Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Bluewater (Einkaufszentrum)

2006-11-01T16:39:57Z

195.93.21.9: /* History */

''This article is about the shopping centre located in England, for the small town in California, see [[Bluewater, California]]
{{TOCleft}}

{{infobox shopping mall |
| shopping_mall_name = Bluewater
| image = Bluewater5.jpg
| caption =
| location = [[Greenhithe]], [[Kent]], [[England]]
| opening_date = March 16, 1999
| manager = [[Lend Lease Corporation|Lend Lease]]
| developer = Lend Lease
| owner = [[Prudential plc]] (35%), Lend Lease Europe Limited (30%), The Lend Lease Retail Partnership (25%), and Hermes (10%) <ref>http://www.bluewater.co.uk/bottom-navigation/corporate</ref>
| number_of_stores = 330
| number_of_anchors = 3
| floor_area = 1,675,000 ft² (155,700 m²)
| floors =2
| parking = 13,000 cars, 100 coaches
| website = www.bluewater.co.uk
}}
[[Image:Bluewater1.jpg|thumb|Bluewater interior]]

'''Bluewater''' is a [[Shopping_mall#Regional_mall|super-regional shopping centre]], opened on [[March 16]], [[1999]]. It is located in [[Greenhithe]] in the borough of [[Dartford]], just outside the [[M25 motorway]] in northwest [[Kent]], [[England]]. It is jointly owned by four major UK institutions, [[Prudential plc]] (35%), Lend Lease Europe Ltd (30%), the Lend Lease Retail Partnership (25%) and [[Hermes]] (10%) <ref>http://www.bluewater.co.uk/bottom-navigation/corporate</ref>.

The centre is in the middle of a 240-acre (97 ha) lot and has a sales floor area of 154,000 m² (1,600,000 ft²) in two levels, making it one of the largest shopping centres in the UK. The floor plan is a triangular shape, with a department store at each corner. There are 330 stores of which 40 cafés and restaurants, 3 [[anchor store]]s, and a 13-screen cinema. The centre employs 7,000 and serves over 27 million visitors a year.

Bluewater is in direct competition with [[Lakeside Shopping Centre]] in [[Thurrock]] which is a short distance across the river Thames in [[Essex]] (via the [[Dartford Crossing]]).

==Description==

The three department stores located at each corner of Bluewater are: [[House of Fraser]], [[John Lewis Partnership|John Lewis]] and [[Marks & Spencer]]. Around them, many well-known [[chain store]]s are represented in the centre. Such shops include: [[HMV]], [[Zara (clothing)|Zara]], [[Next (retailer)|Next]], [[H&M]], [[Topshop]], [[New Look (store)|New Look]], [[Boots Group|Boots]], [[WH Smith]], [[Virgin Megastores]], [[Waterstone's]], and [[Jessops (photographic retailer)|Jessops]]. In addition, there are many unique [[boutique]]s, either exclusive to Bluewater or as complementary shops to their London branches.

In addition to its large retail area, 13-screen cinema, and 40 cafés and restaurants, Bluewater offers recreational facilities either indoor or in the park surrounding the centre, such as a climbing wall, a discovery trail, fishing, cycling, boating, and miniature golf.

Regular buses to and from local towns serve the Centre, via its own Bus Station. [[Greenhithe railway station]] is connected by shuttle bus to the Centre's bus station. All trains running between [[Gravesend, Kent|Gravesend]] and [[Dartford]] now stop at Greenhithe, which had previously been served infrequently.

The [[A2 road (Great Britain)|A2]] runs nearby and is the primary route to the centre. The Bean interchange is the junction that serves the centre.

==History==

There had been plans as early as the mid-to-late eighties to build a shopping centre in the former chalk [[quarry]]. Two companies, Shearwater and Blue Circle, had joined forces to create a shopping centre to be called Bluewater Park (a combination of the names of the two companies). The recession of the late [[1980s]] and early [[1990s]], however, left only Blue Circle in the project. Planning permission was granted in 1990 for the shopping centre but the project was left undeveloped.

In 1994, Blue Circle approached Australian mall developer [[Lend Lease Corporation|Lend Lease]] to form a partnership. Instead, Lend Lease bought the land and the project from Blue Circle, and gathered a group of major investors, which included: [[Prudential plc|Prudential]], [[Barclays plc|Barclays Mercantile]], Hermes (acting for Britel), [[Lloyds TSB|Lloyds Leasing]], and [[Royal Bank of Scotland|Royal Bank Leasing]]. Lend Lease also formed a pool of minor investors, called the Lend Lease Retail Partnership, with 18 institutions and corporations.

With the Bluewater project finally underway, it was time to sign up the tenants, beginning with the major ones. [[John Lewis Partnership|John Lewis]] was the first in February 1995, albeit with major concessions, such as the offer of 300,000 ft², one-fifth of the entire floor space, on three levels. Still, this gave Bluewater the credibility it needed to sign more names, including the two other [[anchor store]]s. [[House of Fraser]] was next and in June 1996 [[Marks & Spencer]] signed too. By March 1998, 90% of the retail space was committed.

Construction started on [[May 1]], [[1996]]. At its peak, the construction site employed 2,500 workers simultaneously. In all, 20,000 people worked 11.5 million hours on the construction of Bluewater. At the planned opening date, [[March 16]], [[1999]], Bluewater was inaugurated with 99% of the shops open for business. The total cost of construction was around [[GBP|GBP £]]400 million.

In May 2005, Bluewater became one of the first shopping centres in the UK to ban swearing, smoking (except in designated areas), clothing that obscures the face (including [[hoody|hoods]]), and groups of more than five without the intention to shop. This provoked outrage in the liberal press and among Kentish youth.

==Trivia==

* The full name of the shopping centre is just ''Bluewater''.
* A 224-page coffee-table book was published by Land Lease in 1999. It contains the full history and details prior to the opening. [[As of 2005]] it was still available at Bluewater's Welcome Halls.
* Over 400 [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]] monitor the centre. Security for the centre is provided by a deployment of [[Kent Police]] officers.
* Bluewater used to host a [[Land Rover]] trial track, but this closed to make space for a bus route.
* There was a multi-faith chapel/relaxation area, but this space was reassigned.
* [[Footballers Wives]] filmed scenes in Bluewater during Series 3, during one of which the character Amber went shopping, and fell asleep in a bed in the window of House of Fraser.
* The [[Bollywood]] film [[Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham]] was partly filmed in Bluewater.
*[[The Sims 2: Open For Business]], an expansion pack to the popular [[computer game]] [[The Sims 2]] contains a default shopping district dubbed "Bluewater Village".

==References==
* Emma Dorreen, editor/project manager; Michael Evamy, writer (1999). ''Vision to Reality''. London: Lend Lease. ISBN 0-9537054-0-4.
<references/>

==External links==
{{commonscat|Bluewater Shopping Centre}}
* [http://www.bluewater.co.uk Official website]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/4534903.stm Mall bans shoppers' hooded tops]
* [[London Buses route 96]]
* [[London Buses route 492]]
* [[Greenhithe railway station]]

[[Category:Shopping centres in England|Bluewater]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Kent]]
[[Category:Dartford]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kent]]

Bluewater (Einkaufszentrum)

2006-11-01T16:37:26Z

195.93.21.9: /* Description */

''This article is about the shopping centre located in England, for the small town in California, see [[Bluewater, California]]
{{TOCleft}}

{{infobox shopping mall |
| shopping_mall_name = Bluewater
| image = Bluewater5.jpg
| caption =
| location = [[Greenhithe]], [[Kent]], [[England]]
| opening_date = March 16, 1999
| manager = [[Lend Lease Corporation|Lend Lease]]
| developer = Lend Lease
| owner = [[Prudential plc]] (35%), Lend Lease Europe Limited (30%), The Lend Lease Retail Partnership (25%), and Hermes (10%) <ref>http://www.bluewater.co.uk/bottom-navigation/corporate</ref>
| number_of_stores = 330
| number_of_anchors = 3
| floor_area = 1,675,000 ft² (155,700 m²)
| floors =2
| parking = 13,000 cars, 100 coaches
| website = www.bluewater.co.uk
}}
[[Image:Bluewater1.jpg|thumb|Bluewater interior]]

'''Bluewater''' is a [[Shopping_mall#Regional_mall|super-regional shopping centre]], opened on [[March 16]], [[1999]]. It is located in [[Greenhithe]] in the borough of [[Dartford]], just outside the [[M25 motorway]] in northwest [[Kent]], [[England]]. It is jointly owned by four major UK institutions, [[Prudential plc]] (35%), Lend Lease Europe Ltd (30%), the Lend Lease Retail Partnership (25%) and [[Hermes]] (10%) <ref>http://www.bluewater.co.uk/bottom-navigation/corporate</ref>.

The centre is in the middle of a 240-acre (97 ha) lot and has a sales floor area of 154,000 m² (1,600,000 ft²) in two levels, making it one of the largest shopping centres in the UK. The floor plan is a triangular shape, with a department store at each corner. There are 330 stores of which 40 cafés and restaurants, 3 [[anchor store]]s, and a 13-screen cinema. The centre employs 7,000 and serves over 27 million visitors a year.

Bluewater is in direct competition with [[Lakeside Shopping Centre]] in [[Thurrock]] which is a short distance across the river Thames in [[Essex]] (via the [[Dartford Crossing]]).

==Description==

The three department stores located at each corner of Bluewater are: [[House of Fraser]], [[John Lewis Partnership|John Lewis]] and [[Marks & Spencer]]. Around them, many well-known [[chain store]]s are represented in the centre. Such shops include: [[HMV]], [[Zara (clothing)|Zara]], [[Next (retailer)|Next]], [[H&M]], [[Topshop]], [[New Look (store)|New Look]], [[Boots Group|Boots]], [[WH Smith]], [[Virgin Megastores]], [[Waterstone's]], and [[Jessops (photographic retailer)|Jessops]]. In addition, there are many unique [[boutique]]s, either exclusive to Bluewater or as complementary shops to their London branches.

In addition to its large retail area, 13-screen cinema, and 40 cafés and restaurants, Bluewater offers recreational facilities either indoor or in the park surrounding the centre, such as a climbing wall, a discovery trail, fishing, cycling, boating, and miniature golf.

Regular buses to and from local towns serve the Centre, via its own Bus Station. [[Greenhithe railway station]] is connected by shuttle bus to the Centre's bus station. All trains running between [[Gravesend, Kent|Gravesend]] and [[Dartford]] now stop at Greenhithe, which had previously been served infrequently.

The [[A2 road (Great Britain)|A2]] runs nearby and is the primary route to the centre. The Bean interchange is the junction that serves the centre.

==History==

There had been plans as early as the mid-to-late eighties to build a shopping centre in the former chalk [[quarry]]. Two companies, Shearwater and Blue Circle, had joined forces to create a shopping centre to be called Bluewater Park (a combination of the names of the two companies). The recession of the late [[1980s]] and early [[1990s]], however, left only Blue Circle in the project. Planning permission was granted in 1990 for the shopping centre but the project was left undeveloped.

In 1994, Blue Circle approached Australian mall developer [[Lend Lease Corporation|Lend Lease]] to form a partnership. Instead, Lend Lease bought the land and the project from Blue Circle, and gathered a group of major investors, which included: [[Prudential plc|Prudential]], [[Barclays plc|Barclays Mercantile]], Hermes (acting for Britel), [[Lloyds TSB|Lloyds Leasing]], and [[Royal Bank of Scotland|Royal Bank Leasing]]. Lend Lease also formed a pool of minor investors, called the Lend Lease Retail Partnership, with 18 institutions and corporations.

With the Bluewater project finally underway, it was time to sign up the tenants, beginning with the major ones. [[John Lewis Partnership|John Lewis]] was the first in February 1995, albeit with major concessions, such as the offer of 300,000 ft², one-fifth of the entire floor space, on three levels. Still, this gave Bluewater the credibility it needed to sign more names, including the two other [[anchor store]]s. [[House of Fraser]] was next and in June 1996 [[Marks & Spencer]] signed too. By March 1998, 90% of the retail space was committed.

Construction started on [[May 1]], [[1996]]. At its peak, the construction site employed 2,500 workers simultaneously. In all, 20,000 people worked 11.5 million hours on the construction of Bluewater. At the planned opening date, [[March 16]], [[1999]], Bluewater was inaugurated with 99% of the shops open for business. The total cost of construction was around [[GBP|GBP £]]400 million.

In May 2005, Bluewater became the first shopping centres in the UK to ban swearing, smoking (except in designated areas), clothing that obscures the face (including [[hoody|hoods]]), and groups of more than five without the intention to shop. This provoked outrage in the liberal press and among Kentish youth.

==Trivia==

* The full name of the shopping centre is just ''Bluewater''.
* A 224-page coffee-table book was published by Land Lease in 1999. It contains the full history and details prior to the opening. [[As of 2005]] it was still available at Bluewater's Welcome Halls.
* Over 400 [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]] monitor the centre. Security for the centre is provided by a deployment of [[Kent Police]] officers.
* Bluewater used to host a [[Land Rover]] trial track, but this closed to make space for a bus route.
* There was a multi-faith chapel/relaxation area, but this space was reassigned.
* [[Footballers Wives]] filmed scenes in Bluewater during Series 3, during one of which the character Amber went shopping, and fell asleep in a bed in the window of House of Fraser.
* The [[Bollywood]] film [[Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham]] was partly filmed in Bluewater.
*[[The Sims 2: Open For Business]], an expansion pack to the popular [[computer game]] [[The Sims 2]] contains a default shopping district dubbed "Bluewater Village".

==References==
* Emma Dorreen, editor/project manager; Michael Evamy, writer (1999). ''Vision to Reality''. London: Lend Lease. ISBN 0-9537054-0-4.
<references/>

==External links==
{{commonscat|Bluewater Shopping Centre}}
* [http://www.bluewater.co.uk Official website]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/4534903.stm Mall bans shoppers' hooded tops]
* [[London Buses route 96]]
* [[London Buses route 492]]
* [[Greenhithe railway station]]

[[Category:Shopping centres in England|Bluewater]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Kent]]
[[Category:Dartford]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kent]]

Bluewater (Einkaufszentrum)

2006-11-01T16:36:19Z

195.93.21.9: /* Description */

''This article is about the shopping centre located in England, for the small town in California, see [[Bluewater, California]]
{{TOCleft}}

{{infobox shopping mall |
| shopping_mall_name = Bluewater
| image = Bluewater5.jpg
| caption =
| location = [[Greenhithe]], [[Kent]], [[England]]
| opening_date = March 16, 1999
| manager = [[Lend Lease Corporation|Lend Lease]]
| developer = Lend Lease
| owner = [[Prudential plc]] (35%), Lend Lease Europe Limited (30%), The Lend Lease Retail Partnership (25%), and Hermes (10%) <ref>http://www.bluewater.co.uk/bottom-navigation/corporate</ref>
| number_of_stores = 330
| number_of_anchors = 3
| floor_area = 1,675,000 ft² (155,700 m²)
| floors =2
| parking = 13,000 cars, 100 coaches
| website = www.bluewater.co.uk
}}
[[Image:Bluewater1.jpg|thumb|Bluewater interior]]

'''Bluewater''' is a [[Shopping_mall#Regional_mall|super-regional shopping centre]], opened on [[March 16]], [[1999]]. It is located in [[Greenhithe]] in the borough of [[Dartford]], just outside the [[M25 motorway]] in northwest [[Kent]], [[England]]. It is jointly owned by four major UK institutions, [[Prudential plc]] (35%), Lend Lease Europe Ltd (30%), the Lend Lease Retail Partnership (25%) and [[Hermes]] (10%) <ref>http://www.bluewater.co.uk/bottom-navigation/corporate</ref>.

The centre is in the middle of a 240-acre (97 ha) lot and has a sales floor area of 154,000 m² (1,600,000 ft²) in two levels, making it one of the largest shopping centres in the UK. The floor plan is a triangular shape, with a department store at each corner. There are 330 stores of which 40 cafés and restaurants, 3 [[anchor store]]s, and a 13-screen cinema. The centre employs 7,000 and serves over 27 million visitors a year.

Bluewater is in direct competition with [[Lakeside Shopping Centre]] in [[Thurrock]] which is a short distance across the river Thames in [[Essex]] (via the [[Dartford Crossing]]).

==Description==

The three department stores located at each corner of Bluewater are: [[House of Fraser]], [[John Lewis Partnership|John Lewis]] and [[Marks & Spencer]]. Around them, many well-known [[chain store]]s are represented in the centre. Such shops include: [[HMV]], [[Zara (clothing)|Zara]], [[Next (retailer)|Next]], [[Topshop]], [[New Look (store)|New Look]], [[Boots Group|Boots]], [[WH Smith]], [[H&M]], [[Virgin Megastores]], [[Waterstone's]], and [[Jessops (photographic retailer)|Jessops]]. In addition, there are many unique [[boutique]]s, either exclusive to Bluewater or as complementary shops to their London branches.

In addition to its large retail area, 13-screen cinema, and 40 cafés and restaurants, Bluewater offers recreational facilities either indoor or in the park surrounding the centre, such as a climbing wall, a discovery trail, fishing, cycling, boating, and miniature golf.

Regular buses to and from local towns serve the Centre, via its own Bus Station. [[Greenhithe railway station]] is connected by shuttle bus to the Centre's bus station. All trains running between [[Gravesend, Kent|Gravesend]] and [[Dartford]] now stop at Greenhithe, which had previously been served infrequently.

The [[A2 road (Great Britain)|A2]] runs nearby and is the primary route to the centre. The Bean interchange is the junction that serves the centre.

==History==

There had been plans as early as the mid-to-late eighties to build a shopping centre in the former chalk [[quarry]]. Two companies, Shearwater and Blue Circle, had joined forces to create a shopping centre to be called Bluewater Park (a combination of the names of the two companies). The recession of the late [[1980s]] and early [[1990s]], however, left only Blue Circle in the project. Planning permission was granted in 1990 for the shopping centre but the project was left undeveloped.

In 1994, Blue Circle approached Australian mall developer [[Lend Lease Corporation|Lend Lease]] to form a partnership. Instead, Lend Lease bought the land and the project from Blue Circle, and gathered a group of major investors, which included: [[Prudential plc|Prudential]], [[Barclays plc|Barclays Mercantile]], Hermes (acting for Britel), [[Lloyds TSB|Lloyds Leasing]], and [[Royal Bank of Scotland|Royal Bank Leasing]]. Lend Lease also formed a pool of minor investors, called the Lend Lease Retail Partnership, with 18 institutions and corporations.

With the Bluewater project finally underway, it was time to sign up the tenants, beginning with the major ones. [[John Lewis Partnership|John Lewis]] was the first in February 1995, albeit with major concessions, such as the offer of 300,000 ft², one-fifth of the entire floor space, on three levels. Still, this gave Bluewater the credibility it needed to sign more names, including the two other [[anchor store]]s. [[House of Fraser]] was next and in June 1996 [[Marks & Spencer]] signed too. By March 1998, 90% of the retail space was committed.

Construction started on [[May 1]], [[1996]]. At its peak, the construction site employed 2,500 workers simultaneously. In all, 20,000 people worked 11.5 million hours on the construction of Bluewater. At the planned opening date, [[March 16]], [[1999]], Bluewater was inaugurated with 99% of the shops open for business. The total cost of construction was around [[GBP|GBP £]]400 million.

In May 2005, Bluewater became the first shopping centres in the UK to ban swearing, smoking (except in designated areas), clothing that obscures the face (including [[hoody|hoods]]), and groups of more than five without the intention to shop. This provoked outrage in the liberal press and among Kentish youth.

==Trivia==

* The full name of the shopping centre is just ''Bluewater''.
* A 224-page coffee-table book was published by Land Lease in 1999. It contains the full history and details prior to the opening. [[As of 2005]] it was still available at Bluewater's Welcome Halls.
* Over 400 [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]] monitor the centre. Security for the centre is provided by a deployment of [[Kent Police]] officers.
* Bluewater used to host a [[Land Rover]] trial track, but this closed to make space for a bus route.
* There was a multi-faith chapel/relaxation area, but this space was reassigned.
* [[Footballers Wives]] filmed scenes in Bluewater during Series 3, during one of which the character Amber went shopping, and fell asleep in a bed in the window of House of Fraser.
* The [[Bollywood]] film [[Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham]] was partly filmed in Bluewater.
*[[The Sims 2: Open For Business]], an expansion pack to the popular [[computer game]] [[The Sims 2]] contains a default shopping district dubbed "Bluewater Village".

==References==
* Emma Dorreen, editor/project manager; Michael Evamy, writer (1999). ''Vision to Reality''. London: Lend Lease. ISBN 0-9537054-0-4.
<references/>

==External links==
{{commonscat|Bluewater Shopping Centre}}
* [http://www.bluewater.co.uk Official website]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/4534903.stm Mall bans shoppers' hooded tops]
* [[London Buses route 96]]
* [[London Buses route 492]]
* [[Greenhithe railway station]]

[[Category:Shopping centres in England|Bluewater]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Kent]]
[[Category:Dartford]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kent]]

Bluewater (Einkaufszentrum)

2006-10-29T18:41:36Z

195.93.21.9:

''This article is about the shopping centre located in England, for the small town in California, see [[Bluewater, California]]
{{TOCleft}}

{{infobox shopping mall |
| shopping_mall_name = Bluewater
| image = Bluewater5.jpg
| caption = GRACE IS THE BEST 4 EVA[[Link title]]
| location = [[Greenhithe]], [[Kent]], [[England]]
| opening_date = March 16, 1999
| manager = [[Lend Lease Corporation|Lend Lease]]
| developer = Lend Lease
| owner = [[Prudential plc]] (35%), Lend Lease Europe Limited (30%), The Lend Lease Retail Partnership (25%), and Hermes (10%) <ref>http://www.bluewater.co.uk/bottom-navigation/corporate</ref>
| number_of_stores = 330
| number_of_anchors = 3
| floor_area = 1,675,000 ft² (155,700 m²)
| floors =2
| parking = 13,000 cars, 100 coaches
| website = www.bluewater.co.uk
}}
[[Image:Bluewater1.jpg|thumb|Bluewater interior]]

'''Bluewater''' is a [[Shopping_mall#Regional_mall|super-regional shopping centre]], opened on [[March 16]], [[1999]]. It is located in [[Greenhithe]] in the borough of [[Dartford]], just outside the [[M25 motorway]] in northwest [[Kent]], [[England]]. It is jointly owned by four major UK institutions, [[Prudential plc]] (35%), Lend Lease Europe Ltd (30%), the Lend Lease Retail Partnership (25%) and [[Hermes]] (10%) <ref>http://www.bluewater.co.uk/bottom-navigation/corporate</ref>.

