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Amtssprachen der Vereinten Nationen

2015-03-06T00:06:17Z

200.51.85.117: /* Description */

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
The '''[[official language]]s of the [[United Nations]]''' are the six languages that are used in UN meetings, and in which all official UN documents are written when budget allows.{{clarify|date=June 2014}} In alphabetical order, they are:
* [[Literary Arabic|Arabic]] (Literary Arabic)
* [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Standard Chinese]], [[Simplified Chinese characters]])<ref name="Li2006">{{cite book|author=Haizhou Li|title=Advances in Chinese Spoken Language Processing|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EEbKcDUG3DYC&pg=PA525|date=12 December 2006|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-277-296-1|pages=525}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Search Tips
| publisher = United Nations
| url = http://www.un.org/en/search/user_help.shtml
| format = HTML
| quote = Additionally, the United Nations uses the British spelling of English words and Simplified Chinese.
| accessdate = 2014-09-24}}</ref>
* [[English language|English]] ([[British English|British spelling]])<ref>{{cite web
| title = Search Tips
| publisher = United Nations
| url = http://www.un.org/en/search/user_help.shtml
| format = HTML
| quote = The UN standard is UK English. British spelling is used (i.e. colour, labour, programme). ... Additionally, the United Nations uses the British spelling of English words and Simplified Chinese.
| accessdate = 2014-09-24}}</ref>
* [[French language|French]]
* [[Russian language|Russian]]
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
{{TOC right}}

==Description==
These languages are used at meetings of various [[United Nations System|UN organs]], particularly the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] (Article 51 of its Rules of Procedure), the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]], and the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] (Article 41 of its Rules of Procedure). Each representative of a country may speak in any one of these six languages, or may speak in any language and provide interpretation into one of the six official languages. The UN provides [[Language interpretation#Simultaneous|simultaneous interpretation]] from the official language into the other five official languages, via the [[United Nations Interpretation Service]].

The six official languages are also used for the dissemination of official documents. Until a document is available in all six official languages, it is not published. Generally, the texts in each of the six languages are equally authoritative.

The United Nations has drawn criticism for relying too heavily on English, and not enough on the other five official languages. Spanish-speaking member nations formally brought this to the attention of the Secretary-General in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1399761.stm |title=Plea to UN: 'More Spanish please' |date=2001-06-21 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] then responded that full parity of the six official languages was unachievable within current budgetary restraints, but he nevertheless attached great importance to improving the linguistic balance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter dated 18 June 2001 |url=http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/56/a56176.pdf |date=2001-06-18 |accessdate=2010-01-26}}</ref> In 2008 and 2009, resolutions of the General Assembly have urged the Secretariat to respect the parity of the six official languages, especially in the dissemination of public information.<ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/63/100%20A-B&Lang=E Resolution 63/100] Questions relating to information (5 December 2008).</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=a/res/63/306 Resolution 63/306] Multilingualism (9 September 2009).</ref>

On 8 June 2007,<ref>[http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-61-266.pdf Resolution A/RES/61/266] Multilingualism 8 June 2007</ref> resolutions concerning human resources management at the UN, the General Assembly had emphasized "the paramount importance of the equality of the six official languages of the United Nations" and requested that the Secretary-General "ensure that vacancy announcements specified the need for either of the working languages of the Secretariat, unless the functions of the post required a specific working language".

The Secretary-General's most recent report on multilingualism was issued on 4 October 2010.<ref>{{cite web |id=UN Doc ID A/65/488 |url=http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/65/488 |title=Multilingualism |publisher=United Nations Secretary-General |date=2010-10-04 |accessdate=2011-07-26}}</ref> In response, on 19 July 2011, the General Assembly adopted Resolution No. A/RES/65/311 on multilingualism, calling on the Secretary-General, once again, to ensure that all six official languages are given equally favourable working conditions and resources. The resolution noted with concern that the multilingual development of the UN website had improved at a much slower rate than expected.<ref>{{cite press release |id=UN Doc ID GA/11116 |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/ga11116.doc.htm |publisher=UN Department of Public Information |title=Adopting Resolution on Multilingualism, General Assembly Emphasizes Importance of Equality Among Six Official United Nations Languages |date=2011-07-19 |accessdate=2011-07-26}}</ref>

The six official languages spoken at the UN are the [[first language|first]] or [[second language]] of 2.8 billion people on the planet, less than half of the world population. The six languages are official languages in more than half the nations in the world (about one hundred).{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

==History==
The [[United Nations Charter|Charter of the United Nations]], its 1945 constituent document, did not expressly provide for official languages of the [[United Nations|UN]]. The Charter was enacted in five languages (Chinese, French, Russian, English, and Spanish) and provided (in [[Chapter XIX of the United Nations Charter|Article 111]]) that the five texts are equally authentic.

In 1946, the first session of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted rules of procedure concerning languages that purported to apply to "all the organs of the United Nations, other than the [[International Court of Justice]]", setting out five official languages and two [[working language]]s (English and French).<ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/2(I) General Assembly Resolution 2 (I)] Rules of Procedure Concerning Languages, 1 February 1946.</ref>

The following year, the second session of the General Assembly adopted permanent rules of procedure, Resolution 173 (II). The part of those rules relating to language closely followed the 1946 rules, except that the 1947 rules did not purport to apply to other UN organs, just the General Assembly.<ref name="legal.un.org">{{cite web |page=4 |url=http://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_187.pdf |year=1966 |volume=2 |title=Preparation of Multilingual Treaties: Memorandum by the Secretariat |accessdate=2013-10-21}}</ref>

Meanwhile, a proposal had been in the works to add Spanish as a third working language in addition to English and French. This was adopted in Resolution 262 (III), passed on 11 December 1948.<ref name="legal.un.org"/><ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/262(III) Resolution 262 (III)]</ref>

