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Korruption in Indien

2013-04-02T18:56:46Z

201.218.51.26: /* Politics */

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}

{{Political corruption sidebar}}'''Corruption in India''' is a major issue and adversely affects its economy.<ref name=tfe2010/> A 2005 study conducted by [[Transparency International]] in India found that more than 62% of Indians had first-hand experience of paying bribes or [[influence peddling]] to get jobs done in public offices successfully.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results |title=Transparency International – the global coalition against corruption |publisher=Transparency.org |date= |accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref><ref name="2005-TI-study">Centre for Media Studies, [http://www.iri.org.in/related_readings/India%20Corruption%20Study%202005.pdf ''India Corruption Study 2005: To Improve Governance: Volume I – Key Highlights,''] New Delhi: Transparency International India, 30 June 2005.</ref> In its 2008 study, Transparency International reports about 40% of Indians had first-hand experience of paying bribes or using a contact to get a job done in public office.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Corruption Study – 2008|publisher=Transparency International|year=2008|url=http://www.transparencyindia.org/resource/survey_study/India%20Corruptino%20Study%202008.pdf}}</ref>

In 2012 India has ranked 94th out of 176 countries in Transparency International's [[Corruption Perceptions Index]], tied with Benin, Colombia, Djibouti, Greece, Moldova, Mongolia, and Senegal.<ref>http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/</ref>

Most of the largest sources of corruption in India are entitlement programs and social spending schemes enacted by the Indian government. Examples include [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] and [[National Rural Health Mission]].<ref name=ft072012/><ref name=econ1/> Other daily sources of corruption include India's trucking industry which is forced to pay billions in bribes annually to numerous regulatory and police stops on its interstate highways.<ref name=asia2009/>

Indian media has widely published allegations of corrupt Indian citizens stashing trillions of dollars in Swiss banks. Swiss authorities, however, assert these allegations to be a complete fabrication and false.<ref name=fm2012/><ref name=swissinfo/>

The causes of corruption in India include excessive regulations, complicated taxes and licensing systems, numerous government departments each with opaque bureaucracy and discretionary powers, monopoly by government controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery, and the lack of transparent laws and processes.<ref name=kpmg2011/><ref name=WFR2011/> There are significant variations in level of corruption as well as in state government efforts to reduce corruption across India.

==History==
[[File:FirebraceDebatesCorruption.jpg|thumb|In 17th century, during India's colonial era, corruption had become a serious issue. The British parliament witnessed numerous debates on bribery and corruption particularly in the [[East India Company|East-India Company]]. Numerous East-India Company officials were arrested and sent to the [[Tower of London]]. Image shows cover of a collection of these parliamentary debates.]]
The economy of India was under socialist-inspired policies for an entire generation from the 1950s until the late 1980s. The economy was characterised by [[License Raj|extensive regulation]], [[protectionism]], and public ownership, policies vulnerable to pervasive corruption and [[Hindu rate of growth|slow growth]].<ref name="makar">{{cite book|title=An American's Guide to Doing Business in India|author=Eugene M. Makar|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="oecd">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf|title=Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief|publisher=[[OECD]]}}</ref><ref name="astaire">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukibc.com/ukindia2/files/India60.pdf|title=The India Report|publisher=Astaire Research}}</ref><ref name="potential">{{cite web|url=http://www.usindiafriendship.net/viewpoints1/Indias_Rising_Growth_Potential.pdf|title=India's Rising Growth Potential|publisher=Goldman Sachs|year=2007}}</ref> In 1960s, [[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari]] suggested [[License Raj]] was often at the core of corruption.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism|isbn=978-0-521-04980-1|page=131|year=2007|authorlink=H.L. Erdman|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref>

The [[Vohra Report]], submitted by the former [[Indian Union]] [[Home Secretary]], [[N.N. Vohra]], in October 1993, studied the problem of the criminalisation of politics and of the nexus among criminals, politicians and [[bureaucrats]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethics Committee|publisher=Rajya Sabha, Government of India|year=2002|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/ethics_committee.pdf}}</ref> The report contained several observations made by official agencies on the criminal network which was virtually running a parallel government. It also discussed criminal gangs who enjoyed the patronage of politicians — of all political parties — and the protection of government functionaries.<ref>{{cite web|title=LANDMARK JUDGEMENTS ON ELECTION LAW – Volume IV|publisher=Election Commission, Govt of India|year=2006 | pages=5–7 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/judgements/LandmarkJudgementsVolIV.pdf}}</ref>

According to Jitendra Singh, "in the bad old days, particularly pre-1991, when the License Raj held sway, and by design, all kinds of free market mechanisms were hobbled or stymied, and corruption emerged almost as an illegitimate price mechanism, a shadowy quasi-market, such that scarce resources could still be allocated within the economy, and decisions could get made. [[...]] These were largely distortions created by the politico-economic regime. While a sea change has occurred in the years following 1991, some of the distorted cultural norms that took hold during the earlier period are slowly being repaired by the sheer forces of competition. The process will be long and slow, however. It will not change overnight."<ref name="forbes">{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/08/15/wipro-tata-corruption-ent-law-cx_kw_0814whartonindia.html|title=Will Growth Slow Corruption in India?|publisher=Forbes | date=15 August 2007}}</ref> One of the major problems and obstacles to development in India has been endemic corruption and political inertia to change.<ref>{{cite news|title=Business in India – Building India Inc|publisher=The Economist|date=22 October 2011|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21533396}}</ref>

==Politics==
As of March 2013, 150 of India's 523 parliament members were facing criminal charges.<ref name="tax">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749771|title=A special report on India: The democracy tax is rising: Indian politics is becoming ever more labyrinthine|date=11 December 2008|work=The Economist}}</ref> Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved very high levels of government, including Cabinet Ministers and Chief Ministers, such as in the [[2G spectrum scam]], the [[Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Commonwealth Games scam]] and the [[Adarsh Housing Society scam]], [[Coal Mining Scam]], mining scandal in Karnataka and cash for vote scam. la corrupcion comenzo porque un indio se hizo una paja y se quemo el pene

==Bureaucracy==
A 2005 study done by [[Transparency International]] (TI) in India found that more than 50% of the people had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office.<ref name="2005-TI-study" /> Taxes and bribes are common between state borders; Transparency International estimates that truckers pay annually {{Indian Rupee}} 22,200 crores ({{USD}} 4.5 billion) in bribes.<ref name=asia2009>{{cite news|title=Cops turn robbers on India's roads|publisher=Asia Online|date=27 August 2009 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KH27Df03.html}}</ref><ref name=ctoi/> Government regulators and police share in bribe money, each to the tune of 43% and 45% respectively. The en route stoppages including those at checkpoints and entry-points take up to 11 hours in a day. About 60 percent of these (forced) stoppages on road by concerned authorities such as government regulators, police, forest, sales and excise, octroi, weighing and measuring department are for extorting money. The loss in productivity due to these stoppages is an important national concern. The number of truck trips could increase by 40%, if forced delays are avoided. According to a 2007 World Bank published report, the travel time for a Delhi-Mumbai trip can be reduced by about 2 days per trip if the corruption and associated regulatory stoppages to extract bribes was eliminated.<ref name=ctoi>{{cite web|title=Corruption in Trucking Operations in India|author=MDRA|publisher=The World Bank|date=February 2007|url=http://info.worldbank.org/etools/ANTIC/docs/Resources/Sectors/Transport/CorrTruckingIndia.pdf}}</ref><ref name="How much do the corrupt earn"/><ref>{{cite news|title=UP trucker won’t give bribe, pays with his life|publisher=Indian Express|date=27 September 2011|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/up-trucker-wont-give-bribe-pays-with-his-life/852415/}}</ref>

A 2009 survey of the leading economies of Asia, revealed [[Indian bureaucracy]] to be not just least efficient out of Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, China, Philippines and Indonesia; further it was also found that working with India's civil servants was a "slow and painful" process.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Indian-bureaucracy-ranked-worst-in-Asia-Survey/articleshow/4612918.cms Indian bureaucracy ranked worst in Asia: Survey] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 3 June 2009.</ref>

===Land and property===
Officials are alleged to steal state property. In cities and villages throughout India, consisting of municipal and other government officials, elected politicians, judicial officers, real estate developers and law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal ways.<ref name="gupta2008">K.R. Gupta and J.R. Gupta, ''Indian Economy, Vol #2'', Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2008, ISBN 81-269-0926-9. Snippet: ''... the land market already stands subverted and an active land mafia has already been created ...''</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2012}}{{better source|date=July 2012}}

===Tendering processes and awarding contracts===
A 2006 report claimed state-funded construction activities in [[Uttar Pradesh]], such as road building, were dominated by construction mafias, which are groupings of corrupt public works officials, materials suppliers, politicians and construction contractors.<ref name="indiatoday2006">{{cite web|url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20061016/state-up.html |title=Mulayam Hits Mafia Hard |work=India Today |date=16 October 2006 |accessdate=2008-10-30}} Snippet: ''... The road sector has always been the main source of income for the mafia. They either ask their men directly to grab the contracts or allow an outsider to take the contract after accepting a hefty commission''</ref>

Corruption caused problems in government funded projects are not limited to the state of Uttar Pradesh. According to The World Bank, aid programs are beset by corruption, bad administration and under-payments. As an example, the report cites only 40% of grain handed out for the poor reaches its intended target. The World Bank study finds that the public distribution programs and social spending contracts have proven to be a waste due to corruption.<ref>{{cite news|title=India aid programme 'beset by corruption' – World Bank|publisher=BBC News|date=18 May 2011|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13447867}}</ref>

As an example, India enacted the so-called ''Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act'' (MGNREGA) on 25 August 2005. The Central government outlay for this welfare scheme is {{INRConvert|40000|c}} in FY 2010–2011.<ref>[http://www.nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]. Govt of India</ref> After 5 years of implementation, in 2011, the programme was widely criticised as no more effective than other poverty reduction programs in India. Despite its best intentions, MGNREGA is beset with controversy about corrupt officials pocketing money on behalf of fake rural employees, poor quality of infrastructure built under this program, and unintended destructive effect on poverty.<ref name=econ1>{{cite news|title=Indian rural welfare – Digging holes|publisher=The Economist|date=5 November 2011|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21536642}}</ref><ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|title=India's Boom Bypasses Rural Poor|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 April 2011|author=Tom Wright and Harsh Gupta|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704081604576143671902043578.html}}</ref>