The centre is in the middle of a 240-acre (97 ha) lot and has a sales floor area of 154,000 m² (1,600,000 ft²) in two levels, making it one of the largest shopping centres in the UK. The floor plan is a triangular shape, with a department store at each corner. There are 330 stores of which 40 cafés and restaurants, 3 [[anchor store]]s, and a 13-screen cinema. The centre employs 7,000 and serves over 27 million visitors a year.

Bluewater is in direct competition with [[Lakeside Shopping Centre]] in [[Thurrock]] which is a short distance across the river Thames in [[Essex]] (via the [[Dartford Crossing]]).

==Description==

The three department stores located at each corner of Bluewater are: [[House of Fraser]], [[John Lewis Partnership|John Lewis]] and [[Marks & Spencer]]. Around them, many well-known [[chain store]]s are represented in the centre. Such shops include: [[HMV]], [[Zara (clothing)|Zara]], [[Next (retailer)|Next]], [[Topshop]], [[New Look (store)|New Look]], [[Boots Group|Boots]], [[WH Smith]], [[Virgin Megastores]], [[Waterstone's]], and [[Jessops (photographic retailer)|Jessops]]. In addition, there are many unique [[boutique]]s, either exclusive to Bluewater or as complementary shops to their London branches.

In addition to its large retail area, 13-screen cinema, and 40 cafés and restaurants, Bluewater offers recreational facilities either indoor or in the park surrounding the centre, such as a climbing wall, a discovery trail, fishing, cycling, boating, and miniature golf.

Regular buses to and from local towns serve the Centre, via its own Bus Station. [[Greenhithe railway station]] is connected by shuttle bus to the Centre's bus station. All trains running between [[Gravesend, Kent|Gravesend]] and [[Dartford]] now stop at Greenhithe, which had previously been served infrequently.

The [[A2 road (Great Britain)|A2]] runs nearby and is the primary route to the centre. The Bean interchange is the junction that serves the centre.

==History==

There had been plans as early as the mid-to-late eighties to build a shopping centre in the former chalk [[quarry]]. Two companies, Shearwater and Blue Circle, had joined forces to create a shopping centre to be called Bluewater Park (a combination of the names of the two companies). The recession of the late [[1980s]] and early [[1990s]], however, left only Blue Circle in the project. Planning permission was granted in 1990 for the shopping centre but the project was left undeveloped.

In 1994, Blue Circle approached Australian mall developer [[Lend Lease Corporation|Lend Lease]] to form a partnership. Instead, Lend Lease bought the land and the project from Blue Circle, and gathered a group of major investors, which included: [[Prudential plc|Prudential]], [[Barclays plc|Barclays Mercantile]], Hermes (acting for Britel), [[Lloyds TSB|Lloyds Leasing]], and [[Royal Bank of Scotland|Royal Bank Leasing]]. Lend Lease also formed a pool of minor investors, called the Lend Lease Retail Partnership, with 18 institutions and corporations.

With the Bluewater project finally underway, it was time to sign up the tenants, beginning with the major ones. [[John Lewis Partnership|John Lewis]] was the first in February 1995, albeit with major concessions, such as the offer of 300,000 ft², one-fifth of the entire floor space, on three levels. Still, this gave Bluewater the credibility it needed to sign more names, including the two other [[anchor store]]s. [[House of Fraser]] was next and in June 1996 [[Marks & Spencer]] signed too. By March 1998, 90% of the retail space was committed.

Construction started on [[May 1]], [[1996]]. At its peak, the construction site employed 2,500 workers simultaneously. In all, 20,000 people worked 11.5 million hours on the construction of Bluewater. At the planned opening date, [[March 16]], [[1999]], Bluewater was inaugurated with 99% of the shops open for business. The total cost of construction was around [[GBP|GBP £]]400 million.

In May 2005, Bluewater became the first shopping centres in the UK to ban swearing, smoking (except in designated areas), clothing that obscures the face (including [[hoody|hoods]]), and groups of more than five without the intention to shop. This provoked outrage in the liberal press and among Kentish youth.

==Trivia==

* The full name of the shopping centre is just ''Bluewater''.
* A 224-page coffee-table book was published by Land Lease in 1999. It contains the full history and details prior to the opening. [[As of 2005]] it was still available at Bluewater's Welcome Halls.
* Over 400 [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]] monitor the centre. Security for the centre is provided by a deployment of [[Kent Police]] officers.
* Bluewater used to host a [[Land Rover]] trial track, but this closed to make space for a bus route.
* There was a multi-faith chapel/relaxation area, but this space was reassigned.
* [[Footballers Wives]] filmed scenes in Bluewater during Series 3, during one of which the character Amber went shopping, and fell asleep in a bed in the window of House of Fraser.
* The [[Bollywood]] film [[Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham]] was partly filmed in Bluewater.
*[[The Sims 2: Open For Business]], an expansion pack to the popular [[computer game]] [[The Sims 2]] contains a default shopping district dubbed "Bluewater Village".

==References==
* Emma Dorreen, editor/project manager; Michael Evamy, writer (1999). ''Vision to Reality''. London: Lend Lease. ISBN 0-9537054-0-4.
<references/>

==External links==
{{commonscat|Bluewater Shopping Centre}}
* [http://www.bluewater.co.uk Official website]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/4534903.stm Mall bans shoppers' hooded tops]
* [[London Buses route 96]]
* [[London Buses route 492]]
* [[Greenhithe railway station]]

[[Category:Shopping centres in England|Bluewater]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Kent]]
[[Category:Dartford]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kent]]

Adam Garcia

2006-10-25T18:26:20Z

195.93.21.9:

'''Adam Gabriel Garcia''' (* [[1. Juni]] [[1973]] in Wahroonga, [[New South Wales]]) ist ein [[Australien|australischer]] [[Schauspieler]], [[Sänger]] und [[Tänzer]].

Sein Filmdebüt gab er 1997 neben [[Jude Law]] und [[Vanessa Redgrave]] in dem Film ''Oscar Wilde''. Danach war er in US-amerikanischen Filmen wie ''[[Coyote Ugly]]'' und ''[[Bekenntnisse einer Highschool-Diva ]]'' zu sehen.

Neben seiner Tätigkeit vor der Kamera tritt er in Musicals wie ''Grease'' und ''Saturday Night Fever'' auf. Auch bei der Eröffnungsfeier zu den [[Olympische Spiele 2000|Olympischen Spielen 2000]] in [[Sydney]] wirkte er in einer Tanzchoreographie mit. Seit September [[2006]] ist Garcia im neuen Musical ''[[Wicked]]'' in [[London]] zu sehen.

== Filmografie ==

* 1997: Oscar Wilde ''(Wilde)''
* 2000: [[Coyote Ugly]]
* 2000: Bootmen
* 2001: [[Unterwegs mit Jungs]] ''(Riding in Cars with Boys)''
* 2002: The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest
* 2004: Love's Brother
* 2004: [[Bekenntnisse einer Highschool-Diva]] ''(Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen)''
* 2004: Fascination
* 2005: Standing Still

und Stimme bei 
* 2003: Kangaroo Jack

== Weblinks ==
* {{IMDb Name|ID=0305081|NAME=Adam Garcia}}

[[Kategorie:Schauspieler|Garcia, Adam]]
[[Kategorie:Australier|Garcia, Adam]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1973|Garcia, Adam]]
[[Kategorie:Mann|Garcia, Adam]]

{{Personendaten|
NAME=Garcia, Adam
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=[[Australien|australischer]] [[Schauspieler]], [[Sänger]] und [[Tänzer]]
|GEBURTSDATUM=[[1. Juni]] [[1973]]
|GEBURTSORT=Wahroonga, [[New South Wales]], [[Australien]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

[[en:Adam Garcia]]
[[fr:Adam Garcia]]
[[ja:アダム・ガルシア]]
[[pl:Adam Gabriel Garcia]]

David Copeland

2006-09-26T20:53:41Z

195.93.21.9: /* Bombings */

[[Image:1410069 davidcopeland150.jpg|right|frame|David Copeland]]
'''David John Copeland''' (born [[May 15]], [[1976]]), a former member of the British [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)|National Socialist Movement]], became known as the "London nailbomber" after a 12-day bombing campaign in April 1999 aimed at London's [[Blacks|black]], [[Asian]], and [[gay]] communities.

Over three successive weekends, Copeland placed [[Improvised explosive device|homemade]] [[nail bomb]]s, each containing up to 1,500 four-inch nails, outside a supermarket in Electric Avenue, [[Brixton]], an area of [[south London]] with a large black population; in [[Brick Lane]] in the east end of London, which has a large Asian community; and in the [[Admiral Duncan pub]] in [[Soho]]'s [[Old Compton Street]], the heart of London's gay community. No warnings were given before the bombs exploded.

The attacks claimed three lives, all in the Admiral Duncan. Andrea Dykes, 27, who was four months [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] with her first child, died along with her friends and hosts for the evening, Nick Moore, 31, and John Light, 32, who was to be the baby's [[godfather]]. Andrea's husband, Julian, was seriously injured. The four friends from [[Essex]] had met up in the Admiral Duncan to celebrate Andrea's pregnancy, when the bomb exploded after being taped inside a sports bag and left near the bar. A total of 129 people were injured in the three attacks, with four of the victims [[amputation|losing limbs]] and 26 suffering serious [[burn (injury)|burns]].

Although Copeland was diagnosed with [[Schizophrenia|paranoid schizophrenia]] and a [[personality disorder]], his plea of [[Diminished responsibility in English law|diminished responsibility]] was not accepted by the prosecution. He was convicted of [[murder in English law|murder]] on [[June 30]], [[2000]], and received six [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]].

==Early life==
Copeland was born in [[Isleworth]], Middlesex, and brought up in [[Yateley]], [[Hampshire]], where he attended Yateley comprehensive school and passed seven [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSEs]]. He apparently resented that he was small for his age, and was given the nickname "Mr. Angry." After his arrest, he told [[psychiatrist]]s that he had started having [[Sadism and Masochism|sadistic]] dreams when he was about 12, including dreams or fantasies that he'd be [[Reincarnation|reincarnated]] as an [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] officer with access to women as slaves. He left school when he was 16 to start an engineering [[apprenticeship]], and became involved in petty [[crime]], [[Alcoholic beverage|drinking]], and taking [[Drug abuse|drugs]], including [[heroin]]. He was said in court never to have had a girlfriend, and feared that people might think he was gay.

In May 1997, at the age of 21, he joined the [[British National Party]], a far-right [[Immigration to the United Kingdom|anti-immigration]] party that fields candidates in British elections. Copeland acted as a steward at some BNP meetings, in the course of which he came into contact with the BNP leadership and was photographed standing next to [[John Tyndall (politician)|John Tyndall]], then BNP party leader. It was during this period that Copeland first learned how to make bombs using [[fireworks]] with alarm clocks as timers after downloading a so-called terrorists' handbook from the [[World Wide Web|Web]].

Copeland was disappointed by the BNP, a democratic party which did not advocate violence, and he left within a year. In 1998, he joined the smaller, violent, openly neo-Nazi [[National Socialist Movement]], becoming its regional leader for [[Hampshire]] just weeks before the start of his bombing campaign. It was around this time that he visited his family doctor and was prescribed [[anti-depressants]] after telling the doctor he felt he was "losing his [[mind]]." {{fact}}

==Bombings==
[[Image:Copelandnail.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A CAT scan shows a nail from one of Copeland's bombs embedded in a baby's brain.]]
[[Image:AndreaDykes.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Andrea Dykes and her [[foetus|unborn child]] were killed and her husband Julian injured in the [[Admiral Duncan pub]].]]
Copeland's first attack, on Saturday, [[April 17]], [[1999]], was in Electric Avenue, Brixton, part of the so-called "frontline," a street made famous in the UK by the 1981 [[Brixton riot (1981)|Brixton race riots]] that took place there.

Copeland made his bomb using explosive from [[firework]]s and taped it inside a sports bag before priming it and planting it outside the [[Iceland (supermarket)|Iceland]] [[supermarket]] on the corner of Electric Avenue. The market traders became suspicious of it and moved it several times before it detonated just as the police arrived, at 5:25 in the evening. Fifty people were injured, many of them seriously because of the four-inch nails Copeland had packed around the bomb. One victim was a 23-month-old toddler who had a nail driven through his skull into his brain (see right), though he is believed to have made a full recovery.

Copeland's second bomb, on the following Saturday, April 24, was aimed at [[Brick Lane]], the centre of the [[Bangladesh|Bengali]] area in the east end of London. There is a famous Brick Lane street market on Sundays, but Copeland mistakenly tried to plant the bomb on Saturday, when the street was quiet. Unwilling to change the timer on the bomb, he left it instead in Hanbury Street, where it exploded injuring 13 people.

Copeland's third - and final - bomb was planted and exploded on the evening of Friday, April 30, in the crowded [[Admiral Duncan pub]] in [[Old Compton Street]], the centre of London's [[gay village]], killing Andrea Dykes, Nick Moore, John Light, and injuring 79, many of them seriously, with four people requiring limb amputations.

==Capture==

The Anti-Terrorist Branch of the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] identified Copeland from [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footage of Brixton. The image was given wide publicity on Thursday, April 29, which caused Copeland to bring forward his bombing of the Admiral Duncan to Friday evening. Paul Mifsud, a work colleague of Copeland's, recognised him and alerted the police about an hour and 20 minutes before the bombing.

Copeland was arrested that night once the police obtained his address, a rented room in [[Farnborough, Hampshire]]. His mental state was assessed at [[Broadmoor Hospital]], but remained a matter of dispute at his trial. The jury convicted him of three murders and three offences of planting bombs, and he was sentenced to six [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]] on [[June 30]], [[2000]].

==Motivation==

Though some groups did claim responsibility for the bombings, Copeland maintained he had worked alone and had not discussed his plans with anyone, which the [[police]] accepted.

During police interviews, he admitted holding [[neo-Nazi]] views, and talked of his desire to be famous, to "spread fear, resentment, and hatred throughout" the [[UK]], and to "cause a [[racial war]]" in the UK. When asked why he had targeted [[ethnic minorities]] and the [[gay]] community, he spoke of his belief that ethnic minorities are "inferior", and of his hatred of gay people.

==See also==
*[[David Myatt]]
*[[National Socialist Movement]]
*[[Combat 18]]
*[[Neo-Nazism]]
*[[White supremacy]]

==References==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/bombs/Story/0,2763,338345,00.html "David Copeland: a quiet introvert, obsessed with Hitler and bombs"] by Nick Hopkins and Sarah Hall, ''The Guardian'', June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/792496.stm "Nailbomber 'followed Nazism'"], BBC, June 15, 2000
*[http://www.bernardomahoney.com/forthcb/ootdie/documents.shtml Documents about David Copeland], website maintained by Bernard O'Mahoney, a former neo-Nazi
*[http://www.met.police.uk/news/stories/copeland/job/1.htm "Life sentence for London nailbomber"], ''The Job'', published by the London Metropolitan Police, June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/781755.stm "Profile: Copeland the killer"], BBC, June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/panorama/transcripts/transcript_30_06_00.txt "The Nailbomber"], transcript of BBC Panorama documentary, aired June 30, 2000
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,338527,00.html "Celebration that ended in deaths of three friends"] by Jeevan Vasagar, ''The Guardian'', July 1, 2000
*[http://www.rainbownetwork.com/Features/detail.asp?iData=9504&iCat=32&iChannel=25&nChannel=Features "Admiral Compton Bomber"], Rainbow Network, July 21, 2000
*[http://www.met.police.uk/news/stories/copeland/index.htm "Operation Marathon"], London Metropolitan Police website, including photographs of Copeland's bedroom and excerpts of interview transcripts

==Further reading==
*[http://www.tobylitt.com/bomber.html Novelist Toby Litt on discovering that he had lived above Copeland]

[[Category:1976 births|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Living people|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:British neo-Nazis|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:British terrorists|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:People imprisoned for terrorism|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Prisoners serving life sentences|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Terrorism in London|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 1990s|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:1999 in England|Copeland, David]]

[[fr:David Copeland]]

David Copeland

2006-09-25T17:31:04Z

195.93.21.9: /* Early life */

[[Image:1410069 davidcopeland150.jpg|right|frame|David Copeland]]
'''David John Copeland''' (born [[May 15]], [[1976]]), a former member of the British [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)|National Socialist Movement]], became known as the "London nailbomber" after a 12-day bombing campaign in April 1999 aimed at London's [[Blacks|black]], [[Asian]], and [[gay]] communities.

Over three successive weekends, Copeland placed [[Improvised explosive device|homemade]] [[nail bomb]]s, each containing up to 1,500 four-inch nails, outside a supermarket in Electric Avenue, [[Brixton]], an area of [[south London]] with a large black population; in [[Brick Lane]] in the east end of London, which has a large Asian community; and in the [[Admiral Duncan pub]] in [[Soho]]'s [[Old Compton Street]], the heart of London's gay community. No warnings were given before the bombs exploded.

The attacks claimed three lives, all in the Admiral Duncan. Andrea Dykes, 27, who was four months [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] with her first child, died along with her friends and hosts for the evening, Nick Moore, 31, and John Light, 32, who was to be the baby's [[godfather]]. Andrea's husband, Julian, was seriously injured. The four friends from [[Essex]] had met up in the Admiral Duncan to celebrate Andrea's pregnancy, when the bomb exploded after being taped inside a sports bag and left near the bar. A total of 129 people were injured in the three attacks, with four of the victims [[amputation|losing limbs]] and 26 suffering serious [[burn (injury)|burns]].

Although Copeland was diagnosed with [[Schizophrenia|paranoid schizophrenia]] and a [[personality disorder]], his plea of [[Diminished responsibility in English law|diminished responsibility]] was not accepted by the prosecution. He was convicted of [[murder in English law|murder]] on [[June 30]], [[2000]], and received six [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]].

==Early life==
Copeland was born in [[Isleworth]], Middlesex, and brought up in [[Yateley]], [[Hampshire]], where he attended Yateley comprehensive school and passed seven [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSEs]]. He apparently resented that he was small for his age, and was given the nickname "Mr. Angry." After his arrest, he told [[psychiatrist]]s that he had started having [[Sadism and Masochism|sadistic]] dreams when he was about 12, including dreams or fantasies that he'd be [[Reincarnation|reincarnated]] as an [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] officer with access to women as slaves. He left school when he was 16 to start an engineering [[apprenticeship]], and became involved in petty [[crime]], [[Alcoholic beverage|drinking]], and taking [[Drug abuse|drugs]], including [[heroin]]. He was said in court never to have had a girlfriend, and feared that people might think he was gay.

In May 1997, at the age of 21, he joined the [[British National Party]], a far-right [[Immigration to the United Kingdom|anti-immigration]] party that fields candidates in British elections. Copeland acted as a steward at some BNP meetings, in the course of which he came into contact with the BNP leadership and was photographed standing next to [[John Tyndall (politician)|John Tyndall]], then BNP party leader. It was during this period that Copeland first learned how to make bombs using [[fireworks]] with alarm clocks as timers after downloading a so-called terrorists' handbook from the [[World Wide Web|Web]].

Copeland was disappointed by the BNP, a democratic party which did not advocate violence, and he left within a year. In 1998, he joined the smaller, violent, openly neo-Nazi [[National Socialist Movement]], becoming its regional leader for [[Hampshire]] just weeks before the start of his bombing campaign. It was around this time that he visited his family doctor and was prescribed [[anti-depressants]] after telling the doctor he felt he was "losing his [[mind]]." {{fact}}

==Bombings==
[[Image:Copelandnail.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A CAT scan shows a nail from one of Copeland's bombs embedded in a baby's brain.]]
[[Image:AndreaDykes.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Andrea Dykes and her [[foetus|unborn child]] were killed and her husband Julian injured in the [[Admiral Duncan pub]].]]
Copeland's first attack, on Saturday, [[April 17]], [[1999]], was in Electric Avenue, Brixton, part of the so-called "frontline," a street made famous in the UK by the 1981 [[Brixton riot (1981)|Brixton race riots]] that took place there.

Copeland made his bomb using explosive from [[firework]]s and taped it inside a sports bag before priming it and planting it outside the [[Iceland (supermarket)|Iceland]] [[supermarket]] on the corner of Electric Avenue. The market traders became suspicious of it and moved it several times before it detonated just as the police arrived, at 5:25 in the evening. Fifty people were injured, many of them seriously because of the four-inch nails Copeland had packed around the bomb. One victim was a 23-month-old toddler who had a nail driven through his skull into his brain (see right), though he is believed to have made a full recovery.

