ==Word origins==<br /> The word &quot;Pope&quot; is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''pappas'' (&quot;father&quot;) and was originally used in an affectionate sense of any priest or bishop (in the exact same way that modern priests are addressed as &quot;Father&quot;). In the [[4th century|fourth]] and [[5th century|fifth centuries]], ''pappas'' ([[Latin language|Latinized]] as ''papa'', a form still preserved in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) was still frequently used of any bishop in the [[Western world|West]], although it gradually came to be increasingly restricted to its modern, exclusive use by the Bishop of Rome. In the [[East]], especially in [[Greece]] and [[Russia]], priests are still referred to as ''pappas''.<br /> <br /> As early as the [[third century]], the [[Patriarch of Alexandria|Bishop of Alexandria]] exercised a high degree of central control of suffragan [[Egypt]]ian bishops, in a manner consciously similar to the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome; the Alexandrian archbishop was given precedence immediately after the Roman pontiff by the [[Council of Nicaea]], and adopted the title &quot;Pope of Alexandria,&quot; which still forms an integral part of the titles of the Greek Orthodox &quot;Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa&quot; and of the Coptic &quot;Pope of Alexandria and of the See of Saint Mark the Apostle.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Office and nature==<br /> The title &quot;Pope&quot; is an informal one; the formal title of the Pope is &quot;[[Bishop]] of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, [[Servus Servorum Dei|Servant of the Servants of God]],&quot; although this is rarely seen or used in full (by comparison, the formal title of the Orthodox Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria is &quot;Successor of Saint Mark the Apostle, Shepherd of Shepherds, Father of Fathers, Supreme Pontiff of All Metropolitans and Bishops, Judge of the World, and Beloved of Christ&quot;, often called the &quot;Ecumenical Judge&quot;; the Coptic Pope is styled &quot;Pope and Patriarch of the See of Alexandria and of All the Predication of the Evangelist St. Mark&quot;). In [[canon law]] he is referred to as the &quot;Roman Pontiff&quot; (''Pontifex Romanus''). The Pope is styled &quot;[[Your Holiness]]&quot; (''Sanctitas Vostra'') and is frequently referred to as &quot;the Holy Father.&quot;<br /> <br /> The Pope's signature is usually in the format &quot;''NN. PP. x''&quot; (''e.g.'', [[Pope Paul VI]] signed his name as &quot;Paulus PP. VI&quot;), and his name is frequently accompanied in inscriptions by the abbreviation &quot;Pont. Max.&quot; or &quot;P.M.&quot; (abbreviation of the ancient title ''[[Pontifex Maximus]]'', literally &quot;Greatest Bridge-maker&quot;, but usually translated &quot;Supreme Pontiff&quot;). The signature of [[Papal bull]]s is customarily ''NN. Episcopus Ecclesia Catholicae'' (&quot;NN. Bishop of the Catholic Church&quot;), while the heading is ''NN. Episcopus [[Servus Servorum Dei]]'' (&quot;NN. Bishop and Servant of the Servants of God&quot;), the latter title dating to the time of [[Pope Gregory I]] ''the Great''. Other titles used in some official capacity include ''Summus Pontifex'' (&quot;Highest Pontiff&quot;), ''Sanctissimus Pater'' and ''Beatissimus Pater'' (&quot;Most Holy Father&quot; and &quot;Most Blessed Father&quot;), ''Sanctissimus Dominus Noster'' (&quot;Our Most Holy Lord&quot;), and, in the [[Middle Ages|Mediaeval period]], ''Dominus Apostolicus'' (&quot;Apostolic Lord&quot;).<br /> <br /> [[Image:Vatican flag large.png|right|thumb|125px|[[Flag of the Vatican City|Flag]] of the [[Vatican City]]]]<br /> <br /> The Pope's official residence is the [[Palace of the Vatican]], and he also possesses a summer palace at [[Castel Gandolfo]] (believed to be situated on the site of the ancient city-state [[Alba Longa]]). Historically the official residence of the Pope was the [[Lateran Palace]], donated by the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Constantine I of the Roman Empire|Constantinus I]]. The former Papal summer palace, the [[Quirinal Palace]], has subsequently been the official residence of the [[King of Italy|Kings of Italy]] and [[President of Italy|Presidents of the Italian Republic]].