In 1968, Russian was added as a working language of the General Assembly  so that, of the GA's five official languages, four (all but Chinese) were working languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19681218&id=NskyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Y-0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3900,651877 |title=Russian to be included as UN working language |date=1968-12-18 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |work=Ottawa Citizen |author=Robert Reford}}</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/2479(XXIII) Resolution 2479 (XXIII)] Inclusion of Russian among the working languages of the General Assembly (amendment to rule 51 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly) and question of including Russian and Spanish among the working languages of the Security Council (21 December 1968)</ref>

In 1973, the General Assembly made Chinese a working language and added Arabic as both an official language and working language of the GA. Thus all six official languages were also working languages. Arabic was made an official and working language of "the General Assembly and its Main Committees", whereas the other five languages had status in all GA committees and subcommittees (not just the main committees). The Arab members of the UN had agreed to pay the costs of implementing the resolution, for three years.<ref>[http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=a/res/3189(XXVIII) Resolution 3189 (XXVIII)] Inclusion of Chinese among the working languages of the General Assembly and the Security Council (18 December 1973)</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=a/res/3190(XXVIII) Resolution 3190 (XXVIII)] Inclusion of Arabic among the official and the working languages of the General Assembly and its Main Committees (18 December 1973)</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=a/res/3191(XXVIII) Resolution 3191 (XXVIII)] Inclusion of Chinese among the working languages of the General Assembly, its committees and its subcommittees and inclusion of Arabic among the official and the working languages of the General Assembly and its Main Committees: amendments to rules 51 to 59 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly</ref>

In 1980, the General Assembly got rid of this final distinction, making Arabic an official and working language of all its committees and subcommittees, as of 1 January 1982. At the same time, the GA requested the Security Council to include Arabic among its official and working languages, and the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]] to include Arabic among its official languages, by 1 January 1983.<ref>[http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/35/a35r219e.pdf Resolution 35/219] Use of Arabic in the subsidiary organs of the General Assembly, in the Security Council and in the Economic and Social Council: amendments to rules 51, 52, 54 and 56 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly (17 December 1980).</ref>

As of 1983, the Security Council (like the General Assembly) recognized six official and working languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.<ref>[http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/scrules.htm Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council] Rules 41 to 47.</ref>

In the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]], as of 1992, there are six official languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish) of which three are working languages (English, French, and Spanish).<ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/pdf/rules.pdf Rules of Procedure of the Economic and Social Council] rules 32 to 35.</ref> Later, [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], and [[Russian language|Russian]] were added as [[working languages]] in the Economic and Social Council.<ref>[http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/languages.shtml]</ref>

The [[United Nations Secretariat]] uses two working languages: English and French. All [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretaries-General]] have had a working knowledge of both languages.

==New proposed languages==

===Bengali===

{{See also|International Mother Language Day|}}

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is one of the most spoken languages in the World, ranking 7th.<ref name="ethnologue1">{{cite web
| url=http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size
| title=Ethnologue --~~~~| publisher=SIL International}}</ref> In April 2009 [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] [[Sheikh Hasina]] argued in front of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] that the Bengali language should be made one of the official languages of the UN. This was backed by a resolution adopted unanimously by the assembly of the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]] in December, and support was also given by the states of [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengali 'should be UN language'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8425744.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref>

===Esperanto===
A proposal has been made that [[Esperanto]] be adopted as an official UN language, initially as a complement to the current six official languages, with the ultimate goal of making Esperanto the primary language so that only certain documents would be translated into others, thus saving on translation costs.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.radicalparty.org/esperanto/ins_un.htm |title=International Auxiliary Language: Document presented by the Transnational Radical Party and Esperanto International Federation |accessdate=2003-01-16 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20140116054318/http://www.radicalparty.org/esperanto/ins_un.htm |archivedate = 2014-01-01}}</ref>

===Hindi===
According to a 2009 press release from its Ministry of External Affairs, the Government of India has been "working actively" to have [[Hindi]] recognized as an official language of the UN.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/hindi-in-uno/ |date=2009-12-11 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |title=Hindi in UNO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2009PR1426 |date=2009-12-10 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |title=Government working actively for Hindi as official language of UN: S M Krishna}}</ref> In 2007, it was reported that the government would "make immediate diplomatic moves to see the status of an official language for Hindi at the United Nations".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/001200707150321.htm |title=Hindi at UN: India to take action to get official status |date=2007-07-15 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
Although it has one of the largest number of speakers in the world (approximately 500 million), Hindi is not an official language of the UN. The linguistic community is overwhelmingly concentrated in the Indian sub-continent and it is the most spoken language there.

===Portuguese===
Many [[Lusophone]]s have advocated for greater recognition of their language, being the 5th<ref name="Worldpress">{{cite web|url=http://frankherles.wordpress.com/2009/06/28/the-100-most-spoken-languages-on-the-world/|title=The 100 most spoken languages on the world|first=Frank| last=Herles Matos| date=2009-06-28}}</ref> most spoken language in the world and spread over several continents: [[Portugal]] in [[Europe]], [[Brazil]] in [[South America]] (the largest [[lusophone]] nation), [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] in [[Africa]], and [[Timor-Leste]] and [[Macau]] in [[Asia]]. Thus, the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP) demands official status of the language (with 250 million people using the language natively), as the use of Portuguese is growing more and more strongly with the increase of African and Brazilian populations. However, it has been noted that Portuguese "is not an international language, used in diplomacy and business the way that French is".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/23/world/americas/23brazil.html?_r=1 |title=At Long Last, a Neglected Language Is Put on a Pedestal |date=2006-10-23 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |work=New York Times |author=Larry Rohter}}</ref>