Copeland's second bomb, on the following Saturday, April 24, was aimed at [[Brick Lane]], the centre of the [[Bangladesh|Bengali]] area in the east end of London. There is a famous Brick Lane street market on Sundays, but Copeland mistakenly tried to plant the bomb on Saturday, when the street was quiet. Unwilling to change the timer on the bomb, he left it instead in Hanbury Street, where it exploded injuring 13 people.

Copeland's third bomb was planted and exploded on the evening of Friday, April 30, in the crowded [[Admiral Duncan pub]] in [[Old Compton Street]], the centre of London's [[gay village]], killing Andrea Dykes, Nick Moore, John Light, and injuring 79, many of them seriously, with four people requiring limb amputations.

==Capture==

The Anti-Terrorist Branch of the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] identified Copeland from [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footage of Brixton. The image was given wide publicity on Thursday, April 29, which caused Copeland to bring forward his bombing of the Admiral Duncan to Friday evening. Paul Mifsud, a work colleague of Copeland's, recognised him and alerted the police about an hour and 20 minutes before the bombing.

Copeland was arrested that night once the police obtained his address, a rented room in [[Farnborough, Hampshire]]. His mental state was assessed at [[Broadmoor Hospital]], but remained a matter of dispute at his trial. The jury convicted him of three murders and three offences of planting bombs, and he was sentenced to six [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]] on [[June 30]], [[2000]].

==Motivation==

Though some groups did claim responsibility for the bombings, Copeland maintained he had worked alone and had not discussed his plans with anyone, which the [[police]] accepted.

During police interviews, he admitted holding [[neo-Nazi]] views, and talked of his desire to be famous, to "spread fear, resentment, and hatred throughout" the [[UK]], and to "cause a [[racial war]]" in the UK. When asked why he had targeted [[ethnic minorities]] and the [[gay]] community, he spoke of his belief that ethnic minorities are "inferior", and of his hatred of gay people.

==See also==
*[[David Myatt]]
*[[National Socialist Movement]]
*[[Combat 18]]
*[[Neo-Nazism]]
*[[White supremacy]]

==References==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/bombs/Story/0,2763,338345,00.html "David Copeland: a quiet introvert, obsessed with Hitler and bombs"] by Nick Hopkins and Sarah Hall, ''The Guardian'', June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/792496.stm "Nailbomber 'followed Nazism'"], BBC, June 15, 2000
*[http://www.bernardomahoney.com/forthcb/ootdie/documents.shtml Documents about David Copeland], website maintained by Bernard O'Mahoney, a former neo-Nazi
*[http://www.met.police.uk/news/stories/copeland/job/1.htm "Life sentence for London nailbomber"], ''The Job'', published by the London Metropolitan Police, June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/781755.stm "Profile: Copeland the killer"], BBC, June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/panorama/transcripts/transcript_30_06_00.txt "The Nailbomber"], transcript of BBC Panorama documentary, aired June 30, 2000
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,338527,00.html "Celebration that ended in deaths of three friends"] by Jeevan Vasagar, ''The Guardian'', July 1, 2000
*[http://www.rainbownetwork.com/Features/detail.asp?iData=9504&iCat=32&iChannel=25&nChannel=Features "Admiral Compton Bomber"], Rainbow Network, July 21, 2000
*[http://www.met.police.uk/news/stories/copeland/index.htm "Operation Marathon"], London Metropolitan Police website, including photographs of Copeland's bedroom and excerpts of interview transcripts

==Further reading==
*[http://www.tobylitt.com/bomber.html Novelist Toby Litt on discovering that he had lived above Copeland]

[[Category:1976 births|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Living people|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:British neo-Nazis|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:British terrorists|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:People imprisoned for terrorism|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Prisoners serving life sentences|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Terrorism in London|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 1990s|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:1999 in England|Copeland, David]]

[[fr:David Copeland]]

David Copeland

2006-09-25T17:30:23Z

195.93.21.9: /* Early life */

[[Image:1410069 davidcopeland150.jpg|right|frame|David Copeland]]
'''David John Copeland''' (born [[May 15]], [[1976]]), a former member of the British [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)|National Socialist Movement]], became known as the "London nailbomber" after a 12-day bombing campaign in April 1999 aimed at London's [[Blacks|black]], [[Asian]], and [[gay]] communities.

Over three successive weekends, Copeland placed [[Improvised explosive device|homemade]] [[nail bomb]]s, each containing up to 1,500 four-inch nails, outside a supermarket in Electric Avenue, [[Brixton]], an area of [[south London]] with a large black population; in [[Brick Lane]] in the east end of London, which has a large Asian community; and in the [[Admiral Duncan pub]] in [[Soho]]'s [[Old Compton Street]], the heart of London's gay community. No warnings were given before the bombs exploded.

The attacks claimed three lives, all in the Admiral Duncan. Andrea Dykes, 27, who was four months [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] with her first child, died along with her friends and hosts for the evening, Nick Moore, 31, and John Light, 32, who was to be the baby's [[godfather]]. Andrea's husband, Julian, was seriously injured. The four friends from [[Essex]] had met up in the Admiral Duncan to celebrate Andrea's pregnancy, when the bomb exploded after being taped inside a sports bag and left near the bar. A total of 129 people were injured in the three attacks, with four of the victims [[amputation|losing limbs]] and 26 suffering serious [[burn (injury)|burns]].

Although Copeland was diagnosed with [[Schizophrenia|paranoid schizophrenia]] and a [[personality disorder]], his plea of [[Diminished responsibility in English law|diminished responsibility]] was not accepted by the prosecution. He was convicted of [[murder in English law|murder]] on [[June 30]], [[2000]], and received six [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]].

==Early life==
Copeland was born in [[Isleworth]], Middlesex, and brought up in [[Yateley]], [[Hampshire]], where he attended Yateley comprehensive school and passed seven [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSEs]]. He apparently resented that he was small for his age, and was given the nickname "Mr. Angry." After his arrest, he told [[psychiatrist]]s that he had started having [[Sadism and Masochism|sadistic]] dreams when he was about 12, including dreams or fantasies that he'd be [[Reincarnation|reincarnated]] as an [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] officer with access to women as slaves. He left school when he was 16 to start an engineering [[apprenticeship]], and became involved in petty [[crime]], [[Alcoholic beverage|drinking]], and taking [[Drug abuse|drugs]], including [[heroin]]. He was said in court never to have had a girlfriend, and feared that people might think he was gay.

In May 1997, at the age of 21, he joined the [[British National Party]], a far-right [[Immigration to the United Kingdom|anti-immigration]] party that fields candidates in British elections. Copeland acted as a steward at some BNP meetings, in the course of which he came into contact with the BNP leadership and was photographed standing next to [[John Tyndall (politician)|John Tyndall]], then BNP party leader. It was during this period that Copeland first learned how to make bombs using [[fireworks]] with alarm clocks as timers after downloading a so-called terrorists' handbook from the [[World Wide Web|Web]].

Copeland was allegedly disappointed by the BNP, a democratic party which did not advocate violence, and he left within a year. In 1998, he joined the smaller, violent, openly neo-Nazi [[National Socialist Movement]], becoming its regional leader for [[Hampshire]] just weeks before the start of his bombing campaign. It was around this time that he visited his family doctor and was prescribed [[anti-depressants]] after telling the doctor he felt he was "losing his [[mind]]." {{fact}}

==Bombings==
[[Image:Copelandnail.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A CAT scan shows a nail from one of Copeland's bombs embedded in a baby's brain.]]
[[Image:AndreaDykes.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Andrea Dykes and her [[foetus|unborn child]] were killed and her husband Julian injured in the [[Admiral Duncan pub]].]]
Copeland's first attack, on Saturday, [[April 17]], [[1999]], was in Electric Avenue, Brixton, part of the so-called "frontline," a street made famous in the UK by the 1981 [[Brixton riot (1981)|Brixton race riots]] that took place there.

Copeland made his bomb using explosive from [[firework]]s and taped it inside a sports bag before priming it and planting it outside the [[Iceland (supermarket)|Iceland]] [[supermarket]] on the corner of Electric Avenue. The market traders became suspicious of it and moved it several times before it detonated just as the police arrived, at 5:25 in the evening. Fifty people were injured, many of them seriously because of the four-inch nails Copeland had packed around the bomb. One victim was a 23-month-old toddler who had a nail driven through his skull into his brain (see right), though he is believed to have made a full recovery.

Copeland's second bomb, on the following Saturday, April 24, was aimed at [[Brick Lane]], the centre of the [[Bangladesh|Bengali]] area in the east end of London. There is a famous Brick Lane street market on Sundays, but Copeland mistakenly tried to plant the bomb on Saturday, when the street was quiet. Unwilling to change the timer on the bomb, he left it instead in Hanbury Street, where it exploded injuring 13 people.

Copeland's third bomb was planted and exploded on the evening of Friday, April 30, in the crowded [[Admiral Duncan pub]] in [[Old Compton Street]], the centre of London's [[gay village]], killing Andrea Dykes, Nick Moore, John Light, and injuring 79, many of them seriously, with four people requiring limb amputations.

==Capture==

The Anti-Terrorist Branch of the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] identified Copeland from [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footage of Brixton. The image was given wide publicity on Thursday, April 29, which caused Copeland to bring forward his bombing of the Admiral Duncan to Friday evening. Paul Mifsud, a work colleague of Copeland's, recognised him and alerted the police about an hour and 20 minutes before the bombing.

Copeland was arrested that night once the police obtained his address, a rented room in [[Farnborough, Hampshire]]. His mental state was assessed at [[Broadmoor Hospital]], but remained a matter of dispute at his trial. The jury convicted him of three murders and three offences of planting bombs, and he was sentenced to six [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]] on [[June 30]], [[2000]].

==Motivation==

Though some groups did claim responsibility for the bombings, Copeland maintained he had worked alone and had not discussed his plans with anyone, which the [[police]] accepted.

During police interviews, he admitted holding [[neo-Nazi]] views, and talked of his desire to be famous, to "spread fear, resentment, and hatred throughout" the [[UK]], and to "cause a [[racial war]]" in the UK. When asked why he had targeted [[ethnic minorities]] and the [[gay]] community, he spoke of his belief that ethnic minorities are "inferior", and of his hatred of gay people.

==See also==
*[[David Myatt]]
*[[National Socialist Movement]]
*[[Combat 18]]
*[[Neo-Nazism]]
*[[White supremacy]]

==References==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/bombs/Story/0,2763,338345,00.html "David Copeland: a quiet introvert, obsessed with Hitler and bombs"] by Nick Hopkins and Sarah Hall, ''The Guardian'', June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/792496.stm "Nailbomber 'followed Nazism'"], BBC, June 15, 2000
*[http://www.bernardomahoney.com/forthcb/ootdie/documents.shtml Documents about David Copeland], website maintained by Bernard O'Mahoney, a former neo-Nazi
*[http://www.met.police.uk/news/stories/copeland/job/1.htm "Life sentence for London nailbomber"], ''The Job'', published by the London Metropolitan Police, June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/781755.stm "Profile: Copeland the killer"], BBC, June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/panorama/transcripts/transcript_30_06_00.txt "The Nailbomber"], transcript of BBC Panorama documentary, aired June 30, 2000
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,338527,00.html "Celebration that ended in deaths of three friends"] by Jeevan Vasagar, ''The Guardian'', July 1, 2000
*[http://www.rainbownetwork.com/Features/detail.asp?iData=9504&iCat=32&iChannel=25&nChannel=Features "Admiral Compton Bomber"], Rainbow Network, July 21, 2000
*[http://www.met.police.uk/news/stories/copeland/index.htm "Operation Marathon"], London Metropolitan Police website, including photographs of Copeland's bedroom and excerpts of interview transcripts

==Further reading==
*[http://www.tobylitt.com/bomber.html Novelist Toby Litt on discovering that he had lived above Copeland]

[[Category:1976 births|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Living people|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:British neo-Nazis|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:British terrorists|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:People imprisoned for terrorism|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Prisoners serving life sentences|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Terrorism in London|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 1990s|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:1999 in England|Copeland, David]]

[[fr:David Copeland]]

Nip/Tuck – Schönheit hat ihren Preis

2006-09-04T18:48:04Z

195.93.21.9: /* Vierte Staffel */

{{Infobox Fernsehserie|
DT= Nip/Tuck – Schönheit hat ihren Preis|
OT= Nip/Tuck|
PL= [[USA]]|
PJ= [[2003]]–|
LEN= 44|
EA= 47+|
OS= [[Englische Sprache|englisch]]|
MUSIK= [[Engine Room]] – A Perfect Lie|
IDEE= [[Ryan Murphy]]|
GENRE= [[Drama]], ...|
EAS= [[22. Juli]] [[2003]] ([[USA]])|
EASDE= [[21. Dezember]] [[2004]]|
DS=
* [[Dylan Walsh]]: Sean McNamara
* [[Julian McMahon]]: Christian Troy
* [[Joely Richardson]]: Julia McNamara
* [[John Hensley]]: Matt McNamara
* [[Roma Maffia]]: Liz Cruz
* [[Kelly Carlson]]: Kimber Henry
* [[Famke Janssen]]: Ava Moore
* [[Valerie Cruz]]: Grace Santiago
}}

'''Nip/Tuck – Schönheit hat ihren Preis''' ist eine amerikanische Dramaserie von [[Ryan Murphy]], die seit [[2003]] in den [[USA]] läuft und [[2004]] in Deutschland auf [[ProSieben]] startete. In Österreich lief ab Juni 2005 die zweite Staffel in Doppelfolgen auf [[ATVplus]], während in Deutschland bereits im März 2005 mit der Ausstrahlung im Pay-TV [[Premiere (Bezahlfernsehen) |Premiere]] begonnen wurde. Ab dem 11. Januar 2006 lief die 2. Staffel immer mittwochs gegen 22:10 Uhr auf [[ProSieben]]. Der Sender entschloss sich jedoch, die laufende Staffel aufgrund zu geringer Einschaltquoten abzusetzen. Am 15. Februar lief die vorerst letzte Folge der Serie. Es wird derzeit über einen neuen Sendeplatz diskutiert. Die dritte Staffel wurde vom 13. April 2006 bis 28. Juli von Premiere ausgestrahlt.

==Bedeutung==
Nip/Tuck heißt frei übersetzt soviel wie "schneiden und zusammenraffen". Gemeint ist der Vorgang beim [[Facelift|Liften]].

==Die Serie==
Die Schönheitschirurgen Sean McNamara und Christian Troy betreiben eine Praxis in [[Miami]]. Obwohl ihr Auftrag dabei lautet, das Leben anderer Leute zu verschönern, steht es um ihr eigenes gar nicht gut. McNamaras Ehe mit Julia ist in der Krise. Julia will ein eigenes Leben beginnen, als sie schwanger wird, verlieren sie das Baby. Sohn Matt beginnt sich für Sexualität zu interessieren und holt sich Ratschläge von Christian, der ihn auf eine Party der Porno-Industrie mitnimmt, wo Matt unter dem Verdacht stand einen Tripper eingefangen zu haben. Er beschneidet sich selbst und geht mit zwei lesbischen Schulfreundinnen ins Bett. Christian selbst ist sexsüchtig. Die einzige Frau, mit der ihn Gefühle verbinden, ist Julia, mit der er während des Studiums kurz zusammen war. Außerdem arbeitet in ihrer Praxis die Psychologin Grace Santiago, die helfen soll zu erkennen, in welchen Fällen eine Operation auch aus psychologischen Gründen tatsächlich notwendig ist. Um die Anästhesie kümmert sich die fest angestellte Liz.

==Wirkung==
Nip/Tuck kann man als [[Ethik]]-[[Dramatik|Drama]] bezeichnen. In den [[USA]] sorgte die Serie mit ihrem [[Schwarzer Humor|schwarzen Humor]] und der Botschaft, dass es keineswegs nur auf die inneren Werte ankommt, für [[Furore]]. Außerdem werden die Operationen ziemlich drastisch und Christians Sex-Szenen recht freizügig gezeigt. Ryan Murphy, Autor und Regisseur, wollte mit Nip/Tuck eine Serie in der Tradition von [[Die Sopranos]] und [[Six Feet Under – Gestorben wird immer]] schaffen.

== Auszeichnungen ==
Die Serie gewann bisher drei [[Emmy|Emmys]] (in Nebenkategorien wie Bestes Make-Up) und erhielt vier weitere Nominierungen. Dagegen stehen bisher drei Schauspiel-Nominierungen für den [[Golden Globe]] für [[Joely Richardson]] (zweimal) und [[Julian McMahon]] sowie einmal für die beste Drama-Serie. [[2005]] konnte die Serie in dieser Hauptkategorie gewinnen.

== Episoden ==
Die Titel der einzelnen Episoden benennen jeweils einen Patienten.
In Staffel 4 treten viele Gaststars auf. Neben [[Catherine Deneuve]] sind [[Brooke Shields]], [[Larry Hagman]] („[[Dallas]]“) und [[Kathleen Turner]] zu sehen.

=== Erste Staffel ===
#McNamara/Troy - im Original: "Pilot"
#Mandi/Randi
#Nanette Babcock
#Sophia Lopez
#Kurt Dempsey
#Megan O'Hara
#Cliff Mantegna
#Cara Fitzgerald
#Sophia Lopez Part II
#Adelle Coffin
#Montana/Sassy/Justice
#Antonia Ramos
#Escobar Gallardo

=== Zweite Staffel ===
#Erica Noughton
#Christian Troy
#Manya Mabika
#Mrs. Grubman
#Joel Gideon
#Bobbi Broderick
#Naomi Gaines
#Agatha Ripp
#Rose and Raven Rosenberg
#Kimber Henry
#Natasha Charles
#Julia McNamara
#Oona Wentworth
#Trudy Nye
#Sean McNamara
#Joan Rivers

=== Dritte Staffel ===
Die dritte Staffel beinhaltet 15 Episoden und wurde von September 2005 bis Dezember 2005 in den USA ausgestrahlt. Die erste Folge wurde von FX Networks am 20. September ausgestrahlt. Die Ausstrahlung erfolgte bisher im deutschen Fernsehen vom 13. April 2006 bis 28. Juli nur auf Premiere 4.
# Momma Boone
# Kiki
# Alex, Derek & Gary
# Rhea Reynolds
# Granville Trapp
# Frankenlaura
# Ben White
# Tommy Bolton
# Hannah Tedesco
# Madison Berg
# Abby Mays
# Sal Perri
# Joy Kringle
# Cherry Peck
# Quentin Costa

=== Vierte Staffel ===
Die vierte Staffel startet am 05. September 2006 in Amerika. Die Namen der ersten Folgen von Staffel 4 wurden bereits [http://www.tv.com/nip-tuck/show/17095/episode_listings.html?season=4 bekanntgegeben:]
#Cindy Plumb
#Blue Mondae
#Monica Wilder
#Shari Noble
#Dawn Budge
#Faith Wolper PhD
#Burt Landau
#Connor McNamara
#Liz Cruz

== Weblinks ==
=== Englischsprachig ===
* [http://www.tv.com/niptuck/show/17095/summary.html Nip/Tuck on TV.com]

=== Deutschsprachig ===
* {{IMDb Titel|tt0361217|Nip/Tuck}}
* [http://www.nip-tuck.org Nip-Tuck.org]
* [http://www.niptuck-inside.de Nip/Tuck-Inside]

[[Kategorie:Fernsehserie (Vereinigte Staaten)|Nip Tuck]]

[[en:Nip/Tuck]]
[[es:Nip/Tuck]]
[[fi:Muodon vuoksi]]
[[fr:Nip/Tuck]]
[[it:Nip/Tuck]]
[[pl:Bez skazy]]
[[pt:Nip/Tuck]]
[[sv:Nip/Tuck]]

David Copeland

2006-08-11T18:40:10Z

195.93.21.9:

[[Image:1410069 davidcopeland150.jpg|right|frame|David Copeland]]
'''David John Copeland''' (born [[May 15]], [[1976]]) is a former member of the British [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)|National Socialist Movement]] who became known as the "London nailbomber" after a 12-day bombing campaign in April 1999 aimed at London's [[Blacks|black]], [[Asian]], and [[gay]] communities.

Over three successive weekends, Copeland placed [[Improvised explosive device|homemade]] [[nail bomb]]s, each containing up to 1,500 four-inch nails, outside a supermarket in Electric Avenue, [[Brixton]], an area of [[south London]] with a large black population; in [[Brick Lane]] in the east end of London, which has a large Asian community; and in the [[Admiral Duncan pub]] in [[Soho]]'s [[Old Compton Street]], the heart of London's gay community. No warnings were given before the bombs exploded.

The attacks claimed three lives, all in the Admiral Duncan. Andrea Dykes, 27, who was four months [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] with her first child, died along with her friends and hosts for the evening, Nick Moore, 31, and John Light, 32, who was to be the baby's [[godfather]]. Andrea's husband, Julian, was seriously injured. The four friends from [[Essex]] had met up in the Admiral Duncan to celebrate Andrea's pregnancy, when the bomb exploded after being taped inside a sports bag and left near the bar. A total of 129 people were injured in the three attacks, with four of the victims [[amputation|losing limbs]] and 26 suffering serious [[burn (injury)|burns]].

Although Copeland was diagnosed with [[Schizophrenia|paranoid schizophrenia]] and a [[personality disorder]], his plea of [[Diminished responsibility in English law|diminished responsibility]] was not accepted by the prosecution. He was convicted of [[murder in English law|murder]] on [[June 30]], [[2000]], and received six [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]].