<br /> <br /> Contrary to popular belief, it is the Pope's ecclesiastical jurisdiction (the Holy See) and not his secular jurisdiction (Vatican City) which conducts international relations; for hundreds of years, the Pope's court (the [[Roman Curia]]) has functioned as the government of the Catholic Church. <br /> The name &quot;Holy See&quot; (also &quot;Apostolic See&quot;) is in ecclesiastical terminology the ordinary jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome (including the Roman Curia); the Pope's various honours, powers, and privileges within the Catholic Church and the international community derive from his Episcopate of Rome in lineal succession from the [[Apostle]] [[St. Peter]] (see [[Apostolic Succession]]). Consequently Rome has traditionally occupied a central position in the Catholic Church, although this is not necessarily so. The Pope derives his Pontificate from being Bishop of Rome but is not obligated to reside in Rome; according to the Latin formula ''ubi Papa, ibi Curia'', wherever the Pope resides is the central government of the Church, provided that the Pope is Bishop of Rome. As such, between [[1309]] and [[1378]] the Popes resided not in Rome but in [[Avignon]], a period often called the [[Babylonian Captivity]] in allusion to the [[Bible|Biblical]] exile of [[Israel]] (see [[Avignon Papacy]]).<br /> <br /> Catholic [[tradition]] maintains that the institution of the Pontificate can be found in the [[Bible]], and cites certain key passages in support of this contention. Chief among these passages is [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew xvi: 18 &amp;#8211; 19]], wherein Jesus Christ says to [[St. Peter]], &quot;Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jona! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but My Father Who is in Heaven. And I tell you, you are Peter (&quot;The Rock&quot; derived from Greek), and on this rock I will build My Church, and the gates of Hell shall not prevail against it. And I will give you the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven: and whatever you bind on Earth shall be bound in Heaven, and whatever you loose on Earth shall be loosed in Heaven&quot;. Other important passages include [[Gospel of Luke|Luke xxii: 31 &amp;#8211; 32]], [[Gospel of John|John i: 42]], and [[Gospel of John|John xxi: 15 &amp;#8211; 17]].<br /> <br /> ==Regalia and insignia==<br /> <br /> The most famous symbol of the Papacy is almost certainly the ''[[Papal Tiara|triregnum]]'' (a thrice-crowned hat), also called the &quot;tiara&quot; or &quot;triple crown&quot;; recent Popes have not, however, worn the ''triregnum'' and have instead chosen to wear the episcopal [[mitre]] (an erect cloth hat). Unlike ordinary bishops, the Pope does not bear a [[crozier]] (a bent pastoral staff styled after a shepherd's crook), but rather bears a staff topped by an erect [[crucifix]], a custom established before the [[Thirteenth century]]. The Pope also uses the [[pallium]] (a circular band of fabric about two inches wide, worn over the [[chasuble]] about the neck, breast and shoulders and having two twelve-inch-long pendants hanging down in front and behind, ornamented with six small, black crosses distributed about the breast, back, shoulders, and pendants) at all ecclesiastical functions but not subject to the restrictions imposed upon [[archbishop]]s upon whom the Pope has conferred the right to use the pallium.<br /> <br /> Equally famous as the ''triregnum'' and perhaps more important a symbol of the Papacy is the image of two keys, one gold and one silver, in saltire (i.e., crossed over one another so as to form an X), with a red cord tying them together. This represents the &quot;Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven&quot; ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew xvi: 19]]; ''cf.'' [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah xxii: 22]]) and is in many ways the quintessential symbol of the Papacy as an institution and of its central role within the Catholic Church. Jesus's definition of Petrine authority (&quot;whatever you bind on Earth shall be bound in Heaven, and whatever you loose on Earth shall be loosed in Heaven&quot;) established two jurisdictions, Heaven and Earth; the silver and gold keys are said to represent these two jurisdictions. The silver key symbolises the power to bind and loose on Earth, and the gold key the power to bind and loose in Heaven.<br /> <br /> [[Image:Vatican coa.png|right|thumb|120px|'''Vatican coat of arms''']]<br /> <br /> Another famous part of the Papal regalia is the Fisherman's Ring, a gold ring decorated with a depiction of St. Peter in a boat casting his net, with the name of the reigning Pope around it. The Fisherman's Ring was first mentioned in a letter of [[Pope Clement IV]] to his nephew in [[1265]] wherein he mentions that Popes were accustomed to sealing public documents with leaden &quot;[[Papal bull|bull]]s&quot; attached, and private letters with &quot;the seal of the Fisherman&quot; (by the [[Fifteenth century|XV Century]], the Fisherman's Ring was used to seal [[Papal brief]]s). The Fisherman's Ring is placed on the newly-elected Pope's finger by the [[Camerlengo|Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church]]; on the Pope's death, the Cardinal Chamberlain smashes the Fisherman's Ring with a hammer, symbolising the end of the late Pope's authority.