===Medicine===
In Government Hospitals, corruption is associated with non availability/duplication of medicines, getting admission, consultations with doctors and availing diagnostic services.<ref name="2005-TI-study"/>

[[National Rural Health Mission]] is another health care-related government program that has been subject to large scale corruption allegations. This social spending and entitlement program hoped to improve health care delivery across rural India. The program has been run since 2005 by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health]] of the Indian government. The Indian government mandated a spending of INR 277 billion in 2004–05, and increased it annually to be about 1% of India's gross domestic product. The National Rural Health Mission program has been clouded by a large-scale [[Uttar Pradesh NRHM scam|corruption scandal]] in which top government appointed officials were arrested, several of whom died under mysterious circumstances including one in prison. Corruption, waste and fraud-related losses from this government program has been alleged to be {{Indian Rupee}} 100 billion (US$2 billion).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Health-scam-Former-CMO-Sachan-booked/Article1-729454.aspx |title=Health scam: Former CMO, Sachan booked |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 August 2011 |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref><ref name=pm>{{cite web|url=http://expressbuzz.com/topnews/mayawati-misused-funds-for-rural-health-pm/364454.html |title=The New Indian Express |publisher=Expressbuzz.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref><ref name=dna>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_nrhm-scam-6-officials-booked-in-accountant-s-murder_1651513 |title=NRHM scam: 6 officials booked in accountant's murder – India – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=17 February 2012 |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref><ref name=ft072012>{{cite news|title=India to give free medicine to millions|publisher=The Financial Times|date=5 July 2012|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d18b2006-c687-11e1-963a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1zEesnuZu}}</ref>

===Science and technology===
CSIR, the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], has been flagged in ongoing efforts to root out corruption in India.<ref name=SpicyIP>{{cite web|last=Reddy|first=Prashant|title=CSIR Tech. Pvt. Ltd: Its controversial past and its uncertain future|url=http://spicyipindia.blogspot.com/2012/05/csir-tech-pvt-ltd-its-controversial.html|accessdate=11 March 2013|publishser=SpicyIP.com|date=20 May 2012}}</ref> Despite being established with the directive to do translational research and create real technologies, CSIR has been accused of devolving into an ritualistic, overly-bureaucratic organization that does little more than churn out papers.<ref name=sciencemag>{{cite web|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/1998/01/23-02.html|title=Indian Scientists Claim Lab Corruption |Publisher= ScienceNOW|date=23 January 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Singh|first=Mahendra Pratap|url=http://www.groundreportindia.com/2010/02/without-prejudice-fingers-point-to-rs.html |title=GROUND REPORT INDIA: Without prejudice, fingers point to Rs. 50.00 Lakhs financial embezzlement by Dr. R. Tuli, Director |date=February 13 2010}}</ref>

There are many issues facing Indian scientists, with some - such as MIT systems scientist [[Shiva Ayyadurai|VA Shiva Ayyadurai]] - calling for transparency, a [[meritocratic]] system, and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology.<ref name="Nature">{{cite web|Last= Jayaraman |first=K.S. |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2009/091109/full/462152a.html|title=Report row ousts top Indian scientist |publisher=Nature | date=9 November 2009 |accessdate=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ayyarudai |first=VA Shiva|url= http://vashiva.com/va-shivas-lecture-at-indian-science-congress-association-centenary/
|title=VA Shiva’s Lecture at Indian Science Congress Centenary |date=16 December 2012}}</ref> Sumit Bhaduri stated, “[t]he challenges of turning Indian science into part of an [[innovation]] process are many. … Many competent Indian scientists aspire to be ineffectual administrators [due to administrative power and political patronage], rather than do the kind of science that makes a difference.”<ref>{{cite news|last= Bhaduri|first= Sumit|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Indian-science-must-break-free-from-the-present-bureaucratic-culture-to-come-up-with-big-innovative-ideas/articleshow/17930219.cms |title=Indian science must break free from the present bureaucratic culture to come up with big innovative ideas|newspaper=Times Of India|date=Jan 8 2013}}</ref> Prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] spoke at the [[99th Indian Science Congress]] and commented on the state of the sciences in [[India]], after an advisory council informed him there were problems with “the overall environment for innovation and creative work” and a ‘warlike’ approach was needed.<ref>{{cite web|last= Jayaraman|first=K.S.|url=http://www.nature.com/news/indian-science-in-need-of-overhaul-1.9750|title=Indian science in need of overhaul|publisher=Nature|date=6 January 2012}}</ref>

===Income tax department===
There have been several cases of collusion of officials of the [[Income tax in India|income tax department of India]] for a favorable tax treatment and relaxed prosecutions in return for bribes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2007/04/01225456/Corruption-in-IncomeTax-beat.html|title=Corruption in Income-Tax: beaten by Babudom|publisher=LiveMint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/two-income-tax-officials-booked-for-corruption/414293/|title=Two Income Tax officials booked for corruption|work=The Indian Express |location=India}}</ref>

===Preferential award of mineral resources===
[[File:IAC-Protesters-in-Pune.jpg|thumb|Protests against corruption in [[Pune]].]]
{{See also|Illegal mining in India}}

In early August 2011, an iron ore mining scandal became a media focus in India. In September 2011, Janardhana Reddy – an elected member of Karnataka's legislative assembly – was arrested on charges of corruption and illegal mining of iron ore in his home state of Karnataka. It was alleged that his company received preferential award of resources, organised and exported billions of dollars worth of iron ore to China in recent years, without paying any royalty to the state government exchequer of Karnataka or the central government of India, and these Chinese companies made payment to shell companies controlled by Reddy and registered in Caribbean and north Atlantic tax havens. It was also alleged that corrupt government officials cooperated with Reddy, starting from government officials in charge of regulating mining to government officials in charge of regulating port facilities and shipping. These officials received monthly bribes in exchange for enabling illegal export of illegally mined iron ore to China. Such scandals have led to a demand in India for consensually driven action plan to eradicate the piracy of India's mineral resources by an illegal-political-corrupt government officials-business nexus, removal of incentives for illegal mining, creation of incentives for legal mining and domestic use of iron ore and steel manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web|title= Dredging out mineral piracy, September 7, 2011|publisher=The Hindu, Business Line|url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/editorial/article2430063.ece }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Full Report of Karnataka Lokayukta on Illegal Mining of Iron Ore, July 27, 2011|publisher=The Hindu, Business Line|url= http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00736/Report_on_the_refer_736286a.pdf | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
corruption in india is a major issue and adversely affects its economy

===Driver Licensing===
A study conducted between 2004 and 2005 found that India's driver licensing procedure was a hugely distorted bureaucratic process and allows drivers to get licenses despite their low driving ability through promoting the usage of agents. Individuals with high willingness to pay make a significant payment above the official fee and most of these extra payments are made to agents, who act as an intermediary between bureaucrats and applicants.<ref name="Bertrand 2007">Bertrand, Marianne et. al. Obtaining a Driver's License in India: An Experimental Approach to Studying Corruption, The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Nov 2007, No. 122,4)</ref> The average license getter paid Rs 1080, approximately 2.5 times the official fee of Rs 450, in order to obtain a license. On average, those who hired agents had a lower driving ability, with agents helping unqualified drivers obtain licenses and bypass the legally required driving examination. Among the surveyed individuals, approximately 60% of the license holders did not take the licensing exam and 54% of those license holders failed an independent driving test.<ref>Corruption in Driver licensing Process in Delhi http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/mullainathan/files/Corruption.in.Driving.Licensing.Process.in.Delhi.pdf</ref>

Agents are the channels of inefficient corruption in this bureaucratic driver licensing system, facilitating access to licenses among those who are unqualified to drive. Some of the failures of this licensing system are caused by corrupt bureaucrats who collaborate with agents by creating additional barriers within the system against those who did not hire agents.<ref name="Bertrand 2007"/>

===Claimed trends===
Professor Bibek Debroy and Laveesh Bhandari claim in their book ''Corruption in India: The DNA and RNA'' that the public officials in India may be cornering as much as Rs.921.22 billion ($18.42 billion), or 1.26 per cent of the GDP, through corruption.<ref name="How much do the corrupt earn">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-09/news/30498171_1_corruption-indian-economy-bribery |title=How much do the corrupt earn? |publisher=The Economic Times|date=11 September 2011 |accessdate=2011-12-11}}</ref> The book claims most bribery is in the transport industry, real estate and government delivered services.