==Early life==
Copeland was born in [[Isleworth]], London, and brought up in [[Yateley]], [[Hampshire]], where he attended Yateley comprehensive school and passed seven [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSEs]]. He apparently resented that he was small for his age, and was given the nickname "Mr. Angry." After his arrest, he told [[psychiatrist]]s that he had started having [[Sadism|sadistic]] dreams when he was about 12, including dreams or fantasies that he'd be [[Reincarnation|reincarnated]] as an [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] officer with access to women as slaves. He left school when he was 16 to start an engineering [[apprenticeship]], and became involved in petty [[crime]], [[Alcoholic beverage|drinking]], and taking [[Drug abuse|drugs]], including [[heroin]]. He was said in court never to have had a girlfriend, and feared that people might think he was gay.

In May 1997, at the age of 21, he joined the [[British National Party]], a far-right [[Immigration to the United Kingdom|anti-immigration]] party that fields candidates in British elections. Copeland acted as a steward at some BNP meetings, in the course of which he came into contact with the BNP leadership and was photographed standing next to [[John Tyndall (politician)|John Tyndall]], then BNP party leader. It was during this period that Copeland first learned how to make bombs using [[fireworks]] with alarm clocks as timers after downloading a so-called terrorists' handbook from the [[World Wide Web|Web]].

Copeland was allegedly disappointed by the BNP, which had moved away from advocating violence, and he left within a year. In 1998, he joined the smaller, violent, openly neo-Nazi [[National Socialist Movement]], becoming its regional leader for [[Hampshire]] just weeks before the start of his bombing campaign. It was around this time that he visited his family doctor and was prescribed [[anti-depressants]] after telling the doctor he felt he was "losing his [[mind]]." {{fact}}

==Bombings==
[[Image:Copelandnail.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A CAT scan shows a nail from one of Copeland's bombs embedded in a baby's brain.]]
[[Image:AndreaDykes.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Andrea Dykes and her [[foetus|unborn child]] were killed and her husband Julian injured in the [[Admiral Duncan pub]].]]
Copeland's first attack, on Saturday, [[April 17]], [[1999]], was in Electric Avenue, Brixton, part of the so-called "frontline," a street made famous in the UK by the 1981 [[Brixton riot (1981)|Brixton race riots]] that took place there.

Copeland made his bomb using explosive from [[firework]]s and taped it inside a sports bag before priming it and planting it outside the [[Iceland (supermarket)|Iceland]] [[supermarket]] on the corner of Electric Avenue. The market traders became suspicious of it and moved it several times before it detonated just as the police arrived, at 5:25 in the evening. Fifty people were injured, many of them seriously because of the four-inch nails Copeland had packed around the bomb. One victim was a 23-month-old toddler who had a nail driven through his skull into his brain (see right), though he is believed to have made a full recovery.

Copeland's second bomb, on the following Saturday, April 24, was aimed at [[Brick Lane]], the centre of the [[Bangladesh|Bengali]] area in the east end of London. There is a famous Brick Lane street market on Sundays, but Copeland mistakenly tried to plant the bomb on Saturday, when the street was quiet. Unwilling to change the timer on the bomb, he left it instead in Hanbury Street, where it exploded injuring 13 people.

Copeland's third bomb was planted and exploded on the evening of Friday, April 30, in the crowded [[Admiral Duncan pub]] in [[Old Compton Street]], the centre of London's [[gay village]], killing Andrea Dykes, Nick Moore, John Light, and injuring 79, many of them seriously, with four people requiring limb amputations.

==Capture==

The Anti-Terrorist Branch of the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] identified Copeland from [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footage of Brixton. The image was given wide publicity on Thursday, April 29, which caused Copeland to bring forward his bombing of the Admiral Duncan to Friday evening. Paul Mifsud, a work colleague of Copeland's, recognised him and alerted the police about an hour and 20 minutes before the bombing.

Copeland was arrested that night once the police obtained his address, a rented room in [[Farnborough, Hampshire]]. His mental state was assessed at [[Broadmoor Hospital]], but remained a matter of dispute at his trial. The jury convicted him of three murders and three offences of planting bombs, and he was sentenced to six [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]] on [[June 30]], [[2000]].

==Motivation==

Though some groups did claim responsibility for the bombings, Copeland maintained he had worked alone and had not discussed his plans with anyone, which the police accepted.

During police interviews, he admitted holding neo-Nazi views, and talked of his desire to be famous, to "spread fear, resentment, and hatred throughout" the UK, and to "cause a racial war" in the UK. When asked why he had targeted ethnic minorities and the gay community, he spoke of his belief that ethnic minorities are "inferior", and of his hatred of gay people.

==See also==
*[[David Myatt]]
*[[National Socialist Movement]]
*[[Combat 18]]

==References==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/bombs/Story/0,2763,338345,00.html "David Copeland: a quiet introvert, obsessed with Hitler and bombs"] by Nick Hopkins and Sarah Hall, ''The Guardian'', June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/792496.stm "Nailbomber 'followed Nazism'"], BBC, June 15, 2000
*[http://www.bernardomahoney.com/forthcb/ootdie/documents.shtml Documents about David Copeland], website maintained by Bernard O'Mahoney, a former neo-Nazi
*[http://www.met.police.uk/news/stories/copeland/job/1.htm "Life sentence for London nailbomber"], ''The Job'', published by the London Metropolitan Police, June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/781755.stm "Profile: Copeland the killer"], BBC, June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/panorama/transcripts/transcript_30_06_00.txt "The Nailbomber"], transcript of BBC Panorama documentary, aired June 30, 2000
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,338527,00.html "Celebration that ended in deaths of three friends"] by Jeevan Vasagar, ''The Guardian'', July 1, 2000
*[http://www.rainbownetwork.com/Features/detail.asp?iData=9504&iCat=32&iChannel=25&nChannel=Features "Admiral Compton Bomber"], Rainbow Network, July 21, 2000
*[http://www.met.police.uk/news/stories/copeland/index.htm "Operation Marathon"], London Metropolitan Police website, including photographs of Copeland's bedroom and excerpts of interview transcripts

==Further reading==
*[http://www.tobylitt.com/bomber.html Novelist Toby Litt on discovering that he had lived above Copeland]

[[Category:1976 births|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:British National Party politicians|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:British terrorists|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:LGBT rights opposition|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Living people|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazis|Copeland,David]]
[[Category:People imprisoned for terrorism|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Terrorism in London|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 1990s|Copeland, David]]

[[fr:David Copeland]]

David Copeland

2006-08-11T18:37:05Z

195.93.21.9:

[[Image:1410069 davidcopeland150.jpg|right|frame|David Copeland]]
'''David John Copeland''' (born [[May 15]], [[1976]]) is a former member of the British [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[National Socialist Movement]] who became known as the "London nailbomber" after a 12-day bombing campaign in April 1999 aimed at London's [[Blacks|black]], [[Asian]], and [[gay]] communities.

Over three successive weekends, Copeland placed [[Improvised explosive device|homemade]] [[nail bomb]]s, each containing up to 1,500 four-inch nails, outside a supermarket in Electric Avenue, [[Brixton]], an area of [[south London]] with a large black population; in [[Brick Lane]] in the east end of London, which has a large Asian community; and in the [[Admiral Duncan pub]] in [[Soho]]'s [[Old Compton Street]], the heart of London's gay community. No warnings were given before the bombs exploded.

The attacks claimed three lives, all in the Admiral Duncan. Andrea Dykes, 27, who was four months [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] with her first child, died along with her friends and hosts for the evening, Nick Moore, 31, and John Light, 32, who was to be the baby's [[godfather]]. Andrea's husband, Julian, was seriously injured. The four friends from [[Essex]] had met up in the Admiral Duncan to celebrate Andrea's pregnancy, when the bomb exploded after being taped inside a sports bag and left near the bar. A total of 129 people were injured in the three attacks, with four of the victims [[amputation|losing limbs]] and 26 suffering serious [[burn (injury)|burns]].

Although Copeland was diagnosed with [[Schizophrenia|paranoid schizophrenia]] and a [[personality disorder]], his plea of [[Diminished responsibility in English law|diminished responsibility]] was not accepted by the prosecution. He was convicted of [[murder in English law|murder]] on [[June 30]], [[2000]], and received six [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]].

==Early life==
Copeland was born in [[Isleworth]], London, and brought up in [[Yateley]], [[Hampshire]], where he attended Yateley comprehensive school and passed seven [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSEs]]. He apparently resented that he was small for his age, and was given the nickname "Mr. Angry." After his arrest, he told [[psychiatrist]]s that he had started having [[Sadism|sadistic]] dreams when he was about 12, including dreams or fantasies that he'd be [[Reincarnation|reincarnated]] as an [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] officer with access to women as slaves. He left school when he was 16 to start an engineering [[apprenticeship]], and became involved in petty [[crime]], [[Alcoholic beverage|drinking]], and taking [[Drug abuse|drugs]], including [[heroin]]. He was said in court never to have had a girlfriend, and feared that people might think he was gay.

In May 1997, at the age of 21, he joined the [[British National Party]], a far-right [[Immigration to the United Kingdom|anti-immigration]] party that fields candidates in British elections. Copeland acted as a steward at some BNP meetings, in the course of which he came into contact with the BNP leadership and was photographed standing next to [[John Tyndall (politician)|John Tyndall]], then BNP party leader. It was during this period that Copeland first learned how to make bombs using [[fireworks]] with alarm clocks as timers after downloading a so-called terrorists' handbook from the [[World Wide Web|Web]].

Copeland was allegedly disappointed by the BNP, which had moved away from advocating violence, and he left within a year. In 1998, he joined the smaller, violent, openly neo-Nazi [[National Socialist Movement]], becoming its regional leader for [[Hampshire]] just weeks before the start of his bombing campaign. It was around this time that he visited his family doctor and was prescribed [[anti-depressants]] after telling the doctor he felt he was "losing his [[mind]]." {{fact}}

==Bombings==
[[Image:Copelandnail.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A CAT scan shows a nail from one of Copeland's bombs embedded in a baby's brain.]]
[[Image:AndreaDykes.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Andrea Dykes and her [[foetus|unborn child]] were killed and her husband Julian injured in the [[Admiral Duncan pub]].]]
Copeland's first attack, on Saturday, [[April 17]], [[1999]], was in Electric Avenue, Brixton, part of the so-called "frontline," a street made famous in the UK by the 1981 [[Brixton riot (1981)|Brixton race riots]] that took place there.

Copeland made his bomb using explosive from [[firework]]s and taped it inside a sports bag before priming it and planting it outside the [[Iceland (supermarket)|Iceland]] [[supermarket]] on the corner of Electric Avenue. The market traders became suspicious of it and moved it several times before it detonated just as the police arrived, at 5:25 in the evening. Fifty people were injured, many of them seriously because of the four-inch nails Copeland had packed around the bomb. One victim was a 23-month-old toddler who had a nail driven through his skull into his brain (see right), though he is believed to have made a full recovery.

Copeland's second bomb, on the following Saturday, April 24, was aimed at [[Brick Lane]], the centre of the [[Bangladesh|Bengali]] area in the east end of London. There is a famous Brick Lane street market on Sundays, but Copeland mistakenly tried to plant the bomb on Saturday, when the street was quiet. Unwilling to change the timer on the bomb, he left it instead in Hanbury Street, where it exploded injuring 13 people.

Copeland's third bomb was planted and exploded on the evening of Friday, April 30, in the crowded [[Admiral Duncan pub]] in [[Old Compton Street]], the centre of London's [[gay village]], killing Andrea Dykes, Nick Moore, John Light, and injuring 79, many of them seriously, with four people requiring limb amputations.

==Capture==

The Anti-Terrorist Branch of the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] identified Copeland from [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footage of Brixton. The image was given wide publicity on Thursday, April 29, which caused Copeland to bring forward his bombing of the Admiral Duncan to Friday evening. Paul Mifsud, a work colleague of Copeland's, recognised him and alerted the police about an hour and 20 minutes before the bombing.

Copeland was arrested that night once the police obtained his address, a rented room in [[Farnborough, Hampshire]]. His mental state was assessed at [[Broadmoor Hospital]], but remained a matter of dispute at his trial. The jury convicted him of three murders and three offences of planting bombs, and he was sentenced to six [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]] on [[June 30]], [[2000]].

==Motivation==

Though some groups did claim responsibility for the bombings, Copeland maintained he had worked alone and had not discussed his plans with anyone, which the police accepted.

During police interviews, he admitted holding neo-Nazi views, and talked of his desire to be famous, to "spread fear, resentment, and hatred throughout" the UK, and to "cause a racial war" in the UK. When asked why he had targeted ethnic minorities and the gay community, he spoke of his belief that ethnic minorities are "inferior", and of his hatred of gay people.

==See also==
*[[David Myatt]]
*[[National Socialist Movement]]
*[[Combat 18]]

==References==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/bombs/Story/0,2763,338345,00.html "David Copeland: a quiet introvert, obsessed with Hitler and bombs"] by Nick Hopkins and Sarah Hall, ''The Guardian'', June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/792496.stm "Nailbomber 'followed Nazism'"], BBC, June 15, 2000
*[http://www.bernardomahoney.com/forthcb/ootdie/documents.shtml Documents about David Copeland], website maintained by Bernard O'Mahoney, a former neo-Nazi
*[http://www.met.police.uk/news/stories/copeland/job/1.htm "Life sentence for London nailbomber"], ''The Job'', published by the London Metropolitan Police, June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/781755.stm "Profile: Copeland the killer"], BBC, June 30, 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/panorama/transcripts/transcript_30_06_00.txt "The Nailbomber"], transcript of BBC Panorama documentary, aired June 30, 2000
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,338527,00.html "Celebration that ended in deaths of three friends"] by Jeevan Vasagar, ''The Guardian'', July 1, 2000
*[http://www.rainbownetwork.com/Features/detail.asp?iData=9504&iCat=32&iChannel=25&nChannel=Features "Admiral Compton Bomber"], Rainbow Network, July 21, 2000
*[http://www.met.police.uk/news/stories/copeland/index.htm "Operation Marathon"], London Metropolitan Police website, including photographs of Copeland's bedroom and excerpts of interview transcripts

==Further reading==
*[http://www.tobylitt.com/bomber.html Novelist Toby Litt on discovering that he had lived above Copeland]

[[Category:1976 births|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:British National Party politicians|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:British terrorists|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:LGBT rights opposition|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Living people|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazis|Copeland,David]]
[[Category:People imprisoned for terrorism|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Terrorism in London|Copeland, David]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 1990s|Copeland, David]]

[[fr:David Copeland]]

Amsterdam Tournament

2006-08-01T21:19:22Z

195.93.21.9:

The '''[[Amsterdam]] Tournament''' is an annual [[association football]] tournament played in the pre-season, hosted by [[Ajax Amsterdam]]. It is organised by the International Event Partnership (IEP).

The Amsterdam Tournament in its present form is the successor to the '''Amsterdam 700 Tournament''', which began life in [[1975]] to celebrate 700 years of the city of Amsterdam's history. It was thereafter held annually until [[1992]], when the last edition of the "old" tournament was played. The next edition was not played until [[1999]], when the tournament got off the ground with the backing of the IEP.

The tournament involves four teams, one of which is always the host. Other teams to have competed in the tournament since its reincarnation in 1999 include [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Galatasaray]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Internazionale Milano F.C.|Internazionale]], [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]], [[FC Porto]] and [[Valencia, CF|Valencia]].

The tournament has four matches, all played at Ajax's home ground, the [[Amsterdam ArenA]]. The games take place over three days in July or August, the second of which is used to rest between the first and third days. The only exception to this is the 1999 tournament, which took place over only two days, with no rest day in between.

The Amsterdam Tournament uses an unusual points-scoring system. As with most football, a victory results in three points; a draw in one; and a defeat in none. However, teams are rewarded one extra point for every goal they score. For example, a 3-3 draw brings the same number of points as a 1-0 victory. This system is designed to encourage more attacking football.

As it is a pre-season friendly tournament, games are typically not played as competitively as matches during the main season. In spite of this, it is still taken as a useful gauge of each team's ability going into the new season.

The [[2005]] event saw Ajax, Arsenal, [[Boca Juniors]] and [[FC Porto]] compete.

In [[2006]], Ajax, Internazionale, Manchester United and FC Porto will compete.

==Amsterdam Tournament winners==
'''Amsterdam 700 Tournament'''
{|
|valign="top"|
*[[1975]] - [[R.W.D. Molenbeek]], [[Belgium]]
*[[1976]] - [[R.S.C. Anderlecht|Anderlecht]], [[Belgium]]
*[[1977]] - AZ '67 ([[AZ Alkmaar]]), [[Netherlands]]
*[[1978]] - [[Ajax Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
*[[1979]] - AZ '67 ([[AZ Alkmaar]]), [[Netherlands]]
*[[1980]] - [[Ajax Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
*[[1981]] - [[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]], [[England]]
*[[1982]] - AZ '67 ([[AZ Alkmaar]]), [[Netherlands]]
*[[1983]] - [[Feyenoord]], [[Netherlands]]
|width="50"| 
|valign="top"|
*[[1984]] - [[Atlético Mineiro]], [[Brazil]]
*[[1985]] - [[Ajax Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
*[[1986]] - [[Dynamo Kiev]], [[Soviet Union]]
*[[1987]] - [[Ajax Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
*[[1988]] - [[UC Sampdoria]], [[Italy]]
*[[1989]] - [[KV Mechelen]], [[Belgium]]
*[[1990]] - [[Club Brugge]], [[Belgium]]
*[[1991]] - [[Ajax Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
*[[1992]] - [[Ajax Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
|}
'''Amsterdam Tournament'''
{|
|valign="top"|
*[[1999]] - [[S.S. Lazio]], [[Italy]]
*[[2000]] - [[FC Barcelona|F.C. Barcelona]], [[Spain]]
*[[2001]] - [[Ajax Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
*[[2002]] - [[Ajax Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
*[[2003]] - [[Ajax Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
*[[2004]] - [[Ajax Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
*[[2005]] - [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[England]]
|}

==External links==
*[http://www.LGAmsterdamTournament.com LG Amsterdam Tournament '''2006''']
*[http://www.amsterdamtournament.nl/ Official site of the Amsterdam Tournament] (1999-2005)
*[http://www.amsterdamarena.nl/ Official site of the Amsterdam ArenA]
*[http://www.ieptournaments.com/ Official site of the IEP]
*[http://www.soccerking.co.uk/amsterdam.htm Soccerking.co.uk history of the Amsterdam Tournament]

[[Category:Football competitions in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ajax Amsterdam|Tournament]]

[[nl:Amsterdam Tournament]]
[[Category:Sport in Amsterdam]]

Never Too Far

2006-07-16T19:22:32Z

195.93.21.9:

{{Infobox Single |
| Name = Never Too Far
| Cover = NTFSC.jpg
| Artist = [[Mariah Carey]]
| from Album = [[Glitter (Mariah Carey album)|Glitter]]
| Released = [[2001]]
| Format = [[CD single]], [[12-inch single|12" single]] (non-[[United States|U.S.]])
| [ Recorded = ]
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 4:21
| Label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
| Writer = Mariah Carey, [[Jimmy Jam]], [[Terry Lewis]]
| Producer = Mariah Carey, Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis
| Chart position = <ul><li>#1 ([[Brazil]])</li> <li>#32 ([[United Kingdom|UK]])</li> <li>#36 ([[Australia]])</li> <li>#105 ([[United States|U.S.]])</li></ul>
| Last single = "[[Loverboy (song)|Loverboy]]" (2001)
| This single = "Never Too Far" (2001)
| Next single = "[[Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)]]" (2001)
}}
"'''Never Too Far'''" is a song written and produced by American singer [[Mariah Carey]], [[Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis]] for Carey's tenth album, ''[[Glitter (Mariah Carey album)|Glitter]]''. The protagonist of this [[ballad]] states that although physical distance can sometimes separate lovers, the love they share will never be too far apart. It was released as the album's second [[single (music)|single]] in 2001 (see [[2001 in music]]), and was Carey's first radio airplay-only release in the U.S. after 1998 when ''[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]'' magazine had given chart eligibility to singles that weren't released in a physical format.

"Never Too Far" became Carey's first U.S. single to not appear on the [[Billboard Hot 100]], but it reached number five on Billboard's [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] chart, which represents the twenty-five singles below the Hot 100's number 100 position which have not yet appeared on the Hot 100. It was not solicited to R&B radio stations in the U.S. As a [[double A-side]] with "[[Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)]]", the single reached the top forty in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Australia]], but it was not a big hit. In [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], [[the Netherlands]], and [[Sweden]], it was released on its own and peaked outside the top forty. "Never Too Far" achieved success in some countries: in Brazil, it spent one week at number one, while it peaked just outside the top twenty in both [[Italy]] and [[Spain]].

No [[remix]]es of the song were commissioned, though a radio edit reduces the lengthy introduction. The charity single "[[Never Too Far/Hero Medley]]" combines the first verse of "Never Too Far" with a re-recorded version of the second verse and bridge of Carey's "[[Hero (Mariah Carey song)|Hero]]" (1993), and it was later released in the U.S. and charted on the Hot 100.

Carey was unable to film a [[music video|video]] for the single as she was recovering from an emotional and physical breakdown. Instead, a video was created using a scene taken directly from the film ''[[Glitter (film)|Glitter]]'', where Billie Frank (played by Carey) sings the song at [[Madison Square Garden]] at her first sold-out concert. Frank's performance of the song in the film omits the entire second verse of the song, and the song's development runs in parallel with the film's love story.