<br /> <br /> The ''umbracullum'' (better known in the Italian form ''ombrellino'') is a canopy or umbrella (consisting of alternating red and gold stripes) whose original function was quite simply to provide shade. As it was traditionally a royal prerogative to walk beneath a canopy, [[Pope Alexander VI]] began using the ''umbracullum'' to symbolise the temporal powers of the Papacy; it was formerly carried by a man standing behind the Pope, and features in the [[heraldry|heraldic arms]] of the Cardinal Chamberlain (who governs the Church during a ''Sede Vacante'', a Papal interregnum) and the former arms of the Papal States. The practice of walking with the ''umbracullum'' has been discontinued, although it continues to feature in heraldry and remains the insigne of a [[basilica]], usually displayed to the right of the main altar. <br /> <br /> [[Image:Paulcrnd.jpg|left|thumb|300px|'''The Coronation of Pope Paul VI''']]<br /> <br /> In heraldry, the Pope's arms are surmounted by the aforementioned two keys in saltire behind the escutcheon (one key silver and one key gold, tied with a red cord), and above them a silver ''triregnum'' with three gold crowns and red ''infulae'', or the red strips of fabric hanging from the back over the shoulders when worn (&quot;two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or&quot;). The flag most frequently associated with the Pope is the yellow and white flag of Vatican City, with the arms of the Holy See (&quot;Gules, two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or&quot;) on the right hand side in the white half of the flag. This flag was first adopted in [[1808]], whereas the previous flag had been red and gold, the traditional colours of the Pontificate. <br /> <br /> One of the most familiar (and now discontinued) trappings of the Papacy was the ''sedia gestatoria'', a mobile throne or armchair carried by twelve footmen (''palafrenieri'') in red uniforms. Traditionally, the ''sedia gestatoria'' was used in certain solemn occasions of Pontifical ceremony, most especially the procession held shortly after the Pope's election from the [[Sistine Chapel]] to [[St. Peter's Basilica]] where the Pope held his coronation ceremony; the Pope was carried in great pomp and circumstance, accompanied by two attendants bearing large (and largely ceremonial) fans made of white ostrich-feathers (''flabella''). While being carried in the ''sedia gestatoria'' the Pope frequently wore a long cloak or mantle (called a [[cope]]) which flowed from his shoulders over the sides of the throne. The use of the ''sedia gestatoria'' and of the ''flabella'' has been discontinued by [[Pope John Paul II]], with the former being replaced by the so-called [[Popemobile]].<br /> <br /> ==Status and authority==<br /> The status and authority of the Pope in the Catholic Church was dogmatically defined by the [[First Vatican Council]] in its Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ ([[July 18]], [[1870]]). The first chapter of this document is entitled &quot;On the institution of the apostolic primacy in blessed Peter&quot;, and states that (s.1) &quot;according to the Gospel evidence, a primacy of jurisdiction over the whole church of [[God]] was immediately and directly promised to the blessed apostle Peter and conferred on him by Christ the lord&quot; and that (s.6) &quot;if anyone says that blessed Peter the [[apostle]] was not appointed by Christ the lord as prince of all the apostles and visible head of the whole church militant; or that it was a primacy of honour only and not one of true and proper jurisdiction that he directly and immediately received from our lord Jesus Christ Himself: let him be [[anathema]].&quot;<br /> <br /> The Dogmatic Constitution's second chapter, &quot;On the permanence of the primacy of blessed Peter in the Roman pontiffs&quot;, states that (s.1) &quot;that which our lord Jesus Christ [...] established in the blessed apostle Peter [...] must of necessity remain forever, by Christ's authority, in the church which, founded as it is upon a rock, will stand firm until the end of time,&quot; that (s.3) &quot;whoever succeeds to the chair of Peter obtains by the institution of Christ Himself, the primacy of Peter over the whole church&quot;, and that (s.5) &quot;if anyone says that it is not by the institution of Christ the lord Himself (that is to say, by divine law) that blessed Peter should have perpetual successors in the primacy over the whole church; or that the Roman pontiff is not the successor of blessed Peter in this primacy: let him be anathema.