In 2008 the [[President of Portugal]] announced that the eight leaders of the CPLP had agreed to take the necessary steps to make Portuguese an official language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-news.net/cgi-bin/google.pl?id=979-14 |title=Lusophone bloc mobilises to make Portuguese a UN language |date=2008-10-04 |accessdate=2010-01-26 |work=The Portugal News Online}}</ref> This followed a decision by Portugal's legislators to adopt a standardization of Portuguese spelling.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2004420767_portuguese17.html |work=The Seattle Times |title=Portugal's lawmakers accept Brazilian version of language |author=Barry Hatton |date=2008-05-17 |accessdate=2010-01-26}}</ref>

===Turkish===
In September 2011, during a meeting with UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]], [[Prime Minister of Turkey|Turkish Prime Minister]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] expressed a desire to see [[Turkish language|Turkish]] become an official UN language.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/component/content/article/127-ana-manset-haberleri-en/94584-erdogan-meets-un-sg-ban-ki-moon |publisher=Anadolu Agency |title=Erdogan meets U.N. SG Ban Ki-moon |date=2011-09-23 |accessdate=2011-10-30}} {{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref>{{dead|date=January 2015}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=FC55448E4ACCF58132948390ECBF75B9?newsId=258612 |publisher=Sundays Zaman |title=Turkish emerges as candidate for official UN language |date=2011-10-02 |accessdate=2012-07-15}}</ref>

==Coordinator for multilingualism==
In a 1999 resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to "appoint a senior Secretariat official as coordinator of questions relating to multilingualism throughout the Secretariat".<ref>[http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/RES/54/64 Resolution 54/64] adopted 6 December 1999.</ref>

The first such coordinator was [[Federico Riesco]] of [[Chile]], appointed on 6 September 2000.<ref name="un.org">[http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/56/656 Multilingualism: Report of the Secretary-General] Doc. A/56/656, para. 4.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2000/sga132.html |title=Secretary-General Appoints Assistant Secretary-General Federico Riesco Coordinator for Multilingualism |date=2000-09-08 |accessdate=2010-01-30}}</ref>

Following Riesco's retirement, [[Miles Stoby]] of [[Guyana]] was appointed Coordinator for Multilingualism, effective 6 September 2001.<ref name="un.org"/>

In 2003, Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed [[Shashi Tharoor]] of [[India]] as Coordinator for Multilingualism. This responsibility was in addition to Tharoor's role as Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information, head of the [[United Nations Department of Public Information|Department of Public Information]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sga834.doc.htm |title=Secretary-General Appoints Under-Secretary-General Shashi Tharoor Coordinator for Multilingualism |date=2003-03-31 |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref><ref>[http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-54-64.pdf Resolution 54/64] Multilingualism (6 December 1999).</ref>

The current coordinator for multilingualism is [[Kiyo Akasaka]] of [[Japan]], who is also Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2008/unisinf295.html |title=United Nations Information Centres Launch Redesigned Website Telling Organization's Story in 130 Languages |date=2008-10-24 |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sga1138.doc.htm |title=Secretary-General Appoints Under-Secretary Kiyo Akasaka as Coordinator for Multilingualism |date=2008-05-29 |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref>

==Language Days at the UN==
In 2010, the UN's Department of Public Information announced an initiative of six "language days" to be observed throughout the year, one for each official language, with the goal of celebrating linguistic diversity and learning about the importance of cross-cultural communication.<ref name="languagedays">{{cite press release |id=UN Doc ID OBV/853 PI/1926 |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/obv853.doc.htm |date=2010-02-19 |accessdate=2011-07-26 |title=Department of Public Information to Launch 'Language Days at the United Nations' |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> The days and their historical significance are:
* [[UN Arabic Language Day]]: 18 December (the date on which the [[United Nations General Assembly]] designated Arabic as the sixth official language of the United Nations in 1973);<ref name=firstfrench>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34136&Cr=multilingualism&Cr1=674 |date=2010-03-19 |accessdate=2011-07-26 |title=First-ever French language day celebrated at UN |publisher=UN News Centre}}</ref><ref name="UN observances">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/events/observances/multilingualism.shtml |accessdate=2011-07-26 |title=United Nations Observances – Multilingualism}}</ref>
* [[UN Chinese Language Day]]: first celebrated 12 November<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bjreview.com.cn/report/txt/2010-11/15/content_312092.htm |publisher=Beijing Review |author=Chen Wen |title=UN Celebrates First Chinese Language Day |date=2010-11-15 |accessdate=2011-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/zh/events/chineselanguageday/ |title=Chinese Language Day |accessdate=2011-07-26 |language=Chinese}}</ref> now set on 20 April ("to pay tribute to [[Cang Jie]]"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38156&Cr=language&Cr1 |date=2011-04-20 |accessdate=2011-07-26 |title=UN celebrates Chinese Language Day with art and exhibitions}}</ref>)
* [[UN English Language Day]]: 23 April ("the date traditionally observed as the birthday of [[William Shakespeare]]"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/events/englishlanguageday/ |title=English Language Day at the United Nations, 23 April 2011 |accessdate=2011-07-26}}</ref>)
* [[UN French Language Day]]: 20 March (corresponding to the [[International Francophonie Day|Journée internationale de la Francophonie]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/apps/newsFr/storyF.asp?NewsID=24785&Cr=France&Cr1= |date=2011-03-21 |accessdate=2011-07-26 |title=L'ONU célèbre la Journée de la langue française |language=French}}</ref>)
* [[UN Russian Language Day]]: 6 June (the birthday of [[Alexander Pushkin]])<ref name=firstfrench/><ref name="UN observances"/>
* [[UN Spanish Language Day]]: 12 October (celebrated in the [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking world]] as "Día de la Hispanidad" or "Día de la Raza"; compare [[Columbus Day]])<ref name="UN observances"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/portal/cache/offonce/home/pid/22000 |title=Spanish Language Day to be celebrated at HQ on Tuesday, 12 October 2010 |date=2010-10-11 |accessdate=2011-07-26 |publisher=deleGATE}}</ref>