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2001)
!align="center"|Peak position
!align="left"|No. of chart topper
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary
|align="center"|17
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ARC Weekly Top 40
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|Brazilian Singles Chart
|align="center"|1 (1 week)
|align="center"|5th
|-
|align="left"|Italy Top 50 Singles
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|Spain Cadena 100 Singles
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|UK Top 75 Singles 1
|align="center"|32
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|Australian Top 100 Singles 1
|align="center"|36
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|Sweden Top 60 Singles
|align="center"|56
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|Switzerland Top 100 Singles
|align="center"|65
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|Netherlands Mega Top 100
|align="center"|67
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|Germany Top 100 Singles
|align="center"|97
|align="center"|—
|}

1 "Never Too Far"/"Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)".

{{Mariah Carey2}}

[[Category:Mariah Carey songs]]
[[Category:2001 singles]]

Joan Bakewell, Baroness Bakewell

2006-06-28T19:29:30Z

195.93.21.9:

'''Joan Bakewell''' (born Joan Dawson Rowlands on [[April 16]] [[1933]]) is a British [[journalist]] and [[television presenter]].

Born in [[Stockport]], [[Cheshire]], Bakewell was educated at Stockport Convent High School For Girls and [[Newnham College]], [[University of Cambridge]], where she first came into contact with another future journalist, [[Brian Redhead]], and a future husband, Michael Bakewell.

She first became well known as one of the presenters of an early [[BBC2]] programme, ''[[Late Night Line-Up]]'' ([[1965]]-[[1972|72]]). [[Frank Muir]] dubbed her "the thinking man's [[crumpet]]" during this period, and the epithet has stuck.

For [[Granada Television]] during [[1976]]-[[1978|78]] she co-presented ''Reports Action'', a Sunday teatime programme which encouraged the public to donate their services to various good causes. Subsequently, she returned to the BBC, and co-presented a short-lived late night television arts programme; briefly worked on the [[BBC Radio 4]] [[PM (radio programme)|PM]] programme and was ''[[Newsnight|Newsnight's]]'' arts correspondent ([[1986]]-[[1988|88]]) before apparently being sacked by [[John Birt]].

Later she came to the fore as the main presenter of the documentary series ''[[Heart of the Matter]]''.
She was Chairman of the [[British Film Institute]] from [[2000]] to [[2002]].

She was appointed a [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] in [[1999]]. Her [[autobiography]], ''The Centre of the Bed'', (ISBN 0-340-82310-0) was published in [[2004]]. It describes at length her affair with [[Harold Pinter]], while he was still married to the actress [[Vivien Merchant]] and she was still married to Michael Bakewell.

She is also currently writing for the British Newspaper [[The Independent]] in the 'Editorial and Opinion' section. Typically, her articles concern aspects of social life and culture but sometimes she writes more political articles, often focusing on aspects which directly affect everybody in the UK.

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=0049051|name=Joan Bakewell}}
*[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/B/htmlB/bakewelljoa/bakewelljoa.htm Museum of Broadcast Communications]
*[http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/broadcasters2.html Manchester Celebrities]
*[http://www.knightayton.co.uk/joan_bakewell.html Knight Ayton Management]

[[Category:1933 births|Bakewell, Joan]]
[[Category:Living people|Bakewell, Joan]]
[[Category:British television presenters|Bakewell, Joan]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire|Bakewell, Joan]]
[[Category:Just a Minute panellists|Bakewell, Joan]]
[[Category:Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge|Bakewell, Joan]]
[[Category:Stockport|Bakewell, Joan]]

Belfast International Airport

2006-06-27T17:26:44Z

195.93.21.9: Abschnitte dieser Seite sind von seinem englischen eqivalent übersetzt worden und viele Fehler enthalten. Alle mögliche Korrekturen oder Hinzufügung auf Deutsch werden groß geschätzt. Danke!

{| width="25%" align="right" border="1"
!align="center" bgcolor="#0099FF" colspan="4"|''Belfast International Airport''
|-
|align="center" colspan="4"|
|-
!align="center" bgcolor="#0099FF" colspan="4"|Schnellinfo
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Typ Flughafen
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Verkehrsflughafen
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Betreiber
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Belfast International Airport Ltd.
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Eröffnung
|colspan="2" valign="top"| [[1921]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Stadt
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Belfast]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Breite
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Länge
|-
|colspan="2" |54° 39' 27" N
|colspan="2" |6° 12' 56" W
|-
! bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[IATA]]
|[[BFS]]
! bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[ICAO]]
|EGAA
|-
!bgcolor="#0099FF" colspan="4"|Startbahnen
|-
!bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2"|Richtung
!bgcolor="lightgrey" colspan="2"|Länge
!bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2"|Oberfläche
|-
!bgcolor="lightgrey"|Meter
!bgcolor="lightgrey"|Fuß
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|07/25
|valign="top"|2.780
|valign="top"|9.121
|valign="top"|Asphalt
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|17/35
|valign="top"|1.951
|valign="top"|6.400
|valign="top"|Asphalt
|-
!bgcolor="#0099FF" colspan="4"|Statistik
|-
!colspan="4" bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[2005]]
|-
! colspan="3"|Passagiere
|4,820,000
|-
!colspan="4" bgcolor="red"|[[infobox]]<
|}

'''Belfast International Airport''' ist der größere der beiden [[Flughafen|Flughäfen]] der [[Nordirland|nordirischen]] Hauptstadt [[Belfast]] und liegt 25 km westlich der Stadt. Er wird auch '''Aldergrove Airport''' genannt. Aldergrove ist eine Gemeinde im Südwesten des Flughafens.

Neben dem Flughafen liegt der [[Militärflughafen]] der britischen [[Luftstreitkräfte|Luftwaffe]] ''RAF Aldergrove'' (RAF = [[Royal Air Force]]), der die selben Bahnen nutzt.

== Fluggesellschaften und Ziele ==

===Zeitlich geplante Fluglinien===

*[[bmibaby]] (Birmingham (Großbritannien), Cardiff, Manchester (Großbritannien), Nottingham)
*[[Continental Airlines]] (Newark)
*[[easyJet]] (Alicante, Amsterdam, Berlin-Schönefeld, Bristol, Edinburgh, Faro, Gnef, Glasgow, Inverness, Liverpool, London-Gatwick, London-Luton, London-Stansted, Màlaga, Newcastle, Nizza, Palma, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Rom-Ciampino)
*Jet2.com (Barcelona, Blackpool, Leeds/Bradford, Murcia, Pisa, Prag, Tenerife Süd (ab Okt. 2006))
*Manx2 (Insel des Mannes (Anfänge 15. Juli))
*Zoom-Fluglinien (Toronto, Vancouver)

===Charteroperatoren===
Bestimmungsörter in Europa und in Nordamerika werden von BIA durch Charterfluglinien gedient. Operatoren schließen ein:

*[[MyTravel Airways]]
*[[Excel Airways]]
*[[First Choice Airways]]
*[[Air Transat]]
*[[Futura]]
*[[Thomsonfly]]
*[[Thomas Cook Airlines]]
*[[Hemus Air]]
*[[Finnair]]
*[[Helios Airways]]

Einige der gedienten Bestimmungsörter sind -
*Alicante, Almeria, Antalya, Arrecife, Bergamo, Bodrum, Bourgas, Cancun, Corfu, Kreta, Dalaman, Faro, Fuerteventura, Gerona, Ibiza, Innsbruck, Jersey, Kefalonia, Lappland, Larnaca, Las Palmas, Lourdes, Mahon, Màlaga, Monastir, Montego Bucht, Neapel, Orlando (Sanford), Palma De Mallorca, Puerto Plata, Plovdiv, Reus, Rhodes, Salzburg, Sharm EL Scheich, Tenerife, Toronto, Varna, Verona.

===Ladungoperatoren===
Belfast internationaler Flughafen ist eine der wichtigsten regionalen Luftfrachtmitten in Großbritannien und faßt bis 50.000 Tonnen Luftfracht 2004 an. Wegen Nordirlandes der relativen Lokalisierung vom Festland Großbritannien und von Europa, sind überlegene Luftfrachtdienstleistungen lebenswichtig. BIA spielt Wirt zu einem long-established allabendlich königlichen Postbetrieb. Die Hauptladungoperatoren sind:
*[[DHL]]
*[[TNT]]

== Anfahrt ==

[[Bus]]: Linie 300 von ''Translink'' verkehrt stündlich ab ''City Hall'' (40 min)

== Geschichte ==

* [[November]] [[1917]]: ''RAF Aldergrove'' wird zum Ausbildungsflughafen während des [[Erster Weltkrieg|Ersten Weltkrieges]].
* [[Mai]] [[1925]]: Der Flughafen wird Standort der ''Special Reserve''-Einheit 502
* [[31. Mai]] [[1931]]: Erster Zivilflug nach Nordirland von [[Glasgow]]
* [[28. Oktober]] [[1963]]: Wiedereröffnung nach dem Krieg und Einweihung des [[Abfertigung (Flugverkehr)|Terminals]] durch die englische [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|Königinmutter]]

== Weblinks ==

* [http://www.bial.co.uk/ Belfast International Airport (engl.)]

{{Navigationsleiste Flughäfen in Irland}}

[[Kategorie:Flughafen (Nordirland)|Belfast]]

[[en:Belfast International Airport]]
[[es:Aeropuerto Internacional de Belfast]]
[[fr:Aéroport international de Belfast]]
[[ja:ベルファスト国際空港]]
[[nl:Belfast International Airport]]
[[ru:Белфастский Международный Аэропорт]]

Belfast International Airport

2006-06-27T13:17:29Z

195.93.21.9:

{| width="25%" align="right" border="1"
!align="center" bgcolor="#0099FF" colspan="4"|''Belfast International Airport''
|-
|align="center" colspan="4"|
|-
!align="center" bgcolor="#0099FF" colspan="4"|Schnellinfo
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Typ Flughafen
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Verkehrsflughafen
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Betreiber
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Belfast International Airport Ltd.
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Eröffnung
|colspan="2" valign="top"| [[1921]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Stadt
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Belfast]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Breite
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Länge
|-
|colspan="2" |54° 39' 27" N
|colspan="2" |6° 12' 56" W
|-
! bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[IATA]]
|[[BFS]]
! bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[ICAO]]
|EGAA
|-
!bgcolor="#0099FF" colspan="4"|Startbahnen
|-
!bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2"|Richtung
!bgcolor="lightgrey" colspan="2"|Länge
!bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2"|Oberfläche
|-
!bgcolor="lightgrey"|Meter
!bgcolor="lightgrey"|Fuß
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|07/25
|valign="top"|2.780
|valign="top"|9.121
|valign="top"|Asphalt
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|17/35
|valign="top"|1.951
|valign="top"|6.400
|valign="top"|Asphalt
|-
!bgcolor="#0099FF" colspan="4"|Statistik
|-
!colspan="4" bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[2005]]
|-
! colspan="3"|Passagiere
|4,820,000
|-
!colspan="4" bgcolor="red"|[[infobox]]<
|}

'''Belfast International Airport''' ist der größere der beiden [[Flughafen|Flughäfen]] der [[Nordirland|nordirischen]] Hauptstadt [[Belfast]] und liegt 25 km westlich der Stadt. Er wird auch '''Aldergrove Airport''' genannt. Aldergrove ist eine Gemeinde im Südwesten des Flughafens.

Neben dem Flughafen liegt der [[Militärflughafen]] der britischen [[Luftstreitkräfte|Luftwaffe]] ''RAF Aldergrove'' (RAF = [[Royal Air Force]]), der die selben Bahnen nutzt.

== Fluggesellschaften und Ziele ==

Im Sommer [[2005]] werden die [[Schweiz]] und [[Österreich]] - wie auch vom anderen Belfaster Flughafen - nicht angeflogen; es bestehen Umsteigeverbindungen via [[London]] oder Manchester.

*[[bmibaby]] (Birmingham (Großbritannien), Cardiff, Manchester (Großbritannien), Nottingham)
*[[Continental Airlines]] (Newark)
*[[easyJet]] (Alicante, Amsterdam, Berlin-Schönefeld, Bristol, Edinburgh, Faro, Gnef, Glasgow, Inverness, Liverpool, London-Gatwick, London-Luton, London-Stansted, Màlaga, Newcastle, Nizza, Palma, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Rom-Ciampino)
*Jet2.com (Barcelona, Blackpool, Leeds/Bradford, Murcia, Pisa, Prag, Tenerife Süd (ab Okt. 2006))
*Manx2 (Insel des Mannes (Anfänge 15. Juli))
*Zoom-Fluglinien (Toronto, Vancouver)

== Anfahrt ==

[[Bus]]: Linie 300 von ''Translink'' verkehrt stündlich ab ''City Hall'' (40 min)

== Geschichte ==

* [[November]] [[1917]]: ''RAF Aldergrove'' wird zum Ausbildungsflughafen während des [[Erster Weltkrieg|Ersten Weltkrieges]].
* [[Mai]] [[1925]]: Der Flughafen wird Standort der ''Special Reserve''-Einheit 502
* [[31. Mai]] [[1931]]: Erster Zivilflug nach Nordirland von [[Glasgow]]
* [[28. Oktober]] [[1963]]: Wiedereröffnung nach dem Krieg und Einweihung des [[Abfertigung (Flugverkehr)|Terminals]] durch die englische [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|Königinmutter]]

== Weblinks ==

* [http://www.bial.co.uk/ Belfast International Airport (engl.)]

{{Navigationsleiste Flughäfen in Irland}}

[[Kategorie:Flughafen (Nordirland)|Belfast]]

[[en:Belfast International Airport]]
[[es:Aeropuerto Internacional de Belfast]]
[[fr:Aéroport international de Belfast]]
[[ja:ベルファスト国際空港]]
[[nl:Belfast International Airport]]
[[ru:Белфастский Международный Аэропорт]]

Belfast International Airport

2006-06-23T15:16:48Z

195.93.21.9:

{| width="25%" align="right" border="1"
!align="center" bgcolor="#0099FF" colspan="4"|''Belfast International Airport''
|-
|align="center" colspan="4"|
|-
!align="center" bgcolor="#0099FF" colspan="4"|Schnellinfo
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Typ Flughafen
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Verkehrsflughafen
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Betreiber
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Belfast International Airport Ltd.
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Eröffnung
|colspan="2" valign="top"| [[1921]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Stadt
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Belfast]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Breite
!colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Länge
|-
|colspan="2" |54° 39' 27" N
|colspan="2" |6° 12' 56" W
|-
! bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[IATA]]
|[[BFS]]
! bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[ICAO]]
|EGAA
|-
!bgcolor="#0099FF" colspan="4"|Startbahnen
|-
!bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2"|Richtung
!bgcolor="lightgrey" colspan="2"|Länge
!bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2"|Oberfläche
|-
!bgcolor="lightgrey"|Meter
!bgcolor="lightgrey"|Fuß
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|07/25
|valign="top"|2.780
|valign="top"|9.121
|valign="top"|Asphalt
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|17/35
|valign="top"|1.951
|valign="top"|6.400
|valign="top"|Asphalt
|-
!bgcolor="#0099FF" colspan="4"|Statistik
|-
!colspan="4" bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[2005]]
|-
! colspan="3"|Passagiere
|4,820,000
|-
!colspan="4" bgcolor="red"|[[infobox]]<
|}

'''Belfast International Airport''' ist der größere der beiden [[Flughafen|Flughäfen]] der [[Nordirland|nordirischen]] Hauptstadt [[Belfast]] und liegt 25 km westlich der Stadt. Er wird auch '''Aldergrove Airport''' genannt. Aldergrove ist eine Gemeinde im Südwesten des Flughafens.

Neben dem Flughafen liegt der [[Militärflughafen]] der britischen [[Luftstreitkräfte|Luftwaffe]] ''RAF Aldergrove'' (RAF = [[Royal Air Force]]), der die selben Bahnen nutzt.

== Fluggesellschaften und Ziele ==

Im Sommer [[2005]] werden die [[Schweiz]] und [[Österreich]] - wie auch vom anderen Belfaster Flughafen - nicht angeflogen; es bestehen Umsteigeverbindungen via [[London]] oder Manchester.

*bmibaby (Birmingham (Großbritannien), Cardiff, Manchester (Großbritannien), Nottingham)
*Continental Airlines (Newark)
*easyJet (Alicante, Amsterdam, Berlin-Schönefeld, Bristol, Edinburgh, Faro, Gnef, Glasgow, Inverness, Liverpool, London-Gatwick, London-Luton, London-Stansted, Màlaga, Newcastle, Nizza, Palma, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Rom-Ciampino)
*Jet2.com (Barcelona, Blackpool, Leeds/Bradford, Murcia, Pisa, Prag, Tenerife Süd (ab Okt. 2006))
*Manx2 (Insel des Mannes (Anfänge 15. Juli))
*Zoom-Fluglinien (Toronto, Vancouver)

== Anfahrt ==

[[Bus]]: Linie 300 von ''Translink'' verkehrt stündlich ab ''City Hall'' (40 min)

== Geschichte ==

* [[November]] [[1917]]: ''RAF Aldergrove'' wird zum Ausbildungsflughafen während des [[Erster Weltkrieg|Ersten Weltkrieges]].
* [[Mai]] [[1925]]: Der Flughafen wird Standort der ''Special Reserve''-Einheit 502
* [[31. Mai]] [[1931]]: Erster Zivilflug nach Nordirland von [[Glasgow]]
* [[28. Oktober]] [[1963]]: Wiedereröffnung nach dem Krieg und Einweihung des [[Abfertigung (Flugverkehr)|Terminals]] durch die englische [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|Königinmutter]]

== Weblinks ==

* [http://www.bial.co.uk/ Belfast International Airport (engl.)]

{{Navigationsleiste Flughäfen in Irland}}

[[Kategorie:Flughafen (Nordirland)|Belfast]]

[[en:Belfast International Airport]]
[[fr:Aéroport international de Belfast]]
[[ja:ベルファスト国際空港]]

Gran Turismo 4

2006-06-17T09:30:49Z

195.93.21.9:

{{Infobox CVG| title = Gran Turismo 4
|image = [[Image:Gran Turismo 4.jpg|center|200px|Image:Gran Turismo 4.jpg box cover]]
|developer = [[Polyphony Digital]]
|publisher = [[Sony Computer Entertainment]]
|designer = [[Kazunori Yamauchi]]
|engine =
|released = [[February 22]], [[2005]]
|genre = [[Driving]]
|modes = [[Single player]], [[Multiplayer]]
|ratings = [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: Everyone (E) [[PEGI]]: 3+
|platforms = [[PlayStation 2]]
|media = 1 [[DVD-ROM]] (dual-layer)
|requirements =
|input =
}}
'''''Gran Turismo 4''''' (also known as '''''GT4''''') was released on [[December 28]], [[2004]] in [[Japan]] (NTSC-J), [[February 22]], [[2005]] in the [[United States]] (NTSC-U/C), and [[March 9]], [[2005]] in [[Europe]] (PAL), and has since been re-issued under Sony's 'Greatest Hits' line. After being delayed for over a year and a half by [[Polyphony Digital]] and having its online mode removed, Gran Turismo 4 was still one of the most anticipated console games of 2005, and sold a million copies in its first week at Japanese retail. It featured 721 cars (in the PAL version) from 80 manufacturers, from as early as the [[1886]] Daimler Motor Carriage, to the Nissan 350Z Gran Turismo edition, a collaboration between Nissan and Polyphony Digital, and as far into the future as concepts for 2022. The game also features 51 tracks, many of which are new or modified versions of old Gran Turismo favourites. Notable track inclusions are the Nordschleife variant of the [[Nürburgring]], [[Suzuka Circuit]], [[Le Mans Circuit de la Sarthe]], tracks modeled after world famous attractions such as[[New York City| New York's]] [[Times Square]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Paris]], and the drag strip in [[Las Vegas]].

A [[PlayStation Portable|PSP]] port, entitled ''[[Gran Turismo 4 Mobile]]'' is due to be released in June, 2006 and a [[Playstation 3]] port, entitled '''Gran Turismo 4 HD''' is due at the end of the year.
Unfortunately HD is just a showcase for PS3's amazing power and probably wont be released. However Gran Turismo 5 is a cert.

[[Tourist Trophy (video game)|Tourist Trophy]], a motorcycle riding simulator "powered by Gran Turismo 4 Game Engine" has been released by the creators of Gran Turismo 4 on the [[PlayStation 2]] in early 2006.

==Features==
{{mergefrom|B-spec}}
[[Image:388 Trial EightSix-small.JPG|thumb|right|A photo of a Toyota AE86 taken in Photo Mode]]
[[Image:GT4 Lancer.JPG|thumb|right|Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII taken in Photo Mode]]
New Career Modes and Photo Modes are included in the game, as well as compatibility with Logitech's [[Driving Force Pro]] steering wheel and [[USB]] storage and print devices for its photo modes. This game is able to produce a selection of screenshots with variable compression rate (Normal/Fine/SuperFine) and size (up to 1280x960 72dpi) from within the user can choose to save or print with an Epson compatible USB printer. It is also the first game on the PS2 to support [[1080i]] resolution, it also supports [[480p]] and [[widescreen]] modes. Compared to its predecessors, Gran Turismo 4 adds a race-manager-style role (called B-Spec, as opposed to 'normal' racing [[A-spec]]) in which players attempt to train the game [[AI]] to drive progressively better cars and harder races by dictating when the car should pit, pass, how hard to push (on a scale of 1-5), and all the pit-stop options available in A-spec mode (including the option to switch between A-spec and B-spec). B-spec is especially useful in endurance races that can last up to 24 hours in real time, although in B-spec time can be sped-up 3x. The Photo Mode lets the gamer control a virtual camera, taking pictures of their cars on track, or at specific locations, including the Grand Canyon. Another new addition to the game is the Driving Missions, which are similar in experience to the license tests, but come with points to unlock tracks. A [[PlayStation 2]] [[adaptor|Network Adaptor]] can be used to communicate to additional PS2s, in order to create a multi-monitor setup. In addition, the network adaptor can be used to play games on a local [[subnet]], for up to six players, though player customized cars can't be used in a LAN game.