&quot;<br /> <br /> The Dogmatic Constitution's third chapter, &quot;On the power and character of the [[primacy of the Roman pontiff]],&quot; states that (s.1) &quot;the definition of the [[ecumenical council]] of [[Council of Florence|Florence]], which must be believed by all faithful [[Christianity|Christian]]s, namely that the apostolic see and the Roman pontiff hold a world-wide primacy, and that the Roman pontiff is the successor of blessed Peter, the prince of the apostles, true vicar of Christ, head of the whole church and father and teacher of all Christian people,&quot; that (s.2) &quot;by divine ordinance, the Roman church possesses a pre-eminence of ordinary power over every other church, and that the jurisdictional power of the Roman pontiff is both episcopal and immediate&quot; and that &quot;[[clergy]] and faithful, of whatever rite and dignity, both singly and collectively, are bound to submit to this power by the duty of [[hierarchy|hierarchical]] subordination and true obedience, and this not only in matters concerning faith and morals, but also in those which regard the discipline and government of the church throughout the world.&quot;<br /> <br /> The powers of the Pope are defined by the Dogmatic Constitution (ch.3, s.8) such that &quot;he is the supreme judge of the faithful, and that in all cases which fall under ecclesiastical jurisdiction recourse may be had to his judgement&quot; and that &quot;the sentence of the apostolic see (than which there is no higher authority) is not subject to revision by anyone, nor may anyone lawfully pass judgement thereupon&quot; (can. 331 defines the power of the Pope as &quot;supreme, full, immediate and universal ordinary power in the Church, and he can always freely exercise this power&quot;). It also dogmatically defined (ch.4, s.9) the doctrine of [[papal infallibility|Papal infallibility]], ''sc.'' such that<br /> <br /> :when the Roman Pontiff speaks ''ex cathedra'', that is, when in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed His church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals. Therefore, such definitions of the Roman pontiff are of themselves, and not by the consent of the church, irreformable.<br /> <br /> ==Political role==<br /> <br /> Though the progressive [[Christianization|Christianisation]] of the [[Roman Empire]] in the [[Fourth century]] did not confer upon bishops civil authority within the state, the gradual withdrawal of imperial authority during the 5th century left the Pope the senior Imperial civilian official in Rome, as bishops were increasingly directing civil affairs in other cities of the Western Empire. This status as a secular and civil leader was vividly displayed by [[Pope Leo I]]'s confrontation with [[Attila]] in 452 and was substantially increased in [[754]], when the [[Franks|Frankish]] ruler [[Pepin the Short]] donated to the Pope a strip of territory which formed the core of the so-called [[Papal States]] (properly the Patrimony of St. Peter). In [[800]], [[Pope Leo III]] crowned the Frankish ruler [[Charlemagne]] as Roman Emperor, a major step toward establishing what later became known as the [[Holy Roman Empire]]; from that date it became the Pope's prerogative to crown the Emperor, a tradition which continued until [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]], the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope (subsequent Emperors never received coronation), and which was partially revived by [[Napoléon Bonaparte]]. As has been hitherto mentioned, the Pope's sovereignty over the Papal States ended in [[1870]] with their annexation by [[Italy]].<br /> <br /> In addition to the Pope's position as a territorial ruler and foremost [[prince bishop]] of Christendom (especially prominent with the [[Renaissance]] Popes like [[Pope Alexander VI]] an ambitious if spectacularly corrupt politico, and [[Pope Julius II]], a formidable general and statesman) and as the spiritual head of the Holy Roman Empire (especially prominent during periods of contention with the Emperors, such as during the Pontificates of [[Pope Gregory VII]] and [[Pope Alexander III]]), the Pope also possessed a degree of political and temporal authority in his capacity as Supreme Pontiff. Some of the most striking examples of Papal political authority are the Bull ''[[Laudabiliter]]'' in [[1155]] (authorising [[Henry II of England]] to invade [[Ireland]]), the Bull ''[[Inter Caeteras]]'' in [[1493]] (leading to the [[Treaty of Torsedillas]] in [[1494]], which divided the world into areas of [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] rule) the Bull ''[[Regnans in Excelsis]]'' in [[1570]] ([[excommunication|excommunicating]] [[Elizabeth I of England]] and purporting to release all her subjects from their allegiance to her), the Bull ''[[Inter Gravissimas]]'' in [[1582]] (establishing the [[Gregorian Calendar]]).