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Beziehungen zwischen der NATO und Russland

2022-02-11T08:08:42Z

195.244.210.117: /* 2021 */ editing

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Russia-NATO|NATO|Russia|map=Location NATO Russia.svg}}
Relations between the [[NATO]] [[military alliance]] and the [[Russian Federation]] were established in 1991 within the framework of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]].<ref name=natorelations>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50090.htm |title=NATO's Relations With Russia
|date=6 April 2017 |publisher=NATO Public Diplomacy Division, Belgium |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/20120214_strategic-concept-2010-eng.pdf
|title=NATO Strategic Concept for the Defence and Security of the Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
|date=20 November 2010 |publisher=NATO Public Diplomacy Division, Belgium |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> In 1994, Russia joined the [[Partnership for Peace]] program, and since that time, NATO and Russia have signed several important agreements on cooperation.<ref name='PfP Signatures'>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig-date.htm |title=NATO PfP Signatures by Date |publisher=NATO Public Diplomacy Division, Belgium |date=10 January 2012 |access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

The '''Russia–NATO Council''' was established in 2002 for handling security issues and joint projects.<ref name="NATO_Russia_Council_statement_28May2002" /> Cooperation between Russia and NATO now develops in several main sectors, including: fighting terrorism, military cooperation, cooperation on [[Afghanistan]] (including transportation by Russia of non-military [[International Security Assistance Force]] freight (see [[NATO logistics in the Afghan War]]), and fighting the [[Opium production in Afghanistan|local drug production]]), industrial cooperation, and weapons non-proliferation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.militarytimes.com/articles/nato-the-worlds-biggest-military-alliance-explained |title=NATO: The World's Largest Military Alliance Explained |date=25 May 2017 |website=www.MilitaryTimes.com |publisher=The Associated Press, US
|first1=Lorne |last1=Cook |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref>

On 1 April 2014, NATO unanimously decided to suspend all practical co-operation with the Russian Federation, in response to the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Annexation of Crimea]], but the NATO-Russia Council (NRC) was not suspended.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2020/4/pdf/2003-NATO-Russia_en.pdf|title=NATO-Russia Relations: The Background|author= |date=March 2020|website= |publisher=NATO|access-date=2021-06-11}}</ref> On 18 February 2017, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Sergey Lavrov]] said he supported the resumption of military cooperation with the NATO alliance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-lavrov-want-cooperation-with-nato-pragmatic-us-ties/28317270.html|title=Lavrov Says Russia Wants Military Cooperation With NATO, 'Pragmatic' U.S. Ties|author= |date=18 February 2017|website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|publisher=|access-date=2021-06-11}}</ref> In late March 2017, the Council met in advance of a NATO Foreign Ministers conference in Brussels, Belgium.<ref>Barnes, Julian E., [https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-nato-diplomats-discuss-military-deployments-in-baltic-sea-region-1490893510 "Russian, NATO Diplomats Discuss Military Deployments in Baltic Sea Region"] {{subscription required}}, ''The Wall Street Journal, US'', 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-30.</ref>

In October 2021, following an incident in which NATO expelled eight Russian officials from its [[Brussels]] headquarters, Russia suspended its mission to NATO and ordered the closure of NATO's office in Moscow.<ref name="apnews.com">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-18|title=Russia suspends its mission at NATO, shuts alliance's office|url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-russia-moscow-sergey-lavrov-f03d2f2f8e3086b0490d4f9e95cdf655|access-date=2021-10-19|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Anna Chernova and Kara Fox|title=Russia suspending mission to NATO in response to staff expulsions|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/18/europe/russia-suspends-nato-mission-intl/index.html|access-date=2021-10-19|website=CNN}}</ref>

==Post-Cold War cooperation==
[[File:Russia-NATO permanent mission logo.png|thumb|Coat of Arms of the Permanent Mission of Russia to NATO.]]

Following the [[Fall of the Berlin Wall|fall of the Berlin Wall]] in Germany, NATO and the Soviet Union (now Russia) began to engage in talks on several levels, including a continued push for arms control treaties such as the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]]. Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze made a first visit to NATO Headquarters on 19 December 1989, followed by informal talks in 1990 between NATO and Soviet military leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_136603.htm|title=NATO Declassified - Old adversaries become new partners}}</ref> In June 1990 the [[message from Turnberry]] has been described as "the first step in the evolution of [modern] NATO-Russia relations".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Iulian|first=Raluca Iulia|title=A Quarter Century of Nato-Russia Relations|date=2017-08-23|url=https://ojs.journals.cz/index.php/CBUIC/article/view/998|journal=CBU International Conference Proceedings|language=en|volume=5|pages=633–638|doi=10.12955/cbup.v5.998|issn=1805-9961|doi-access=free}}</ref> The NATO Secretary General, [[Manfred Wörner]], would visit Moscow in July 1990, to discuss future cooperation, a first for NATO–Russia relations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_136599.htm|title=NATO Declassified - First NATO Secretary General in Russia}}</ref>

Formal contacts and cooperation between Russia and NATO began in 1991, within the framework of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]] (later renamed [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]]), and were further deepened as Russia joined the Partnership for Peace program on 22 June 1994.<ref name='Early relations'>{{cite web |url=http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/relations.htm |title=The NATO-Russia Archive - Formal NATO-Russia Relations |publisher=Berlin Information-Center For Translantic Security (BITS), Germany |access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

===Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security, 1997===

On 27 May 1997, at the [[NATO summit|NATO Summit]] in Paris, France, NATO and Russia signed the Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security, a road map for would-be NATO-Russia cooperation.<ref>Ronald D. Azmus, ''Opening NATO's Door'' (2002) p. 210.</ref><ref>Strobe Talbott, ''The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy'' (2002) p. 246.</ref><ref>Fergus Carr and Paul Flenley, "NATO and the Russian Federation in the new Europe: the Founding Act on Mutual Relations." ''Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics'' 15.2 (1999): 88-110.</ref>

It set up a new forum: the "NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council" (PJC) as a venue for consultations, cooperation and consensus building. There was no provision granting NATO or Russia any veto powers over the actions of the other. NATO said it had no plans to station nuclear weapons in the new member states or send in new permanent military forces. The parties stated they did not see each other as adversaries, and, "based on an enduring political commitment undertaken at the highest political level, will build together a lasting and inclusive peace in the Euro-Atlantic area on the principles of democracy and cooperative security".<ref name='Early cooperation Act'>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_25468.htm|title=NATO - Official text: Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris, France, 27-May.-1997|author=NATO|work=NATO|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

===Cooperation, 2009–2014===
[[File:NATO vs CSTO.jpg|right|500px]]
In December 2009, NATO approached Russia for help in Afghanistan, requesting permission for the alliance to fly cargo (including possibly military ones) over Russian territory to Afghanistan, and to provide more helicopters for the [[Military of Afghanistan|Afghan armed forces]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BF38D20091216 NATO chief asks for Russian help in Afghanistan] [[Reuters]] Retrieved on 9 March 2010</ref> However Russia only allowed transit of non-military supplies through its territory.<ref>Angela Stent, ''The Limits of Partnership: U.S.-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century'' (2014) pp 230–232.</ref>

On 6 June 2011, NATO and Russia participated in their first ever joint fighter jet exercise, dubbed "Vigilant Skies 2011". Since the Cold War, this is only the second joint military venture between the alliance and Russia, with the first being a joint submarine exercise which begun on 30 May 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8550653/Russian-and-Nato-jets-to-hold-first-ever-joint-exercise.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8550653/Russian-and-Nato-jets-to-hold-first-ever-joint-exercise.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Russian and Nato jets to hold first ever joint exercise|date=1 June 2011|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=22 April 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In April 2012, there were some protests in Russia over their country's involvement with NATO, conducted by the leftist activist alliance [[Left Front (Russia)|Left Front]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/world/europe/russians-protest-plan-for-nato-site-in-ulyanovsk.html|work=The New York Times|first=Andrew E.|last=Kramer|title=Russians Protest Plan for NATO Site in Ulyanovsk|date=21 April 2012}}</ref>

==Suspension of cooperation and military build-up==
{{See also|Second Cold War|Nuclear arms race}}
[[File:World nuclear weapons.png|thumb|right|280px|Large [[nuclear weapons]] stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue)]]

===Hostile threats and measures ===
Russia engaged in hostile threats or actions against Moldova/Transnistria(1992–2016); Georgia (2004–2012); Estonia (2006–2007); Ukraine (2014–present); and Turkey (2015–2016), among others.<ref>RAND, ''Russia’s Hostile Measures: Combating Russian Gray Zone Aggression Against NATO in the Contact, Blunt, and Surge Layers of Competition'' (2020) [http://www.rand.org/t/RR2539 online]</ref>

===2014===
In early March 2014, tensions increased between NATO and Russia as a result of the Russia's move to [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annex Crimea]]: NATO urged Russia to stop its actions and said it supported Ukraine's territorial integrity and sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/03/02/nato-warns-russia-to-cease-and-desist-in-ukraine/|title=NATO warns Russia to cease and desist in Ukraine|work=Euronews.com|access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> On 1 April 2014, NATO issued a statement by NATO foreign ministers that announced it had "decided to suspend all practical civilian and military cooperation between NATO and Russia. Our political dialogue in the NATO-Russia Council can continue, as necessary, at the Ambassadorial level and above, to allow us to exchange views, first and foremost on this crisis".<ref name="end coop">{{cite web | title = Ukraine Crisis: NATO Suspends Russia Co-operation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26838894 |publisher=BBC News, UK |date= 2 April 2014 |access-date = 2 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="1aprilstatement">{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_108501.htm|title=Statement by NATO foreign ministers, 1 April 2014}}</ref> The statement condemned Russia's "illegal military intervention in Ukraine and Russia's violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity".<ref name="1aprilstatement"/>

In spring, the Russian Defense Ministry announced it was planning to deploy additional forces in Crimea as part of beefing up its [[Black Sea Fleet]], including re-deployment by 2016 of nuclear-capable Tupolev [[Tupolev Tu-22M|Tu-22M3]] ('Backfire') long-range strike bombers — which used to be the backbone of Soviet naval strike units during the Cold War, but were later withdrawn from bases in Crimea.<ref name="bbcbombers">{{cite news |author=Pavel Aksenov |title=Why would Russia deploy bombers in Crimea? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33649298 |location=London |publisher=BBC |date=2015-07-24 |access-date=2015-12-03}}</ref> Such moves alarmed NATO: in November NATO's top military commander US General [[Philip M. Breedlove|Philip Breedlove]] said that the alliance was "watching for indications" amid fears over the possibility that Russia could move any of its [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction#Nuclear arsenal of Russia|nuclear arsenal]] to the peninsula.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/nato-very-concerned-by-russian-military-build-up-in-crimea.aspx?pageID=238&nID=74852&NewsCatID=359|title=NATO 'very concerned' by Russian military build-up in Crimea - INTERNATIONAL|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> In December, Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] said this would be a legitimate action as "Crimea has now become part of a country that has such weapons under the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/239978.html|title=Crimea|work=Interfax-Ukraine|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

At the NATO [[2014 Wales summit|Wales summit]] in early September, the NATO-Ukraine Commission adopted a Joint Statement that "strongly condemned Russia's illegal and illegitimate self-declared "annexation" of Crimea and its continued and deliberate destabilization of eastern Ukraine in violation of international law";<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_112695.htm Joint Statement of the NATO-Ukraine Commission], 4 September 2014.</ref> this position was re-affirmed in the early December statement by the same body.<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_115474.htm Joint statement of the NATO-Ukraine Commission], 2 December 2014.</ref>