About 5000 polygons are used per car. 500 to 700 parameters define the driving charaterstics of the car physics model.

The game includes, as prizes, many cars of historical interest, for instance 1886 Benz and Daimler "horseless" carriages, and a Model T Ford. Because the complexity of their digital models runs into limitations of the PS2 hardware (Emad G. 2005), these cars are not useable in races, but, instead can only be used in single car "time trials", or in photo-shoot mode. Even some modern cars with complex body shapes, for instance the [[Chrysler Prowler]], or the [[Caterham]] Seven Fire Blade, also cannot be used in races. Players interested only in the racing aspect of the game might want to sell such cars, and then be disappointed because, while most prize cars can be sold for money, you do not get money for most such "special cars"--instead you must simply give them away for nothing. One car, the [[Auto Union]] [[Streamliner]], is only capable of being driven on the [[Nurburgring]], the Test Course, and the [[Las Vegas]] Drag Strip. To some players, a goal of the game is to collect all the cars the game has to offer, and so, to them, it is not really important if the car can not be raced. And, in any case, there are plenty of historical cars which can be raced, including a 1961 E-type Jaguar, 1954 Mercedes 300SL, and a 1954 Citroën 2CV.

== Prologue ==

As GT4 was intended to be released in time for the worldwide [[2003]] Christmas release but was delayed, in consolidation, Polyphony bought out '''''GT4 Prologue''''' as a sneak preview (including a documentary bonus disc) to the full experience of 'GT4'. Though it was necessary to limit the number of cars and courses included, this product still included some of the main features of the Gran Turismo franchise such as races, time attack and license tests. The sneak preview also expressed the latest technology Polyphony Digital had accumulated over the past two years. Featuring 50 of GT4's 500 cars (which later increased to a massive 720 cars) as well as five courses, this expanded demo was designed for everyone who couldn't bear to wait for the full-version's release.

==Criticisms==
One criticism is regarding the continued lack of rendered damage, which one rival game, [[Microsoft]]'s [[Forza Motorsport]] possesses. Instead of damage, the cars simply "bounce" off of either walls or each other.<ref name= globeandmail>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20050303.gtturismomar3/BNStory/Technology/AtPlay/ Toronto Globe and Mail review] URL accessed [[May 26]], [[2006]]</ref> The game has also been criticized for lack of online play which had been promised during early development, but was announced as being removed at the time of release.<ref name= Gamezindustry>[http://gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=4579 GamesIndustry.biz article detailing lack of online play] URL accessed [[May 26]], [[2006]]</ref>

Reviewers have expressed disappointment about the many cars which can only be used in single-car time-trial or photo-shoot mode, and cannot be raced against other cars.<ref name= Bytesector>[http://www.bytesector.com/data/bs-article.asp?ID=425 Bytesector review] URL accessed [[May 26]], [[2006]]</ref>

==Trivia==
The Hong Kong course is located in [[Tsim Sha Tsui]] which at the clockwise route, starts at [[Salisbury Road, Hong Kong|Salisbury Road]], then through its waterfront and then at [[Nathan Road]].

This was the first of the series to use trucks, and also previously customized cars.

Many players were disappointed with the long waiting times at the beginning of some of the driving missions, saying it would have been better to just start those missions as flying laps.

Advertising for this game was once a task for the two teams to complete on the reality show ''[[The Apprentice]]''.
I agree damage would be nice but what other game gives you so many cars ?? !!
700 + CARS = Addiction.

==Awards==
*Included on [[Game Informer]]'s "Top 50 Games of [[2005]]" list
*Included on Playstation 2™ Greatest Hits™ list

==References==
<div style="font-size: 90%">
<references />
</div>

==See also==
*[[Gran Turismo (game)|Gran Turismo]]
*[[Gran Turismo 2]]
*[[Gran Turismo 3]]
*[[Gran Turismo 4 Car List]]
*[[Gran Turismo Concept 2002 Tokyo-Geneva]]
*[[Tourist Trophy (video game)]]
*[[Enthusia Professional Racing]]

==External links==
*[http://mrtipsy28.tripod.com/id3.html Gran Turismo Screen Shots]
*[http://www.gtplanet.net/gt4/car_list/get_cars.php Gran Turismo 4 Car List] - A list of Gran Turismo 4 cars and their attributes.
*[http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/561066.asp?q=Gran%20Turismo%204 Collection of reviews of Gran Turismo 4]
*[http://www.psxextreme.com/scripts/reviews2/review.asp?RevID=340 Gran Turismo 4 Review]
*[http://www.us.playstation.com/Content/OGS/SCUS-97328/Site/ Gran Turismo 4 Main Site]
*[http://www.gt4tracktest.de Gran Turismo 4 Lap time database]
*{{moby game|id=/ps2/gran-turismo-4|name=''Gran Turismo 4''}}

[[Category:Racing computer games]]
[[Category:Gran Turismo series]]
[[Category:2005 computer and video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]
[[fr:Gran Turismo 4]]
[[it:Gran Turismo 4]]
[[ja:グランツーリスモ4]]

Gran Turismo 4

2006-06-17T09:27:55Z

195.93.21.9: /* Trivia */

{{Infobox CVG| title = Gran Turismo 4
|image = [[Image:Gran Turismo 4.jpg|center|200px|Image:Gran Turismo 4.jpg box cover]]
|developer = [[Polyphony Digital]]
|publisher = [[Sony Computer Entertainment]]
|designer = [[Kazunori Yamauchi]]
|engine =
|released = [[February 22]], [[2005]]
|genre = [[Driving]]
|modes = [[Single player]], [[Multiplayer]]
|ratings = [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: Everyone (E) [[PEGI]]: 3+
|platforms = [[PlayStation 2]]
|media = 1 [[DVD-ROM]] (dual-layer)
|requirements =
|input =
}}
'''''Gran Turismo 4''''' (also known as '''''GT4''''') was released on [[December 28]], [[2004]] in [[Japan]] (NTSC-J), [[February 22]], [[2005]] in the [[United States]] (NTSC-U/C), and [[March 9]], [[2005]] in [[Europe]] (PAL), and has since been re-issued under Sony's 'Greatest Hits' line. After being delayed for over a year and a half by [[Polyphony Digital]] and having its online mode removed, Gran Turismo 4 was still one of the most anticipated console games of 2005, and sold a million copies in its first week at Japanese retail. It featured 721 cars (in the PAL version) from 80 manufacturers, from as early as the [[1886]] Daimler Motor Carriage, to the Nissan 350Z Gran Turismo edition, a collaboration between Nissan and Polyphony Digital, and as far into the future as concepts for 2022. The game also features 51 tracks, many of which are new or modified versions of old Gran Turismo favourites. Notable track inclusions are the Nordschleife variant of the [[Nürburgring]], [[Suzuka Circuit]], [[Le Mans Circuit de la Sarthe]], tracks modeled after world famous attractions such as[[New York City| New York's]] [[Times Square]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Paris]], and the drag strip in [[Las Vegas]].

A [[PlayStation Portable|PSP]] port, entitled ''[[Gran Turismo 4 Mobile]]'' is due to be released in June, 2006 and a [[Playstation 3]] port, entitled '''Gran Turismo 4 HD''' is due at the end of the year.

[[Tourist Trophy (video game)|Tourist Trophy]], a motorcycle riding simulator "powered by Gran Turismo 4 Game Engine" has been released by the creators of Gran Turismo 4 on the [[PlayStation 2]] in early 2006.

==Features==
{{mergefrom|B-spec}}
[[Image:388 Trial EightSix-small.JPG|thumb|right|A photo of a Toyota AE86 taken in Photo Mode]]
[[Image:GT4 Lancer.JPG|thumb|right|Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII taken in Photo Mode]]
New Career Modes and Photo Modes are included in the game, as well as compatibility with Logitech's [[Driving Force Pro]] steering wheel and [[USB]] storage and print devices for its photo modes. This game is able to produce a selection of screenshots with variable compression rate (Normal/Fine/SuperFine) and size (up to 1280x960 72dpi) from within the user can choose to save or print with an Epson compatible USB printer. It is also the first game on the PS2 to support [[1080i]] resolution, it also supports [[480p]] and [[widescreen]] modes. Compared to its predecessors, Gran Turismo 4 adds a race-manager-style role (called B-Spec, as opposed to 'normal' racing [[A-spec]]) in which players attempt to train the game [[AI]] to drive progressively better cars and harder races by dictating when the car should pit, pass, how hard to push (on a scale of 1-5), and all the pit-stop options available in A-spec mode (including the option to switch between A-spec and B-spec). B-spec is especially useful in endurance races that can last up to 24 hours in real time, although in B-spec time can be sped-up 3x. The Photo Mode lets the gamer control a virtual camera, taking pictures of their cars on track, or at specific locations, including the Grand Canyon. Another new addition to the game is the Driving Missions, which are similar in experience to the license tests, but come with points to unlock tracks. A [[PlayStation 2]] [[adaptor|Network Adaptor]] can be used to communicate to additional PS2s, in order to create a multi-monitor setup. In addition, the network adaptor can be used to play games on a local [[subnet]], for up to six players, though player customized cars can't be used in a LAN game.

About 5000 polygons are used per car. 500 to 700 parameters define the driving charaterstics of the car physics model.

The game includes, as prizes, many cars of historical interest, for instance 1886 Benz and Daimler "horseless" carriages, and a Model T Ford. Because the complexity of their digital models runs into limitations of the PS2 hardware (Emad G. 2005), these cars are not useable in races, but, instead can only be used in single car "time trials", or in photo-shoot mode. Even some modern cars with complex body shapes, for instance the [[Chrysler Prowler]], or the [[Caterham]] Seven Fire Blade, also cannot be used in races. Players interested only in the racing aspect of the game might want to sell such cars, and then be disappointed because, while most prize cars can be sold for money, you do not get money for most such "special cars"--instead you must simply give them away for nothing. One car, the [[Auto Union]] [[Streamliner]], is only capable of being driven on the [[Nurburgring]], the Test Course, and the [[Las Vegas]] Drag Strip. To some players, a goal of the game is to collect all the cars the game has to offer, and so, to them, it is not really important if the car can not be raced. And, in any case, there are plenty of historical cars which can be raced, including a 1961 E-type Jaguar, 1954 Mercedes 300SL, and a 1954 Citroën 2CV.

== Prologue ==

As GT4 was intended to be released in time for the worldwide [[2003]] Christmas release but was delayed, in consolidation, Polyphony bought out '''''GT4 Prologue''''' as a sneak preview (including a documentary bonus disc) to the full experience of 'GT4'. Though it was necessary to limit the number of cars and courses included, this product still included some of the main features of the Gran Turismo franchise such as races, time attack and license tests. The sneak preview also expressed the latest technology Polyphony Digital had accumulated over the past two years. Featuring 50 of GT4's 500 cars (which later increased to a massive 720 cars) as well as five courses, this expanded demo was designed for everyone who couldn't bear to wait for the full-version's release.

==Criticisms==
One criticism is regarding the continued lack of rendered damage, which one rival game, [[Microsoft]]'s [[Forza Motorsport]] possesses. Instead of damage, the cars simply "bounce" off of either walls or each other.<ref name= globeandmail>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20050303.gtturismomar3/BNStory/Technology/AtPlay/ Toronto Globe and Mail review] URL accessed [[May 26]], [[2006]]</ref> The game has also been criticized for lack of online play which had been promised during early development, but was announced as being removed at the time of release.<ref name= Gamezindustry>[http://gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=4579 GamesIndustry.biz article detailing lack of online play] URL accessed [[May 26]], [[2006]]</ref>

Reviewers have expressed disappointment about the many cars which can only be used in single-car time-trial or photo-shoot mode, and cannot be raced against other cars.<ref name= Bytesector>[http://www.bytesector.com/data/bs-article.asp?ID=425 Bytesector review] URL accessed [[May 26]], [[2006]]</ref>

==Trivia==
The Hong Kong course is located in [[Tsim Sha Tsui]] which at the clockwise route, starts at [[Salisbury Road, Hong Kong|Salisbury Road]], then through its waterfront and then at [[Nathan Road]].

This was the first of the series to use trucks, and also previously customized cars.

Many players were disappointed with the long waiting times at the beginning of some of the driving missions, saying it would have been better to just start those missions as flying laps.

Advertising for this game was once a task for the two teams to complete on the reality show ''[[The Apprentice]]''.
I agree damage would be nice but what other game gives you so many cars ?? !!
700 + CARS = Addiction.

==Awards==
*Included on [[Game Informer]]'s "Top 50 Games of [[2005]]" list
*Included on Playstation 2™ Greatest Hits™ list

==References==
<div style="font-size: 90%">
<references />
</div>

==See also==
*[[Gran Turismo (game)|Gran Turismo]]
*[[Gran Turismo 2]]
*[[Gran Turismo 3]]
*[[Gran Turismo 4 Car List]]
*[[Gran Turismo Concept 2002 Tokyo-Geneva]]
*[[Tourist Trophy (video game)]]
*[[Enthusia Professional Racing]]

==External links==
*[http://mrtipsy28.tripod.com/id3.html Gran Turismo Screen Shots]
*[http://www.gtplanet.net/gt4/car_list/get_cars.php Gran Turismo 4 Car List] - A list of Gran Turismo 4 cars and their attributes.
*[http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/561066.asp?q=Gran%20Turismo%204 Collection of reviews of Gran Turismo 4]
*[http://www.psxextreme.com/scripts/reviews2/review.asp?RevID=340 Gran Turismo 4 Review]
*[http://www.us.playstation.com/Content/OGS/SCUS-97328/Site/ Gran Turismo 4 Main Site]
*[http://www.gt4tracktest.de Gran Turismo 4 Lap time database]
*{{moby game|id=/ps2/gran-turismo-4|name=''Gran Turismo 4''}}

[[Category:Racing computer games]]
[[Category:Gran Turismo series]]
[[Category:2005 computer and video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]
[[fr:Gran Turismo 4]]
[[it:Gran Turismo 4]]
[[ja:グランツーリスモ4]]

Gran Turismo 4

2006-06-17T09:26:12Z

195.93.21.9:

{{Infobox CVG| title = Gran Turismo 4
|image = [[Image:Gran Turismo 4.jpg|center|200px|Image:Gran Turismo 4.jpg box cover]]
|developer = [[Polyphony Digital]]
|publisher = [[Sony Computer Entertainment]]
|designer = [[Kazunori Yamauchi]]
|engine =
|released = [[February 22]], [[2005]]
|genre = [[Driving]]
|modes = [[Single player]], [[Multiplayer]]
|ratings = [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: Everyone (E) [[PEGI]]: 3+
|platforms = [[PlayStation 2]]
|media = 1 [[DVD-ROM]] (dual-layer)
|requirements =
|input =
}}
'''''Gran Turismo 4''''' (also known as '''''GT4''''') was released on [[December 28]], [[2004]] in [[Japan]] (NTSC-J), [[February 22]], [[2005]] in the [[United States]] (NTSC-U/C), and [[March 9]], [[2005]] in [[Europe]] (PAL), and has since been re-issued under Sony's 'Greatest Hits' line. After being delayed for over a year and a half by [[Polyphony Digital]] and having its online mode removed, Gran Turismo 4 was still one of the most anticipated console games of 2005, and sold a million copies in its first week at Japanese retail. It featured 721 cars (in the PAL version) from 80 manufacturers, from as early as the [[1886]] Daimler Motor Carriage, to the Nissan 350Z Gran Turismo edition, a collaboration between Nissan and Polyphony Digital, and as far into the future as concepts for 2022. The game also features 51 tracks, many of which are new or modified versions of old Gran Turismo favourites. Notable track inclusions are the Nordschleife variant of the [[Nürburgring]], [[Suzuka Circuit]], [[Le Mans Circuit de la Sarthe]], tracks modeled after world famous attractions such as[[New York City| New York's]] [[Times Square]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Paris]], and the drag strip in [[Las Vegas]].

A [[PlayStation Portable|PSP]] port, entitled ''[[Gran Turismo 4 Mobile]]'' is due to be released in June, 2006 and a [[Playstation 3]] port, entitled '''Gran Turismo 4 HD''' is due at the end of the year.

[[Tourist Trophy (video game)|Tourist Trophy]], a motorcycle riding simulator "powered by Gran Turismo 4 Game Engine" has been released by the creators of Gran Turismo 4 on the [[PlayStation 2]] in early 2006.

==Features==
{{mergefrom|B-spec}}
[[Image:388 Trial EightSix-small.JPG|thumb|right|A photo of a Toyota AE86 taken in Photo Mode]]
[[Image:GT4 Lancer.JPG|thumb|right|Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII taken in Photo Mode]]
New Career Modes and Photo Modes are included in the game, as well as compatibility with Logitech's [[Driving Force Pro]] steering wheel and [[USB]] storage and print devices for its photo modes. This game is able to produce a selection of screenshots with variable compression rate (Normal/Fine/SuperFine) and size (up to 1280x960 72dpi) from within the user can choose to save or print with an Epson compatible USB printer. It is also the first game on the PS2 to support [[1080i]] resolution, it also supports [[480p]] and [[widescreen]] modes. Compared to its predecessors, Gran Turismo 4 adds a race-manager-style role (called B-Spec, as opposed to 'normal' racing [[A-spec]]) in which players attempt to train the game [[AI]] to drive progressively better cars and harder races by dictating when the car should pit, pass, how hard to push (on a scale of 1-5), and all the pit-stop options available in A-spec mode (including the option to switch between A-spec and B-spec). B-spec is especially useful in endurance races that can last up to 24 hours in real time, although in B-spec time can be sped-up 3x. The Photo Mode lets the gamer control a virtual camera, taking pictures of their cars on track, or at specific locations, including the Grand Canyon. Another new addition to the game is the Driving Missions, which are similar in experience to the license tests, but come with points to unlock tracks. A [[PlayStation 2]] [[adaptor|Network Adaptor]] can be used to communicate to additional PS2s, in order to create a multi-monitor setup. In addition, the network adaptor can be used to play games on a local [[subnet]], for up to six players, though player customized cars can't be used in a LAN game.

About 5000 polygons are used per car. 500 to 700 parameters define the driving charaterstics of the car physics model.

The game includes, as prizes, many cars of historical interest, for instance 1886 Benz and Daimler "horseless" carriages, and a Model T Ford. Because the complexity of their digital models runs into limitations of the PS2 hardware (Emad G. 2005), these cars are not useable in races, but, instead can only be used in single car "time trials", or in photo-shoot mode. Even some modern cars with complex body shapes, for instance the [[Chrysler Prowler]], or the [[Caterham]] Seven Fire Blade, also cannot be used in races. Players interested only in the racing aspect of the game might want to sell such cars, and then be disappointed because, while most prize cars can be sold for money, you do not get money for most such "special cars"--instead you must simply give them away for nothing. One car, the [[Auto Union]] [[Streamliner]], is only capable of being driven on the [[Nurburgring]], the Test Course, and the [[Las Vegas]] Drag Strip. To some players, a goal of the game is to collect all the cars the game has to offer, and so, to them, it is not really important if the car can not be raced. And, in any case, there are plenty of historical cars which can be raced, including a 1961 E-type Jaguar, 1954 Mercedes 300SL, and a 1954 Citroën 2CV.

== Prologue ==

As GT4 was intended to be released in time for the worldwide [[2003]] Christmas release but was delayed, in consolidation, Polyphony bought out '''''GT4 Prologue''''' as a sneak preview (including a documentary bonus disc) to the full experience of 'GT4'. Though it was necessary to limit the number of cars and courses included, this product still included some of the main features of the Gran Turismo franchise such as races, time attack and license tests. The sneak preview also expressed the latest technology Polyphony Digital had accumulated over the past two years. Featuring 50 of GT4's 500 cars (which later increased to a massive 720 cars) as well as five courses, this expanded demo was designed for everyone who couldn't bear to wait for the full-version's release.
The Aston Martin DB9 is the most beautiful car in the game and I think Gran Turismo 4 rocks !!!
It's the best thing since sliced bread !!
Also you don't need damage with GFX that good. It's about the realism.
Other games pale into comparison. Never mind.
==Criticisms==
One criticism is regarding the continued lack of rendered damage, which one rival game, [[Microsoft]]'s [[Forza Motorsport]] possesses. Instead of damage, the cars simply "bounce" off of either walls or each other.<ref name= globeandmail>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20050303.gtturismomar3/BNStory/Technology/AtPlay/ Toronto Globe and Mail review] URL accessed [[May 26]], [[2006]]</ref> The game has also been criticized for lack of online play which had been promised during early development, but was announced as being removed at the time of release.<ref name= Gamezindustry>[http://gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=4579 GamesIndustry.biz article detailing lack of online play] URL accessed [[May 26]], [[2006]]</ref>

Reviewers have expressed disappointment about the many cars which can only be used in single-car time-trial or photo-shoot mode, and cannot be raced against other cars.<ref name= Bytesector>[http://www.bytesector.com/data/bs-article.asp?ID=425 Bytesector review] URL accessed [[May 26]], [[2006]]</ref>

==Trivia==
The Hong Kong course is located in [[Tsim Sha Tsui]] which at the clockwise route, starts at [[Salisbury Road, Hong Kong|Salisbury Road]], then through its waterfront and then at [[Nathan Road]].

This was the first of the series to use trucks, and also previously customized cars.

Many players were disappointed with the long waiting times at the beginning of some of the driving missions, saying it would have been better to just start those missions as flying laps.