A 2011 KPMG study reports India's real estate, telecommunications and government-run social development projects as the three top most corruption plagued sectors. The study found India's defence, information technology industry and energy sectors are the most competitive and least corruption prone sectors.<ref name=kpmg2011/>

CMS India claims in its 2010 India Corruption Study report that socio-economically weaker section of the Indian society is most adversely affected by government corruption – these include the rural and urban poor. The study additionally claims that corruption perception nationwide has decreased between 2005 to 2010. Over the 5-year period, significantly more number of people from the middle class as well as the poorest segments of Indian society surveyed, in all parts of the India, claimed government corruption had dropped over time, and they had lesser direct experiences with demands for bribes.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Corruption Study 2010|author=Roy and Narayan|publisher=CMS Transparency|year=2011|url=http://www.cmsindia.org/India%20Corruption%20Study%202010.pdf}}</ref>

The table below compares the perceived anti-corruption effort across some of the major states in India.<ref name=WFR2011/> A rising index implies higher anti-corruption effort and falling corruption. According to this table, the states of [[Bihar]] and [[Gujarat]] have experienced significant improvements in their anti-corruption efforts, while the conditions have worsened in the state of [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal]]. Consistent with the results in this table, in 2012, a BBC News report claimed the state of Bihar has transformed in recent years to become the least corrupt state in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=British aid to India: Helping Bihar's poor|author=David Loyn|date=1 March 2012|publisher=BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17210734}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Index trends in major states by respective anti-corruption effort<ref name=WFR2011/>
! State !! 1990–95 !! 1996-00 !! 2001–05 !! 2006–10
|-
| [[Bihar]] || 0.41 || 0.30 || 0.43 || '''0.88'''
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || 0.48 || 0.57 || '''0.64''' || 0.69
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || '''0.53''' || '''0.73''' || 0.55 || 0.61
|-
| [[Punjab]] || 0.32 || 0.46 || 0.46 || 0.60
|-
| [[Jammu & Kashmir]] || 0.13 || 0.32 || 0.17 || 0.40
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 0.33 || 0.60 || 0.31 || 0.37
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 0.26 || 0.14 || 0.23 || 0.35
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 0.19 || 0.20 || 0.24 || 0.29
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 0.23 || 0.22 || 0.31 || 0.29
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || 0.24 || 0.19 || 0.20 || 0.29
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || 0.27 || 0.23 || 0.26 || 0.27
|-
| [[Kerala]] || 0.16 || 0.20 || 0.22 || 0.27
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 0.45 || 0.29 || 0.27 || 0.26
|-
| [[U.P]] || 0.11 || 0.11 || 0.16 || 0.21
|-
| [[Orissa]] || 0.22 || 0.16 || 0.15 || 0.19
|-
| [[Assam]] || 0.21 || 0.02 || 0.14 || 0.17
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || 0.11 || 0.08 || 0.03 || 0.01
|}

==Black money==
{{Main|Indian black money}}
Black money refers to money that is not fully legitimate property of the owner. A white paper on black money in India by the Government of India suggests two possible sources of black money in India.<ref name=fm2012>{{cite web|title=White Paper on Black Money|publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|year=2012|url=http://finmin.nic.in/reports/WhitePaper_BackMoney2012.pdf}}</ref> The first includes activities not permissible under the law, like crime, drug trade, terrorism, and corruption, all of which are illegal in India. The second, more likely source is that the wealth may have been generated through a lawful activity but accumulated by failing to declare income and pay taxes. Some of this black money ends up in illicit financial flows across international borders, such as deposits in tax haven countries.

A November 2010 report from the [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]-based [[Global Financial Integrity]] estimates that over a 60-year period, India lost US$213 billion in [[illicit financial flows]] beginning in 1948; adjusted for inflation, this is estimated to be 462 billion in 2010 dollars, or about $8 billion per year ($7 per capita per year). The report also estimated the size of India's underground economy at approximately US$640 billion at the end of 2008 or roughly 50% of the nation's GDP.<ref name=dkar>{{cite book|last=Kar|first=Dev|title=The Drivers and Dynamics of Illicit Financial Flows from India: 1948–2008|year=2010|publisher=Global Financial Integrity|location=Washington, DC|url=http://www.gfintegrity.org/storage/gfip/documents/reports/india/gfi_india.pdf}}</ref>

===Black Money in Switzerland===
According to a 2010 [[The Hindu]] article, unofficial estimates indicate that Indians had over US$1456 billion in black money stored in [[Swiss banks]] (approximately USD 1.4 trillion).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/08/13/stories/2010081350370900.htm |title=The Hindu Business Line : Black, bold and bountiful |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.in |date=13 August 2010 |accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref> While some news reports claimed that data provided by the Swiss Banking Association<ref>There is no organization named Swiss Banking Association; there is, however, an organization named Swiss Bankers Association. For verifiability, this wikipedia article uses the misnomer interchangeably, since it was widely mentioned by Indian media.</ref> Report (2006) showed India has

more black money than the rest of l,pppppppppppl ii00000000 j bernardo daxalos

te web|url=http://www.currentnewsindia.com/nation-news/govt-to-reveal-stand-on-black-money-on-jan-25.html |title=Govt To Reveal Stand on Black Money on Jan 25 | India news, Latest news India, Breaking news India, Current headlines India, News from India on Business, Sports, Politics, Bollywood and World News online |publisher=Currentnewsindia.com |date=25 January 2011 |accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref> a more recent report quoted the SBA's Head of International Communications as saying that no such official Swiss Banking Association statistics exist.<ref>{{cite news|title=No 'black money' statistics exist: Swiss banks|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-13/india/28092452_1_james-nason-swiss-bankers-association-sba-s-head|accessdate=13 November 2011|newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 September 2009}}</ref> Another report said that Indian-owned Swiss bank account assets are worth 13 times the country's national debt. These allegations have been denied by [[Swiss Bankers Association]]. James Nason of Swiss Bankers Association in an interview about alleged black money from India, suggests "The (black money) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles, and circulated as gospel truth. However, this story was a complete fabrication. The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report. Anyone claiming to have such figures (for India) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them."<ref name=swissinfo>{{cite news|title=Banking secrecy spices up Indian elections|publisher=SWISSINFO – A member of Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|date=14 May 2009|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Banking_secrecy_spices_up_Indian_elections.html?cid=7396340}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=No 'black money' statistics exist: Swiss banks|publisher=The Times of India|date=13 September 2009|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-13/india/28092452_1_james-nason-swiss-bankers-association-sba-s-head}}</ref>

In a separate study, Dev Kar of Global Financial Integrity concludes, "media reports circulating in India that Indian nationals held around US$1.4 trillion in illicit external assets are widely off the mark compared to the estimates found by his study." Kar claims the amounts are significantly smaller, only about 1.5% of India's GDP on average per annum basis, between 1948–2008. This includes corruption, bribery and kickbacks, criminal activities, trade mispricing and efforts to shelter wealth by Indians from India's tax authorities.<ref name=dkar/>

According to a third report, published in May 2012, Swiss National Bank estimates that the total amount of deposits in all Swiss banks, at the end of 2010, by citizens of India were CHF 1.95 billion (INR 92.95 billion, US$ 2.1 billion). The Swiss Ministry of External Affairs has confirmed these figures upon request for information by the Indian Ministry of External Affairs. This amount is about 700 fold less than the alleged $1.4 trillion in some media reports.<ref name=fm2012/> The report also provided a comparison of the deposits held by Indians and by citizens of other nations in Swiss banks. Total deposits held by citizens of India constitute only 0.13 per cent of the total bank deposits of citizens of all countries. Further, the share of Indians in the total bank deposits of citizens of all countries in Swiss banks has reduced from 0.29 per cent in 2006 to 0.13 per cent in 2010.

==Judiciary==
According to [[Transparency International]], judicial corruption in India is attributable to factors such as "delays in the disposal of cases, shortage of judges and complex procedures, all of which are exacerbated by a preponderance of new laws".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37972|title=INDIA: Legal System in the Dock|author=Praful Bidwai}}</ref>

==Armed forces==
The [[Indian Armed Forces]] have witnessed corruption involving senior armed forces officers from the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]]. A number of scandals in the 2000–2010 period damaged the military's reputation; such scandals included skimming of armed forces money, re-selling of government property, and faking combat missions.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chakravarty|first=Pratap|title=Indian land scandal spotlights military corruption|url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1162535&lang=eng_news&cate_img=44.jpg&cate_rss=news_Perspective|accessdate=7 November 2011|newspaper=Taiwan News|date=23 January 2010}}</ref>

==Right to Information Act==
{{Main|Right to Information Act}}
The [[Right to Information Act]] (2005) and equivalent acts in the states, that require government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action, computerisation of services and various central and state government acts that established vigilance commissions have considerably reduced corruption or at least have opened up avenues to redress grievances.<ref name="2005-TI-study"/><ref name="rightto">[http://rti.gov.in/rti/allministry.asp Example] links to Indian government's implementation of the Right to Information Act. (Click the RTI Links column)</ref>

==Anti-Corruption Laws in India==
Public servants in India can be penalised for corruption under the
* [[Indian Penal Code|Indian Penal Code, 1860]]
* Prosecution section of [[Income Tax Act,1961]]
* [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988|The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]]
* The [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988]] to prohibit benami transactions.
* [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]]
India is also a signatory to the UN Convention against Corruption since 2005 (ratified 2011). The Convention covers a wide range of acts of corruption and also proposes certain preventive policies.<ref>[http://www.prsindia.org/pages/all-about-the-lok-pal-bill-137/ Issue Brief: PRS Note of Corruption Laws in India]</ref>

[[The Lokpal Bill, 2011]] is a bill pending before the [[Rajya Sabha]].

India's lower house of parliament voted to pass [[The Whistle Blowers Protection Bill, 2011]]. The bill is now pending in its Rajya Sabha.<ref>[http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-public-interest-disclosure-and-protection-of-persons-making-the-disclosures-bill-2010-1252/ Status of Whistleblower's Bill of India (checked in July 2012)]</ref>

==Anti-corruption police and courts==
The [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation]], [[Central Vigilance Commission]] and [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] all deal with anti-corruption initiatives. Certain states such as Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Pradesh Anti-corruption Bureau) and Karnataka ([[Lokayukta]]) also have their own anti-corruption agencies and courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/departments.asp?dep=13&org=83|title= A.P. Departments > Anti-Corruption Bureau |accessdate= 2010-06-25 |publisher=A.P. Government}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Lokayukta">{{cite web |url=http://lokayukta.kar.nic.in |title=Karnataka Lokayukta|accessdate= 2010-06-24 |publisher=[[National Informatics Center]]}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh's Anti Corruption Bureau (ABC) has launched a large scale investigation in the “cash-for-bail” scam.<ref name="cash-for-bail">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-cash-for-bail-scam-Suspended-judge-questioned/articleshow/14261658.cms | title=Andhra cash-for-bail scam: Suspended judge questioned| author=PTI | publisher=The Times of India| date=19 June 2012}}</ref>
CBI court judge Talluri Pattabhirama Rao was arrested on 19 June 2012 for taking a bribe to grant bail to former Karnataka Minister Gali Janardhan Reddy, who was allegedly amassing assets disproportionate to his known sources of income. Investigation revealed that India Cements – one of India's largest cement – had been investing in Reddy's businesses in return for government contracts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/569049.html?CMP=outlook_news | title=Srinivasan questioned in politician's corruption case| author=Tariq Engineer | publisher=ESPN CricInfo| date=19 June 2012}}</ref>
A case has also been opened against seven other individuals under the Indian Penal Code and the Prevention of Corruption Act.<ref name="cash-for-bail" />

==Anti-corruption organisations==
A variety of organisations have been created in India to actively fight against corrupt government and business practices. Notable organisations include:

* [http://www.bharatswabhimantrust.org/bharatswa/en/default.aspx Bharat Swabhiman Trust] established by well known [http://www.divyayoga.com/ Yog Guru Swami Ramdev] running a large campaign against black money and corruption since last 10 years.
*5th Pillar is most known for the creation of the [[zero rupee note]], a valueless note designed to be given to corrupt officials when they request bribes.