A report released in November highlighted the fact that close military encounters between Russia and the West (mainly NATO countries) had jumped to Cold War levels, with 40 dangerous or sensitive incidents recorded in the eight months alone, including a near-collision between a Russian reconnaissance plane and a passenger plane taking off from Denmark in March with 132 passengers on board.<ref name="closeenc">{{cite news |author=Ewen MacAskill |title=Close military encounters between Russia and the west 'at cold war levels' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/10/close-military-encounters-russia-west-cold-war |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=2014-11-09 |access-date=2014-12-28}}</ref> An unprecedented increase<ref name="increase">{{cite news |title=Russia Baltic military actions 'unprecedented' - Poland |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30429349 |newspaper=[[BBC]] |location=UK |date=2014-12-28 |access-date=2014-12-28}}</ref> in Russian [[Russian Air Force|air force]] and naval activity in the Baltic region prompted NATO to step up its longstanding rotation of military jets in Lithuania.<ref name="jetslith">{{cite news |title=Four RAF Typhoon jets head for Lithuania deployment |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-27183642 |newspaper=[[BBC]] |location=UK |date=2014-04-28 |access-date=2014-12-28}}</ref> Similar Russian air force increased activity in the [[Asia-Pacific]] region that relied on the resumed use of the previously abandoned Soviet [[Cam Ranh Base|military base]] at [[Cam Ranh Bay]], [[Vietnam]].<ref name="Stopflights">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-vietnam-russia-exclusive-idUSKBN0M71NA20150311 |work=Reuters |title=U.S. asks Vietnam to stop helping Russian bomber flights |date=2015-03-11 |access-date=2015-04-12}}</ref> In March 2015, Russia's defense minister [[Sergey Shoygu]] said that Russia's long-range bombers would continue patrolling various parts of the world and expand into other regions.<ref name="shoigu">{{cite news |title=Russian Strategic Bombers To Continue Patrolling Missions |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/russian-strategic-bombers-to-continue-patrolling-missions/26877218.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=2015-03-02 |access-date=2015-03-02}}</ref>

In July, the U.S. formally accused Russia of having violated the 1987 [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty]] by testing a prohibited medium-range ground-launched [[cruise missile]] (presumably R-500,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://csis.org/publication/russian-inf-treaty-violations-assessment-and-response|title=Russian INF Treaty Violations: Assessment and Response|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> a modification of [[9K720 Iskander|Iskander]])<ref name="nytcruise">{{cite news |title=U.S. Says Russia Tested Cruise Missile, Violating Treaty |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/29/world/europe/us-says-russia-tested-cruise-missile-in-violation-of-treaty.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=USA |date=2014-07-28 |access-date=2015-01-04 |first=Michael R. |last=Gordon}}</ref> and threatened to retaliate accordingly.<ref name="nytcruise" /><ref name="guardcr">{{cite news |title=US and Russia in danger of returning to era of nuclear rivalry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/04/us-russia-era-nuclear-rivalry |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=2015-01-04 |access-date=2015-01-04}}</ref> In early June 2015, the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] reported that Russia had failed to correct the violation of the I.N.F. Treaty; the U.S. government was said to have made no discernible headway in making Russia so much as acknowledge the compliance problem.<ref name="inffailure">{{cite news |title=U.S. Says Russia Failed to Correct Violation of Landmark 1987 Arms Control Deal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/world/europe/us-says-russia-fails-to-correct-violation-of-landmark-1987-arms-control-deal.html?_r=0 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=US |date=2015-06-05 |access-date=2015-06-07 |first=Michael R. |last=Gordon}}</ref> The US government's October 2014 report claimed that Russia had 1,643 [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear warheads]] ready to launch (an increase from 1,537 in 2011) – one more than the US, thus overtaking the US for the first time since 2000; both countries' deployed capacity being in violation of the [[New START|2010 New START treaty]] that sets a cap of 1,550 nuclear warheads.<ref name="MTOvertake">{{cite news |author=Matthew Bodner |title=Russia Overtakes U.S. in Nuclear Warhead Deployment |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-overtakes-u-s-in-nuclear-warhead-deployment-/508409.html |newspaper=[[The Moscow Times]] |location=Moscow |date=2014-10-03 |access-date=2014-12-28}}</ref> Likewise, even before 2014, the US had set about implementing a large-scale program, worth up to a trillion dollars, aimed at overall revitalization of its [[United States Department of Energy|atomic energy industry]], which includes plans for a new generation of weapon carriers and construction of such sites as the [[Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Replacement Facility]] in [[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]], [[New Mexico]] and the [[Kansas City Plant#National Security Campus|National Security Campus]] in south [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]].<ref>[http://cns.miis.edu/opapers/pdfs/140107_trillion_dollar_nuclear_triad.pdf The Trillion Dollar Nuclear Triad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123002308/http://cns.miis.edu/opapers/pdfs/140107_trillion_dollar_nuclear_triad.pdf |date=23 January 2016 }} [[Monterey Institute of International Studies#James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)|James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies]]: Monterey, CA. January 2014.</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news |title=U.S. Ramping Up Major Renewal in Nuclear Arms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/us-ramping-up-major-renewal-in-nuclear-arms.html?_r=0 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=USA |date=2014-09-21 |access-date=2015-01-05 |first1=William J. |last1=Broad |first2=David E. |last2=Sanger}}</ref>

At the end of 2014, Putin approved a revised [[Military doctrine of Russia|national military doctrine]], which listed NATO's military buildup near the Russian borders as the top military threat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/14758/russia-s-new-military-doctrine-hypes-nato-threat|title=Russia's New Military Doctrine Hypes NATO Threat|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/12/26/putin-signs-new-military-doctrine-naming-nato-as-russias-top-military-threat/ Putin signs new military doctrine naming NATO as Russia’s top military threat] [[National Post]], December 26, 2014.</ref>

===The Spearhead Force===
On 2 December 2014, NATO foreign ministers announced an interim [[NATO Response Force#Structure|Spearhead Force]] (the 'Very High Readiness Joint Task Force') created pursuant to the Readiness Action Plan agreed on at the NATO [[2014 Wales summit|Wales summit]] in early September 2014 and meant to enhance NATO presence in the eastern part of the alliance.<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_115551.htm Statement of Foreign Ministers on the Readiness Action Plan] NATO, 02 Dec 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/nato-condemns-russia-supports-ukraine-agrees-rapid-reaction-force|title=NATO condemns Russia, supports Ukraine, agrees to rapid-reaction force|work=New Europe|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> In June 2015, in the course of military drills held in Poland, NATO tested the new rapid reaction force for the first time, with more than 2,000 troops from nine states taking part in the exercise.<ref name="ftdrills">{{cite news |title=Nato shows its sharp end in Polish war games |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/79032a24-1660-11e5-b07f-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3e0cPGWLr |location=UK |publisher=FT |date=2015-06-19 |access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref><ref name="drills">{{cite news |title=Nato testing new rapid reaction force for first time |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33233721 |location=UK |publisher=BBC |date=2015-06-23 |access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref> Upon the end of the drills, NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] announced that the Spearhead Force deployed in Eastern Europe would be increased to 40,000 troops.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

===2015===
In early February 2015, NATO diplomats said that concern was growing in NATO over Russia's nuclear strategy and indications that Russia's nuclear strategy appeared to point to a lowering of the threshold for using nuclear weapons in any conflict.<ref name=threshold>{{cite news |title=Insight - Russia's nuclear strategy raises concerns in NATO |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-russia-nuclear-insight-idUKKBN0L825A20150204 |access-date=6 February 2015 |work=Reuters |date=4 February 2015}}</ref> The conclusion was followed by British Defense Secretary [[Michael Fallon]] saying that Britain must update [[United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction|its nuclear arsenal]] in response to Russian modernization of its nuclear forces.<ref name=fallon>{{cite news |title=Supplying weapons to Ukraine would escalate conflict: Fallon |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-fallon-idUSKBN0LA1Q820150206 |access-date=6 February 2015 |work=Reuters |date=6 February 2015 |first=Adrian |last=Croft}}</ref> Later in February, Fallon said that Putin could repeat tactics used in Ukraine in Baltic members of the NATO alliance; he also said: "NATO has to be ready for any kind of aggression from Russia, whatever form it takes. NATO is getting ready."<ref name="natoready">{{cite news |title=Russia a threat to Baltic states after Ukraine conflict, warns Michael Fallon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/feb/19/russia-a-threat-to-baltic-states-after-ukraine-conflict-warns-michael-fallon |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=2015-02-19 |access-date=2015-02-19}}</ref> Fallon noted that it was not a new cold war with Russia, as the situation was already "pretty warm".<ref name="natoready" />

In March 2015, Russia, citing NATO's ''de facto'' breach of the 1990 [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]], said that the suspension of its participation in it, announced in 2007, was now "complete" through halting its participation in the consulting group on the Treaty.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/newsline/DF4749F53CF96B4043257E040058061A |title=Заявление руководителя Делегации Российской Федерации на переговорах в Вене по вопросам военной безопасности и контроля над вооружениями |author=А.Ю.Мазура |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=RF Foreign Ministry website}}</ref><ref name="halt">{{cite news |title=Russia says halts activity in European security treaty group |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-crisis-europe-security-idUSKBN0M61RH20150310 |location=UK |work=Reuters |date=2015-03-10 |access-date=2015-03-31 |first=Thomas |last=Grove}}</ref>

Early April 2015 saw the publication of the leaked information ascribed to semi-official sources within the Russian military and intelligence establishment, about Russia's alleged preparedness for a nuclear response to certain inimical non-nuclear acts on the part of NATO; such implied threats were interpreted as "an attempt to create [[Strategic ambiguity|strategic uncertainty]]" and undermine Western political cohesion.<ref name=TimesMenace>{{cite news |title=From Russia with Menace |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/leaders/article4399638.ece |access-date=2 April 2015 |newspaper=The Times |date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Also in this vein, Norway's defense minister, [[Ine Eriksen Søreide]], noted that Russia had "created uncertainty about its intentions".<ref name=NYTNorway>{{cite news |title=Norway Reverts to Cold War Mode as Russian Air Patrols Spike |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/world/europe/a-newly-assertive-russia-jolts-norways-air-defenses-into-action.html?_r=0 |access-date=5 April 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 April 2015 |first=Andrew |last=Higgins}}</ref>

In June 2015, an independent Russian military analyst was quoted by a major American newspaper as saying: "Everybody should understand that we are living in a totally different world than two years ago. In that world, which we lost, it was possible to organize your security with treaties, with mutual-trust measures. Now we have come to an absolutely different situation, where the general way to ensure your security is [[Deterrence theory|military deterrence]]."<ref name=cost>[[Neil MacFarquhar|MacFarquhar, Neil]], [http://mobile.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/world/europe/putin-40-new-missiles-russian-nuclear-arsenal.html "As Vladimir Putin Talks More Missiles and Might, Cost Tells Another Story"], ''New York Times'', June 16, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-17.</ref>

On 16 June 2015, Tass quoted Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Aleksey Meshkov as saying that "none of the Russia-NATO programs that used to be at work are functioning at a working level."<ref>[http://tass.ru/en/russia/801076 Not a single Russia-NATO cooperation program works — Russian diplomat] [[Russian News Agency "TASS"|TASS]], 16 June 2015.</ref>