<br /> <br /> ==Death and election==<br /> <br /> The current regulations regarding a Papal [[interregnum]] -- i.e., a ''Sede Vacante'' &quot;vacant see&quot; -- were promulgated by John Paul II in his [[1996]] document ''[[Universi Dominici Gregis]]''. During the ''Sede Vacante'', the [[College of Cardinals|Sacred College of Cardinals]], composed of the Pope's principal advisors and assistants, is collectively responsible for the government of the Church and of the Vatican itself, under the direction of the [[Camerlengo|Cardinal Chamberlain]]; however, canon law specifically forbids the Cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the Church during the vacancy of the Holy See. Any decision that needs the assent of the Pope has to wait until a new Pope has been elected and takes office. <br /> <br /> The Pope's death is officially determined by the Cardinal Chamberlain by gently tapping the late Pope's head thrice with a golden hammer and calling his name. A doctor may or may not have already determined that the Pope had passed away. The Cardinal Chamberlain then retrieves the Fisherman's Ring. Usually the ring is on the Pope's right hand. But with Paul VI, he had stopped wearing the ring during the last years of his reign, and left it in his desk. In other cases the ring might have been removed for medical reasons. The Chamberlin cuts the ring in two in the presence of the Cardinals. The deceased Pope's seals are defaced, to keep the Pope's seal from ever being used again, and his personal apartment is sealed.<br /> <br /> The body then lies in state for a number of days before being interred in the [[crypt]] of a leading church or cathedral; the Popes of the [[Twentieth century]] have all been interred in [[St. Peter's Basilica]], but it is expected that the reigning Pope, [[Pope John Paul II]], will be interred in his native [[Poland]]. A nine-day period of mourning (''novem dialis'') follows after the interment of the late Pope.<br /> <br /> The Pope was originally chosen by those senior [[clergy]]men resident in and near Rome. In [[1059]], the electorate was restricted to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinals]] of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all Cardinal Electors were made equal in [[1179]]. The Pope is usually a member of the Sacred College of Cardinals, but theoretically any male Catholic (including a layman) may be elected; [[Pope Urban VI]] was the last Pope who was not already a cardinal at the time of his election. Canon law requires that if a layman or non-bishop is elected, he receives episcopal consecration from the [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] before assuming the Pontificate. Under present canon law, the Pope is elected by the cardinal electors, comprising those cardinals who are under the age of 80. <br /> <br /> The [[Second Council of Lyons]] was convened on [[May 7]], [[1274]], to regulate the election of the Pope. This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the Pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a Pope has been elected; this was prompted by the three-year ''Sede Vacante'' following the death of [[Pope Clement IV]] in [[1268]]. By the mid-[[Sixteenth century]], the electoral process had more or less evolved into its present form, allowing for alteration in the time between the death of the Pope and the meeting of the cardinal electors.<br /> <br /> Traditionally the vote was conducted by acclamation, by selection by committee, or by plenary vote. Acclamation was the simplest procedure, consisting entirely of a voice vote, and was last used in [[1621]]. The reigning Pope, [[Pope John Paul II]], has abolished vote by acclamation and by selection by committee, and henceforth all Popes will be elected by full vote of the [[College of Cardinals|Sacred College of Cardinals]] by [[ballot]]. <br /> <br /> The election of the Pope almost always takes place in the [[Sistine Chapel]], in a meeting called a &quot;[[papal election|conclave]]&quot; (so called because twenty days after the Pope's death, the present cardinal electors are theoretically locked in, ''cum clavi'', until they elect a new Pope). Three cardinals are chosen by lot to collect the votes of absent cardinal electors (by reason of illness), three are chosen by lot to count the votes, and three are chosen by lot to review the count of the votes. The ballots are distributed and each cardinal elector writes the name of his choice on it and pledges aloud that he is voting for &quot;one whom under God I think ought to be elected&quot; before depositing his vote. Balloting continues until a Pope is elected by two-third majority (since the promulgation of ''Universi Dominici Gregis'' the rules allow for a simple majority after a deadlock of twelve days).