*India Against Corruption is a movement created by a citizens from a variety of professions and statuses to work against corruption in India. It is currently headed by [[Anna Hazare]].<ref name="express">{{cite news|url=http://expressbuzz.com/topic/wasn%E2%80%99t-easy-for-anna%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98thambis%E2%80%99/264213.html|title=Wasn’t easy for Anna's ‘thambis’|last=G Babu Jayakumar|date=10 April 2011|work=The New Indian Express |location=India|language=[[Indian English]]|accessdate=12 May 2011}}</ref>
*[[Jaago Re! One Billion Votes]] is an organisation originally founded by [[Tata Tea]] and [[Janaagraha]] to increase youth voter registration.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tata Tea and NGO launch programme on right to vote for youth|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/004200809162080.htm|accessdate=30 May 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 September 2008}}</ref> They have since expanded their work to include other social issues, including corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaagore.com/articles|title=Articles |publisher=Tata Tea|accessdate=30 May 2011}}</ref>
*[[Association for Social Transparency, Rights and Action (ASTRA)]] is an NGO focused on grass-roots work to fight corruption in Karnataka.

One organisation, the [[Lok Satta Movement]], has transformed itself from a civil organisation to a full-fledged political party, the [[Lok Satta Party]]. The party has fielded candidates in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Bangalore. In 2009, it obtained its first elected post, when [[Jayaprakash Narayan (Lok Satta)|Jayaprakash Narayan]] won the election for the [[Kukatpally]] Assembly Constituency in Andhra Pradesh.

==Causes of corruption in India==

In a 2011 report on Corruption in India,<ref name=kpmg2011>{{cite web|title=Survey on Bribery and Corruption – Impact on Economy and Business Environment|publisher=KPMG|year=2011|url=http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ThoughtLeadership/KPMG_Bribery_Survey_Report_new.pdf}}</ref> one of the world's largest audit and compliance firms [[KPMG]] notes several causes that encourage corruption in India. The report suggests high taxes and excessive regulation bureaucracy as a major cause. India has high marginal tax rates and numerous regulatory bodies with the power to stop any citizen or business from going about their daily affairs. This power to search and question creates opportunities for corrupt public officials to extract bribes; each individual or business decides if the effort required in due process and the cost of delay is worth not paying the bribe demanded. In cases of high taxes, paying off the corrupt official is cheaper than the tax. This, claims the report, is one major cause of corruption in India and 150 other countries across the world. In real estate industry, the high capital gains tax in India encourages large-scale corruption. The correlation between high real estate taxes and corruption, claims the KPMG report, is high in India as well as other countries including the developed economies; this correlation has been true in modern times as well as for centuries of human history in numerous cultures. The desire to pay lower taxes than those demanded by the state explains the demand side of corruption. The net result is that the corrupt officials collect bribes, state fails to collect taxes for its own budget, and corruption grows. The report suggests regulatory reforms, process simplification and lower taxes as means to increase tax receipts and reduce causes of corruption.<ref name=kpmg2011/><ref>{{cite news|title=Corruption in India – A rotten state|publisher=The Economist|date=10 March 2011|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18332796}}</ref>

In addition to tax rates and regulatory burden, the KPMG report claims corruption results from opaque process and paperwork on the part of the government. Lack of transparency allows room for maneuver for both the demanders and suppliers of corruption. Whenever objective standards and transparent processes are missing, and subjective opinion driven regulators and opaque/hidden processes are present, the conditions encourage corruption.<ref name=kpmg2011/><ref>{{cite journal|title=CORRUPTION: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND CURES|author=U Myint|journal=Asia-Pacific Development Journal|volume=7|number=2|date=December 2000|url=http://www.unescap.org/DRPAD/publication/journal_7_2/myint.pdf}}</ref>

Vito Tanzi in an [[International Monetary Fund]] study suggests that in India, like other countries in the world, corruption is caused by excessive regulations and authorization requirements, complicated taxes and licensing systems, mandated spending programs, lack of competitive free markets, monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government controlled institutions, bureaucracy, lack of penalties for corrupt behavior by public officials, and lack of transparent laws and processes.<ref name=WFR2011>{{cite web|title=Corruption in India|publisher=The World Finance Review|author=Debroy and Bhandari|year=2011|url=http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=1575}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Corruption Around the World – Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures|author=Vito Tanzi|publisher=IMF Staff Papers|volume=45|number=4|date=December 1998}}</ref> A Harvard University study finds these to be some of the causes of corruption and underground economy in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Role of Law and Legal Institutions in Asian Economic Development: The Case of India|author=Anant and Mitra|publisher=Harvard University|date=November 1998|url=http://www.cid.harvard.edu/hiid/662.pdf}}</ref>

==Effects of corruption==
According to a report by [[KPMG]], "high-level corruption and scams are now threatening to derail the country's credibility and [its] economic boom".<ref>{{cite news|last=Colvin|first=Geoff|title=Corruption: The biggest threat to developing economies|url=http://money.cnn.com/2011/04/19/news/international/corruption_developing_economies.fortune/?section=money_latest|publisher=CNNMoney|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=20 April 2011}}</ref>

===Economic Concerns===
Corruption may lead to further bureaucratic delay and inefficiency as corrupted bureaucrats may introduce red tape to extract more bribes.<ref>Myrdal, Gunnar. Asian Drama: An Enquiry in the Poverty of Nations, The Australian Quarterly (Dec 1968, Vol. 40, 4)</ref> Such inadequacies in institutional efficiency could affect growth indirectly by lowering the private [[marginal product]] of capital and investment rate.<ref name="Mauro, Paolo 1995">Mauro, Paolo. Corruption and Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Aug 1995, Vol. 110, 3)</ref> Levine and Renelt showed that investment rate is a robust determinant of economic growth.<ref>Levine, Ross. Renalt, David. A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions, The American Economic Review (Sep 1992, Vol. 8, 4)</ref> According to the [[neoclassical growth model]], institutional variables contribute to determining [[Steady state economy|steady-state]] per capital income levels and speed of convergence to its steady state, hence affecting its growth rate.<ref>Mankiw, N. Geogory et. al. A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (May 1992, Vol. 107, 2)</ref>

Bureaucratic inefficiency also affects growth directly, such as through misallocation of investments in the economy.<ref>How Much do Distortions Affect Growth http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1993/11/01/000009265_3961005131850/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf</ref> Additionally, corruption results in lower economic growth for a given level of income.<ref name="Mauro, Paolo 1995"/>

===Lower corruption, higher growth rates===

If corruption levels in India were reduced to levels in the developed economies such as the United States, India's GDP growth rate could increase by an additional 4 to 5 percent, to 12 to 13 per cent each year.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} [[C. K. Prahalad]] estimates the lost opportunity caused by corruption, in terms of investment, growth and jobs for India is over US$50 billion a year.<ref name=tfe2010>{{cite news|title=The trillion-dollar question|date=19 December 2010|author=Nirvikar Singh|publisher=The Financial Express|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/the-trilliondollar-question/726482/0}}</ref>

The level of corruption varies in different parts of India. In a July 2011 report, ''The Economist'' as an example cites the state government of Gujarat, which has kept red tape to a minimum, does not ask for bribes, and does not interfere with entrepreneurial corporations. The state, the article claims, has less corruption, less onerous labour laws and effective bureaucracy. With growth rates matching some of the fastest growing economic regions of China, Gujarat continues to outpace growth in other Indian states.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat's Economy: India's Guangdong|publisher=The Economist|date=July 2011|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18929279}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
{{div col|3}}
*[[Penny stock scam]]
*[[2012 Indian anti-corruption movement]]
*[[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]]
*[[Jan Lokpal Bill]]
* [[Right to Public Services legislation]]
*[[List of scandals in India]]
*[[Corruption Perceptions Index]]
*[[Licence Raj]]
*[[Mafia Raj]]
*[[Rent seeking]]
*[[Lokayukta|Lok Ayukta]]
*[[Socio-economic issues in India]]
*[[United Nations Convention against Corruption]]

{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book | last1=Kohli | first1=Suresh | year=1975 | title=Corruption in India: The Growing Evil | place=India | publisher=Chetana Pvt.Ltd| isbn=0-86186-580-4}}
*{{Cite journal | last1=Dwivedy | first1=Surendranath | last2=Bhargava | first2=G. S. | year=1967 | title=Political Corruption in India | place= | isbn= | url= | postscript= }}
*{{Cite book | last1=Gupta | first1=K. N. | last2= | first2= | year=2001 | title=Corruption in India | place= | publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd | isbn=81-261-0973-4 | url= | postscript= }}.
*{{Cite document | last1=Halayya | first1=M. | last2= | first2= | year=1985 | title=Corruption in India | place= | publisher=Affiliated East-West Press | isbn= | url= | postscript= }}
*{{Cite document | last1=Guhan | first1=Sanjivi | last2=Paul | first2=Samuel | year=1997 | title=Corruption in India: Agenda for Action | place= | publisher=Vision Books | isbn= | url= | postscript= }}
*{{Cite book| last1=Vittal | first1=N. | last2= | first2= | year=2003 | title=Corruption in India: The Roadblock to National Prosperity | place= | publisher=Academic Foundation | isbn=81-7188-287-0 | url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EI06Df01.html | postscript= }}
*{{cite book|last=Somiah|first=C.G.|title=The honest always stand alone|year=2010|publisher=Niyogi Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-89738-71-2}}

==External links==
*[http://cic.gov.in/ CIC] – The Central Information Commission is charged with interpreting the Right to Information Act, 2005.
*[http://righttoinformation.gov.in/ DoPT] – The Department of Personnel and Training, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions, is charged with being the nodal agency for the Right to Information Act, 2005. It has the powers to make rules regarding appeals, fees, etc.