In late June 2015, while on a trip to Estonia, US Defence Secretary [[Ashton Carter]] said the US would deploy heavy weapons, including tanks, armoured vehicles and artillery, in Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania.<ref name="carterdeploy">{{cite news |title=US announces new tank and artillery deployment in Europe |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33238004 |location=UK |publisher=BBC |date=2015-06-23 |access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref> The move was interpreted by Western commentators as marking the beginning of a reorientation of NATO's strategy.<ref name="ftreorient">{{cite news |title=NATO shifts strategy in Europe to deal with Russia threat |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dd3604bc-19a8-11e5-8201-cbdb03d71480.html#axzz3e0cPGWLr |location=UK |publisher=FT |date=2015-06-23 |access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref> It was called by a senior Russian Defence Ministry official "the most aggressive act by Washington since the Cold War"<ref name=Reuterbeefup>{{cite news |title=Putin says Russia beefing up nuclear arsenal, NATO denounces 'saber-rattling' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-nuclear-putin-idUSKBN0OW17X20150616 |access-date=27 June 2015 |work=Reuters |date=16 June 2015}}</ref> and criticised by the Russian Foreign Ministry as "inadequate in military terms" and "an obvious return by the United States and its allies to the schemes of 'the Cold War'".<ref>[http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/newsline/E5ADC981E95C68DC43257E70006784BD Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России по итогам встречи министров обороны стран-членов НАТО] the RF Foreign Ministry, 26 June 2015.</ref> On its part, the U.S. expressed concern over Putin's announcement of plans to add over 40 new ballistic missiles to Russia's nuclear weapons arsenal in 2015.<ref name="Reuterbeefup" /> American observers and analysts, such as [[Steven Pifer]], noting that the U.S. had no reason for alarm about the new missiles, provided that Russia remained within the limits of the 2010 New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ([[New START]]), viewed the ratcheting-up of nuclear saber-rattling by Russia's leadership as mainly bluff and bluster designed to conceal Russia's weaknesses;<ref name=nytchicken>[[Steven Pifer]], Fiona Hill. [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/opinion/putins-risky-game-of-chicken.html "Putin’s Risky Game of Chicken"], ''New York Times'', June 15, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-18.</ref> however, Pifer suggested that the most alarming motivation behind this rhetoric could be Putin seeing nuclear weapons not merely as tools of deterrence, but as tools of coercion.<ref>Steven Pifer. [http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/order-from-chaos/posts/2015/06/17-putin-nuclear-saber-rattling-pifer Putin’s nuclear saber-rattling: What is he compensating for?] 17 June 2015.</ref> Meanwhile, at the end of June 2015, it was reported that the production schedule for a new Russian [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV]]-equipped, [[Heavy ICBM|super-heavy]] [[Thermonuclear weapon|thermonuclear]] [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] ''[[Sarmat]]'', intended to replace the obsolete Soviet-era [[R-36 (missile)#SS-18|SS-18 ''Satan'']] missiles, was slipping.<ref name=slipping>{{cite news |title=Russian Program to Build World's Biggest Intercontinental Missile Delayed |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russian-program-to-build-world-s-biggest-intercontinental-missile-delayed/524511.html |access-date=27 June 2015 |newspaper=The Moscow Times |date=26 June 2015}}</ref> Also noted by commentators were the inevitable financial and technological constraints that would hamper any real arms race with the West, if such course were to be embarked on by Russia.<ref name="cost" />

NATO-Russia tensions rose further after, on 24 November 2015, [[2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown|Turkey shot down a Russian warplane]] that allegedly violated Turkish airspace while on a mission in northwestern Syria.<ref name="natoturkey">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/world/europe/turkey-syria-russia-military-plane.html?_r=0|title=NATO-Russia Tensions Rise After Turkey Downs Jet |work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2015|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> Russian officials denied that the plane had entered Turkish airspace. Shortly after the incident, NATO called an emergency meeting to discuss the matter.

On 2 December 2015, NATO member states formally invited [[Montenegro]] to join the alliance, which drew a response from Russia that it would suspend cooperation with that country.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/12/02/world/europe/ap-eu-nato-montenegro.html?_r=0 |title=ATO Invites Montenegro to Join, as Russia Plots Response |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref>

===2016===
{{see also|USS Donald Cook#History}}
A June 2016 [[Levada Center|Levada]] poll found that 68% of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia is a threat to Russia.<ref>[http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/ Levada-Center and Chicago Council on Global Affairs about Russian-American relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190307/http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/ |date=19 August 2017 }}. Levada-Center. 4 November 2016.</ref>

Shortly before a meeting of the Russia–NATO Council at the level of permanent representatives on 20 April, the first such meeting since June 2014,<ref>[http://www.ng.ru/world/2016-04-14/1_nato.html НАТО созрело для диалога с Москвой] [[Nezavisimaya gazeta]], 14 April 2016.</ref> Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov cited what he saw as "an unprecedented military buildup since the end of the Cold War and the presence of NATO on the so-called eastern flank of the alliance with the goal of exerting military and political pressure on Russia for containing it", and said "Russia does not plan and will not be drawn into a senseless confrontation and is convinced that there is no reasonable alternative to mutually beneficial all-European cooperation in security sphere based on the principle of indivisibility of security relying on the international law."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/en/politics/869541|title=TASS: Russian Politics & Diplomacy - Lavrov: Russia will not allow NATO to embroil it into senseless confrontation|work=TASS|date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/politics/20160414/1410447310.html|title=Лавров: РФ не даст НАТО втянуть себя в бессмысленное противостояние|work=РИА Новости|date=14 April 2016}}</ref> After the meeting, the Russian ambassador to NATO said Russia was feeling comfortable without having co-operative relations with the alliance; he noted that at the time Russia and NATO had no positive agenda to pursue.<ref>[http://ria.ru/world/20160420/1415742107.html Грушко: позитивной повестки дня у России и НАТО сейчас нет] [[RIA Novosti]], 20 April 2016.</ref> The NATO secretary general, Jens Stoltenberg, said: "NATO and Russia have profound and persistent disagreements. Today's meeting did not change that."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/20/nato-russia-council-talks-fail-iron-out-differences-jens-stoltenberg Nato-Russia Council talks fail to iron out differences] The Guardian, 20 April 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/11/politics/nato-missile-defense-romania-poland/| work=CNN politics|title= U.S. launches long-awaited European missile defense shield|date= 12 May 2016| access-date= 24 August 2016}}</ref>

The opening of the first site of the [[NATO missile defence system]] in [[Deveselu]], [[Romania]], in May 2016 led Russia to reiterate its position that the U.S.-built system undermined Russia's security, posed "direct threat to global and regional security", was in violation of the [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty|INF]], and that measures were "being taken to ensure the necessary level of security for Russia".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/world/europe/russia-nato-us-romania-missile-defense.html?_r=0|title=Russia Calls New U.S. Missile Defense System a 'Direct Threat'|work=The New York Times|date=12 May 2016}}</ref>

The [[2016 Warsaw summit|NATO summit]] held in Warsaw in July 2016 approved the plan to move four battalions totaling 3,000 to 4,000 troops on a rotating basis by early 2017 into the Baltic states and eastern Poland and increase air and sea patrols to reassure allies who were once part of the Soviet bloc.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nato-summit-idUSKCN0ZN2NL NATO agrees to reinforce eastern Poland, Baltic states against Russia] Reuters, 8 July 2016.</ref> The adopted Communique explained that the decision was meant "to unambiguously demonstrate, as part of our overall posture, Allies' solidarity, determination, and ability to act by triggering an immediate Allied response to any aggression."<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm?selectedLocale=en Warsaw Summit Communiqué] See para 40.</ref> The summit reaffirmed NATO's previously taken decision to "suspend all practical civilian and military cooperation between NATO and Russia, while remaining open to political dialogue with Russia".<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm?selectedLocale=en Warsaw Summit Communiqué] See para 11.</ref> Heads of State and Government "condemned Russia's ongoing and wide-ranging military build-up" in Crimea and expressed concern over "Russia's efforts and stated plans for further military build-up in the Black Sea region".<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm?selectedLocale=en Warsaw Summit Communiqué] See para 17.</ref> They also stated that Russia's "significant military presence and support for the regime in Syria", and its military build-up in the Eastern Mediterranean "posed further risks and challenges for the security of Allies and others".<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm?selectedLocale=en Warsaw Summit Communiqué] See para 10.</ref> NATO leaders agreed to step up support for Ukraine: in a meeting of the NATO-Ukraine Commission, the Allied leaders reviewed the security situation with president of Ukraine [[Petro Poroshenko|Poroshenko]], welcomed the government's plans for reform, and endorsed a Comprehensive Assistance Package for Ukraine aimed to "help make Ukraine's defence and security institutions more effective, efficient and accountable".<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_133806.htm NATO leaders confirm strong support for Ukraine]</ref> At the meeting of the Russia–NATO Council at the level of permanent representatives that was held shortly after the Warsaw summit, Russia admonished NATO against intensifying its military activity in the Black Sea.<ref>[http://ria.ru/politics/20160713/1465431528.html Москва предупредила НАТО о последствиях военной активности в Черном море]</ref> Russia also said it agreed to have its military aircraft pilots flying over the Baltic region turn on the cockpit transmitters, known as transponders, if NATO planes acted likewise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/nato-russia-idINKCN0ZU09N |title=Russia offers to fly warplanes more safely over Baltics|work=Reuters|date=14 July 2016}}</ref>

Mid-July 2016, Russia's military announced that a regiment of long-range surface-to-air [[S-400 (missile)|S-400]] weapon system would be deployed in the city of [[Feodosia]] in Crimea in August that year, beefing up Russia's anti-access/area-denial capabilities around the peninsula.<ref>[https://www.gazeta.ru/army/2016/07/15/9692405.shtml «Триумф» в Крыму] [[Gazeta.ru]], 17 July 2016.</ref>

===2017===
In July 2017, the NATO-Russia Council met in Brussels. Following the meeting, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that Allies and Russia had had a "frank and constructive discussion" on Ukraine, Afghanistan, and transparency and risk reduction.<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_146220.htm Press point by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the NATO-Russia Council] nato.int , 13 July 2013.</ref> The two sides briefed each other on the upcoming Russia's/[[Belarus]]′ [[Zapad 2017 exercise]], and NATO's Exercise Trident Javelin 2017, respectively.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-nato-idUKKBN19Y1WA Russia tells NATO to stop 'demonising' planned war games] Reuters, 13 July 2017.</ref>

At the end of August 2017, NATO declared that NATO's four multinational battlegroups in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland were fully operational, a move that was implemented pursuant to the decision taken at the [[2016 Warsaw summit]].<ref>[http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_146557.htm NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational] nato.int, 28 August 2017.</ref>

In 2017, UK Secretary of State for Defence [[Michael Fallon]] warned that Russia's [[Zapad 2017 exercise]] in [[Belarus]] and Russia's [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] was "designed to provoke us". Fallon falsely claimed that the number of Russian troops taking part in exercise could reach 100,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 September 2017|title=Russia was the target of Nato's own fake news|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/russia-zapad-2017-putin-west-fake-news-us-world-war-three-ukraine-belarus-nato-a7961856.html}}</ref>