<br /> <br /> One of the most famous parts of the conclave is the means by which the results of a ballot are announced to the world. Once the ballots are counted, they are burned, and the smoke indicates the results: black smoke (''sfumata''), created using straw with the ballots, announces that the vote was not decisive, and white smoke announces the election of a new Pope. The Dean of the College of Cardinals asks the Pope-elect to confirm his acceptance, and then announces the name he has chosen for himself (starting in [[535]], the Pope has customarily chosen a new name for himself during his Pontificate). The senior cardinal deacon then announces from a balcony over St. Peter's Square the following proclamation: ''Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum! Habemus Papam!'' (&quot;I announce to you a great joy! We have a Pope!&quot;)<br /> <br /> Until [[1978]], the Pope's election was followed in a few days by a procession in great pomp and circumstance from the Sistine Chapel to [[St. Peter's Basilica]], with the newly-elected Pope borne in the ''sedia gestatoria''. There the Pope was crowned with the ''[[Papal Tiara|triregnum]]'' and he gave his first blessing as Pope, the famous ''Urbi et Orbi'' (&quot;to the City [Rome] and to the World&quot;). Another famed part of the coronation was the lighting of a torch which would flare brightly and promptly extinguish, with the admonition ''Sic transit gloria mundi'' (&quot;Thus fades worldly glory&quot;). Traditionally, the pope-elect takes the [[Papal oath]] (the so called &quot;Oath against modernism&quot;) at his coronation, but [[John Paul I]] and later [[John Paul II]] have refused to do so. <br /> <br /> As has been hitherto noted, the [[Latin]] term ''Sede Vacante'' (&quot;vacant seat&quot;) refers to a Papal interregnum, or the period between the death of the Pope and the election of his successor. From this term is derived the name [[sedevacantism|Sedevacantist]], which designates a category of dissident, schismatic Catholics who maintain that there is no canonically and legitimately elected Pope, and that there is therefore a ''Sede Vacante''; one of the most common reasons for holding this belief is the idea that the reforms of the [[Second Vatican Council]] and especially the replacement of the [[Tridentine Mass]] with the ''[[Novus Ordo Missae]]'' are heretical, and that, per the dogma of Papal infallibility (see above), it is impossible for a valid Pope to have done these things.<br /> <br /> ==Objections to the Papacy==<br /> <br /> The Pope's position as Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church is [[dogma]]tic and therefore not open to debate or dispute within the Catholic Church; the First Vatican Council [[anathema]]tised all who dispute the Pope's primacy of honour and of jurisdiction (it is lawful to discuss the precise nature of that primacy, provided that such discussion does not violate the terms of the Council's Dogmatic Constitution). However, the Pope's authority is not undisputed outside the Catholic Church; these objections differ from denomination to denomination, but can roughly be outlined as (1.) objections to the extent of the primacy of the Pope; and (2.) objections to the institution of the Papacy itself. <br /> [[Image:J23paceminterris.jpg|frame|John XXIII signed his [[encyclical]] ''Pacem in Terris''.]]<br /> <br /> Some non-Catholic Christian denominations, such as the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox Church]], the [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Church]], and the [[Anglican Communion]], accept the doctrine of [[Apostolic Succession]], and therefore accept (to varying extents) the claim that the Pope as successor to [[St. Peter]] is heir to Petrine primacy of honour. These churches deny, however, the claim that the Pope is also heir to Petrine primacy of jurisdiction. Because none of these denominations recognise the First Vatican Council as ecumenical, they regard its definitions of Papal jurisdiction and infallibility (and [[anathema]]tisation of those who do not accept them) as non-binding.