{{Corruption in India}}
{{Asia in topic|Corruption in}}
{{Social issues in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corruption In India}}
[[Category:Corruption in India| ]]

Korruption in Indien

2013-04-02T18:48:13Z

201.218.51.26: /* Bureaucracy */

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}

{{Political corruption sidebar}}'''Corruption in India''' is a major issue and adversely affects its economy.<ref name=tfe2010/> A 2005 study conducted by [[Transparency International]] in India found that more than 62% of Indians had first-hand experience of paying bribes or [[influence peddling]] to get jobs done in public offices successfully.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results |title=Transparency International – the global coalition against corruption |publisher=Transparency.org |date= |accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref><ref name="2005-TI-study">Centre for Media Studies, [http://www.iri.org.in/related_readings/India%20Corruption%20Study%202005.pdf ''India Corruption Study 2005: To Improve Governance: Volume I – Key Highlights,''] New Delhi: Transparency International India, 30 June 2005.</ref> In its 2008 study, Transparency International reports about 40% of Indians had first-hand experience of paying bribes or using a contact to get a job done in public office.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Corruption Study – 2008|publisher=Transparency International|year=2008|url=http://www.transparencyindia.org/resource/survey_study/India%20Corruptino%20Study%202008.pdf}}</ref>

In 2012 India has ranked 94th out of 176 countries in Transparency International's [[Corruption Perceptions Index]], tied with Benin, Colombia, Djibouti, Greece, Moldova, Mongolia, and Senegal.<ref>http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/</ref>

Most of the largest sources of corruption in India are entitlement programs and social spending schemes enacted by the Indian government. Examples include [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] and [[National Rural Health Mission]].<ref name=ft072012/><ref name=econ1/> Other daily sources of corruption include India's trucking industry which is forced to pay billions in bribes annually to numerous regulatory and police stops on its interstate highways.<ref name=asia2009/>

Indian media has widely published allegations of corrupt Indian citizens stashing trillions of dollars in Swiss banks. Swiss authorities, however, assert these allegations to be a complete fabrication and false.<ref name=fm2012/><ref name=swissinfo/>

The causes of corruption in India include excessive regulations, complicated taxes and licensing systems, numerous government departments each with opaque bureaucracy and discretionary powers, monopoly by government controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery, and the lack of transparent laws and processes.<ref name=kpmg2011/><ref name=WFR2011/> There are significant variations in level of corruption as well as in state government efforts to reduce corruption across India.

==History==
[[File:FirebraceDebatesCorruption.jpg|thumb|In 17th century, during India's colonial era, corruption had become a serious issue. The British parliament witnessed numerous debates on bribery and corruption particularly in the [[East India Company|East-India Company]]. Numerous East-India Company officials were arrested and sent to the [[Tower of London]]. Image shows cover of a collection of these parliamentary debates.]]
The economy of India was under socialist-inspired policies for an entire generation from the 1950s until the late 1980s. The economy was characterised by [[License Raj|extensive regulation]], [[protectionism]], and public ownership, policies vulnerable to pervasive corruption and [[Hindu rate of growth|slow growth]].<ref name="makar">{{cite book|title=An American's Guide to Doing Business in India|author=Eugene M. Makar|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="oecd">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf|title=Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief|publisher=[[OECD]]}}</ref><ref name="astaire">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukibc.com/ukindia2/files/India60.pdf|title=The India Report|publisher=Astaire Research}}</ref><ref name="potential">{{cite web|url=http://www.usindiafriendship.net/viewpoints1/Indias_Rising_Growth_Potential.pdf|title=India's Rising Growth Potential|publisher=Goldman Sachs|year=2007}}</ref> In 1960s, [[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari]] suggested [[License Raj]] was often at the core of corruption.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism|isbn=978-0-521-04980-1|page=131|year=2007|authorlink=H.L. Erdman|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref>

The [[Vohra Report]], submitted by the former [[Indian Union]] [[Home Secretary]], [[N.N. Vohra]], in October 1993, studied the problem of the criminalisation of politics and of the nexus among criminals, politicians and [[bureaucrats]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethics Committee|publisher=Rajya Sabha, Government of India|year=2002|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/ethics_committee.pdf}}</ref> The report contained several observations made by official agencies on the criminal network which was virtually running a parallel government. It also discussed criminal gangs who enjoyed the patronage of politicians — of all political parties — and the protection of government functionaries.<ref>{{cite web|title=LANDMARK JUDGEMENTS ON ELECTION LAW – Volume IV|publisher=Election Commission, Govt of India|year=2006 | pages=5–7 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/judgements/LandmarkJudgementsVolIV.pdf}}</ref>

According to Jitendra Singh, "in the bad old days, particularly pre-1991, when the License Raj held sway, and by design, all kinds of free market mechanisms were hobbled or stymied, and corruption emerged almost as an illegitimate price mechanism, a shadowy quasi-market, such that scarce resources could still be allocated within the economy, and decisions could get made. [[...]] These were largely distortions created by the politico-economic regime. While a sea change has occurred in the years following 1991, some of the distorted cultural norms that took hold during the earlier period are slowly being repaired by the sheer forces of competition. The process will be long and slow, however. It will not change overnight."<ref name="forbes">{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/08/15/wipro-tata-corruption-ent-law-cx_kw_0814whartonindia.html|title=Will Growth Slow Corruption in India?|publisher=Forbes | date=15 August 2007}}</ref> One of the major problems and obstacles to development in India has been endemic corruption and political inertia to change.<ref>{{cite news|title=Business in India – Building India Inc|publisher=The Economist|date=22 October 2011|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21533396}}</ref>

==Politics==
As of March 2013, 150 of India's 523 parliament members were facing criminal charges.<ref name="tax">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749771|title=A special report on India: The democracy tax is rising: Indian politics is becoming ever more labyrinthine|date=11 December 2008|work=The Economist}}</ref> Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved very high levels of government, including Cabinet Ministers and Chief Ministers, such as in the [[2G spectrum scam]], the [[Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Commonwealth Games scam]] and the [[Adarsh Housing Society scam]], [[Coal Mining Scam]], mining scandal in Karnataka and cash for vote scam.

==Bureaucracy==
A 2005 study done by [[Transparency International]] (TI) in India found that more than 50% of the people had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office.<ref name="2005-TI-study" /> Taxes and bribes are common between state borders; Transparency International estimates that truckers pay annually {{Indian Rupee}} 22,200 crores ({{USD}} 4.5 billion) in bribes.<ref name=asia2009>{{cite news|title=Cops turn robbers on India's roads|publisher=Asia Online|date=27 August 2009 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KH27Df03.html}}</ref><ref name=ctoi/> Government regulators and police share in bribe money, each to the tune of 43% and 45% respectively. The en route stoppages including those at checkpoints and entry-points take up to 11 hours in a day. About 60 percent of these (forced) stoppages on road by concerned authorities such as government regulators, police, forest, sales and excise, octroi, weighing and measuring department are for extorting money. The loss in productivity due to these stoppages is an important national concern. The number of truck trips could increase by 40%, if forced delays are avoided. According to a 2007 World Bank published report, the travel time for a Delhi-Mumbai trip can be reduced by about 2 days per trip if the corruption and associated regulatory stoppages to extract bribes was eliminated.<ref name=ctoi>{{cite web|title=Corruption in Trucking Operations in India|author=MDRA|publisher=The World Bank|date=February 2007|url=http://info.worldbank.org/etools/ANTIC/docs/Resources/Sectors/Transport/CorrTruckingIndia.pdf}}</ref><ref name="How much do the corrupt earn"/><ref>{{cite news|title=UP trucker won’t give bribe, pays with his life|publisher=Indian Express|date=27 September 2011|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/up-trucker-wont-give-bribe-pays-with-his-life/852415/}}</ref>

A 2009 survey of the leading economies of Asia, revealed [[Indian bureaucracy]] to be not just least efficient out of Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, China, Philippines and Indonesia; further it was also found that working with India's civil servants was a "slow and painful" process.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Indian-bureaucracy-ranked-worst-in-Asia-Survey/articleshow/4612918.cms Indian bureaucracy ranked worst in Asia: Survey] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 3 June 2009.</ref>

===Land and property===
Officials are alleged to steal state property. In cities and villages throughout India, consisting of municipal and other government officials, elected politicians, judicial officers, real estate developers and law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal ways.<ref name="gupta2008">K.R. Gupta and J.R. Gupta, ''Indian Economy, Vol #2'', Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2008, ISBN 81-269-0926-9. Snippet: ''... the land market already stands subverted and an active land mafia has already been created ...''</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2012}}{{better source|date=July 2012}}

===Tendering processes and awarding contracts===
A 2006 report claimed state-funded construction activities in [[Uttar Pradesh]], such as road building, were dominated by construction mafias, which are groupings of corrupt public works officials, materials suppliers, politicians and construction contractors.<ref name="indiatoday2006">{{cite web|url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20061016/state-up.html |title=Mulayam Hits Mafia Hard |work=India Today |date=16 October 2006 |accessdate=2008-10-30}} Snippet: ''... The road sector has always been the main source of income for the mafia. They either ask their men directly to grab the contracts or allow an outsider to take the contract after accepting a hefty commission''</ref>

Corruption caused problems in government funded projects are not limited to the state of Uttar Pradesh. According to The World Bank, aid programs are beset by corruption, bad administration and under-payments. As an example, the report cites only 40% of grain handed out for the poor reaches its intended target. The World Bank study finds that the public distribution programs and social spending contracts have proven to be a waste due to corruption.<ref>{{cite news|title=India aid programme 'beset by corruption' – World Bank|publisher=BBC News|date=18 May 2011|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13447867}}</ref>