===2018===
In February 2018, NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] stated: "We don’t see any threat [from Russia] against any NATO ally and therefore, I’m always careful speculating too much about hypothetical situations."<ref>{{cite news |title=NATO sees no Russian threat to any of its members — head |url=https://tass.com/world/990990 |work=TASS |date=21 February 2018}}</ref> Stoltenberg welcomed the [[2018 Russia–United States summit]] between Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump in Helsinki, Finland.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit |url=https://apnews.com/a8cad273fde84304a2aa31c6cd5cf7a6 |work=AP News |date=June 28, 2018}}</ref> He said NATO is not trying to isolate Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=NATO chief warns against isolating Russia |url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/07/11/nato-chief-warns-against-isolating-russia |work=Euronews |date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

===2019===
In April 2019, NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg warned a joint session of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] of the threat posed by "“a more assertive" Russia to the alliances members. which included a massive military buildup, threats to sovereign states, the use of [[Nerve agent|nerve agents]] and [[Cyberwarfare by Russia|cyberattacks]].<ref>{{cite news|date=3 April 2019|title=NATO chief warns of Russia threat, urges unity in U.S. address|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-nato/nato-chief-warns-of-russia-threat-urges-unity-in-u-s-address-idUSKCN1RF22L}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NATO chief calls for confronting Russia in speech to Congress |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/03/nato-secretary-general-russia-congress-1252838 |work=Politico |date=3 April 2019}}</ref>

=== 2021 ===
On 13 April 2021, NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg called on Russia to halt its buildup of forces near the border with Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sabbagh|first1=Dan|last2=Roth|first2=Andrew|date=13 April 2021|title=Nato tells Russia to stop military buildup around Ukraine|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/13/nato-tells-russia-to-stop-military-buildup-around-ukraine|access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 April 2021|title=NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/13/russia-must-end-military-build-up-on-ukraines-borders-nato-says|access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref> Russian Defense Minister [[Sergey Shoygu]] said that Russia has deployed troops to its western borders for "combat training exercises" in response to NATO "military activities that threaten Russia."<ref name="Defender-Europe 21">{{cite news |title=Germany Says Russia Seeking To 'Provoke' With Troop Buildup At Ukraine's Border |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-military-germany-nato/31203229.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=14 April 2021}}</ref> [[Defender-Europe 21]], one of the largest [[List of NATO exercises|NATO-led military exercises]] in Europe in decades, began in mid-March 2021 and will last until June 2021. It will include "nearly simultaneous operations across more than 30 training areas" in [[Estonia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]] and other countries.<ref name="Defender-Europe 21"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/03/15/massive-army-led-nato-exercise-defender-europe-kicks-off/ |work=[[Army Times]] |date=15 March 2021}}</ref>

On 6 October 2021, NATO decided to expel eight Russian diplomats, described as “undeclared intelligence officers”, and halve the size of Russia's mission to the alliance in response to suspected malign activities.

The eight diplomats are expected to leave Brussels, where the alliance is headquartered, by the end of October and their positions scrapped. Two other positions that are currently vacant will also be abolished. This will reduce the size of the Russian mission to NATO in the Belgian capital to 10.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/nato-halves-size-of-russian-mission-in-response-to-suspected-killings-and-espionage-in-member-states-12427481|title = NATO expels eight Russian 'undeclared intelligence officers' in response to suspected killings and espionage}}</ref> On 18 October 2021, Russia suspended its mission to NATO and ordered the closure of NATO's office in Moscow in retaliation for NATO’s expulsion of Russian diplomats.<ref name="apnews.com"/>

[[File:Deputy Secretary Sherman Meets With the NATO-Russia Council (51815888987).jpg|thumb|The NATO-Russia Council meets in January 2022 to discuss the [[2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis]]]]
In November 2021, Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] stated that an expansion of NATO's presence in Ukraine, especially the deployment of any [[Ballistic missile|long-range missiles]] capable of striking Russian cities or [[United States national missile defense|missile defence systems]] similar to those in Romania and Poland, would be a "red line" issue for Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says |work=The Guardian |date=30 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin's 'Red Lines' Over Ukraine |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine |work=The Drive |date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/ |work=Reuters |date=30 November 2021}}</ref> Putin asked U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] for legal guarantees that NATO wouldn't expand eastward or put "weapons systems that threaten us in close vicinity to Russian territory."<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2021-12-01/russia-says-its-worried-about-ukrainian-military-buildup |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=1 December 2021}}</ref> NATO Secretary-General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] replied that "It's only Ukraine and 30 NATO allies that decide when Ukraine is ready to join NATO. Russia has no veto, Russia has no say, and Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbors."<ref>{{cite news |title=NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence" |url=https://www.axios.com/nato-russia-ukraine-invasion-18619fd7-be80-4d37-86f8-fcebcb1fbe8a.html |work=Axios |date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589 |work=BBC News |date=10 December 2021}}</ref>

The [[2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis]] occurred with Russia demanding that NATO end all military activity in Eastern Europe and never admit Ukraine as a member, and also stated they wanted a legally binding guarantee to end further eastward expansion. Alongside other demands including a Russian veto on Ukrainian membership in NATO, the removal of U.S. [[Nuclear weapons of the United States|nuclear weapons]] from Europe, and the withdrawal of multinational NATO battalions from Poland and the Baltics.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tétrault-Farber|first=Gabrielle|last2=Balmforth|first2=Tom|date=2021-12-17|title=Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/|access-date=2021-12-20}}</ref> A senior [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]] official later stated that the U.S. is "prepared to discuss Russia's proposals" with its NATO allies, but also stated that "there are some things in those documents that the Russians know will be unacceptable."<ref>{{Cite news|title=|url=https://www.axios.com/russia-nato-ukraine-invasion-a94b07bc-1e88-4e77-901f-b0133623bda6.html}}</ref>

===2022===
The Russia-Ukraine Crisis continues

==NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg and the Russian Federation==
On 25 March 2014, [[Jens Stoltenberg|Stoltenberg]] gave a speech to a [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]] convention where he harshly criticized Russia over its alleged invasion of [[Crimea]], stating that Russia threatened security and stability in Europe and violated international law, and calling Russia's actions unacceptable.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/Stoltenberg-med-hard-Russland-kritikk-7515432.html
|title=Stoltenberg med hard Russland-kritikk
|trans-title=Stoltenberg was met with fierce criticism from Russia
|date=25 March 2014
|author=Lars Molteberg Glomnes
|newspaper=Aftenposten
|language=no
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329184805/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/Stoltenberg-med-hard-Russland-kritikk-7515432.html
|archive-date=29 March 2014
|url-status=live
}}</ref> After his election as NATO Secretary-General, Stoltenberg emphasized that Russia's invasion of Ukraine was a "brutal reminder of the necessity of NATO," stating that Russia's actions in Ukraine represented "the first time since the Second World War that a country has [[List of national border changes since World War I|annexed]] a territory belonging to another country."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dn.no/nyheter/2014/03/28/stoltenberg-russlands-annektering-er-en-brutal-pminnelse-om-natos-viktighet |title=Stoltenberg: – Russlands annektering er en brutal påminnelse om Natos viktighet |trans-title=Stoltenberg: – Russia's annexation is a brutal reminder of the importance of NATO |date=28 March 2014 |language=no |newspaper=Aftenposten |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329214654/http://www.dn.no/nyheter/2014/03/28/stoltenberg-russlands-annektering-er-en-brutal-pminnelse-om-natos-viktighet |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:SD meets with NATO Secretary General 170321-D-SV709-051 (33190154960).jpg|thumb|Stoltenberg and U.S. Defense Secretary [[James Mattis]] at the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., 21 March 2017]]
Stoltenberg has highlighted the necessity of NATO having a sufficiently strong military capacity, including nuclear weapons, to deter Russia from violating international law and threaten the security of NATO's member states. He has highlighted the importance of Article 5 in the [[North Atlantic Treaty]] and NATO's responsibility to defend the security of its eastern members in particular. He has further stated that Russia needs to be sanctioned over its actions in Ukraine, and has said that a possible NATO membership of Ukraine will be "a very important question" in the near future. Stoltenberg has expressed concern over Russia acquiring new [[cruise missile]]s.<ref>{{cite news
|language=no
|url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/lokalt/Stoltenberg-frykter-russiske-raketter-3089184.html
|author1=Tron Strand, Anders Haga
|author2=Kjersti Kvile, Lars Kvamme
|title=Stoltenberg frykter russiske raketter
|trans-title=Stoltenberg fears of Russian missiles
|newspaper=[[Bergens Tidende]]
|date=28 March 2014
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331144525/http://www.bt.no/nyheter/lokalt/Stoltenberg-frykter-russiske-raketter-3089184.html
|archive-date=31 March 2014
}}</ref>

Stoltenberg has called NATO "the most successful alliance in history," stating that "NATO has secured the peace in Europe since its creation, and the alliance has managed to adapt to new security challenges."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dn.no/nyheter/2014/03/28/stoltenberg-nato-er-historiens-mest-vellykkede-allianse |title=Stoltenberg: Nato er "historiens mest vellykkede allianse" |trans-title=Stoltenberg: NATO is "history's most successful alliance" |publisher=DN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331144525/http://www.dn.no/nyheter/2014/03/28/stoltenberg-nato-er-historiens-mest-vellykkede-allianse |archive-date=31 March 2014 |url-status=live |date=28 March 2014 |language=no }}</ref>

Stoltenberg has called for more cooperation with Russia in the fight against [[terrorism]] following a deadly attack on the headquarters of a French satirical weekly magazine ''[[Charlie Hebdo shooting|Charlie Hebdo]]'' in Paris.<ref>"[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-08/nato-cites-russia-as-anti-terror-ally-after-paris-attack.html NATO Head Says Russian Anti-Terror Cooperation Important]". Bloomberg. 8 January 2015</ref>

Under the Stoltenberg leadership, the alliance took a radically new position on propaganda and counter-propaganda in 2015, that "Entirely legal activities, such as running a pro-Moscow TV station, could become a broader assault on a country that would require a NATO response under Article Five of the Treaty... A final strategy is expected in October 2015."<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/11693497/US-confirms-it-will-place-250-tanks-in-eastern-Europe-to-counter-Russian-threat.html telegraph.co.uk: "US confirms it will place 250 tanks in eastern Europe to counter Russian threat"], 23 Jun 2015</ref> In another report, the journalist reported that "as part of the hardened stance, Britain has committed £750,000 of UK money to support a counter-propaganda unit at NATO's headquarters in Brussels."<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/predictions/politics/11697512/Nato-updates-Cold-War-playbook-as-Putin-vows-to-build-nuclear-stockpile.html telegraph.co.uk: "Nato updates Cold War playbook as Putin vows to build nuclear stockpile"], 25 Jun 2015</ref>

On 24 November 2015, Stoltenberg said "We stand in solidarity with Turkey and support the territorial integrity of our Nato ally" after Turkey [[2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown|shot down a Russian military jet]] for allegedly violating Turkish airspace for 17 seconds, near the Syrian border.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's downing of Russian warplane – what we know|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34912581|publisher=BBC|date=24 November 2015}}</ref>

In response to the [[poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal]], Stolenberg announced on 27 March that NATO would be expelling seven Russian diplomats from the Russian mission to NATO in Brussels. In addition, 3 unfilled positions at the mission were denied accreditation from NATO. Russia blamed the US for the NATO response.<ref name =NATOexpulsions>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-43550938|title=Nato slashes Russia staff after poisoning|date=2018-03-27|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-03-27|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==NATO–Russia Council==
[[File:Vladimir Putin 4 April 2008-6.jpg|thumb|Meeting of the NATO–Russia council in [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]] on 4 April 2008]]