==UN specialized agencies==
UN independent agencies have their own sets of official languages that sometimes are different from that of the principal UN organs. For example, the General Conference of [[UNESCO]] has nine official languages including Hindi, Italian, and Portuguese.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001874/187429e.pdf |year=2010 |title=Rules of Procedure of the General Conference}}, Rule 54</ref> The [[Universal Postal Union]] has just one official language, French.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upu.int/en/the-upu/languages.html |publisher=Universal Postal Union |title=Universal Postal Union – Languages |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> [[IFAD]] has four official languages: Arabic, English, French, and Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifad.org/pub/basic/gc/e/!05govco.pdf |accessdate=2010-08-03 |title=Rules of Procedure of the Governing Council}}, Rule 20</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifad.org/pub/basic/eb/e/!06exboa.pdf |title=Rules of Procedure of the Executive Board |accessdate=2010-08-03}}, Rule 26</ref>


== Parallels with other multilingual institutions ==
The European Union has a strict rule that all of its constituent member nations' languages have parity and all documents are translated into these. However, the majority of new members since 1990, notably the Scandinavian and Eastern Europeans, have not insisted on this and have indicated a preparedness to conduct matters in one of the five principal languages of the Western European nations (English, French, German, Italian and Spanish) because most diplomats are fluent in both their home language and at least one of these; there is in fact a marked preference by the newer members for English.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} The French are the most strenuous advocates for the all-languages parity rule.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

The next largest international grouping after the UN is the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} which is exclusively English speaking. All other international bodies in commerce, transport and sport have tended to the adoption of one or a few language as the means of communication. This is usually English, closely followed by French (see: [[list of international organisations which have French as an official language]]). Regional groups have adopted what is common to other elements of their ethnic or religious background; [[classical Arabic]] is usually adopted across Muslim nation groups. Most of non-Muslim Africa is either Francophone or Anglophone because of their imperial past, but there is also a [[Portuguese-speaking African countries|Lusophone grouping of countries]] for the same reason.

==Sources==
* {{Translation/Ref|fr|Langues officielles de l'Organisation des Nations unies|oldid=47650491}} 

==See also==
{{Portal|Language|United Nations}}
* [[Official language]]
* [[List of official languages]]
* [[List of official languages by institution]]
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers]]
*[[List of most widely spoken languages (by number of countries)|List of most widely spoken languages by number of countries]]
* [[Languages of the European Union]]
* [[International Mother Language Day]]
* [[League of Nations#Languages and symbols|League of Nations - Languages and Symbols]]
* ''[[The Interpreter]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000854.html Language Log]
* [http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33256&Cr=akasaka&Cr1= Top UN official stresses need for Internet multilingualism to bridge digital divide]

[[Category:History of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Language policy]]
[[Category:Languages of international organizations|United Nations]]
[[Category:United Nations]]
[[Category:United Nations media]]
[[Category:Official languages]]

Amtssprachen der Vereinten Nationen

2015-03-06T00:03:57Z

200.51.85.117:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
The '''[[official language]]s of the [[United Nations]]''' are the six languages that are used in UN meetings, and in which all official UN documents are written when budget allows.{{clarify|date=June 2014}} In alphabetical order, they are:
* [[Literary Arabic|Arabic]] (Literary Arabic)
* [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Standard Chinese]], [[Simplified Chinese characters]])<ref name="Li2006">{{cite book|author=Haizhou Li|title=Advances in Chinese Spoken Language Processing|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EEbKcDUG3DYC&pg=PA525|date=12 December 2006|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-277-296-1|pages=525}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Search Tips
| publisher = United Nations
| url = http://www.un.org/en/search/user_help.shtml
| format = HTML
| quote = Additionally, the United Nations uses the British spelling of English words and Simplified Chinese.
| accessdate = 2014-09-24}}</ref>
* [[English language|English]] ([[British English|British spelling]])<ref>{{cite web
| title = Search Tips
| publisher = United Nations
| url = http://www.un.org/en/search/user_help.shtml
| format = HTML
| quote = The UN standard is UK English. British spelling is used (i.e. colour, labour, programme). ... Additionally, the United Nations uses the British spelling of English words and Simplified Chinese.
| accessdate = 2014-09-24}}</ref>
* [[French language|French]]
* [[Russian language|Russian]]
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
{{TOC right}}

==Description==
These languages are used at meetings of various [[United Nations System|UN organs]], particularly the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] (Article 51 of its Rules of Procedure), the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]], and the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] (Article 41 of its Rules of Procedure). Each representative of a country may speak in any one of these six languages, or may speak in any language and provide interpretation into one of the six official languages. The UN provides [[Language interpretation#Simultaneous|simultaneous interpretation]] from the official language into the other five official languages, via the [[United Nations Interpretation Service]].

The six official languages are also used for the dissemination of official documents. Until a document is available in all six official languages, it is not published. Generally, the texts in each of the six languages are equally authoritative.

The United Nations has drawn criticism for relying too heavily on English, and not enough on the other five official languages. Spanish-speaking member nations formally brought this to the attention of the Secretary-General in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1399761.stm |title=Plea to UN: 'More Spanish please' |date=2001-06-21 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] then responded that full parity of the six official languages was unachievable within current budgetary restraints, but he nevertheless attached great importance to improving the linguistic balance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter dated 18 June 2001 |url=http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/56/a56176.pdf |date=2001-06-18 |accessdate=2010-01-26}}</ref> In 2008 and 2009, resolutions of the General Assembly have urged the Secretariat to respect the parity of the six official languages, especially in the dissemination of public information.<ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/63/100%20A-B&Lang=E Resolution 63/100] Questions relating to information (5 December 2008).</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=a/res/63/306 Resolution 63/306] Multilingualism (9 September 2009).</ref>

On 8 June 2007,<ref>[http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-61-266.pdf Resolution A/RES/61/266] Multilingualism 8 June 2007</ref> resolutions concerning human resources management at the UN, the General Assembly had emphasized "the paramount importance of the equality of the six official languages of the United Nations" and requested that the Secretary-General "ensure that vacancy announcements specified the need for either of the working languages of the Secretariat, unless the functions of the post required a specific working language".