As an example, India enacted the so-called ''Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act'' (MGNREGA) on 25 August 2005. The Central government outlay for this welfare scheme is {{INRConvert|40000|c}} in FY 2010–2011.<ref>[http://www.nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]. Govt of India</ref> After 5 years of implementation, in 2011, the programme was widely criticised as no more effective than other poverty reduction programs in India. Despite its best intentions, MGNREGA is beset with controversy about corrupt officials pocketing money on behalf of fake rural employees, poor quality of infrastructure built under this program, and unintended destructive effect on poverty.<ref name=econ1>{{cite news|title=Indian rural welfare – Digging holes|publisher=The Economist|date=5 November 2011|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21536642}}</ref><ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|title=India's Boom Bypasses Rural Poor|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 April 2011|author=Tom Wright and Harsh Gupta|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704081604576143671902043578.html}}</ref>

===Medicine===
In Government Hospitals, corruption is associated with non availability/duplication of medicines, getting admission, consultations with doctors and availing diagnostic services.<ref name="2005-TI-study"/>

[[National Rural Health Mission]] is another health care-related government program that has been subject to large scale corruption allegations. This social spending and entitlement program hoped to improve health care delivery across rural India. The program has been run since 2005 by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health]] of the Indian government. The Indian government mandated a spending of INR 277 billion in 2004–05, and increased it annually to be about 1% of India's gross domestic product. The National Rural Health Mission program has been clouded by a large-scale [[Uttar Pradesh NRHM scam|corruption scandal]] in which top government appointed officials were arrested, several of whom died under mysterious circumstances including one in prison. Corruption, waste and fraud-related losses from this government program has been alleged to be {{Indian Rupee}} 100 billion (US$2 billion).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Health-scam-Former-CMO-Sachan-booked/Article1-729454.aspx |title=Health scam: Former CMO, Sachan booked |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 August 2011 |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref><ref name=pm>{{cite web|url=http://expressbuzz.com/topnews/mayawati-misused-funds-for-rural-health-pm/364454.html |title=The New Indian Express |publisher=Expressbuzz.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref><ref name=dna>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_nrhm-scam-6-officials-booked-in-accountant-s-murder_1651513 |title=NRHM scam: 6 officials booked in accountant's murder – India – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=17 February 2012 |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref><ref name=ft072012>{{cite news|title=India to give free medicine to millions|publisher=The Financial Times|date=5 July 2012|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d18b2006-c687-11e1-963a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1zEesnuZu}}</ref>

===Science and technology===
CSIR, the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], has been flagged in ongoing efforts to root out corruption in India.<ref name=SpicyIP>{{cite web|last=Reddy|first=Prashant|title=CSIR Tech. Pvt. Ltd: Its controversial past and its uncertain future|url=http://spicyipindia.blogspot.com/2012/05/csir-tech-pvt-ltd-its-controversial.html|accessdate=11 March 2013|publishser=SpicyIP.com|date=20 May 2012}}</ref> Despite being established with the directive to do translational research and create real technologies, CSIR has been accused of devolving into an ritualistic, overly-bureaucratic organization that does little more than churn out papers.<ref name=sciencemag>{{cite web|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/1998/01/23-02.html|title=Indian Scientists Claim Lab Corruption |Publisher= ScienceNOW|date=23 January 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Singh|first=Mahendra Pratap|url=http://www.groundreportindia.com/2010/02/without-prejudice-fingers-point-to-rs.html |title=GROUND REPORT INDIA: Without prejudice, fingers point to Rs. 50.00 Lakhs financial embezzlement by Dr. R. Tuli, Director |date=February 13 2010}}</ref>

There are many issues facing Indian scientists, with some - such as MIT systems scientist [[Shiva Ayyadurai|VA Shiva Ayyadurai]] - calling for transparency, a [[meritocratic]] system, and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology.<ref name="Nature">{{cite web|Last= Jayaraman |first=K.S. |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2009/091109/full/462152a.html|title=Report row ousts top Indian scientist |publisher=Nature | date=9 November 2009 |accessdate=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ayyarudai |first=VA Shiva|url= http://vashiva.com/va-shivas-lecture-at-indian-science-congress-association-centenary/
|title=VA Shiva’s Lecture at Indian Science Congress Centenary |date=16 December 2012}}</ref> Sumit Bhaduri stated, “[t]he challenges of turning Indian science into part of an [[innovation]] process are many. … Many competent Indian scientists aspire to be ineffectual administrators [due to administrative power and political patronage], rather than do the kind of science that makes a difference.”<ref>{{cite news|last= Bhaduri|first= Sumit|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Indian-science-must-break-free-from-the-present-bureaucratic-culture-to-come-up-with-big-innovative-ideas/articleshow/17930219.cms |title=Indian science must break free from the present bureaucratic culture to come up with big innovative ideas|newspaper=Times Of India|date=Jan 8 2013}}</ref> Prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] spoke at the [[99th Indian Science Congress]] and commented on the state of the sciences in [[India]], after an advisory council informed him there were problems with “the overall environment for innovation and creative work” and a ‘warlike’ approach was needed.<ref>{{cite web|last= Jayaraman|first=K.S.|url=http://www.nature.com/news/indian-science-in-need-of-overhaul-1.9750|title=Indian science in need of overhaul|publisher=Nature|date=6 January 2012}}</ref>

===Income tax department===
There have been several cases of collusion of officials of the [[Income tax in India|income tax department of India]] for a favorable tax treatment and relaxed prosecutions in return for bribes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2007/04/01225456/Corruption-in-IncomeTax-beat.html|title=Corruption in Income-Tax: beaten by Babudom|publisher=LiveMint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/two-income-tax-officials-booked-for-corruption/414293/|title=Two Income Tax officials booked for corruption|work=The Indian Express |location=India}}</ref>

===Preferential award of mineral resources===
[[File:IAC-Protesters-in-Pune.jpg|thumb|Protests against corruption in [[Pune]].]]
{{See also|Illegal mining in India}}

In early August 2011, an iron ore mining scandal became a media focus in India. In September 2011, Janardhana Reddy – an elected member of Karnataka's legislative assembly – was arrested on charges of corruption and illegal mining of iron ore in his home state of Karnataka. It was alleged that his company received preferential award of resources, organised and exported billions of dollars worth of iron ore to China in recent years, without paying any royalty to the state government exchequer of Karnataka or the central government of India, and these Chinese companies made payment to shell companies controlled by Reddy and registered in Caribbean and north Atlantic tax havens. It was also alleged that corrupt government officials cooperated with Reddy, starting from government officials in charge of regulating mining to government officials in charge of regulating port facilities and shipping. These officials received monthly bribes in exchange for enabling illegal export of illegally mined iron ore to China. Such scandals have led to a demand in India for consensually driven action plan to eradicate the piracy of India's mineral resources by an illegal-political-corrupt government officials-business nexus, removal of incentives for illegal mining, creation of incentives for legal mining and domestic use of iron ore and steel manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web|title= Dredging out mineral piracy, September 7, 2011|publisher=The Hindu, Business Line|url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/editorial/article2430063.ece }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Full Report of Karnataka Lokayukta on Illegal Mining of Iron Ore, July 27, 2011|publisher=The Hindu, Business Line|url= http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00736/Report_on_the_refer_736286a.pdf | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
corruption in india is a major issue and adversely affects its economy

===Driver Licensing===
A study conducted between 2004 and 2005 found that India's driver licensing procedure was a hugely distorted bureaucratic process and allows drivers to get licenses despite their low driving ability through promoting the usage of agents. Individuals with high willingness to pay make a significant payment above the official fee and most of these extra payments are made to agents, who act as an intermediary between bureaucrats and applicants.<ref name="Bertrand 2007">Bertrand, Marianne et. al. Obtaining a Driver's License in India: An Experimental Approach to Studying Corruption, The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Nov 2007, No. 122,4)</ref> The average license getter paid Rs 1080, approximately 2.5 times the official fee of Rs 450, in order to obtain a license. On average, those who hired agents had a lower driving ability, with agents helping unqualified drivers obtain licenses and bypass the legally required driving examination. Among the surveyed individuals, approximately 60% of the license holders did not take the licensing exam and 54% of those license holders failed an independent driving test.<ref>Corruption in Driver licensing Process in Delhi http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/mullainathan/files/Corruption.in.Driving.Licensing.Process.in.Delhi.pdf</ref>

Agents are the channels of inefficient corruption in this bureaucratic driver licensing system, facilitating access to licenses among those who are unqualified to drive. Some of the failures of this licensing system are caused by corrupt bureaucrats who collaborate with agents by creating additional barriers within the system against those who did not hire agents.<ref name="Bertrand 2007"/>

===Claimed trends===

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A 2011 KPMG study reports India's real estate, telecommunications and government-run social development projects as the three top most corruption plagued sectors. The study found India's defence, information technology industry and energy sectors are the most competitive and least corruption prone sectors.<ref name=kpmg2011/>

CMS India claims in its 2010 India Corruption Study report that socio-economically weaker section of the Indian society is most adversely affected by government corruption – these include the rural and urban poor. The study additionally claims that corruption perception nationwide has decreased between 2005 to 2010. Over the 5-year period, significantly more number of people from the middle class as well as the poorest segments of Indian society surveyed, in all parts of the India, claimed government corruption had dropped over time, and they had lesser direct experiences with demands for bribes.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Corruption Study 2010|author=Roy and Narayan|publisher=CMS Transparency|year=2011|url=http://www.cmsindia.org/India%20Corruption%20Study%202010.pdf}}</ref>