The NATO-Russia Council was created on 28 May 2002 during the [[2002 Rome summit|2002 NATO Summit in Rome]]. The council has been an official diplomatic tool for handling security issues and joint projects between NATO and Russia, involving "consensus-building, consultations, joint decisions and joint actions."<ref name="NATO_Russia_Council_statement_28May2002" /><ref name='nato-russia'>[http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-russia/topic.html NATO's relations with Russia]</ref>

"Joint decisions and actions", taken under NATO-Russia Council agreements, include fighting [[terrorism]],<ref name='NATO-Russia on terrorism'>[http://www.nato-russia-council.info/htm/en/documents28jul08.shtml NATO-Russia council on Terrorism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208075115/http://nato-russia-council.info/htm/EN/documents28jul08.shtml |date=8 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name='NATO-Russia on terrorism 2'>[http://www.nato-russia-council.info/HTM/EN/news_10.shtml NATO-Russia to practise anti-terrorist response]</ref> military cooperation (joint military exercises<ref name='NATO-Russia joint manoeuvres'>[http://www.nato-russia-council.info/htm/en/documents13jun08.shtml RFS and NATO ships joint manoeuvres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208075051/http://nato-russia-council.info/htm/EN/documents13jun08.shtml |date=8 February 2009 }}</ref> and personnel training<ref name='Joint NATO-Russia Excersises'>[http://www.nato-russia-council.info/HTM/EN/news_14.shtml Allies and Russia attend U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accident Exercise]</ref>), cooperation on Afghanistan (Russia providing training courses for anti-narcotics officers from Afghanistan and [[Central Asia]] countries in cooperation with the [[UN]]), transportation by Russia of non-military freight in support of NATO's ISAF in Afghanistan, industrial cooperation, cooperation on defence interoperability, non-proliferation, and other areas.

The heads of state for NATO Allies and Russia gave a positive assessment of NATO-Russia Council achievements in a [[Bucharest]] summit meeting in April 2008,<ref name='nato-russia'/> though both sides have expressed mild discontent with the lack of actual content resulting from the council. In January 2009, the Russian envoy to NATO Dmitry Rogozin said the NATO-Russia council was "a body where scholastic discussions were held." A US official shared this view, stating: "We want now to structure cooperation more practically, in areas where you can achieve results, instead of insisting on things that won't happen."<ref name="eo"/>

On 12 January 2022, the NATO-Russia Council met at NATO's HQ in [[Brussels]] to discuss Russia's [[2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis|military build-up near its border]] with Ukraine and Russia's demands for security guarantees in Europe. The respective delegations were led by [[United States Deputy Secretary of State|U.S. Deputy Secretary of State]], [[Wendy Sherman]] and [[Secretary General of NATO|NATO Secretary General]], [[Jens Stoltenberg]] and Russian Deputy Foreign Minister, [[Alexander Grushko]] and Russian Deputy Defence Minister, Colonel General [[Alexander Fomin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia-NATO Council ends Brussels meeting that lasted four hours|url=https://tass.com/politics/1386919|access-date=2022-01-13|website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Emmott|first=Robin|last2=Siebold|first2=Sabine|last3=Baczynska|first3=Gabriela|date=2022-01-12|title=NATO offers arms talks as Russia warns of dangers|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-set-out-security-demands-nato-meeting-2022-01-12/|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref>

== Conflicts of interests ==
===NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and recognition of Kosovo===
In 1999, Russia condemned the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Yeltsin: Russia will not use force against Nato |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/mar/25/russia |work=The Guardian |date=25 March 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yeltsin warns of possible world war over Kosovo |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/09/kosovo.diplomacy.02/ |work=CNN |date=9 April 1999}}</ref> Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]] said that NATO’s bombing of Yugoslavia "has trampled upon the foundations of international law and the United Nations charter."<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Condemns NATO’s Airstrikes |url=https://apnews.com/article/8d162f6100f23833c376f011a9298126 |work=Associated Press |date=8 June 1999}}</ref> The Kosovo War ended on 11 June 1999, and a joint NATO-Russian peacekeeping force was to be installed in [[Kosovo and Metohija|Kosovo]]. Russia had expected to receive a peacekeeping sector independent of NATO, and was angered when this was refused. There was concern that a separate Russian sector might lead to a partition of Kosovo between a [[Serbs|Serb]]-controlled north and [[Albanians|Albanian]] south.<ref>{{cite book |title=Soldier |first=Mike |last=Jackson |publisher=Transworld Publishers |date=2007 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/soldierautobiogr00jack/page/216 216–254] |isbn=9780593059074 |url=https://archive.org/details/soldierautobiogr00jack/page/216 }}</ref> From 12 to 26 June 1999, there was a [[Incident at Pristina airport|brief but tense stand-off]] between NATO and the Russian [[Kosovo Force]] in which Russian troops occupied the Pristina International Airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/671495.stm|title=Confrontation over Pristina airport |date=9 March 2000|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/singer-james-blunt-prevented-world-war-3-refused-us-order-to-attack-russian-troops-15004204.html|title=Singer James Blunt 'prevented World War 3'|last=Peck|first=Tom|date=15 November 2010|work=[[Belfast Telegraph]]}}</ref>

In 2008, Russia condemned the unilateral [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declaration of independence of Kosovo]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia warns of resorting to 'force' over Kosovo |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20080222-russia-warns-resorting-force-over-kosovo-NATO |work=France 24 |date=22 February 2008}}</ref> stating they "expect the UN mission and NATO-led forces in Kosovo to take immediate action to carry out their mandate [...] including the annulling of the decisions of Pristina's self-governing organs and the taking of tough administrative measures against them."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7249586.stm In quotes: Kosovo reaction], BBC News Online, 17 February 2008.</ref> Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] described the recognition of Kosovo's independence by several major world powers as "a terrible precedent, which will de facto blow apart the whole system of international relations, developed not over decades, but over centuries", and that "they have not thought through the results of what they are doing. At the end of the day it is a two-ended stick and the second end will come back and hit them in the face".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/putin-calls-kosovo-independence-terrible-precedent/2008/02/23/1203467431503.html|title=Putin calls Kosovo independence 'terrible precedent'|date=2008-02-23|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> In March 2014, Russia used Kosovo's declaration of independence as a justification for recognizing [[Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea|the independence of Crimea]], citing the so-called "[[Kosovo independence precedent]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603|title=Address by President of the Russian Federation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/03/24/crimea-kosovo-and-false-moral-equivalency/|title=Why the Kosovo "precedent" does not justify Russia’s annexation of Crimea|website=Washington Post}}</ref>

===Georgia war and recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia===
{{See also|Russo-Georgian War|International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia}}

Relations between Russia and NATO soured in summer 2008 due to [[Russo-Georgian War|Russia's war with Georgia]]. Later the North Atlantic Council condemned Russia for recognizing the [[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]] regions of Georgia as independent states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2008/p08-108e.html |title=NATO Press Release (2008)108 – 27 Aug 2008 |publisher=Nato.int |access-date=2011-12-04}}</ref> The Secretary General of NATO claimed that Russia's recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia violated numerous UN Security Council resolutions, including resolutions endorsed by Russia. Russia, in turn, insisted the recognition was taken basing on the situation on the ground, and was in line with the [[UN Charter]], the [[Helsinki Accords|CSCE Helsinki Final Act of 1975]] and other fundamental [[international law]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2008/p08-107e.html |title=NATO Press Release (2008)107 – 26 Aug 2008 |publisher=Nato.int |access-date=2011-12-04}}</ref> Russian media heavily stressed the [[precedent]] of the [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|recent Kosovo declaration of independence]].

Relations were further strained in May 2009 when NATO expelled two Russia diplomats over accusations of espionage. It has also added to the tension already created by proposed NATO military exercises in Georgia, as the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said,

<blockquote>The planned NATO exercises in Georgia, no matter how one tries to convince us otherwise, are an overt provocation. One cannot carry out exercises in a place where there was just a war.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/International/01-May-2009/NatoRussia-relations-plummet-amid-spying-Georgia-rows| title= Nato-Russia relations plummet amid spying, Georgia rows| access-date= 2009-05-01}}</ref></blockquote>

Before the Russian Parliamentary elections in 2011, President Dmitry Medvedev was also quoted as saying that had Russia not joined the [[Russo-Georgian War|2008 South Ossetia war]], NATO would have expanded further eastward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20111121/168901195.html |title=Russia's 2008 war with Georgia prevented NATO growth – Medvedev | Russia | RIA Novosti |publisher=En.ria.ru |date=2011-11-21 |access-date=2011-12-04}}</ref>

In September 2019, Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov was quoted as saying that if NATO accepts Georgian membership with the article on collective defense covering only Tbilisi-administered territory (i.e., excluding the two Georgian territories of [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]], both of which are currently [[List of states with limited recognition|unrecognized breakaway republics]] supported by Russia), "we will not start a war, but such conduct will undermine our relations with NATO and with countries who are eager to enter the alliance."<ref name=LavrovNATO2019>{{cite web|url=https://agenda.ge/en/news/2019/2582 |title=Russian FM Lavrov supports resumption of flights to Georgia as Georgians 'realised consequences' of June 20 |publisher=Agenda.ge |date=2019-09-26 |access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>

===NATO-led military intervention in Libya===
The [[2011 military intervention in Libya]] prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world leaders, including Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Nato rejects Russian claims of Libya mission creep |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/15/nato-libya-rasmussen-medvedev-criticism |work=The Guardian |date=15 April 2011}}</ref> and Russian Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]], who said that "<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|UNSC Resolution 1973]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> is defective and flawed...It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades."<ref>"[http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin West in "medieval crusade" on Gaddafi: Putin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323111540/http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin |date=23 March 2011 }}." ''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'' ([[Reuters]]). 21 March 2011.</ref>

===NATO Missile defence===
{{Further|NATO missile defence system}}

The [[Russian Government]] says that a US [[Ground-Based Midcourse Defense|proposed]] missile defence system [[US missile defense complex in Poland|in Poland]] and in the [[Czech Republic]] could threaten its own defences. The [[Russian Space Forces]] commander, [[Colonel General]] [[Vladimir Popovkin]] stated in 2007 that "[the] trajectories of [[Iran and weapons of mass destruction|Iranian]] or [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korean]] missiles would hardly pass anywhere near the territory of the Czech republic, but every possible launch of Russian [[ICBM]] from the territory of the [[European Russia]], or made by [[Russian Northern Fleet]] would be controlled by the [radar] station".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.ru/news/world/22-08-2007/236012-PRO-0 |title=Военные считают ПРО в Европе прямой угрозой России – Мир – Правда.Ру |publisher=Pravda.ru |date=2007-08-22 |access-date=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="Q&A: US missile defence">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6720153.stm | work=BBC News | title=Q&A: US missile defence | date=20 September 2009 | access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref>

However, in 2009, Barack Obama cancelled the missile defence project in Poland and Czech Republic after Russia threatened the US with military response, and warned Poland that by agreeing to NATO's anti-missile system, it was exposing itself to a strike or nuclear attack from Russia.<ref name="Q&A: US missile defence"/>

Russia has also warned against moving defensive missiles to Turkey's border with Syria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2012/11/mil-121122-rianovosti02.htm|title=Russia Warns Against NATO Missiles on Syrian Border|author=John Pike|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/01/11/turkey-missile-defense.html|title=Turkish Request for Missiles Strains Ties With Russia - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