Advertising for this game was once a task for the two teams to complete on the reality show ''[[The Apprentice]]''.

==Awards==
*Included on [[Game Informer]]'s "Top 50 Games of [[2005]]" list
*Included on Playstation 2™ Greatest Hits™ list

==References==
<div style="font-size: 90%">
<references />
</div>

==See also==
*[[Gran Turismo (game)|Gran Turismo]]
*[[Gran Turismo 2]]
*[[Gran Turismo 3]]
*[[Gran Turismo 4 Car List]]
*[[Gran Turismo Concept 2002 Tokyo-Geneva]]
*[[Tourist Trophy (video game)]]
*[[Enthusia Professional Racing]]

==External links==
*[http://mrtipsy28.tripod.com/id3.html Gran Turismo Screen Shots]
*[http://www.gtplanet.net/gt4/car_list/get_cars.php Gran Turismo 4 Car List] - A list of Gran Turismo 4 cars and their attributes.
*[http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/561066.asp?q=Gran%20Turismo%204 Collection of reviews of Gran Turismo 4]
*[http://www.psxextreme.com/scripts/reviews2/review.asp?RevID=340 Gran Turismo 4 Review]
*[http://www.us.playstation.com/Content/OGS/SCUS-97328/Site/ Gran Turismo 4 Main Site]
*[http://www.gt4tracktest.de Gran Turismo 4 Lap time database]
*{{moby game|id=/ps2/gran-turismo-4|name=''Gran Turismo 4''}}

[[Category:Racing computer games]]
[[Category:Gran Turismo series]]
[[Category:2005 computer and video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]
[[fr:Gran Turismo 4]]
[[it:Gran Turismo 4]]
[[ja:グランツーリスモ4]]

Chinesische Fußballnationalmannschaft

2006-06-11T10:47:25Z

195.93.21.9:

{| align="right" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="250px" style="margin:5px;font-size:smaller"
|- align=center
| colspan=2 align=center |Logo
|- style=background:#efefef
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" valign="top"
| width=50% align="center" valign="middle" | Heimtrikot
{{Infobox_Trikotfarben|ARMFARBE = #FFFFFF|BRUSTFARBE = #FFFFFF|HOSENFARBE = #FFFFFF|SOCKENFARBE = #FFFFFF|}}
| width=50% align="center" valign="middle" | Auswärtstrikot
{{Infobox_Trikotfarben|ARMFARBE = #DD0000|BRUSTFARBE = #DD0000|HOSENFARBE = #DD0000|SOCKENFARBE = #DD0000|}}
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Spitzname
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | -
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Verband
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | ?
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Trainer
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | [[Zhu Guanghu]], seit [[2005]]
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Rekordspieler
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | [[Fan Zhiyi]] (109)
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Rekordtorschütze
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | [[Hao Haidong]] (37)
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Erstes Länderspiel
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | [[Philippinische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Philippinen]] 0:1 China ([[Philippinen]]; [[1. Februar]] [[1913]])
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Höchster Sieg
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | China 19:0 [[Guamische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Guam]] ([[Ho-Chi-Minh-Stadt]], [[Vietnam]]; [[26. Januar]] [[2000]])
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Höchste Niederlage
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | [[US-amerikanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|USA]] 5:0 [[China]] ([[Tokio]], [[Japan]]; [[10. September]] [[1917]])
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Weltmeisterschaft
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | ''Endrundenteilnahmen'': 1 (''Erste'': [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2002|2002]]) ''Bestes Ergebnis'': Runde 1 [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2002|2002]]
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Asienmeisterschaft
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | ''Endrundenteilnahmen'': 8 (''Erste'': [[Asienmeisterschaft 1976|1976]]) ''Beste Ergebnisse'': Vizemeister [[Asienmeisterschaft 1984|1984]], [[Asienmeisterschaft 2004|2004]]
|}

Die '''chinesische Fußballnationalmannschaft''' ist die offizielle Fußballnationalmannschaft der [[Volksrepublik China]].

==Geschichte==
Die chinesische Fußballnationalmannschaft ist seit [[1979]] Mitglied der [[FIFA]]. Zuvor hatte sie dem Fußball-Weltverband bereits von [[1931]]-[[1958]] angehört.

Unter Erfolgstrainer [[Bora Milutinović]] konnte sich das Team [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2002|2002]] erstmals für die Endrunde einer [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft]] qualifizieren. Der Serbe konnte somit zum 5. Mal in Folge mit einem unterschiedlichen Team an einer Weltmeisterschaft teilnehmen.

Die Mannschaft scheiterte in der Qualifikation für die [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006]] in [[Deutschland]] denkbar knapp an [[Kuwaitische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Kuwait]]. Das bis dato von [[Arie Haan]] trainierte Team wies am Ende der Qualifikation dieselbe Punkanzahl und Tordifferenz, wie die Kuwaitis auf, scheiterte aber aufgrund eines weniger erzielten Treffers.

==Teilnahme Chinas an der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft==
* [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1930|1930]] - [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1954|1954]] ''nicht teilgenommen''
* [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1958|1958]] - ''nicht qualifiziert''
* [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1962|1962]] - [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1978|1978]] ''nicht teilgenommen''
* [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1982|1982]] - [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1998|1998]] ''nicht qualifiziert''
* [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2002|2002]] Vorrunde
* [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006|2006]] ''nicht qualifiziert''

==Teilnahme Chinas an den Fußball-[[Asienmeisterschaft]]==
* [[Fußball-Asienmeisterschaft 1976|1976]] - Dritter Platz
* [[Fußball-Asienmeisterschaft 1980|1980]] - Vorrunde
* [[Fußball-Asienmeisterschaft 1984|1984]] - Zweiter Platz
* [[Fußball-Asienmeisterschaft 1988|1988]] - Vierter Platz
* [[Fußball-Asienmeisterschaft 1992|1992]] - Dritter Platz
* [[Fußball-Asienmeisterschaft 1996|1996]] - Viertelfinale
* [[Fußball-Asienmeisterschaft 2000|2000]] - Vierter Platz
* [[Fußball-Asienmeisterschaft 2004|2004]] - Zweiter Platz

==Bekannte Spieler==
* [[Fangzhou Dong]] - Spieler bei [[Manchester United]]
* [[Zhiyi Fan]] - Rekordnationalspieler
* [[Guangming Gu]] - Ehem. Spieler bei [[Darmstadt 98]]
* [[Haidong Hao]] - Rekordtorschütze
* [[Tie Li]] - Spieler bei [[FC Everton]]
* [[Weifeng Li]] - Ex-Spieler bei [[FC Everton]]
* [[Jiayi Shao]] - Spieler bei [[1860 München]]
* [[Jihai Sun]] - Spieler bei [[Manchester City]]
* [[Chen Yang]] - Ex-Spieler bei [[Eintracht Frankfurt]]

==Länderspiele gegen deutschsprachige Fußballnationalmannschaften==
===Länderspiel gegen Deutschland===
''(Ergebnisse stets aus chinesischer Sicht)''
# [[12. Oktober]] [[2005]] in [[Hamburg]] 0:1

===Länderspiele gegen Österreich===
''Österreich spielte bislang noch nie gegen China ein offizielles Länderspiel''

===Länderspiel gegen die Schweiz===
''(Ergebnisse stets aus chinesischer Sicht)''
# [[3. Juni]] [[2006]] in [[Zürich]] 1:4

===Länderspiel gegen Liechtenstein===
''(Ergebnisse stets aus chinesischer Sicht)''
# [[6. Juni]] [[1982]] in [[Vaduz]] 0:2

==Weblinks==
*[http://www.fa.org.cn/ (nicht offizielle) Webseite des chinesischen Fußballverbandes] (chin.)
*[http://www.worldcupyears.com/years/2002statistics.shtml China world cup matches]

[[Kategorie:Fußballnationalmannschaft]]
[[Kategorie:Sport (China)|Fußballnationalmannschaft]]

{{Navigationsleiste Asiatische Fußballnationalmannschaften}}

[[en:China national football team]]
[[es:Selección nacional de fútbol de China]]
[[fr:Équipe de Chine de football]]
[[id:Timnas sepak bola China]]
[[pt:Seleção Chinesa de Futebol]]
[[sv:Kinas herrlandslag i fotboll]]
[[zh:中國國家足球隊]]

Lady Marmalade

2006-06-10T23:05:55Z

195.93.21.9: /* Notes */

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Lady Marmalade
| Cover = Labelle-ladymarmalade.jpg
| Artist = [[LaBelle|Labelle]]
| from Album = [[Nightbirds]]
| Released = December [[1974]]
| Format = 7" single
| Recorded = 1974
| Genre = [[Disco]]
| Length = 3:18
| Label = [[Epic Records|Epic]] 50048
| Writer = [[Bob Crewe]], Kenny Nolan
| Producer = [[Allen Toussaint]], Vicki Wickham
| Certification = [[Gold single|Gold]] ([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]])
| Chart position = <ul><li>#1 (U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]])</li></ul>
| Last single = "Going on a Holiday" (1973)
| This single = "Lady Marmalade" (1974)
| Next single = "What Can I Do for You" (1974)
}}

"'''Lady Marmalade'''", released in December [[1974]], is a [[1975]] number-one single recorded by [[LaBelle|Labelle]] for [[CBS|CBS Records]]' [[Epic Records|Epic]] label. An early [[disco]] hit, the song is most famous for its sexually suggestive chorus of "[[voulez-vous coucher avec moi?|voulez-vous coucher avec moi (ce soir)?]]". The song held the number-one spot on the [[Billboard Hot 100]] singles chart in the [[United States]] for one week, from [[March 23]] to [[March 29]], [[1975]], replacing "My Eyes Adored You" by [[Frankie Valli]] and replaced by "Lovin' You" by [[Minnie Riperton]].

Although the song gave way to many cover versions over the years, the most successful was recorded twenty-six years later by singers [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Lil' Kim]], [[Mýa (singer)|Mya]], and [[P!nk]] as a single for the ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' film [[soundtrack]]. Their version, a more successful single than Labelle's original, was a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S. for five weeks, from [[May 26]] to [[June 30]] [[2001]]. The ''Moulin Rouge!'' version of "Lady Marmalade" was also a number-one hit in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]], introduced the song to a whole new generation of music listeners, and brought the song's infamous catchphrase back into mainstream culture.

==History==
===Labelle's original version===
"Lady Marmalade" was written by [[Bob Crewe]] and Kenny Nolan, who also wrote "My Eyes Adored You". Labelle lead singer [[Patti LaBelle]], accompanied by backing from her bandmates [[Nona Hendryx]] and [[Sarah Dash]], tells the story of a woman known only as "Lady Marmalade", who seduces a man she met on the street in [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]. Although the man has moved on from the experience, when he tries to sleep his memories of their tryst remain vivid. The song's chorus "Voulez-vous coucher avec moi (ce soir)?" means "Do you want to sleep with me (tonight)?" in [[French language|French]], and is an unsubtle invitation for [[sexual intercourse]].

"Lady Marmalade" was first recorded by the relatively obscure group Eleventh Hour (of which songwriter Nolan was a member) in 1974 on ''Eleventh Hour's Greatest Hits'' LP, but Labelle's producer [[Allen Toussaint]] decided to record it as the main track of the album ''[[Nightbirds]]'' (it can also found on Patti LaBelle's albums ''The Best Of Patti LaBelle'', ''Live in New York'', ''Live!'', ''Greatest Hits'', ''Miss Soul'', ''Live! One Night Only'', and ''Love Songs''), which became highly successful. The record was produced by Toussaint, with instrumental backing from [[The Meters]].

"Lady Marmalade" was a number-one hit for one week on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the United States during the late winter of 1975, and charted at number-one for one week on the Billboard [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks|Top Soul Singles]] chart. The single also charted at number seventeen in the United Kingdom. "Lady Marmalade" replaced another Crewe/Nolan composition, Franki Valli's "My Eyes Adored You", as the Billboard Hot 100 number-one single. This made Crewe and Nolan the third songwriting team in ''Billboard'' history (after [[Lennon-McCartney]] and [[Holland-Dozier-Holland]]) to replace themselves at number-one.<ref>Bronson, Fred (2003, 5th ed.). ''The Billboard Book of Number One Hits.'' New York: Billboard Books. ISBN 082-307677-6</ref>

The single's disco success inspired Labelle to adopted a more eclectic, [[Funkadelic]]-based image for their next album, ''Phoenix''. However, the group never had another top forty hit after "Lady Marmalade", and broke up in 1976. Patti LaBelle would go on to have a successful solo career on another CBS Records-owned label, [[Columbia Records]].

The song was first covered by [[Sheila E.]] on her 1991 album ''Sex Cymbal'' in a [[jazz]]-oriented rendition, with horns as the centerpiece. In 1995 disco cover band [[Dancing Fools|Boogie Knights]] covered "Lady Marmalade", fronted by singer [[Jeff Scott Soto]]. In 1998 the song was covered by the English female [[pop music|pop]] group [[All Saints (band)|All Saints]] as part of the [[double A-side]]d single [[Under the Bridge / Lady Marmalade|"Under the Bridge"/"Lady Marmalade"]], which reached number one on the official UK Top 40. The All Saints' version contains different lyrics for its verses; the only lyrics retained from the original composition are those for the chorus. The Labelle version appears in several films, including ''[[The Long Kiss Goodnight]]'', ''[[Dick (film)|Dick]]'', and ''[[Jacob's Ladder (film)|Jacob's Ladder]]''.

===''Moulin Rouge!'' cover===
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Lady Marmalade
| Cover = Christina Aguilera Lil Kim Mya and Pink - Lady Marmalade CD cover.jpg
| Artist = [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Lil' Kim]], [[Mya (singer)|Mya]] and [[P!nk]]
| from Album = [[Moulin Rouge!]] Soundtrack
| Released = April [[2001]]
| Format = [[12-inch maxi single]]
| [ Recorded = ]
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]/[[R&B]]/[[Hip hop music|Rap]]
| Length = 4:24
| Label = [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
| Writer = Bob Crewe, Kenny Nolan, Lil' Kim (uncredited)
| Producer = [[Missy Elliott]], [[Rockwilder]]
| Chart position = <ul><li>#1 ([[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[United States|U.S.]])</li></ul>
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Christina Aguilera]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Falsas Esperanzas]]" (2001)
| This single = "Lady Marmalade" (2001)
| Next single = "[[Dirrty]]" (2002)
}}
{{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Lil' Kim]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "No Matter What They Say" (2000)
| This single = "Lady Marmalade" (2001)
| Next single = "In the Air Tonite" (2001)
}}
{{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Mya (singer)|Mya]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "Free" (2001)
| This single = "Lady Marmalade" (2001)
| Next single = "My Love Is Like... Wo" (2003)
}}
{{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[P!nk]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[You Make Me Sick]]" (2000)
| This single = "Lady Marmalade" (2001)
| Next single = "[[Get the Party Started]]" (2001)
}}
}}
[[Christina Aguilera]], [[Lil' Kim]], [[Mya (singer)|Mya]] and [[Pink (musician)|P!nk]] recorded a cover version of "Lady Marmalade" for the soundtrack to the 2001 film ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'', and it was released as the soundtrack's first [[single (music)|single]] in spring 2001 (see [[2001 in music]]). The cover version was produced by [[Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott]] and writing partner [[Rockwilder]]. Missy Elliot wrote her rapped verse for the song, but does not receive publishing credit. A lyric was changed from the original version, with the song's setting being transferred from New Orleans to the [[Paris]] nightclub [[Moulin Rouge]].

"Lady Marmalade" became a number-one hit on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]] for the second time; it reached number one in its eighth week and spent five weeks at the top of the chart, from [[May 27]] to [[June 30]] [[2001]]. It replaced "[[All for You (song)|All for You]]" by [[Janet Jackson]], and was replaced by [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]]'s "[[U Remind Me]]". It was the second song in Billboard chart history (after [[Aaliyah]]'s "[[Try Again]]", 2000) to hit number one without being released in a major commercially-available single format such as a CD or CD maxi single. "Marmalade" was Aguilera's fourth U.S. number-one single, and was the first number-one for the other three performers. It remained in the U.S. top forty for seventeen weeks and topped the charts in fifty different countries, including the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]] and [[Canada]]. It also occupied the top spot on the [[United World Chart]] for nine weeks.

The single's [[music video|video]] features all four performers in [[lingerie]]. Aguilera's appearance in the video was the topic of some discussion in the entertainment industry upon the video's release, and many compared her image to that of [[Dee Snider]] from [[Twisted Sister]].{{citation needed}} The video won an [[MTV Video Music Award]] for "[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Video of the Year|Best Video of the Year]]", and the song won a 2002 [[Grammy Award]] in the category of "[[Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals|Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals]]".

==Credits==
'''Labelle's version'''
*Lead vocals by [[Patti LaBelle]]
*Background vocals by [[Nona Hendryx]] and [[Sarah Dash]]
*Instrumentation by [[The Meters]]

'''''Moulin Rouge!'' version'''
*Lead and background vocals by [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Mýa (singer)|Mya]], and [[P!nk]]
*Rap by [[Lil' Kim]]
*Vocal ad-libs by [[Missy Elliott|Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott]]
*Vocal arrangements by Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott
*Instrumentation, sequencing, and drum programming by [[Rockwilder]]

==Samples==
{{listen|filename=1974-labelle-ladymarmalade.ogg|title="Lady Marmalade" - Labelle's version|description=Released as a single by Labelle for the 1974 album ''[[Nightbirds]]''.|format=[[Ogg]]}}

{{listen|filename=2001-moulinrouge-ladymarmalade.ogg|title="Lady Marmalade" - ''Moulin Rouge!'' version|description=Released as a single by [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Lil' Kim]], [[Mýa (singer)|Mya]], and [[P!nk]] for the soundtrack of the 2001 film ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]''|format=[[Ogg]]}}

==Track listings and remixes==
*'''Labelle 7" single #1'''
#"Voulez Vous Coucher Avec Moi Ce Soir? (Lady Marmalade)" — 3:14
#"It Took a Long Time" — 4:04

*'''Labelle 7" single #2'''
#"Voulez Vous Coucher Avec Moi Ce Soir? (Lady Marmalade)" — 3:14
#"Space Children" — 3:04

[[Image:AllSaints-LadyMarmalade.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Single cover for [[All Saints]]' version of "Lady Marmalade".]]
*'''All Saints CD maxi single'''
#"Lady Marmalade" (98 mix) - 4:02
#"Lady Marmalade" (Mark's Miami Madness mix) — 7:55
#"Lady Marmalade" (Sharp South Park vocal remix) — 8:09
#"Lady Marmalade" (Henry & Hayne's La Jam mix) — 6:47

*'''Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mya and P!nk'''
:"Lady Marmalade" ([[Thunderpuss]] club mix) — 9:35
:"Lady Marmalade" (Thunderpuss Mixshow mix) — 6:21
:"Lady Marmalade" (Thunderpuss radio mix) — 4:09
:"Lady Marmalade" (ThunderDUB) — 8:21
:"Lady Marmalade" (ThunderDrums) — 3:42

==Charts==
{| border=0 cellpadding=0
|- valign=top
|
===Labelle===
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (1974/1975)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks|Top Soul Singles]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Hot Dance Music/Club Play]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Austrian Singles Top 75
|align="center"|17
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|17
|-
|}

===All Saints===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (1998)
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|UK Top 40
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|French Singles Top 100
|align="center"|28
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Top 100
|align="center"|45
|-
|}
|              
|

===''Moulin Rouge!''===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2001)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Airplay
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks
|align="center"|43
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Top 40 Tracks
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Rhythmic Top 40
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Adult Top 40
|align="center"|25
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Latin Pop Airplay
|align="center"|27
|-
|align="left"|World Chart Show
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Argentina Top 40 Singles
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]] Top 50 Singles
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Brasil Top 50 Singles
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Germany Top 100 Singles
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Ireland Top 50 Singles
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Top 50 Singles
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Sweden Top 60 Singles
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Switzerland Top 100 Singles
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|UK Top 40 Singles
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgium Top 50 Singles
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Netherland Mega Top 100 Singles
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Austria Top 75 Singles
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Italy Top 50 Singles
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|France Top 100 Singles
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|Canadian Billboard Hot 100
|align="center"|18
|-
|align="left"|[[Tokio Hot 100]]
|align="center"|18
|}
|}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[My Eyes Adored You]]" by [[Frankie Valli]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]]
| years = [[March 29]] [[1975]]
| after = "[[Lovin' You (Minnie Ripperton song)|Lovin' You]]" by [[Minnie Ripperton]]
}}
{{end box}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All for You (Janet Jackson song)|All for You]]" by [[Janet Jackson|Janet]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 2]] [[2001]]
| after = "[[U Got It Bad]]" by [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]]
}}
{{end box}}

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:1974 songs]]
[[Category:1975 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Christina Aguilera songs]]
[[Category:P!nk singles]]
[[Category:2001 singles]]
[[Category:Canadian number one singles]]
[[Category:UK number one singles]]
[[Category:Irish number one singles]]
[[Category:Australian number one singles]]
[[Category:RIANZ number-one singles]]

Spanische Fußballnationalmannschaft

2006-06-08T23:32:46Z

195.93.21.9:

{| align="right" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="250px" style="margin:5px;font-size:smaller"
|- align=center
| colspan=2 align=center |[[Image:Escudo de España.png|100px]]
|- style=background:#efefef
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" valign="top"
| width=50% align="center" valign="middle" | Heimtrikot {{Infobox_Trikotfarben|ARMFARBE=#FF0000|BRUSTFARBE=#FF0000|HOSENFARBE=#000080|SOCKENFARBE=#000080}}
| width=50% align="center" valign="middle" | Auswärtstrikot {{Infobox_Trikotfarben|ARMFARBE=#FFFFFF|BRUSTFARBE=#FFFFFF|HOSENFARBE=#FFFFFF|SOCKENFARBE=#FFFFFF}}
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Spitzname
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | ''La Selección, La Fúria
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Verband
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | ''[[Real Federación Española de Fútbol]]
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Trainer
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | [[Luis Aragonés]], seit [[2004]]
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Rekordspieler
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | [[Andoni Zubizarreta]] (126)
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Rekordtorschütze
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | [[Raúl]] (43)
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Erstes Länderspiel
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | Spanien 3:3 [[Belgische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Belgien]] ([[Bilbao]], [[Spanien]]; [[7. Oktober]] [[1921]])
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Höchster Sieg
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | Spanien 13:0 [[Bulgarische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Bulgarien]] ([[Madrid]], [[Spanien]]; [[21. Mai]] [[1933]])
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Höchste Niederlage
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | [[Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Italien]] 7:1 Spanien ([[Amsterdam]], [[Niederlande]]; [[4. Juni]] [[1928]]) [[Englische Fußballnationalmannschaft|England]] 7:1 Spanien ([[London]], [[England]]; [[9. Dezember]] [[1931]])
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Weltmeisterschaft
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | ''Endrundenteilnahmen'': 11 (''Erste'': [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1934|1934]]) ''Bestes Ergebnis'': Vierter Platz [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1950|1950]]
|- style=background:#efefef
! colspan=2 |Europameisterschaft
|- align=center
| colspan=2 | ''Endrundenteilnahmen'': 7 (''Erste'': [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1964|1964]]) ''Bestes Ergebnis'': Gewinner [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1964|1964]]
|}

Die '''spanische Fußballnationalmannschaft''' ([[spanische Sprache|span.]]: La Selección española de fútbol) ist die Auswahlmannschaft des [[Spanien|spanischen]] Fußballverbandes [[Real Federación Española de Fútbol]]. Die Auswahl der Herren gehört nach der [[FIFA-Weltrangliste]] zu den zehn besten Nationalmannschaften der Welt. Die spanische Nationalmannschaft hat in den letzten Jahren eine hervorragende Bilanz aufzuweisen: Seit 1. März 2001 erzielte sie in 61 Spielen 40 Siege, 18 Remis und erlitt nur drei Niederlagen (Stand: 8. Juni 2006).