The table below compares the perceived anti-corruption effort across some of the major states in India.<ref name=WFR2011/> A rising index implies higher anti-corruption effort and falling corruption. According to this table, the states of [[Bihar]] and [[Gujarat]] have experienced significant improvements in their anti-corruption efforts, while the conditions have worsened in the state of [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal]]. Consistent with the results in this table, in 2012, a BBC News report claimed the state of Bihar has transformed in recent years to become the least corrupt state in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=British aid to India: Helping Bihar's poor|author=David Loyn|date=1 March 2012|publisher=BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17210734}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Index trends in major states by respective anti-corruption effort<ref name=WFR2011/>
! State !! 1990–95 !! 1996-00 !! 2001–05 !! 2006–10
|-
| [[Bihar]] || 0.41 || 0.30 || 0.43 || '''0.88'''
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || 0.48 || 0.57 || '''0.64''' || 0.69
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || '''0.53''' || '''0.73''' || 0.55 || 0.61
|-
| [[Punjab]] || 0.32 || 0.46 || 0.46 || 0.60
|-
| [[Jammu & Kashmir]] || 0.13 || 0.32 || 0.17 || 0.40
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 0.33 || 0.60 || 0.31 || 0.37
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 0.26 || 0.14 || 0.23 || 0.35
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 0.19 || 0.20 || 0.24 || 0.29
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 0.23 || 0.22 || 0.31 || 0.29
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || 0.24 || 0.19 || 0.20 || 0.29
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || 0.27 || 0.23 || 0.26 || 0.27
|-
| [[Kerala]] || 0.16 || 0.20 || 0.22 || 0.27
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 0.45 || 0.29 || 0.27 || 0.26
|-
| [[U.P]] || 0.11 || 0.11 || 0.16 || 0.21
|-
| [[Orissa]] || 0.22 || 0.16 || 0.15 || 0.19
|-
| [[Assam]] || 0.21 || 0.02 || 0.14 || 0.17
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || 0.11 || 0.08 || 0.03 || 0.01
|}

==Black money==
{{Main|Indian black money}}
Black money refers to money that is not fully legitimate property of the owner. A white paper on black money in India by the Government of India suggests two possible sources of black money in India.<ref name=fm2012>{{cite web|title=White Paper on Black Money|publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|year=2012|url=http://finmin.nic.in/reports/WhitePaper_BackMoney2012.pdf}}</ref> The first includes activities not permissible under the law, like crime, drug trade, terrorism, and corruption, all of which are illegal in India. The second, more likely source is that the wealth may have been generated through a lawful activity but accumulated by failing to declare income and pay taxes. Some of this black money ends up in illicit financial flows across international borders, such as deposits in tax haven countries.

A November 2010 report from the [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]-based [[Global Financial Integrity]] estimates that over a 60-year period, India lost US$213 billion in [[illicit financial flows]] beginning in 1948; adjusted for inflation, this is estimated to be 462 billion in 2010 dollars, or about $8 billion per year ($7 per capita per year). The report also estimated the size of India's underground economy at approximately US$640 billion at the end of 2008 or roughly 50% of the nation's GDP.<ref name=dkar>{{cite book|last=Kar|first=Dev|title=The Drivers and Dynamics of Illicit Financial Flows from India: 1948–2008|year=2010|publisher=Global Financial Integrity|location=Washington, DC|url=http://www.gfintegrity.org/storage/gfip/documents/reports/india/gfi_india.pdf}}</ref>

===Black Money in Switzerland===
According to a 2010 [[The Hindu]] article, unofficial estimates indicate that Indians had over US$1456 billion in black money stored in [[Swiss banks]] (approximately USD 1.4 trillion).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/08/13/stories/2010081350370900.htm |title=The Hindu Business Line : Black, bold and bountiful |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.in |date=13 August 2010 |accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref> While some news reports claimed that data provided by the Swiss Banking Association<ref>There is no organization named Swiss Banking Association; there is, however, an organization named Swiss Bankers Association. For verifiability, this wikipedia article uses the misnomer interchangeably, since it was widely mentioned by Indian media.</ref> Report (2006) showed India has more black money than the rest of the world combined,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/govt-to-reveal-stand-on-black-money-on-jan-25/141423-3.html |title=Govt to reveal stand on black money on Jan 25 – India News – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.currentnewsindia.com/nation-news/govt-to-reveal-stand-on-black-money-on-jan-25.html |title=Govt To Reveal Stand on Black Money on Jan 25 | India news, Latest news India, Breaking news India, Current headlines India, News from India on Business, Sports, Politics, Bollywood and World News online |publisher=Currentnewsindia.com |date=25 January 2011 |accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref> a more recent report quoted the SBA's Head of International Communications as saying that no such official Swiss Banking Association statistics exist.<ref>{{cite news|title=No 'black money' statistics exist: Swiss banks|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-13/india/28092452_1_james-nason-swiss-bankers-association-sba-s-head|accessdate=13 November 2011|newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 September 2009}}</ref> Another report said that Indian-owned Swiss bank account assets are worth 13 times the country's national debt. These allegations have been denied by [[Swiss Bankers Association]]. James Nason of Swiss Bankers Association in an interview about alleged black money from India, suggests "The (black money) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles, and circulated as gospel truth. However, this story was a complete fabrication. The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report. Anyone claiming to have such figures (for India) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them."<ref name=swissinfo>{{cite news|title=Banking secrecy spices up Indian elections|publisher=SWISSINFO – A member of Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|date=14 May 2009|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Banking_secrecy_spices_up_Indian_elections.html?cid=7396340}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=No 'black money' statistics exist: Swiss banks|publisher=The Times of India|date=13 September 2009|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-13/india/28092452_1_james-nason-swiss-bankers-association-sba-s-head}}</ref>

In a separate study, Dev Kar of Global Financial Integrity concludes, "media reports circulating in India that Indian nationals held around US$1.4 trillion in illicit external assets are widely off the mark compared to the estimates found by his study." Kar claims the amounts are significantly smaller, only about 1.5% of India's GDP on average per annum basis, between 1948–2008. This includes corruption, bribery and kickbacks, criminal activities, trade mispricing and efforts to shelter wealth by Indians from India's tax authorities.<ref name=dkar/>

According to a third report, published in May 2012, Swiss National Bank estimates that the total amount of deposits in all Swiss banks, at the end of 2010, by citizens of India were CHF 1.95 billion (INR 92.95 billion, US$ 2.1 billion). The Swiss Ministry of External Affairs has confirmed these figures upon request for information by the Indian Ministry of External Affairs. This amount is about 700 fold less than the alleged $1.4 trillion in some media reports.<ref name=fm2012/> The report also provided a comparison of the deposits held by Indians and by citizens of other nations in Swiss banks. Total deposits held by citizens of India constitute only 0.13 per cent of the total bank deposits of citizens of all countries. Further, the share of Indians in the total bank deposits of citizens of all countries in Swiss banks has reduced from 0.29 per cent in 2006 to 0.13 per cent in 2010.

==Judiciary==
According to [[Transparency International]], judicial corruption in India is attributable to factors such as "delays in the disposal of cases, shortage of judges and complex procedures, all of which are exacerbated by a preponderance of new laws".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37972|title=INDIA: Legal System in the Dock|author=Praful Bidwai}}</ref>

==Armed forces==
The [[Indian Armed Forces]] have witnessed corruption involving senior armed forces officers from the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]]. A number of scandals in the 2000–2010 period damaged the military's reputation; such scandals included skimming of armed forces money, re-selling of government property, and faking combat missions.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chakravarty|first=Pratap|title=Indian land scandal spotlights military corruption|url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1162535&lang=eng_news&cate_img=44.jpg&cate_rss=news_Perspective|accessdate=7 November 2011|newspaper=Taiwan News|date=23 January 2010}}</ref>

==Right to Information Act==
{{Main|Right to Information Act}}
The [[Right to Information Act]] (2005) and equivalent acts in the states, that require government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action, computerisation of services and various central and state government acts that established vigilance commissions have considerably reduced corruption or at least have opened up avenues to redress grievances.<ref name="2005-TI-study"/><ref name="rightto">[http://rti.gov.in/rti/allministry.asp Example] links to Indian government's implementation of the Right to Information Act. (Click the RTI Links column)</ref>

==Anti-Corruption Laws in India==
Public servants in India can be penalised for corruption under the
* [[Indian Penal Code|Indian Penal Code, 1860]]
* Prosecution section of [[Income Tax Act,1961]]
* [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988|The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]]
* The [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988]] to prohibit benami transactions.
* [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]]
India is also a signatory to the UN Convention against Corruption since 2005 (ratified 2011). The Convention covers a wide range of acts of corruption and also proposes certain preventive policies.<ref>[http://www.prsindia.org/pages/all-about-the-lok-pal-bill-137/ Issue Brief: PRS Note of Corruption Laws in India]</ref>

[[The Lokpal Bill, 2011]] is a bill pending before the [[Rajya Sabha]].

India's lower house of parliament voted to pass [[The Whistle Blowers Protection Bill, 2011]]. The bill is now pending in its Rajya Sabha.<ref>[http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-public-interest-disclosure-and-protection-of-persons-making-the-disclosures-bill-2010-1252/ Status of Whistleblower's Bill of India (checked in July 2012)]</ref>

==Anti-corruption police and courts==
The [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation]], [[Central Vigilance Commission]] and [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] all deal with anti-corruption initiatives. Certain states such as Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Pradesh Anti-corruption Bureau) and Karnataka ([[Lokayukta]]) also have their own anti-corruption agencies and courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/departments.asp?dep=13&org=83|title= A.P. Departments > Anti-Corruption Bureau |accessdate= 2010-06-25 |publisher=A.P. Government}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Lokayukta">{{cite web |url=http://lokayukta.kar.nic.in |title=Karnataka Lokayukta|accessdate= 2010-06-24 |publisher=[[National Informatics Center]]}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh's Anti Corruption Bureau (ABC) has launched a large scale investigation in the “cash-for-bail” scam.<ref name="cash-for-bail">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-cash-for-bail-scam-Suspended-judge-questioned/articleshow/14261658.cms | title=Andhra cash-for-bail scam: Suspended judge questioned| author=PTI | publisher=The Times of India| date=19 June 2012}}</ref>
CBI court judge Talluri Pattabhirama Rao was arrested on 19 June 2012 for taking a bribe to grant bail to former Karnataka Minister Gali Janardhan Reddy, who was allegedly amassing assets disproportionate to his known sources of income. Investigation revealed that India Cements – one of India's largest cement – had been investing in Reddy's businesses in return for government contracts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/569049.html?CMP=outlook_news | title=Srinivasan questioned in politician's corruption case| author=Tariq Engineer | publisher=ESPN CricInfo| date=19 June 2012}}</ref>
A case has also been opened against seven other individuals under the Indian Penal Code and the Prevention of Corruption Act.<ref name="cash-for-bail" />

==Anti-corruption organisations==
A variety of organisations have been created in India to actively fight against corrupt government and business practices. Notable organisations include:

* [http://www.bharatswabhimantrust.org/bharatswa/en/default.aspx Bharat Swabhiman Trust] established by well known [http://www.divyayoga.com/ Yog Guru Swami Ramdev] running a large campaign against black money and corruption since last 10 years.
*5th Pillar is most known for the creation of the [[zero rupee note]], a valueless note designed to be given to corrupt officials when they request bribes.