The Secretary-General's most recent report on multilingualism was issued on 4 October 2010.<ref>{{cite web |id=UN Doc ID A/65/488 |url=http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/65/488 |title=Multilingualism |publisher=United Nations Secretary-General |date=2010-10-04 |accessdate=2011-07-26}}</ref> In response, on 19 July 2011, the General Assembly adopted Resolution No. A/RES/65/311 on multilingualism, calling on the Secretary-General, once again, to ensure that all six official languages are given equally favourable working conditions and resources. The resolution noted with concern that the multilingual development of the UN website had improved at a much slower rate than expected.<ref>{{cite press release |id=UN Doc ID GA/11116 |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/ga11116.doc.htm |publisher=UN Department of Public Information |title=Adopting Resolution on Multilingualism, General Assembly Emphasizes Importance of Equality Among Six Official United Nations Languages |date=2011-07-19 |accessdate=2011-07-26}}</ref>

The six official languages spoken at the UN are the [[first language|first]] or [[second language]] of 2.8 billion people on the planet, less than half of the world population. The six languages are official languages in more than half the states in the world (about one hundred).{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

==History==
The [[United Nations Charter|Charter of the United Nations]], its 1945 constituent document, did not expressly provide for official languages of the [[United Nations|UN]]. The Charter was enacted in five languages (Chinese, French, Russian, English, and Spanish) and provided (in [[Chapter XIX of the United Nations Charter|Article 111]]) that the five texts are equally authentic.

In 1946, the first session of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted rules of procedure concerning languages that purported to apply to "all the organs of the United Nations, other than the [[International Court of Justice]]", setting out five official languages and two [[working language]]s (English and French).<ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/2(I) General Assembly Resolution 2 (I)] Rules of Procedure Concerning Languages, 1 February 1946.</ref>

The following year, the second session of the General Assembly adopted permanent rules of procedure, Resolution 173 (II). The part of those rules relating to language closely followed the 1946 rules, except that the 1947 rules did not purport to apply to other UN organs, just the General Assembly.<ref name="legal.un.org">{{cite web |page=4 |url=http://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_187.pdf |year=1966 |volume=2 |title=Preparation of Multilingual Treaties: Memorandum by the Secretariat |accessdate=2013-10-21}}</ref>

Meanwhile, a proposal had been in the works to add Spanish as a third working language in addition to English and French. This was adopted in Resolution 262 (III), passed on 11 December 1948.<ref name="legal.un.org"/><ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/262(III) Resolution 262 (III)]</ref>

In 1968, Russian was added as a working language of the General Assembly  so that, of the GA's five official languages, four (all but Chinese) were working languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19681218&id=NskyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Y-0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3900,651877 |title=Russian to be included as UN working language |date=1968-12-18 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |work=Ottawa Citizen |author=Robert Reford}}</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/2479(XXIII) Resolution 2479 (XXIII)] Inclusion of Russian among the working languages of the General Assembly (amendment to rule 51 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly) and question of including Russian and Spanish among the working languages of the Security Council (21 December 1968)</ref>

In 1973, the General Assembly made Chinese a working language and added Arabic as both an official language and working language of the GA. Thus all six official languages were also working languages. Arabic was made an official and working language of "the General Assembly and its Main Committees", whereas the other five languages had status in all GA committees and subcommittees (not just the main committees). The Arab members of the UN had agreed to pay the costs of implementing the resolution, for three years.<ref>[http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=a/res/3189(XXVIII) Resolution 3189 (XXVIII)] Inclusion of Chinese among the working languages of the General Assembly and the Security Council (18 December 1973)</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=a/res/3190(XXVIII) Resolution 3190 (XXVIII)] Inclusion of Arabic among the official and the working languages of the General Assembly and its Main Committees (18 December 1973)</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=a/res/3191(XXVIII) Resolution 3191 (XXVIII)] Inclusion of Chinese among the working languages of the General Assembly, its committees and its subcommittees and inclusion of Arabic among the official and the working languages of the General Assembly and its Main Committees: amendments to rules 51 to 59 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly</ref>

In 1980, the General Assembly got rid of this final distinction, making Arabic an official and working language of all its committees and subcommittees, as of 1 January 1982. At the same time, the GA requested the Security Council to include Arabic among its official and working languages, and the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]] to include Arabic among its official languages, by 1 January 1983.<ref>[http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/35/a35r219e.pdf Resolution 35/219] Use of Arabic in the subsidiary organs of the General Assembly, in the Security Council and in the Economic and Social Council: amendments to rules 51, 52, 54 and 56 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly (17 December 1980).</ref>

As of 1983, the Security Council (like the General Assembly) recognized six official and working languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.<ref>[http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/scrules.htm Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council] Rules 41 to 47.</ref>

In the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]], as of 1992, there are six official languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish) of which three are working languages (English, French, and Spanish).<ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/pdf/rules.pdf Rules of Procedure of the Economic and Social Council] rules 32 to 35.</ref> Later, [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], and [[Russian language|Russian]] were added as [[working languages]] in the Economic and Social Council.<ref>[http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/languages.shtml]</ref>

The [[United Nations Secretariat]] uses two working languages: English and French. All [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretaries-General]] have had a working knowledge of both languages.