<br /> <br /> Other non-Catholic Christian denominations do not accept the doctrine of [[Apostolic Succession]], or do not understand it in hierarchical terms, and therefore do not accept the claim that the Pope is heir either to Petrine primacy of honour or to Petrine primacy of jurisdiction. The Papacy's complex relationship with the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire]]s, and other secular states, and the Papacy's territorial claims in Italy, are another focal point of these objections; as is the [[monarch]]ical character of the office of Pope. In [[Western Christianity]], these objections &amp;mdash; and the vehement rhetoric they have at times been cast in &amp;mdash; are products of the [[Protestant Reformation]]. These denominations vary from simply not accepting the Pope's authority as legitimate and valid, to believing that the Pope is the [[Antichrist]] or one of the beasts spoken of in the [[Book of Revelation]]. These denominations tend to be more heterogeneous amongst themselves than the aforementioned hierarchical churches, and their views regarding the Papacy and its institutional legitimacy (or lack thereof) vary considerably.<br /> <br /> Some objectors to the papacy use empirical arguments, pointing to the corrupt characters of some of the holders of that office. For instance, some argue that claimed successors to [[St. Peter]], like Popes [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]] and [[Callixtus III]] from the [[Borgia]] family, were so corrupt as to be unfit to wield power to bind and loose on Earth or in Heaven. An omniscient and omnibenevolent God, some argue, would not have given those people the powers claimed for them by the [[Catholic Church]]. Defenders of the papacy argue that the Bible shows God as willingly giving privileges even to corrupt men (citing examples like some of the kings of Israel, the apostle [[Judas Iscariot]], and even St. Peter after he denied Jesus). They also argue that not even the worst of the corrupt popes used the office to try to rip the doctrine of the Church from its apostolic roots, and that this is evidence that the office is divinely protected.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> *[[List of popes|Chronological list of popes]]<br /> *[[Myths and legends surrounding the Papacy]]<br /> *[[List of 10 longest-reigning Popes]]<br /> *[[List of 10 shortest-reigning Popes]]<br /> *[[Vestment]]<br /> *[[Immaculate Conception]]<br /> *[[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]]<br /> *[[Ecumenical Council]]<br /> *[[College of Bishops]]<br /> *[[Pontifical University]]<br /> *[[Caesaropapism]]<br /> *[[Investiture Controversy]]<br /> *[[Papal abdication]]<br /> *[[African popes]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> '''Roman Catholic Pope'''<br /> *[http://www.vatican.va/ The Holy See]<br /> *[http://www.dailycatholic.org/history/20ecume3.htm The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ], Fourth Session of the First Vatican Council<br /> *[http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0017.htm The Code of Canon Law]<br /> *[http://web.globalserve.net/~bumblebee/ecclesia/patriarchs.htm Eastern Church Defends Petrine Primacy and the Papacy]<br /> <br /> '''Coptic Orthodox Pope'''<br /> *[http://www.copticpope.org/ Official website]&amp;mdash;The Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and of the See of Saint Mark the Apostle<br /> <br /> '''Eastern Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and All Africa'''<br /> *[http://www.greekorthodox-alexandria.org/main.htm Official website]&amp;mdash;His Beatitude Petros VII Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa<br /> &lt;!--Categories--&gt;<br /> [[Category:Christian leaders]]<br /> [[Category:Popes| ]]<br /> [[Category:Positions of authority]]<br /> [[Category:Roman Catholic Church]]<br /> &lt;!--Interlanguage links--&gt;<br /> [[ca:Papa]]<br /> [[da:Pave]]<br /> [[de:Papst]]<br /> [[eo:Papo]]<br /> [[es:Papa]]<br /> [[fi:Paavi]]<br /> [[fr:Pape]]<br /> [[he:&amp;#1488;&amp;#1508;&amp;#1497;&amp;#1508;&amp;#1497;&amp;#1493;&amp;#1512;]]<br /> [[it:Papa]]<br /> [[ja:&amp;#12525;&amp;#12540;&amp;#12510;&amp;#25945;&amp;#30343;]]<br /> [[ko:&amp;#44368;&amp;#54889;]]<br /> [[la:Papa]]<br /> [[nl:paus]]<br /> [[no:Pave]]<br /> [[pl:Papie&amp;#380;]]<br /> [[pt:Papa]]<br /> [[ro:Pap&amp;#259;]]<br /> [[ru:&amp;#1055;&amp;#1072;&amp;#1087;&amp;#1089;&amp;#1090;&amp;#1074;&amp;#1086;]]<br /> [[sl:pape&amp;#382;]]<br /> [[sv:Påve]]<br /> [[zh:&amp;#25945;&amp;#23447;]]</div>

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