In February 2010, Romania announced a deal with the US for an anti-missile defence system, which Russia interpreted as a threat to its national security.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

===Future enlargement plans of NATO to Ukraine and Georgia===
{{See also|Ukraine–NATO relations|Enlargement of NATO#Ukraine|Georgia–NATO relations|Enlargement of NATO#Georgia|2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis}}
[[File:NATO 30 Members.png|thumb|NATO member countries (blue), countries seeking to join NATO (violet and light blue) and the Russia-led [[Collective Security Treaty Organization|CSTO]] (red)]]
In early 2008, U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] vowed full support for admitting [[Ukraine]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] into NATO,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine: NATO’s original sin |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-nato-georgia-europe-european-union-united-states/ |work=Politico |date=November 23, 2021}}</ref> despite Russia's opposition to the further eastward expansion of NATO.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bush-Putin row grows as pact pushes east |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/02/nato.georgia |work=The Guardian |date=2 April 2008}}</ref>

The [[Russian Government]] claims [[Enlargement of NATO|plans to expand]] NATO to Ukraine and Georgia may negatively affect European security. Likewise, Russians are mostly strongly opposed to any eastward expansion of NATO.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7324035.stm Bush backs Ukraine on Nato bid], [[BBC NEWS]] (1 April 2008)</ref><ref>[http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1542/ukrainie-president-blocks-nato-membership-russia-influence Ukraine Says 'No' to NATO], [[Pew Research Center]] (29 March 2010)</ref> Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] stated in 2008 that "no country would be happy about a military bloc to which it did not belong approaching its borders".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/russia/2010/russia-100227-rferl01.htm|title=What's New In Russia's New Military Doctrine?|author=John Pike|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7312045.stm | work=BBC News | title=Medvedev warns on Nato expansion | date=25 March 2008 | access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister [[Grigory Karasin]] warned that any incorporation of Ukraine into NATO would cause a "deep crisis" in [[Russia–Ukraine relations]] and also negatively affect Russia's relations with the West.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bush stirs controversy over NATO membership |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/01/ukraine.analysis/ |work=CNN |date=April 1, 2008}}</ref>

In September 2019, Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] said that "NATO approaching our borders is a threat to Russia."<ref>{{cite news |title=Lavrov: If Georgia Joins NATO, Relations Will Be Spoiled |url=http://georgiatoday.ge/news/17482/Lavrov%3A-If-Georgia-Joins-NATO%2C-Relations-Will-Be-Spoiled |work=Georgia Today |date=26 September 2019}}</ref> He was quoted as saying that if [[NATO]] accepts Georgian membership with the article on collective defense covering only Tbilisi-administered territory (i.e., excluding the Georgian territories of [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]], both of which are currently [[List of states with limited recognition|unrecognized breakaway republics]] supported by Russia), "we will not start a war, but such conduct will undermine our relations with NATO and with countries who are eager to enter the alliance."<ref name=LavrovNATO2019/>

==Suggestions of Russia joining NATO==
[[File:Vladimir Putin 28 May 2002-13.jpg|thumb|[[2002 Rome summit]]]]
The idea of Russia becoming a NATO member has at different times been floated by both Western and Russian leaders, as well as some experts. No serious discussions were ever held.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Could_NATO_Membership_For_Russia_Break_Impasse_In_European_Security_Debate/1949690.html Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?], 5 February 2010.</ref>

In 1990, while negotiating [[German reunification]] at the end of the Cold War with U.S. Secretary of State [[James Baker]], Soviet president [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] said that "You say that NATO is not directed against us, that it is simply a security structure that is adapting to new realities ... therefore, we propose to join NATO." However, Baker dismissed the possibility as a "dream".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2014-08-11/broken-promise|title=A Broken Promise?|date=October 2014|access-date=2016-01-06|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> During a [[The Putin Interviews|series of interviews]] with filmmaker [[Oliver Stone]], President [[Vladimir Putin]] told him that he floated the possibility of Russia joining NATO to President [[Bill Clinton]] when he visited Moscow in 2000.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/in-his-interview-with-oliver-stone-vladimir-putin-suggested-russia-joining-nato-to-bill-clinton/article18965562.ece Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.</ref><ref name="TIME-NATO"/>

[[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]], the former Danish Prime Minister who served as NATO Secretary General from 2009 to 2014, said that "Once Russia can show it is upholding democracy and human rights, NATO can seriously consider its membership." According to Rasmussen, in the early days of [[Presidency of Vladimir Putin|Putin's presidency]] around 2000–2001, Putin made many statements that suggested he was favorable to the idea of Russia joining NATO.<ref name="TIME-NATO">{{cite news |title=Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO |url=https://time.com/5564207/russia-nato-relationship/ |work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=4 April 2019}}</ref>

Russian leadership made it clear Russia did not plan to join the alliance, preferring to keep cooperation on a lower level.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} In March 2009, the Russian envoy to NATO, Dmitry Rogozin, while not ruling out NATO membership at some point in the future, stated: "Great powers don't join coalitions, they create coalitions. Russia considers itself a [[great power]]."<ref name="eo">{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/13/27890|title=Russia does not rule out future NATO membership|publisher=EUobserver|access-date=2009-05-01}}</ref>

In early 2010, the suggestion was repeated in an open letter co-written by German defense experts. They posited that Russia was needed in the wake of an emerging multi-polar world in order for NATO to counterbalance emerging Asian powers.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,682287,00.html Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO] ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' Retrieved on 9 March 2010</ref>

==Ideology and propaganda==
Kimberly Marten argued in 2020 that NATO's enlargement made it weaker, not stronger as Moscow feared. The bad relations that emerged after 2009 were mostly caused by Russia's own declining influence in world affairs. Thirdly, Russia's strong negative reaction was manipulated and magnified by both nationalists and by Putin, as ammunition in their domestic political wars.<ref>Kimberly Marten, "NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia." ''International Politics'' 57 (2020): 401-426.</ref><ref>For similar critiques see James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, "Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken." ''International Politics'' 57 (2020): 291-321.</ref>

Both Russia and NATO have engaged in propaganda wars, and both sides fund several media outlets that help spread their message.<ref name=MDejevsky>{{cite news|last1=Dejevsky|first1=Mary|title=News of a Russian arms buildup next to Ukraine is part of the propaganda war|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/11/russian-arms-buildup-ukraine-propaganda-war-nato|access-date=25 December 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 April 2014}}</ref> Russia funds [[international broadcasting|international broadcasters]] such as [[RT (TV network)|RT]], [[Rossiya Segodnya]] (including [[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]]), and [[Russian News Agency "TASS"|TASS]].<ref name=CMatlack>{{cite news|last1=Matlack|first1=Carol|title=Does Russia's Global Media Empire Distort the News? You Be the Judge|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-06-04/does-russias-global-media-empire-distort-the-news-you-be-the-judge|access-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Bloomberg|date=4 June 2014}}</ref> as well as several domestic media networks.<ref name=O-M>{{cite magazine|last1=Spiegel Staff|title=The Opinion-Makers: How Russia Is Winning the Propaganda War|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/russia-uses-state-television-to-sway-opinion-at-home-and-abroad-a-971971.html|access-date=25 December 2014|magazine=Der Spiegel|date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=GTF>{{cite news|last1=Tetrault-Farber|first1=Gabrielle|title=Poll Finds 94% of Russians Depend on State TV for Ukraine Coverage|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/poll-finds-94-of-russians-depend-on-state-tv-for-ukraine-coverage/499988.html|access-date=25 December 2014|newspaper=The Moscow Times|date=12 May 2014}}</ref> NATO countries fund international broadcasters such as [[Voice of America]] and the [[BBC World Service]]. Russian media has been particularly [[Anti-American sentiment in Russia|critical of the United States]].<ref name=Eclipse>{{cite magazine|last1=Remnick|first1=David|title=Watching the Eclipse|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/11/watching-eclipse|access-date=2 January 2015|magazine=The New Yorker|date=11 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=NKrusch>{{cite news|last1=Kruscheva|first1=Nina|title=Putin's anti-American rhetoric now persuades his harshest critics|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/07/29/putins-anti-american-rhetoric-now-persuades-his-harshest-critics/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801145851/http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/07/29/putins-anti-american-rhetoric-now-persuades-his-harshest-critics/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2014|access-date=2 January 2015|work=Reuters|date=29 July 2014}}</ref> In 2014, Russia cut off Voice of America radio transmissions after Voice of America criticized Russia's actions in Ukraine.<ref name=klally>{{cite news|last1=Lally|first1=Kathy|title=Moscow turns off Voice of America radio|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/moscow-turns-off-voice-of-america-radio/2014/04/10/9c184fd8-8362-43fd-9dc0-26a80f849a0e_story.html|access-date=24 December 2015|newspaper=Washington Post|date=10 April 2014}}</ref> Russia's [[Freedom of the press in Russia|freedom of the press]] has received low scores in the [[Press Freedom Index]] of [[Reporters Without Borders]], and Russia limits foreign ownership stakes of media organizations to no greater than 20%.<ref name=Clamps>{{cite news|title=A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21631057-clampdown-foreign-owned-media-opportunity-some-oligarchs-interesting-news|access-date=26 December 2014|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 November 2014}}</ref> In January 2015, the UK, Denmark, Lithuania and Estonia called on the European Union to jointly confront Russian propaganda by setting up a "permanent platform" to work with NATO in strategic communications and boost local Russian-language media.<ref name=3confront>{{cite news|title=Four EU Countries Propose Steps to Counter Russia's Propaganda |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-16/four-eu-countries-propose-steps-to-counter-russia-s-propaganda.html|access-date=20 January 2015|publisher=Bloomberg|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> On 19 January 2015, the EU [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]] [[Federica Mogherini]] said the EU planned to establish a Russia-language mass media body with a target Russian-speaking audience in Eastern Partnership countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, as well as in the European Union countries.<ref name=Moghsaid>{{cite news|title=Mogherini: EU may establish Russian-language media|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/world/772020|access-date=20 January 2015|agency=Reuters|date=19 January 2015}}</ref>

Vladimir Putin has presented [[Eurasianism]]<ref name=LNey>{{cite news|last1=Neyfakh|first1=Leon|title=Putin's long game? Meet the Eurasian Union|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2014/03/09/putin-long-game-meet-eurasian-union/1eKLXEC3TJfzqK54elX5fL/story.html|access-date=21 January 2015|newspaper=Boston Globe|date=9 March 2014}}</ref> and "[[Putinism]]" as an alternative to the [[Western culture|Western]] ideals espoused by many NATO countries.<ref name=DRohde>{{cite news|last1=Rohde|first1=David|last2=Mohammed|first2=Arshad|title=Special Report: How the U.S. made its Putin problem worse|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-putin-diplomacy-special-repor-idUSBREA3H0OQ20140418|access-date=20 December 2014|work=Reuters|date=18 April 2014}}</ref> Putinism combines [[state capitalism]] with [[authoritarian]] [[nationalism]].<ref name=DRohde/> Putin and Russia as a whole lost respect for the values and moral authority of the West, creating a "values gap" between Russia and the West.<ref name=Trenin>[http://carnegieendowment.org/2007/03/01/russia-redefines-itself-and-its-relations-with-west/3lz "Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West"], by [[Dmitri Trenin]], ''[[The Washington Quarterly]]'', Spring 2007</ref> Putin has promoted his brand of conservative Russian values, and has emphasized the importance of religion.<ref name=NBuckley>{{cite news|last1=Buckley|first1=Neil|title=Putin urges Russians to return to values of religion|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/cdedfd64-214f-11e3-a92a-00144feab7de.html#axzz3MhjQRmIS|access-date=23 December 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=19 September 2013}}</ref> [[LGBT rights by country or territory|Gay rights]] have divided Russia and many NATO countries, as the United States and some European countries have used their [[soft power]] to promote the protection of [[LGBT rights by country or territory|gay rights]] in Eastern Europe.<ref name=LHoare>{{cite magazine|last1=Hoare|first1=Liam|title=Europe's New Gay Cold War|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2014/12/26/the_new_cold_war_is_being_fought_over_the_treatment_of_lgbtq_citizens.html|access-date=3 January 2015|magazine=Slate|date=26 December 2014}}</ref> Russia, on the other hand, has hindered the freedom of [[homosexuality]] and earned support from those opposed to [[gay marriage]].<ref name=LHoare/><ref name=RH>{{cite news|last1=Herszenhorn|first1=David|title=Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/12/world/europe/gays-in-russia-find-no-haven-despite-support-from-the-west.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=23 December 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=11 August 2013}}</ref>

