Benutzer:Shi Annan/Tampuan

2007-10-01T14:02:17Z

201.37.64.244: /* Religion */ rm unsourced and probably exaggerated comment

The '''Tampuan''' (also spelled Tompuan or Tampuon) are an indigenous ethnic group living in northeast [[Cambodia]]. Numbering about 25,000, the Tampuan people live in the mountainous Southern and Western portions of the Cambodian province of [[Ratanakiri]]. They have their own language of the [[Mon-Khmer]] language family. Tampuans are often classified as both [[Khmer Loeu]] or [[Degar|montagnards]], a designation given to all hilltribes in the former [[French Indochina]]. Though historically the language has been without a writing system, in the last ten years [[EMU International]] has overseen the creation of a [[phonology]] and writing system, based on the Cambodian alphabet.

[[Image:Tampuan_Children.JPG|thumb|Tampuan Children, from [[Ratanakiri]], Cambodia]]

==Social Life==
The Tampuan people are a mountain people, living in communal villages that range from 100 to 400 inhabitants. The villages are often laid out in a square, with a rowng, or communal house, in the center. Today many Tampuan villages have a communal well, [[volleyball]] court, or rice mill in the center as well. In addition to a village home, most Tampuans have a second residence on their farm.

Houses are built on three to six-foot-tall stilts to catch cool breezes. The walls, floor, roof and doors are made of split woven bamboo. Normally, houses are rectangular in shape, averaging five meters by three meters. Today, many rich Tampuans build wooden houses with corrugated steel roofs, a mark of luxury. In some areas, Tampuans live in communal longhouses that can be up to 200 feet in length.

Tampuans have a [[matrilineal]] system of marriage, with the family name and inheritance passing through the mother’s side of the family. Normally, Tampuans marry between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. In accordance with tradition, the young couple lives with and serves the family of the bride for three years, and then moves to serve the grooms family for an additional three years. At this point, the young couple is considered to be of age, capable of starting their own farm. [[Bigamy]] is tolerated but not common.

The average married Tampuan woman bears six to eight children in her lifetime, but due to high infant mortality rates and poor medical care, fewer than six usually survive to adulthood.

==Agriculture==
Nearly all Tampuans are [[subsistence farmer|subsistence farmers]], practicing a form of rotational [[slash and burn agriculture]]. The land surrounding the village is communally owned, with each village member planting on his designated section. When the nutrients on a particular plot of land are depleted, usually after two or three years, a new plot is cleared, burned, and prepared for planting. The previous plot is left to lie fallow for a period of years.

The vast majority of Tampuans plant dry-land rice, supplementing the rice with corn, beans and pumpkins, planted between the rows of rice. Additionally, Tampuans may raise chickens, pigs, dogs, cows, and water buffalo for food. Tampuans use [[crossbow|crossbows]] or guns to hunt wild boars, pheasants, deer and small rodents.

==Religion==
Tampuans are [[animism|animists]], believing in that evil spirits haunt all things. Evil spirits must be appeased through animal sacrifices. Violating the evil spirit’s commands causes sickness. Mediums and [[Magic (paranormal)|sorcerers]] are common, and are paid to speak the will of the spirits.

==Arts==
The Tampuans are a very musical people. They learn from a young age to play fiddles, stringed banjos, [[drum|drums]], [[flute|flutes]], and gongs. [[gong|Gongs]] are their most important instruments. The gongs are made of hammered bronze, and consist of a set of five for rhythm and another set of eight for the melody. Playing gongs is a communal affair; thirteen men play gongs and two play percussion. Often the gongs are accompanied by dancing. Traditionally, men play instruments and women sing.

==See also==
*[[Bahnaric languages]]
*[[List of ethnic groups in Cambodia]]
*[[Mon-Khmer]]
*[[Ratanakiri]]

==External links==
*[http://www.emuinternational.org/emu_camb.htm EMU International's Webpage]

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Cambodia]]

Haplogruppe C (Y-DNA)

2007-08-30T13:07:01Z

201.37.64.244: hg O, actually

In [[human genetics]], '''Haplogroup C''' (RPS4Y=M130, M216) is a [[Y-chromosome]] [[haplogroup]].

Haplogroup C seems to have come into existence shortly after M168 was introduced, probably at least 60,000 years before present. Although Haplogroup C attains its highest frequencies among the indigenous populations of [[Mongolia]], the [[Russian Far East]], [[Polynesia]], [[indigenous Australians|Australia]], and at moderate frequency in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria, it displays its highest diversity among modern populations of [[India]], and therefore it is hypothesized that Haplogroup C either originated or underwent its longest period of evolution and diversification within India or the greater South Asian coastal region.

It represents a great coastal migration along [[Southern Asia]], into [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Australia]], and up the Asian coast. It is believed to have [[Models of migration to the New World|migrated to the America]]s some 6,000-8,000 years before present, and was carried by [[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]] speaking peoples into the northwest Pacific coast of [[North America|America]]. Some have hypothesized that Haplogroups C and [[Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)|D]] were brought together to East Asia by a single population that became the first successful modern human colonizers of that region, but at present the distributions of Haplogroups C and D are different, with various subtypes of Haplogroup C being found at high frequency among the [[indigenous Australians|Australian aborigines]], [[Polynesians]], [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Kazakhs]], [[Mongols|Mongolians]], [[Manchu|Manchurians]], Koreans, and indigenous inhabitants of the [[Russian Far East]] and at moderate frequencies elsewhere throughout Asia and Oceania, including India and Southeast Asia, whereas Haplogroup D is found at high frequencies only among the Tibetans, Japanese peoples, and Andaman Islanders, and has been found neither in India nor among the aboriginal inhabitants of the Americas or Oceania.