*India Against Corruption is a movement created by a citizens from a variety of professions and statuses to work against corruption in India. It is currently headed by [[Anna Hazare]].<ref name="express">{{cite news|url=http://expressbuzz.com/topic/wasn%E2%80%99t-easy-for-anna%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98thambis%E2%80%99/264213.html|title=Wasn’t easy for Anna's ‘thambis’|last=G Babu Jayakumar|date=10 April 2011|work=The New Indian Express |location=India|language=[[Indian English]]|accessdate=12 May 2011}}</ref>
*[[Jaago Re! One Billion Votes]] is an organisation originally founded by [[Tata Tea]] and [[Janaagraha]] to increase youth voter registration.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tata Tea and NGO launch programme on right to vote for youth|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/004200809162080.htm|accessdate=30 May 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 September 2008}}</ref> They have since expanded their work to include other social issues, including corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaagore.com/articles|title=Articles |publisher=Tata Tea|accessdate=30 May 2011}}</ref>
*[[Association for Social Transparency, Rights and Action (ASTRA)]] is an NGO focused on grass-roots work to fight corruption in Karnataka.

One organisation, the [[Lok Satta Movement]], has transformed itself from a civil organisation to a full-fledged political party, the [[Lok Satta Party]]. The party has fielded candidates in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Bangalore. In 2009, it obtained its first elected post, when [[Jayaprakash Narayan (Lok Satta)|Jayaprakash Narayan]] won the election for the [[Kukatpally]] Assembly Constituency in Andhra Pradesh.

==Causes of corruption in India==

In a 2011 report on Corruption in India,<ref name=kpmg2011>{{cite web|title=Survey on Bribery and Corruption – Impact on Economy and Business Environment|publisher=KPMG|year=2011|url=http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ThoughtLeadership/KPMG_Bribery_Survey_Report_new.pdf}}</ref> one of the world's largest audit and compliance firms [[KPMG]] notes several causes that encourage corruption in India. The report suggests high taxes and excessive regulation bureaucracy as a major cause. India has high marginal tax rates and numerous regulatory bodies with the power to stop any citizen or business from going about their daily affairs. This power to search and question creates opportunities for corrupt public officials to extract bribes; each individual or business decides if the effort required in due process and the cost of delay is worth not paying the bribe demanded. In cases of high taxes, paying off the corrupt official is cheaper than the tax. This, claims the report, is one major cause of corruption in India and 150 other countries across the world. In real estate industry, the high capital gains tax in India encourages large-scale corruption. The correlation between high real estate taxes and corruption, claims the KPMG report, is high in India as well as other countries including the developed economies; this correlation has been true in modern times as well as for centuries of human history in numerous cultures. The desire to pay lower taxes than those demanded by the state explains the demand side of corruption. The net result is that the corrupt officials collect bribes, state fails to collect taxes for its own budget, and corruption grows. The report suggests regulatory reforms, process simplification and lower taxes as means to increase tax receipts and reduce causes of corruption.<ref name=kpmg2011/><ref>{{cite news|title=Corruption in India – A rotten state|publisher=The Economist|date=10 March 2011|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18332796}}</ref>

In addition to tax rates and regulatory burden, the KPMG report claims corruption results from opaque process and paperwork on the part of the government. Lack of transparency allows room for maneuver for both the demanders and suppliers of corruption. Whenever objective standards and transparent processes are missing, and subjective opinion driven regulators and opaque/hidden processes are present, the conditions encourage corruption.<ref name=kpmg2011/><ref>{{cite journal|title=CORRUPTION: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND CURES|author=U Myint|journal=Asia-Pacific Development Journal|volume=7|number=2|date=December 2000|url=http://www.unescap.org/DRPAD/publication/journal_7_2/myint.pdf}}</ref>

Vito Tanzi in an [[International Monetary Fund]] study suggests that in India, like other countries in the world, corruption is caused by excessive regulations and authorization requirements, complicated taxes and licensing systems, mandated spending programs, lack of competitive free markets, monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government controlled institutions, bureaucracy, lack of penalties for corrupt behavior by public officials, and lack of transparent laws and processes.<ref name=WFR2011>{{cite web|title=Corruption in India|publisher=The World Finance Review|author=Debroy and Bhandari|year=2011|url=http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=1575}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Corruption Around the World – Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures|author=Vito Tanzi|publisher=IMF Staff Papers|volume=45|number=4|date=December 1998}}</ref> A Harvard University study finds these to be some of the causes of corruption and underground economy in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Role of Law and Legal Institutions in Asian Economic Development: The Case of India|author=Anant and Mitra|publisher=Harvard University|date=November 1998|url=http://www.cid.harvard.edu/hiid/662.pdf}}</ref>

==Effects of corruption==
According to a report by [[KPMG]], "high-level corruption and scams are now threatening to derail the country's credibility and [its] economic boom".<ref>{{cite news|last=Colvin|first=Geoff|title=Corruption: The biggest threat to developing economies|url=http://money.cnn.com/2011/04/19/news/international/corruption_developing_economies.fortune/?section=money_latest|publisher=CNNMoney|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=20 April 2011}}</ref>

===Economic Concerns===
Corruption may lead to further bureaucratic delay and inefficiency as corrupted bureaucrats may introduce red tape to extract more bribes.<ref>Myrdal, Gunnar. Asian Drama: An Enquiry in the Poverty of Nations, The Australian Quarterly (Dec 1968, Vol. 40, 4)</ref> Such inadequacies in institutional efficiency could affect growth indirectly by lowering the private [[marginal product]] of capital and investment rate.<ref name="Mauro, Paolo 1995">Mauro, Paolo. Corruption and Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Aug 1995, Vol. 110, 3)</ref> Levine and Renelt showed that investment rate is a robust determinant of economic growth.<ref>Levine, Ross. Renalt, David. A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions, The American Economic Review (Sep 1992, Vol. 8, 4)</ref> According to the [[neoclassical growth model]], institutional variables contribute to determining [[Steady state economy|steady-state]] per capital income levels and speed of convergence to its steady state, hence affecting its growth rate.<ref>Mankiw, N. Geogory et. al. A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (May 1992, Vol. 107, 2)</ref>

Bureaucratic inefficiency also affects growth directly, such as through misallocation of investments in the economy.<ref>How Much do Distortions Affect Growth http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1993/11/01/000009265_3961005131850/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf</ref> Additionally, corruption results in lower economic growth for a given level of income.<ref name="Mauro, Paolo 1995"/>

===Lower corruption, higher growth rates===

If corruption levels in India were reduced to levels in the developed economies such as the United States, India's GDP growth rate could increase by an additional 4 to 5 percent, to 12 to 13 per cent each year.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} [[C. K. Prahalad]] estimates the lost opportunity caused by corruption, in terms of investment, growth and jobs for India is over US$50 billion a year.<ref name=tfe2010>{{cite news|title=The trillion-dollar question|date=19 December 2010|author=Nirvikar Singh|publisher=The Financial Express|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/the-trilliondollar-question/726482/0}}</ref>

The level of corruption varies in different parts of India. In a July 2011 report, ''The Economist'' as an example cites the state government of Gujarat, which has kept red tape to a minimum, does not ask for bribes, and does not interfere with entrepreneurial corporations. The state, the article claims, has less corruption, less onerous labour laws and effective bureaucracy. With growth rates matching some of the fastest growing economic regions of China, Gujarat continues to outpace growth in other Indian states.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat's Economy: India's Guangdong|publisher=The Economist|date=July 2011|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18929279}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
{{div col|3}}
*[[Penny stock scam]]
*[[2012 Indian anti-corruption movement]]
*[[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]]
*[[Jan Lokpal Bill]]
* [[Right to Public Services legislation]]
*[[List of scandals in India]]
*[[Corruption Perceptions Index]]
*[[Licence Raj]]
*[[Mafia Raj]]
*[[Rent seeking]]
*[[Lokayukta|Lok Ayukta]]
*[[Socio-economic issues in India]]
*[[United Nations Convention against Corruption]]

{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book | last1=Kohli | first1=Suresh | year=1975 | title=Corruption in India: The Growing Evil | place=India | publisher=Chetana Pvt.Ltd| isbn=0-86186-580-4}}
*{{Cite journal | last1=Dwivedy | first1=Surendranath | last2=Bhargava | first2=G. S. | year=1967 | title=Political Corruption in India | place= | isbn= | url= | postscript= }}
*{{Cite book | last1=Gupta | first1=K. N. | last2= | first2= | year=2001 | title=Corruption in India | place= | publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd | isbn=81-261-0973-4 | url= | postscript= }}.
*{{Cite document | last1=Halayya | first1=M. | last2= | first2= | year=1985 | title=Corruption in India | place= | publisher=Affiliated East-West Press | isbn= | url= | postscript= }}
*{{Cite document | last1=Guhan | first1=Sanjivi | last2=Paul | first2=Samuel | year=1997 | title=Corruption in India: Agenda for Action | place= | publisher=Vision Books | isbn= | url= | postscript= }}
*{{Cite book| last1=Vittal | first1=N. | last2= | first2= | year=2003 | title=Corruption in India: The Roadblock to National Prosperity | place= | publisher=Academic Foundation | isbn=81-7188-287-0 | url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EI06Df01.html | postscript= }}
*{{cite book|last=Somiah|first=C.G.|title=The honest always stand alone|year=2010|publisher=Niyogi Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-89738-71-2}}

==External links==
*[http://cic.gov.in/ CIC] – The Central Information Commission is charged with interpreting the Right to Information Act, 2005.
*[http://righttoinformation.gov.in/ DoPT] – The Department of Personnel and Training, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions, is charged with being the nodal agency for the Right to Information Act, 2005. It has the powers to make rules regarding appeals, fees, etc.

{{Corruption in India}}
{{Asia in topic|Corruption in}}
{{Social issues in India}}

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[[Category:Corruption in India| ]]