== Geschichte ==
[[1904]] war Spanien einer der insgesamt sieben europäischen Gründerstaaten der [[FIFA]], bei der Gründung vertreten durch den Verein ''Madrid F.C.'', das heutige [[Real Madrid]]. Der spanische Dachverband heißt ''[[Real Federación Española de Fútbol]]'' und wurde [[1913]] gegründet.

Obwohl die spanische Liga zu den stärksten Ligen der Welt gezählt wird und spanische Vereine seit Jahrzehnten international einen Titel nach dem anderen gewinnen, kann die spanische Nationalmannschaft kaum Erfolge vorweisen.

Lediglich 1964 bei der EM im eigenen Lande konnte Spanien einen Titel erringen. Es mangelte selten an guten Spielern, aber dennoch schieden spanische Nationalmannschaften regelmäßig früh aus, und blieben dabei meist unter ihren Möglichkeiten. Als Grund führen Experten mangelnde Moral und Einsatzwillen an. Aufgrund dieser Tatsache haftet den Spaniern der Ruf an, keine [[Turniermannschaft]] zu sein.

Am [[15. Mai]] [[1929]] war die spanische Nationalmannschaft das erste Team von außerhalb der britischen Inseln, das die [[Englische Fußballnationalmannschaft|englische Nationalmannschaft]] besiegen konnte. Spanien gewann ein Länderspiel in Madrid mit 4:3 und begründete damit eine bis heute währende Rivalität.

Die spanische Nationalmannschaft hat bei [[Olympische Spiele|olympischen Spielen]] bisher drei Medaillen gewonnen. [[Olympische Spiele 1992|1992]] wurde man in Barcelona Olympiasieger und [[Olympische Sommerspiele 1920|1920]] in [[Antwerpen]] bzw. [[Olympische Spiele 2000|2000]] in [[Sydney]] scheiterte man erst im Finale und gewann jeweils Silber.

== Teilnahme Spaniens an der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft (11 mal) ==
Bei der erstmaligen WM-Endrundenteilnahme 1934 schied Spanien noch im Viertelfinale im Wiederholungsspiel gegen Italien aus, 1950 lief es dann bereits besser. Nach Siegen über die USA, Chile und England erreicht man die Finalrunde, doch nach Niederlagen gegen Brasilien und Schweden belegte man am Ende den vierten Platz.

Seitdem wartet man in Spanien seit mehr als 50 Jahren vergeblich auf einen vergleichbaren Erfolg. 1982 war die Enttäuschung groß, als die Spanier als Gastgeber nicht über die zweite Runde hinaus kamen.

1986 begann man viel versprechend, scheiterte aber im Elfmeterschießen gegen Belgien. 1990 kam das Aus im Achtelfinale, 1994 im Viertelfinale und 1998 bereits in der Vorrunde. 2002 schied man im Viertelfinale gegen Südkorea nach Elfmeterschießen aus.

{| style="border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
| width=160 | 1930 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1930|Uruguay]] || ''nicht teilgenommen''
|- bgcolor=FFFF66
| 1934 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1934|Italien]] || Viertelfinale''
|-
| 1938 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1938|Frankreich]] || ''nicht teilgenommen''
|- bgcolor=FFFF66
| 1950 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1950|Brasilien]] || '''4. Platz'''
|- bgcolor=FFFFDD
| 1954 in der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1954|Schweiz]] || ''nicht qualifiziert''
|- bgcolor=FFFFDD
| 1958 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1958|Schweden]] || ''nicht qualifiziert''
|- bgcolor=FFFF66
| 1962 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1962|Chile]] || Vorrunde
|- bgcolor=FFFF66
| 1966 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1966|England ]] || Vorrunde
|- bgcolor=FFFFDD
| 1970 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1970|Mexiko ]] || ''nicht qualifiziert''
|- bgcolor=FFFFDD
| 1974 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1974|Deutschland]] || ''nicht qualifiziert''
|- bgcolor=FFFF66
| 1978 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1978|Argentinien]] || Vorrunde
|- bgcolor=FFFF66
| 1982 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1982|Spanien]] || Zwischenrunde
|- bgcolor=FFFF66
| 1986 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1986|Mexiko]] || Viertelfinale
|- bgcolor=FFFF66
| 1990 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1990|Italien]] || Achtelfinale
|- bgcolor=FFFF66
| 1994 in den [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1994|USA]] || Viertelfinale
|- bgcolor=FFFF66
| 1998 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1998|Frankreich]] || Vorrunde
|- bgcolor=FFFF66
| 2002 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2002|Südkorea/Japan]] || Viertelfinale
|- bgcolor=FFFF66
| 2006 in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006|Deutschland]] || qualifiziert
|}

== Teilnahme Spaniens an der Fußball-Europameisterschaft (7 mal) ==

{| style="border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
| width=160 | 1960 in [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1960|Frankreich]] || ''nicht teilgenommen''
|- bgcolor=#D0E7FF
| 1964 in [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1964|Spanien]] || '''Europameister'''
|- bgcolor=#F5FAFF
| 1968 in [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1968|Italien]] || ''nicht qualifiziert''
|- bgcolor=#F5FAFF
| 1972 in [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1972|Belgien]] || ''nicht qualifiziert''
|- bgcolor=#F5FAFF
| 1976 in [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1976|Jugoslawien]] || ''nicht qualifiziert''
|- bgcolor=#D0E7FF
| 1980 in [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1980|Italien]] || Vorrunde
|- bgcolor=#D0E7FF
| 1984 in [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1984|Frankreich]] || '''2. Platz'''
|- bgcolor=#D0E7FF
| 1988 in der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1988|BR Deutschland]] || Vorrunde
|- bgcolor=#F5FAFF
| 1992 in [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1992|Schweden]] || ''nicht qualifiziert''
|- bgcolor=#D0E7FF
| 1996 in [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1996|England]] || Viertelfinale
|- bgcolor=#D0E7FF
| 2000 in [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2000|Belgien/ Niederlande]] || Viertelfinale
|- bgcolor=#D0E7FF
| 2004 in [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2004|Portugal]] || Vorrunde
|}

== Titel ==
*[[Fußball-EM]] (1) - 1964
*[[Olympische Sommerspiele/Fußball|Fußball-Olympiasieger]] (1) - [[Olympische Sommerspiele 1992/Fußball|1992]]

== Aktueller Kader ==
[[Luis Aragonés]] nominierte folgende Spieler für die [[Fußballweltmeisterschaft 2006|WM 2006]] in [[Deutschland]]:

'''Torhüter:'''
* [[Iker Casillas]] ([[Real Madrid]])
* [[José Manuel Reina]] ([[FC Liverpool]])
* [[Santiago Cañizares]] ([[Valencia CF]])

'''Abwehr:'''
*[[Carles Puyol]] ([[FC Barcelona]])
*[[Mariano Pernía]] ([[Getafe CF]])
*[[Pablo Ibáñez]] ([[Atlético Madrid]])
*[[Antonio López]] ([[Atlético Madrid]])
*[[Carlos Marchena]] ([[Valencia CF]])
*[[Sergio Ramos]] ([[Real Madrid]])
*[[Michel Salgado]] ([[Real Madrid]])
*[[Juan Gutiérrez Moreno|Juanito]] ([[Real Betis Sevilla]])

'''Mittelfeld:'''
*[[José Antonio Reyes]] ([[Arsenal London]])
*[[Francesc Fàbregas]] ([[Arsenal London]])
*[[Xavi]] ([[FC Barcelona]])
*[[Andrés Iniesta]] ([[FC Barcelona]])
*[[Xabi Alonso]] ([[FC Liverpool]])
*[[Luis García]] ([[FC Liverpool]])
*[[David Albelda]] ([[Valencia CF]])
*[[Marcos Senna]] ([[Villarreal CF]])
*[[Joaquín Sánchez Rodríguez|Joaquin]] ([[Real Betis Sevilla]])

'''Angriff:'''
*[[Fernando Torres]] ([[Atlético Madrid]])
*[[Raúl]] ([[Real Madrid]])
*[[David Villa]] ([[Valencia CF]])

== Bekannte ehemalige Spieler ==
*[[Amancio]] ([[Amancio Amaro Varela]])
*[[Luis Arconada]]
*[[Vicente Asensi]]
*[[Emilio Butragueño]]
*[[José Antonio Camacho]]
*[[Francisco Gento]]
*[[Rafael Gordillo]]
*[[Josep Guardiola]]
*[[Fernando Hierro]]
*[[José Iríbar]]
*[[José Miguel González|Michel]]
*[[Pirri]] ([[José Martínez Sánchez]])
*[[Ferenc Puskas]]
*[[Quini]] (Enrique Castro)
*[[Antoni Ramallets]]
*[[Julio Salinas]]
*[[José Santamaria]]
*[[Carlos Alonso González|Santillana]]
*[[Alfredo di Stefano]]
*[[Luis Suárez]]
*[[Ricardo Zamora]]
*[[Andoni Zubizarreta]]

== Länderspiele gegen deutsche Fußball-Nationalmannschaften ==
''(Ergebnisse stets aus spanischer Sicht)''
*Länderspiele gegen [[Deutscher Fußball-Bund|Deutschland]]
#[[12. Mai]] [[1935]] in [[Köln]] 2:1
#[[23. Februar]] [[1936]] in [[Barcelona]]: 1:2
#[[12. April]] [[1942]] in [[Berlin]]: 1:1
#[[28. Dezember]] [[1952]] in [[Madrid]]: 2:2
#[[19. März]] [[1958]] in [[Frankfurt am Main]]: 0:2
#[[20. Juli]] [[1966]] in [[Birmingham]] (WM-Vorrunde): 1:2
#[[21. Februar]] [[1970]] in [[Sevilla]]: 2:0
#[[24. November]] [[1973]] in [[Stuttgart]]: 1:2
#[[23. Februar]] [[1974]] in Barcelona: 1:0
#[[24. April]] [[1976]] in Madrid (EM-Viertelfinale): 1:1
#[[22. Mai]] [[1976]] in [[München]] (EM-Viertelfinale): 0:2
#[[2. Juli]] [[1982]] in Madrid (WM-Zwischenrunde): 1:2
#[[20. Juni]] [[1984]] in [[Paris]] (EM-Vorrunde): 1:0
#[[15. Oktober]] [[1986]] in [[Hannover]]: 2:2
#[[17. Juni]] [[1988]] in München (EM-Vorrunde): 0:2
#[[21. Juni]] [[1994]] in [[Chicago]] (WM-Vorrunde): 1:1
#[[22. Februar]] [[1995]] in [[Jerez de la Frontera]]: 0:0
#[[16. August]] [[2000]] in [[Hannover]]: 1:4
#[[12. Februar]] [[2003]] in [[Palma de Mallorca]]: 3:1
*Länderspiele gegen die [[Deutscher Fußball-Verband|DDR]]
#[[31. Januar]] [[1980]] in [[Málaga]]: 0:1
#[[15. Oktober]] [[1980]] in [[Leipzig]]: 0:0
#[[27. Januar]] [[1988]] in [[Valencia (Spanien)|Valencia]]: 0:0


== Weblinks ==
*[http://www.rfef.es Homepage des spanischen Verbandes] (span.) 
*[http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/span-intres.html Alle Länderspiele Spaniens (rsssf.com)]
*[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/span-recintlp.html Übersicht über Nationalspieler und Torschützen der Nationalmannschaft (rsssf.com)]
*[http://www.worldcupyears.com/years/1982overview.shtml World cup spain]

<div class="BoxenVerschmelzen">
{{Navigationsleiste Europäische Fußballnationalmannschaften}}
{{Navigationsleiste Spanische Nationalmannschaft bei Fußball-Weltmeisterschaften}}
</div>

[[Kategorie:Fußballnationalmannschaft]]
[[Kategorie:Spanien]]

[[ar:منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم]]
[[en:Spain national football team]]
[[es:Selección nacional de fútbol de España]]
[[et:Hispaania jalgpallikoondis]]
[[fr:Équipe d'Espagne de football]]
[[he:נבחרת ספרד בכדורגל]]
[[hu:Spanyol labdarúgó-válogatott]]
[[nl:Spaans voetbalelftal]]
[[pl:Reprezentacja Hiszpanii w piłce nożnej]]
[[pt:Seleção Espanhola de Futebol]]
[[sv:Spaniens fotbollslandslag]]
[[zh:西班牙國家足球隊]]

Stephanie Cole

2006-04-29T18:51:54Z

195.93.21.9:

[[Image:Stephaniecole.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Stephanie Cole, in character as Diana Trent on ''Waiting for God''.]]

'''Stephanie Cole''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], (born [[October 5]], [[1941]] in [[Solihull]], [[Warwickshire]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[actor|actress]], best known for her roles on television. She trained at the [[Bristol Old Vic]] Theatre School 1958-1960 and like most actors of that time went on to consolidate her acting skills in [[repertory]] theatres around the United Kingdom.

One of her most recognized roles was of Dr. Beatrice Mason on ''[[Tenko]]'', a drama that chronicled the lives of [[United Kingdom|British]] [[women]] in [[Singapore]] after the invasion. She played that role from [[1981]] to [[1984]]. During this period, she also played the paranoid and morose customer Mrs Featherstone (nicknamed "The Black Widow") on ''[[Open All Hours]]'', who was the only rival to Nurse Gladys Emmanuel for shopkeeper Arkwright's affections; though she was only attracted to him because she liked his stingy ways. Arkwright was scared of her advances and often hid when he saw her approaching the shop.

[[Image:stephanie_cole1963.jpg|left|thumb|Stephanie Cole in ''Murder at the Vicarage'', Marlowe Theatre Canterbury, 1963-4 season]]Cole also played the role of crabby ex-photojournalist Diana Trent on ''[[Waiting for God]]'' from [[1990]] to [[1994]]. The role of Diana Trent was a sixty/seventysomething woman, and an interesting fact about Cole's casting is that she was merely forty-eight years old when she started taping the first series of the show. She was also two decades younger than her leading man, [[Graham Crowden]].

In [[2005]] Cole was made an Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] in the Queen's Birthday Honours.

[[Category:1941 births|Cole, Stephanie]]
[[Category:Living people|Cole, Stephanie]]
[[Category:English television actors|Cole, Stephanie]]
[[Category:Officers of the British Empire|Cole, Stephanie]]

Sommerloch

2006-04-26T19:53:04Z

195.93.21.9:

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt den Begriff Sommerloch. Die Gemeinde Sommerloch in Rheinland-Pfalz siehe: [[Sommerloch (bei Bad Kreuznach)]].}}

Das '''Sommerloch''' ist ein [[Phänomen]] der [[Medien]], besonders der [[Tageszeitung|Tagespresse]] und der [[Nachrichtenagentur]]en und bezeichnet eine "nachrichtenarme Zeit", die vor allem durch die [[Ferien|Sommerferien]] bedingt ist. In dieser Phase werden sehr wenig [[Pressemitteilung]]en herausgegeben, es finden keine [[Pressekonferenz]]en und auch keine politischen Veranstaltungen statt.

Doch auch die Leserschaft von Zeitungen geht zurück, am [[Strand]] oder in der [[Sommerfrische]] scheinen Nachrichten weniger wichtig zu sein, [[Parlament]]e machen ihre Sommerpause, Theater und Schulen sowieso, die [[Journalist]]en mit ihren Familien entsprechend ebenfalls.
Und so gehen auch die [[Inserat]]e und Anzeigen in den Zeitungen zurück, damit natürlich auch der Erlös, und nur die [[Fixkosten]] bleiben. Man spricht manchmal auch von der ''[[Saure-Gurken-Zeit]]'' und von den [[Hundstage]]n.

Viele [[Zeitung]]en bereiten sich während des Jahres auf diese Zeit vor und bringen verlockende, zeitlose oder scheinaktuelle Themen aus dem [[Archiv]], die Inserenten werden mit Boni gelockt und jede auswertbare Nachricht wird dankbar aufbereitet. Diese nachrichtenarme Zeit ist auch die Geburtsstunde so mancher [[Zeitungsente]], kurz auch nur ''Ente'' genannt. Denn nur zu oft werden leichtsinnig und unkritisch scheinbare "Nachrichten" übernommen, um die Seiten zu füllen und die Leser zu unterhalten. Im Web entstehen dazu oft die recht unterhaltsamen [[Legende (Erzählung)|Legenden]], die so genannten ''[[moderne Legende|modernen Legenden]]''.

In diesem nachrichtenarmen Sommerloch schaffen es aber auch Nachrichten in die Medien, die sonst ignoriert würden. So ist das Sommerloch für Randsportarten, politische Hinterbänkler etc. die Chance in [[Zeitung]]en, Hör- und Fernsehfunk zu kommen.

==Sommerloch-Themen in Deutschland==
*[[1994]]: In einem [[Baggersee]] bei [[Neuss]] entflieht der [[Kaiman]] "Sammy" seinem Besitzer und wird fünf Tage lang gesucht.
*[[1998]]: Das [[Rotnackenwallaby]] "Manni" flüchtet aus dem [[Tierpark Bad Pyrmont]] und wird an verschiedenen Stellen Deutschlands gesichtet.
*[[2003]]: Nach deutsch-feindlichen Äußerungen des italienischen Tourismus-Staatssekretärs [[Stefano Stefani]] sagt Bundeskanzler [[Gerhard Schröder]] seinen Italien-Urlaub ab.

==Literatur==
* [[Norbert Blüm]]: ''Das Sommerloch'' Links und rechts der Politik, 2001. 223 S. m. Fotos. Gb. ISBN 3462029886

[[Kategorie:Journalismus]]
[[Kategorie:Zeitbegriff]]

[[cy:Dyddiau cŵn]]
[[en:Silly season]]
[[nl:Komkommertijd]]

Hadleigh Castle

2006-03-03T20:36:04Z

195.93.21.9: /* External links */

[[Image:Hadleigh_Castle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Hadleigh Castle]]
'''Hadleigh Castle''', [[Essex]] overlooks the [[Thames]] from a ridge. Construction was started in 1230 by [[Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent|Hubert de Burgh]], regent to [[Henry III of England|Henry III]]. Henry fell out with Hubert and confiscated the [[castle]], as a royal property it was extended in the mid [[14th century]] by [[Edward III of England|Edward III]].

The castle was usually tenanted, often by the king's [[wife]], so [[Catherine of Aragon]], [[Anne of Cleves]] and [[Catherine Parr]] all used it. [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] sold it in [[1551]], and it was used as a source of [[stone]] for other buildings, and landslips further damaged the structure. Today only the [[barbican]] and a couple of towers remain, but still with commanding views. Owned by [[English Heritage]], it is open any reasonable time.

The British [[artist]] [[John Constable]] painted a picture of the castle in [[1829]] which now hangs in the [[Yale Center for British Art]] at [[New Haven]], [[United States]].

==External links==

*[http://www.knowledgeoflondon.com/castlelane.html/ Hadleigh Castle virtual tour]
*[http://www.castlexplorer.co.uk/england/hadleigh/hadleigh.php Castle Explorer]
*[http://home.clara.net/giaco/southend/gallery/hadleigh.html Hadleigh Castle Digital painting]


[[Category:Buildings and structures in Essex]]
[[Category:Castles in England]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Essex]]
[[Category:English Heritage]]

[[ru:Замок Хадли]]