In March 2016, Vladimir Putin's spokesman [[Dmitry Peskov]] said that Russia was at "[[information warfare|information war]]" primarily with "Anglo-Saxon mass media".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lenta.ru/news/2016/03/26/anglosaksi/|title=В Кремле рассказали о состоянии информационной войны с англосаксами|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

==Trade and economy==
{{see also|Russia–European Union relations|Energy policy of Russia}}
In 1998, Russia joined the [[G8]], a forum of eight large [[developed economy|developed countries]], six of which are members of NATO. In 2012, Russia joined the [[World Trade Organization]], an organization of governments committed to reducing [[tariff]]s and other [[trade barrier]]s. These increased economic ties gave Russia access to new markets and capital, as well as political clout in the West and other countries. Russian gas exports came to be viewed as a weapon against NATO countries,<ref name=Gas>{{Cite news|title =Putin's 'Last and Best Weapon' Against Europe: Gas |date = 2014-09-24|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2014/10/03/putins-last-and-best-weapon-against-europe-gas-272652.html |access-date= 2015-01-03}}</ref> and the US and other Western countries have worked to lessen the dependency of Europe on Russia and its resources.<ref name=BKlapper>{{cite news|last1=Klapper|first1=Bradley|title=New Cold War: US, Russia fight over Europe's energy future|url=https://news.yahoo.com/cold-war-us-russia-fight-191709484.html|access-date=12 February 2015|publisher=Yahoo|date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The [[Economy of Russia|Russian economy]] is heavily dependent on the export of natural resources such as oil and natural gas, and Russia has used these resources to its advantage. Starting in the mid-2000s, Russia and Ukraine had several [[Russia–Ukraine gas disputes|disputes]] in which Russia threatened to cut off the supply of gas. As a great deal of Russia's gas is exported to Europe through the pipelines crossing Ukraine, those disputes affected several NATO countries. While Russia claimed the disputes had arisen from Ukraine's failure to pay its bills, Russia may also have been motivated by a desire to punish the pro-Western government that came to power after the [[Orange Revolution]].<ref name=PFinn>{{cite news|title = Russia's State-Controlled Gas Firm Announces Plan to Double Price for Georgia|newspaper = Washington Post|date = 2007-11-03|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/02/AR2006110201520.html|access-date= 2014-12-25|first=Peter|last=Finn}}</ref>

While Russia's new role in the global economy presented Russia with several opportunities, it also made the Russian Federation more vulnerable to external economic trends and pressures.<ref name=JStewart>{{cite news|last1=Stewart|first1=James|title=Why Russia Can't Afford Another Cold War|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/08/business/why-russia-cant-afford-another-cold-war.html|access-date=3 January 2015|newspaper=New York Times|date=7 March 2014}}</ref> Like many other countries, Russia's [[Great Recession in Russia|economy suffered]] during the [[Great Recession]]. Following the [[2014 Crimean crisis|Crimean Crisis]], several countries (including most of NATO) imposed [[International sanctions during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|sanctions]] on Russia, hurting the Russian economy by cutting off access to capital.<ref name=clamor>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-companies-clamor-for-dollars-to-repay-debt-1412860551|title=Russian Companies Clamor for Dollars to Repay Debt|author=Chiara Albanese and Ben Edwards|date=9 October 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> At the same time, the global [[price of oil]] declined.<ref name=FChang>{{cite news|last1=Chung|first1=Frank|title=The Cold War is back, and colder|url=http://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/the-cold-war-is-back-and-colder/story-e6frflo9-1227159436375|access-date=17 December 2014|publisher=News.au|date=18 December 2014}}</ref> The combination of Western sanctions and the falling crude price in 2014 and thereafter resulted in the [[2014–15 Russian financial crisis]].<ref name=FChang/>

==Russia's foreign relations with NATO member states==
{|
|-
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Albania}} [[Albania–Russia relations|Albania]]
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium–Russia relations|Belgium]]
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria–Russia relations|Bulgaria]]
* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada–Russia relations|Canada]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia–Russia relations|Croatia]]
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic–Russia relations|Czech Republic]]
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark–Russia relations|Denmark]]
* {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia–Russia relations|Estonia]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|France}} [[France–Russia relations|France]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany–Russia relations|Germany]]
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece–Russia relations|Greece]]
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary–Russia relations|Hungary]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland–Russia relations|Iceland]]
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy–Russia relations|Italy]]
* {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia–Russia relations|Latvia]]
* {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania–Russia relations|Lithuania]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg–Russia relations|Luxembourg]]
* {{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro–Russia relations|Montenegro]]
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands–Russia relations|Netherlands]]
* {{flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[North Macedonia–Russia relations|North Macedonia]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway–Russia relations|Norway]]
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland–Russia relations|Poland]]
* {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal–Russia relations|Portugal]]
* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania–Russia relations|Romania]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Russia–Slovakia relations|Slovakia]]
* {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Russia–Slovenia relations|Slovenia]]
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Russia–Spain relations|Spain]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Russia–Turkey relations|Turkey]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Russia–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]]
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Russia–United States relations|United States]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="NATO_Russia_Council_statement_28May2002">{{cite web | title= NATO–Russia Council Statement 28 May 2002 | website= [[NATO]] |date = 2002-05-28 | url = https://archives.nato.int/uploads/r/null/1/4/145410/STATEMENT_2002-05-28_BIL.pdf | access-date = 2022-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203183401/https://archives.nato.int/uploads/r/null/1/4/145410/STATEMENT_2002-05-28_BIL.pdf |archive-date= 2022-02-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==

* Asmus, Ronald. ''Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Opening-NATOs-Door-Alliance-Relations/dp/0231127774/ excerpt]
* Asmus, Ronald D., Richard L. Kugler, and F. Stephen Larrabee. "Building a new NATO." ''Foreign Affairs'' (1993): 28-40 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20045713 online].
* Asmus, Ronald D. "Europe's eastern promise: Rethinking NATO and EU enlargement." ''Foreign Affairs'' (2008): 95-106. [https://ketlib.lib.unipi.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/ket/402/Europe's_Eastern_Promise_Asmus.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y online]
* Asmus, Ronald, Stefan Czmur, Chris Donnelly, Aivis Ronis, Tomas Valasek, and Klaus Wittmann. ''NATO, new allies and reassurance'' (London: Centre for European Reform, 2010) [https://www.cer.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/2011/pb_nato_12may10-215.pdf online].
* Baker III, James A. "Russia in NATO?" ''The Washington Quarterly,'' (2002) 25:1, 93-103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016366002753358348
* {{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/5-reasons-why-russia-will-never-join-nato/423840.html |title=5 Reasons Why Russia Will Never Join NATO |last=Bohm |first=Michael |date=19 November 2010 |work=The Moscow Times |publisher=Independent Media Sanoma Magazines |access-date=19 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119163555/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/5-reasons-why-russia-will-never-join-nato/423840.html |archive-date=19 November 2010 }}
* Braun, Aurel, ed. ''NATO-Russia relations in the twenty-first century'' (Routledge, 2008).
* Forsberg, Tuomas, and Graeme Herd. "Russia and NATO: From Windows of Opportunities to Closed Doors." ''Journal of Contemporary European Studies'' 23#1 (2015): 41-57.
* Goldgeier, James, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson. "Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken." ''International Politics'' 57 (2020): 291-321.
* Goldgeier, James M. ''Not Whether But When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO'' (1999) [https://www.amazon.com/Not-Whether-But-When-Decision/dp/081573171X/ excerpt]
* Hanson, Marianne. "Russia and NATO expansion: The uneasy basis of the founding act." ''European Security'' 7.2 (1998): 13-29. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marianne_Hanson/publication/37616611_Russia_and_NATO_Expansion_The_Uneasy_Basis_of_the_Founding_Act/links/5ec66eb5a6fdcc90d6894543/Russia-and-NATO-Expansion-The-Uneasy-Basis-of-the-Founding-Act.pdf online]
* Holas, Lukáš. "Prospects for Russia-NATO relations: The SWOT analysis." ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'' 51.2 (2018): 151-160.
* Kropatcheva, Elena. "NATO–Russia relations and the Chinese factor: An ignored variable." ''Politics'' 34.2 (2014): 149-160.
* Kupchan, Charles A. "NATO's Final Frontier: Why Russia Should Join the Atlantic Alliance" ''Foreign Affairs'' 89#3 (2010), pp. 100–112 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25680919 online]
* Marten, Kimberly. "NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia." ''International Politics'' 57 (2020): 401-426.
* Ozkan, Ozgur. "NATO-Russia Relations in the Twenty-First Century: Obstacles and Opportunities for Strategic Partnership". (Naval Postgraduate School Dept Of National Security Affairs, 2012) [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA574442.pdf online].
* Pouliot, Vincent. ''International security in practice: the politics of NATO-Russia diplomacy'' (Cambridge UP, 2010).
* RAND, ''Russia’s Hostile Measures: Combating Russian Gray Zone Aggression Against NATO in the Contact, Blunt, and Surge Layers of Competition'' (2020) [http://www.rand.org/t/RR2539 online] Covers Moldova/Transnistria (1992–2016); Georgia (2004–2012); Estonia (2006–2007); Ukraine (2014–2016); and Turkey (2015–2016)
* Ratti, Luca. "Back to the future? International relations theory and NATO-Russia relations since the end of the Cold War." ''International Journal'' 64.2 (2009): 399-422.
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfaKAQAAQBAJ|last=Stent|first=Angela|author-link=Angela Stent|title=The Limits of Partnership: U.S.-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century|year=2014|isbn=9781400848454}}; [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=42263 online review]
* Sushentsov, Andrey A., and William C. Wohlforth. "The tragedy of US–Russian relations: NATO centrality and the revisionists’ spiral." ''International Politics'' 57 (2020): 427-450.
* Talbott, Strobe. ''The Russia Hand: A memoir of Presidential Diplomacy'' (2002) [https://archive.org/details/russiahandmemoir00talb online]
* Tsygankov, Andrei P. "The sources of Russia's fear of NATO." ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'' 51.2 (2018): 101-111. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrei_Tsygankov/publication/324901968_The_sources_of_Russia%27s_fear_of_NATO/links/5b4dd947a6fdcc8dae258041/The-sources-of-Russias-fear-of-NATO online]
* Tsygankov, Andrei P. "NATO, Russia, and regional security in Europe and Eurasia. Introduction to the issue." ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'' 51.2 (2018): 89-90. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrei_Tsygankov/publication/324263832_NATO_Russia_and_regional_security_in_Europe_and_Eurasia_Introduction_to_the_issue/links/5b9be8bd299bf13e6031662e/NATO-Russia-and-regional-security-in-Europe-and-Eurasia-Introduction-to-the-issue.pdf online]
* Unverdi, Gurbet Behram. "To what extent is the gradual deterioration in NATO-Russia relations between 1991-2014 causally related to NATO's eastward expansion in Eastern-Europe?." (MA thesis, Leiden University 2015). [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/35073/GBUNVERDI%20Revised%20Masters%20Thesis%2003%3A8%3A2015.pdf?sequence=1 online]
* Vancouver, C. A. S. I. S. "NATO and Canadian Responses to Russia since its Annexation of Crimea in 2014." ''Journal of Intelligence, Conflict and Warfare'' 1.1 (2018). [https://jicw.org/index.php/jicw/article/download/468/291 online]
* Wohlforth, William, and Vladislav Zubok. "An abiding antagonism: realism, idealism and the mirage of Western-Russian partnership after the Cold War." ''International Politics'' (2017) 54#4 pp 405–419.