==New proposed languages==

===Bengali===

{{See also|International Mother Language Day|}}

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is one of the most spoken languages in the World, ranking 7th.<ref name="ethnologue1">{{cite web
| url=http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size
| title=Ethnologue --~~~~| publisher=SIL International}}</ref> In April 2009 [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] [[Sheikh Hasina]] argued in front of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] that the Bengali language should be made one of the official languages of the UN. This was backed by a resolution adopted unanimously by the assembly of the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]] in December, and support was also given by the states of [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengali 'should be UN language'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8425744.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref>

===Esperanto===
A proposal has been made that [[Esperanto]] be adopted as an official UN language, initially as a complement to the current six official languages, with the ultimate goal of making Esperanto the primary language so that only certain documents would be translated into others, thus saving on translation costs.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.radicalparty.org/esperanto/ins_un.htm |title=International Auxiliary Language: Document presented by the Transnational Radical Party and Esperanto International Federation |accessdate=2003-01-16 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20140116054318/http://www.radicalparty.org/esperanto/ins_un.htm |archivedate = 2014-01-01}}</ref>

===Hindi===
According to a 2009 press release from its Ministry of External Affairs, the Government of India has been "working actively" to have [[Hindi]] recognized as an official language of the UN.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/hindi-in-uno/ |date=2009-12-11 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |title=Hindi in UNO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2009PR1426 |date=2009-12-10 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |title=Government working actively for Hindi as official language of UN: S M Krishna}}</ref> In 2007, it was reported that the government would "make immediate diplomatic moves to see the status of an official language for Hindi at the United Nations".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/001200707150321.htm |title=Hindi at UN: India to take action to get official status |date=2007-07-15 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
Although it has one of the largest number of speakers in the world (approximately 500 million), Hindi is not an official language of the UN. The linguistic community is overwhelmingly concentrated in the Indian sub-continent and it is the most spoken language there.

===Portuguese===
Many [[Lusophone]]s have advocated for greater recognition of their language, being the 5th<ref name="Worldpress">{{cite web|url=http://frankherles.wordpress.com/2009/06/28/the-100-most-spoken-languages-on-the-world/|title=The 100 most spoken languages on the world|first=Frank| last=Herles Matos| date=2009-06-28}}</ref> most spoken language in the world and spread over several continents: [[Portugal]] in [[Europe]], [[Brazil]] in [[South America]] (the largest [[lusophone]] nation), [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] in [[Africa]], and [[Timor-Leste]] and [[Macau]] in [[Asia]]. Thus, the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP) demands official status of the language (with 250 million people using the language natively), as the use of Portuguese is growing more and more strongly with the increase of African and Brazilian populations. However, it has been noted that Portuguese "is not an international language, used in diplomacy and business the way that French is".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/23/world/americas/23brazil.html?_r=1 |title=At Long Last, a Neglected Language Is Put on a Pedestal |date=2006-10-23 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |work=New York Times |author=Larry Rohter}}</ref>

In 2008 the [[President of Portugal]] announced that the eight leaders of the CPLP had agreed to take the necessary steps to make Portuguese an official language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-news.net/cgi-bin/google.pl?id=979-14 |title=Lusophone bloc mobilises to make Portuguese a UN language |date=2008-10-04 |accessdate=2010-01-26 |work=The Portugal News Online}}</ref> This followed a decision by Portugal's legislators to adopt a standardization of Portuguese spelling.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2004420767_portuguese17.html |work=The Seattle Times |title=Portugal's lawmakers accept Brazilian version of language |author=Barry Hatton |date=2008-05-17 |accessdate=2010-01-26}}</ref>

===Turkish===
In September 2011, during a meeting with UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]], [[Prime Minister of Turkey|Turkish Prime Minister]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] expressed a desire to see [[Turkish language|Turkish]] become an official UN language.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/component/content/article/127-ana-manset-haberleri-en/94584-erdogan-meets-un-sg-ban-ki-moon |publisher=Anadolu Agency |title=Erdogan meets U.N. SG Ban Ki-moon |date=2011-09-23 |accessdate=2011-10-30}} {{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref>{{dead|date=January 2015}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=FC55448E4ACCF58132948390ECBF75B9?newsId=258612 |publisher=Sundays Zaman |title=Turkish emerges as candidate for official UN language |date=2011-10-02 |accessdate=2012-07-15}}</ref>

==Coordinator for multilingualism==
In a 1999 resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to "appoint a senior Secretariat official as coordinator of questions relating to multilingualism throughout the Secretariat".<ref>[http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/RES/54/64 Resolution 54/64] adopted 6 December 1999.</ref>

The first such coordinator was [[Federico Riesco]] of [[Chile]], appointed on 6 September 2000.<ref name="un.org">[http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/56/656 Multilingualism: Report of the Secretary-General] Doc. A/56/656, para. 4.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2000/sga132.html |title=Secretary-General Appoints Assistant Secretary-General Federico Riesco Coordinator for Multilingualism |date=2000-09-08 |accessdate=2010-01-30}}</ref>

Following Riesco's retirement, [[Miles Stoby]] of [[Guyana]] was appointed Coordinator for Multilingualism, effective 6 September 2001.<ref name="un.org"/>

In 2003, Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed [[Shashi Tharoor]] of [[India]] as Coordinator for Multilingualism. This responsibility was in addition to Tharoor's role as Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information, head of the [[United Nations Department of Public Information|Department of Public Information]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sga834.doc.htm |title=Secretary-General Appoints Under-Secretary-General Shashi Tharoor Coordinator for Multilingualism |date=2003-03-31 |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref><ref>[http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-54-64.pdf Resolution 54/64] Multilingualism (6 December 1999).</ref>