Haplogroup C contains the polymorphism, very common in [[Central Asia]], which is believed to be that of [[Genghis Khan]], spread wide during the [[Mongol]] conquest of Asia.

The distribution of Haplogroup C is generally limited to populations of northern Eurasia, eastern Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas. There is a tendency for Haplogroup C to appear as the minor component of Y-chromosome diversity among a population in which the major component is accounted for by [[subclade]]s of [[Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup K]] (M9). Haplogroup C also rarely co-occurs with [[Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup D]] among populations of northern Eurasia and [[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O]] among populations of southeastern Eurasia and Oceania.

Due to the tremendous age of this macro-haplogroup, numerous mutations have had time to accumulate on the background of a Haplogroup C-M130 Y-chromosome, and several regionally important subbranches of Haplogroup C have been identified. [[Haplogroup C3 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup C3-M217]] is probably the most important of these, as the geographic extent of its dispersal is without compare, stretching longitudinally from regional subgroups of the [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] all the way to the [[Wayuu|Wayuu people]] in northern [[Colombia]] and northwest [[Venezuela]], and latitudinally from the [[Evens]] and [[Koryaks]] of the [[Russian Far East]] and the [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]] peoples of [[Alaska]] and western [[Canada]] all the way to [[Turkey]], [[Pakistan]], [[Vietnam]], and the [[Malay Archipelago]]. The highest frequencies of Haplogroup C3 are found among the populations of [[Mongolia]] and the Russian Far East, where it is generally the modal haplogroup. Haplogroup C3 is the only variety of Haplogroup C to be found among [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], among whom it reaches its highest frequency in [[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]] populations.

Other distinctive subbranches of Haplogroup C have been found to be specific to certain populations within restricted geographical territories, and even where these other branches are found, they tend to appear as a very low-frequency, minor component of the palette of Y-chromosome diversity within those territories. Haplogroup C1, a very ancient but at present extremely rare lineage, is specific to the [[Japanese people|Japanese]] and [[Ryukyuan]] populations of [[Japan]], among whom it occurs at a frequency of about 5.4%. Haplogroup C2 is found among certain local populations within [[Indonesia]], [[Melanesia]], [[Micronesia]], and [[Polynesia]]; among the populations of some islands of Polynesia, Haplogroup C2 has become the [[modal haplogroup]], probably due to severe [[founder effect]]s and [[genetic drift]]. The recently identified Haplogroup C4 is the most common haplogroup among [[indigenous Australians]], and it has not been found outside of that continent. Haplogroup C5 occurs at a very low frequency in [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Pakistan]].

Patrilines that belong to Haplogroup C but do not belong to any of its identified subgroups are labeled as Haplogroup C*, which are found at low frequencies along the southern coast of Asia from India to Vietnam and into the interior of [[Yunnan]] province in China, as well as throughout the Philippines, Indonesia, and Micronesia. Haplogroup C* Y-chromosomes have also been detected, but only at even lower frequencies, among populations of coastal New Guinea and island Melanesia; this suggests that, within Oceania, Haplogroup C* is associated with populations of Austronesian cultural affiliation, despite the fact that the derived haplogroup C4 is predominant among the indigenous inhabitants of Australia. Several examples of Haplogroup C*, which appear to be closely related to a scatter of modern South Asian C* haplotypes, have also been found at vanishingly low frequency among the [[Turkic peoples]] of [[Central Asia]]. Some researchers have also reported finding a Haplogroup C-RPS4Y Y-chromosome in a [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] man with a sample size of only 31 individuals (i.e., 1/31 or approximately 3.2%), but it is not clear whether this was really a C* chromosome, in which case descent from a South Asian immigrant might be indicated, or whether it belonged to an identified subclade of Haplogroup C, such as C3, which would make it more likely that this particular Lebanese man descended from a [[Turco-Mongol]] invader.

== Subgroups ==
The [[subclade]]s of Haplogroup C with their defining mutation, according to the 2006 ISOGG tree:

*C (RPS4Y (M130), M216)
**C*
**C1 (M8, M105, M131) ''Limited to a low frequency in the [[Japanese Archipelago]]''
**C2 (M38) ''Typical of [[Polynesia|Polynesians]] and certain populations of [[Melanesia]]''
***C2*
***C2a (P33)
***C2b (M208)
**[[Haplogroup C3 (Y-DNA)|C3]] (M217, P44) ''Typical of [[Mongols]], [[Kazakhs]], and indigenous peoples of the [[Russian Far East]]''
***C3*
***C3a (M93) ''Observed sporadically among samples of [[Japanese people|Japanese]]''
***C3b (P39) ''Typical of the [[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]] peoples of North America''
***C3c (M48, M77, M86) ''Typical of [[Northern Tungusic]] peoples and [[Outer Mongolia|Outer Mongolians]], with a moderate distribution among Southern Tungusic peoples, Inner Mongolians, and some [[Turkic peoples]]''
***C3d (M407) ''Observed sporadically among [[Yakuts]]''
**C4 (M347) ''Typical of [[indigenous Australians|indigenous peoples of Australia]]''
***C4*
***C4a (DYS390.1 del)
***C4b (M210)
**C5 (M356) ''Limited to a low frequency in [[South Asia]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.familytreedna.com/(0gyohdakp43sweeab4z0bt55)/public/C/C3%20haplogroup/index.aspx?fixed_columns=on C & C3 Y-Haplogroup project at FTDNA]
*[https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my028 Spread of Haplogroup C], from ''[[National Geographic]]''

{{Y-DNA}}

[[Category:Human Y-DNA haplogroups|C]]

[[ca:Haplogrup C del cromosoma Y humà]]
[[fr:Haplogroupe C (Y-ADN)]]

Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Tampuan

Haplogruppe C (Y-DNA)