The current coordinator for multilingualism is [[Kiyo Akasaka]] of [[Japan]], who is also Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2008/unisinf295.html |title=United Nations Information Centres Launch Redesigned Website Telling Organization's Story in 130 Languages |date=2008-10-24 |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sga1138.doc.htm |title=Secretary-General Appoints Under-Secretary Kiyo Akasaka as Coordinator for Multilingualism |date=2008-05-29 |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref>

==Language Days at the UN==
In 2010, the UN's Department of Public Information announced an initiative of six "language days" to be observed throughout the year, one for each official language, with the goal of celebrating linguistic diversity and learning about the importance of cross-cultural communication.<ref name="languagedays">{{cite press release |id=UN Doc ID OBV/853 PI/1926 |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/obv853.doc.htm |date=2010-02-19 |accessdate=2011-07-26 |title=Department of Public Information to Launch 'Language Days at the United Nations' |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> The days and their historical significance are:
* [[UN Arabic Language Day]]: 18 December (the date on which the [[United Nations General Assembly]] designated Arabic as the sixth official language of the United Nations in 1973);<ref name=firstfrench>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34136&Cr=multilingualism&Cr1=674 |date=2010-03-19 |accessdate=2011-07-26 |title=First-ever French language day celebrated at UN |publisher=UN News Centre}}</ref><ref name="UN observances">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/events/observances/multilingualism.shtml |accessdate=2011-07-26 |title=United Nations Observances – Multilingualism}}</ref>
* [[UN Chinese Language Day]]: first celebrated 12 November<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bjreview.com.cn/report/txt/2010-11/15/content_312092.htm |publisher=Beijing Review |author=Chen Wen |title=UN Celebrates First Chinese Language Day |date=2010-11-15 |accessdate=2011-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/zh/events/chineselanguageday/ |title=Chinese Language Day |accessdate=2011-07-26 |language=Chinese}}</ref> now set on 20 April ("to pay tribute to [[Cang Jie]]"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38156&Cr=language&Cr1 |date=2011-04-20 |accessdate=2011-07-26 |title=UN celebrates Chinese Language Day with art and exhibitions}}</ref>)
* [[UN English Language Day]]: 23 April ("the date traditionally observed as the birthday of [[William Shakespeare]]"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/events/englishlanguageday/ |title=English Language Day at the United Nations, 23 April 2011 |accessdate=2011-07-26}}</ref>)
* [[UN French Language Day]]: 20 March (corresponding to the [[International Francophonie Day|Journée internationale de la Francophonie]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/apps/newsFr/storyF.asp?NewsID=24785&Cr=France&Cr1= |date=2011-03-21 |accessdate=2011-07-26 |title=L'ONU célèbre la Journée de la langue française |language=French}}</ref>)
* [[UN Russian Language Day]]: 6 June (the birthday of [[Alexander Pushkin]])<ref name=firstfrench/><ref name="UN observances"/>
* [[UN Spanish Language Day]]: 12 October (celebrated in the [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking world]] as "Día de la Hispanidad" or "Día de la Raza"; compare [[Columbus Day]])<ref name="UN observances"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/portal/cache/offonce/home/pid/22000 |title=Spanish Language Day to be celebrated at HQ on Tuesday, 12 October 2010 |date=2010-10-11 |accessdate=2011-07-26 |publisher=deleGATE}}</ref>

==UN specialized agencies==
UN independent agencies have their own sets of official languages that sometimes are different from that of the principal UN organs. For example, the General Conference of [[UNESCO]] has nine official languages including Hindi, Italian, and Portuguese.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001874/187429e.pdf |year=2010 |title=Rules of Procedure of the General Conference}}, Rule 54</ref> The [[Universal Postal Union]] has just one official language, French.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upu.int/en/the-upu/languages.html |publisher=Universal Postal Union |title=Universal Postal Union – Languages |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> [[IFAD]] has four official languages: Arabic, English, French, and Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifad.org/pub/basic/gc/e/!05govco.pdf |accessdate=2010-08-03 |title=Rules of Procedure of the Governing Council}}, Rule 20</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifad.org/pub/basic/eb/e/!06exboa.pdf |title=Rules of Procedure of the Executive Board |accessdate=2010-08-03}}, Rule 26</ref>


== Parallels with other multilingual institutions ==
The European Union has a strict rule that all of its constituent member nations' languages have parity and all documents are translated into these. However, the majority of new members since 1990, notably the Scandinavian and Eastern Europeans, have not insisted on this and have indicated a preparedness to conduct matters in one of the five principal languages of the Western European nations (English, French, German, Italian and Spanish) because most diplomats are fluent in both their home language and at least one of these; there is in fact a marked preference by the newer members for English.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} The French are the most strenuous advocates for the all-languages parity rule.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

The next largest international grouping after the UN is the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} which is exclusively English speaking. All other international bodies in commerce, transport and sport have tended to the adoption of one or a few language as the means of communication. This is usually English, closely followed by French (see: [[list of international organisations which have French as an official language]]). Regional groups have adopted what is common to other elements of their ethnic or religious background; [[classical Arabic]] is usually adopted across Muslim nation groups. Most of non-Muslim Africa is either Francophone or Anglophone because of their imperial past, but there is also a [[Portuguese-speaking African countries|Lusophone grouping of countries]] for the same reason.

==Sources==
* {{Translation/Ref|fr|Langues officielles de l'Organisation des Nations unies|oldid=47650491}} 

==See also==
{{Portal|Language|United Nations}}
* [[Official language]]
* [[List of official languages]]
* [[List of official languages by institution]]
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers]]
*[[List of most widely spoken languages (by number of countries)|List of most widely spoken languages by number of countries]]
* [[Languages of the European Union]]
* [[International Mother Language Day]]
* [[League of Nations#Languages and symbols|League of Nations - Languages and Symbols]]
* ''[[The Interpreter]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000854.html Language Log]
* [http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33256&Cr=akasaka&Cr1= Top UN official stresses need for Internet multilingualism to bridge digital divide]

[[Category:History of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Language policy]]
[[Category:Languages of international organizations|United Nations]]
[[Category:United Nations]]
[[Category:United Nations media]]
[[Category:Official languages]]

Puente Internacional Horacio Guzmán

2015-02-22T14:23:20Z

200.51.85.117:

{{Ficha de puente
|Nombre = Puente Internacional Horacio Guzmán
|Imagen = Puente-internacional-Horacio-Guzman.JPG
|tamaño_imagen =
|Leyenda = El '''Puente internacional Horacio Guzmán''', comunica a [[Argentina]] con [[Bolivia]]
|País = {{ARG}} {{BOL}}
|Ciudad = [[La Quiaca]] y [[Villazón]]
|Construcción =
|Cruza =
|Vía =
|Abierto =
|Cerrado =
|Coor =
|Longitud = 22º5'47.4" S - 65º35'46.4" W
|Ancho = 31 m
|Altura = 7,8 m
|Vanos =
|Longitud vano =
|Pilares =
|Gálibo = [[Hormigón postensado]]
|Gálibo tráfico=
|Arqu =
|Ingenieros =
|Coste =
|Tipo =
|Material =
|Uso =
|Tráfico =
|Peaje =
|Mantención =
|Abajo =
|Situación = 19XX -[[1960]]
|Arriba =
}}

La ciudad [[argentina]] de [[La Quiaca]], [[provincia de Jujuy]], está conectada a la ciudad [[bolivia]]na de [[Villazón]], en el [[Departamento de Potosí]] por el '''puente internacional Horacio Guzmán''', que cruza el [[Río La Quiaca]].

Este puente de hormigón de 31 metros de longitud y 7,8 metros de ancho de calzada fue inaugurado el [[9 de julio]] de [[1960]]<ref>[http://www.turismo.jujuy.gov.ar:83/turismo/viewnota.asp?id=111 Secretaría de Turismo y Cultura de Jujuy - La Quiaca, aspectos sobresalientes]</ref><ref>Dirección Nacional de Vialidad (2003), ''Estructuras Mayores'', archivo en formato XLS</ref>

Se accede desde el sur por la [[Ruta Nacional 9 (Argentina)|Ruta Nacional 9]], mientras que desde el norte se accede por la [[Ruta 14 (Bolivia)|Ruta 14]].

Como las aduanas de ambos países no se encuentran integradas, se deben realizar los trámites en ambas márgenes del río La Quiaca.

Se debe prestar mucha atención en caso de visitar esta zona con menores, puesto que los controles aduaneros son prácticamente nulos y es posible pasar de Argentina a Bolivia caminando por el puente sin mostrar documentos de identidad, inclusive con menores.

Éste es el único paso fronterizo habilitado en la provincia de Jujuy hacia la vecina República de Bolivia.<ref>Gendarmería Nacional Argentina, ''[http://www.gendarmeria.gov.ar/pasos/provincias/jujuy.html Pasos internacionales en la provincia de Jujuy]''</ref>

== Referencias ==
{{Listaref}}
{{Coord|22|5|47.4|S|65|35|46.4|W|display=title}}

[[Categoría:Puentes de la Provincia de Jujuy]]
[[Categoría:Puentes de Bolivia]]
[[Categoría:Pasos fronterizos de Jujuy]]
[[Categoría:Pasos fronterizos de Bolivia]]
[[Categoría:Frontera Argentina-Bolivia]]
[[Categoría:Departamento de Yavi]]

Dalteparin

2014-08-08T19:39:55Z

200.51.85.117:

{{Drugbox
| IUPAC_name =
| image =


| tradename = Fragmin
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|international|dalteparin-sodium}}
| pregnancy_AU = 
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| bioavailability =
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| CAS_number = 9041-08-1
| ATC_prefix = B01
| ATC_suffix = AB04
| PubChem =
| DrugBank = DB06779
| KEGG = D03353
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| chemical_formula =
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}}'''Dalteparin''' is a [[low molecular weight heparin]]. It is marketed as '''Fragmin''' by [[Pfizer|Pfizer Inc]]. Like other low molecular weight heparins, dalteparin is used for prophylaxis or treatment of [[deep vein thrombosis]] and [[pulmonary embolism]]. It is normally adminstered by self-injection.

The CLOT study, published in 2003, showed that in patients with malignancy and acute [[venous thromboembolism]], dalteparin was more effective than [[warfarin]] in reducing the risk of recurrent embolic events.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, Bowden C, [[Ajay Kakkar, Baron Kakkar|Kakkar AK]], Prins M, Rickles FR, Julian JA, Haley S, Kovacs MJ, Gent M | title=Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a Coumadin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer | journal=N Engl J Med | year=2003 | pages=146–53 | volume=349 | issue=2 | pmid=12853587 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa025313}}</ref> Dalteparin is not superior to [[unfractionated heparin]] in preventing blood clots.<ref>{{cite journal|author=The PROTECT Investigators for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group|title=Dalteparin versus unfractionated heparin in critically ill patients|year=2011|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1014475}}</ref>

Heparins are cleared by the kidneys, but studies have shown that dalteparin does not accumulate even if kidney function is reduced.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Douketis J, Cook D, Meade M ''et al.'' | title=Prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis in critically ill patients with severe renal insufficiency with the low-molecular-weight heparin dalteparin | journal=Arch Intern Med | year=2008 | volume=168 | issue=16 | pmid=18779469 | pages=1805–1812 | doi=10.1001/archinte.168.16.1805}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Antithrombotics}}

[[Category:Heparins]]