==External links==
{{commons category|Relations of NATO and Russia}}
* {{in lang|en|ru|fr}} [http://www.nato.int/nrc-website/en/about/index.html NATO-Russia council]
* {{in lang|en|ru}} [http://www.natomission.ru Permanent Mission of Russia to NATO]
* {{in lang|en|ru|fr|uk}} [http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-russia/ NATO-Russia relations]

{{Foreign relations of Russia|Multilateral}}
{{NATO relations}}
{{Russia–United States relations}}
{{Cold War}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NATO-Russia relations}}
[[Category:Russia–NATO relations| ]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Russia|NATO]]
[[Category:NATO relations|Russia]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Europe]]

Beziehungen zwischen der NATO und Russland

2022-02-11T08:07:21Z

195.244.210.117: /* 2022 */ editing

Beziehungen zwischen der NATO und Russland

2022-02-11T08:05:02Z

195.244.210.117: /* 2021 */ creation of the section for the year 2022

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Russia-NATO|NATO|Russia|map=Location NATO Russia.svg}}
Relations between the [[NATO]] [[military alliance]] and the [[Russian Federation]] were established in 1991 within the framework of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]].<ref name=natorelations>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50090.htm |title=NATO's Relations With Russia
|date=6 April 2017 |publisher=NATO Public Diplomacy Division, Belgium |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/20120214_strategic-concept-2010-eng.pdf
|title=NATO Strategic Concept for the Defence and Security of the Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
|date=20 November 2010 |publisher=NATO Public Diplomacy Division, Belgium |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> In 1994, Russia joined the [[Partnership for Peace]] program, and since that time, NATO and Russia have signed several important agreements on cooperation.<ref name='PfP Signatures'>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig-date.htm |title=NATO PfP Signatures by Date |publisher=NATO Public Diplomacy Division, Belgium |date=10 January 2012 |access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

The '''Russia–NATO Council''' was established in 2002 for handling security issues and joint projects.<ref name="NATO_Russia_Council_statement_28May2002" /> Cooperation between Russia and NATO now develops in several main sectors, including: fighting terrorism, military cooperation, cooperation on [[Afghanistan]] (including transportation by Russia of non-military [[International Security Assistance Force]] freight (see [[NATO logistics in the Afghan War]]), and fighting the [[Opium production in Afghanistan|local drug production]]), industrial cooperation, and weapons non-proliferation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.militarytimes.com/articles/nato-the-worlds-biggest-military-alliance-explained |title=NATO: The World's Largest Military Alliance Explained |date=25 May 2017 |website=www.MilitaryTimes.com |publisher=The Associated Press, US
|first1=Lorne |last1=Cook |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref>

On 1 April 2014, NATO unanimously decided to suspend all practical co-operation with the Russian Federation, in response to the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Annexation of Crimea]], but the NATO-Russia Council (NRC) was not suspended.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2020/4/pdf/2003-NATO-Russia_en.pdf|title=NATO-Russia Relations: The Background|author= |date=March 2020|website= |publisher=NATO|access-date=2021-06-11}}</ref> On 18 February 2017, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Sergey Lavrov]] said he supported the resumption of military cooperation with the NATO alliance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-lavrov-want-cooperation-with-nato-pragmatic-us-ties/28317270.html|title=Lavrov Says Russia Wants Military Cooperation With NATO, 'Pragmatic' U.S. Ties|author= |date=18 February 2017|website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|publisher=|access-date=2021-06-11}}</ref> In late March 2017, the Council met in advance of a NATO Foreign Ministers conference in Brussels, Belgium.<ref>Barnes, Julian E., [https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-nato-diplomats-discuss-military-deployments-in-baltic-sea-region-1490893510 "Russian, NATO Diplomats Discuss Military Deployments in Baltic Sea Region"] {{subscription required}}, ''The Wall Street Journal, US'', 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-30.</ref>

In October 2021, following an incident in which NATO expelled eight Russian officials from its [[Brussels]] headquarters, Russia suspended its mission to NATO and ordered the closure of NATO's office in Moscow.<ref name="apnews.com">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-18|title=Russia suspends its mission at NATO, shuts alliance's office|url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-russia-moscow-sergey-lavrov-f03d2f2f8e3086b0490d4f9e95cdf655|access-date=2021-10-19|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Anna Chernova and Kara Fox|title=Russia suspending mission to NATO in response to staff expulsions|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/18/europe/russia-suspends-nato-mission-intl/index.html|access-date=2021-10-19|website=CNN}}</ref>

==Post-Cold War cooperation==
[[File:Russia-NATO permanent mission logo.png|thumb|Coat of Arms of the Permanent Mission of Russia to NATO.]]

Following the [[Fall of the Berlin Wall|fall of the Berlin Wall]] in Germany, NATO and the Soviet Union (now Russia) began to engage in talks on several levels, including a continued push for arms control treaties such as the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]]. Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze made a first visit to NATO Headquarters on 19 December 1989, followed by informal talks in 1990 between NATO and Soviet military leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_136603.htm|title=NATO Declassified - Old adversaries become new partners}}</ref> In June 1990 the [[message from Turnberry]] has been described as "the first step in the evolution of [modern] NATO-Russia relations".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Iulian|first=Raluca Iulia|title=A Quarter Century of Nato-Russia Relations|date=2017-08-23|url=https://ojs.journals.cz/index.php/CBUIC/article/view/998|journal=CBU International Conference Proceedings|language=en|volume=5|pages=633–638|doi=10.12955/cbup.v5.998|issn=1805-9961|doi-access=free}}</ref> The NATO Secretary General, [[Manfred Wörner]], would visit Moscow in July 1990, to discuss future cooperation, a first for NATO–Russia relations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_136599.htm|title=NATO Declassified - First NATO Secretary General in Russia}}</ref>

Formal contacts and cooperation between Russia and NATO began in 1991, within the framework of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]] (later renamed [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]]), and were further deepened as Russia joined the Partnership for Peace program on 22 June 1994.<ref name='Early relations'>{{cite web |url=http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/relations.htm |title=The NATO-Russia Archive - Formal NATO-Russia Relations |publisher=Berlin Information-Center For Translantic Security (BITS), Germany |access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

===Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security, 1997===

On 27 May 1997, at the [[NATO summit|NATO Summit]] in Paris, France, NATO and Russia signed the Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security, a road map for would-be NATO-Russia cooperation.<ref>Ronald D. Azmus, ''Opening NATO's Door'' (2002) p. 210.</ref><ref>Strobe Talbott, ''The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy'' (2002) p. 246.</ref><ref>Fergus Carr and Paul Flenley, "NATO and the Russian Federation in the new Europe: the Founding Act on Mutual Relations." ''Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics'' 15.2 (1999): 88-110.</ref>

It set up a new forum: the "NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council" (PJC) as a venue for consultations, cooperation and consensus building. There was no provision granting NATO or Russia any veto powers over the actions of the other. NATO said it had no plans to station nuclear weapons in the new member states or send in new permanent military forces. The parties stated they did not see each other as adversaries, and, "based on an enduring political commitment undertaken at the highest political level, will build together a lasting and inclusive peace in the Euro-Atlantic area on the principles of democracy and cooperative security".<ref name='Early cooperation Act'>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_25468.htm|title=NATO - Official text: Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris, France, 27-May.-1997|author=NATO|work=NATO|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

===Cooperation, 2009–2014===
[[File:NATO vs CSTO.jpg|right|500px]]
In December 2009, NATO approached Russia for help in Afghanistan, requesting permission for the alliance to fly cargo (including possibly military ones) over Russian territory to Afghanistan, and to provide more helicopters for the [[Military of Afghanistan|Afghan armed forces]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BF38D20091216 NATO chief asks for Russian help in Afghanistan] [[Reuters]] Retrieved on 9 March 2010</ref> However Russia only allowed transit of non-military supplies through its territory.<ref>Angela Stent, ''The Limits of Partnership: U.S.-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century'' (2014) pp 230–232.</ref>

On 6 June 2011, NATO and Russia participated in their first ever joint fighter jet exercise, dubbed "Vigilant Skies 2011". Since the Cold War, this is only the second joint military venture between the alliance and Russia, with the first being a joint submarine exercise which begun on 30 May 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8550653/Russian-and-Nato-jets-to-hold-first-ever-joint-exercise.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8550653/Russian-and-Nato-jets-to-hold-first-ever-joint-exercise.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Russian and Nato jets to hold first ever joint exercise|date=1 June 2011|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=22 April 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In April 2012, there were some protests in Russia over their country's involvement with NATO, conducted by the leftist activist alliance [[Left Front (Russia)|Left Front]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/world/europe/russians-protest-plan-for-nato-site-in-ulyanovsk.html|work=The New York Times|first=Andrew E.|last=Kramer|title=Russians Protest Plan for NATO Site in Ulyanovsk|date=21 April 2012}}</ref>

==Suspension of cooperation and military build-up==
{{See also|Second Cold War|Nuclear arms race}}
[[File:World nuclear weapons.png|thumb|right|280px|Large [[nuclear weapons]] stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue)]]

===Hostile threats and measures ===
Russia engaged in hostile threats or actions against Moldova/Transnistria(1992–2016); Georgia (2004–2012); Estonia (2006–2007); Ukraine (2014–present); and Turkey (2015–2016), among others.<ref>RAND, ''Russia’s Hostile Measures: Combating Russian Gray Zone Aggression Against NATO in the Contact, Blunt, and Surge Layers of Competition'' (2020) [http://www.rand.org/t/RR2539 online]</ref>

===2014===
In early March 2014, tensions increased between NATO and Russia as a result of the Russia's move to [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annex Crimea]]: NATO urged Russia to stop its actions and said it supported Ukraine's territorial integrity and sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/03/02/nato-warns-russia-to-cease-and-desist-in-ukraine/|title=NATO warns Russia to cease and desist in Ukraine|work=Euronews.com|access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> On 1 April 2014, NATO issued a statement by NATO foreign ministers that announced it had "decided to suspend all practical civilian and military cooperation between NATO and Russia. Our political dialogue in the NATO-Russia Council can continue, as necessary, at the Ambassadorial level and above, to allow us to exchange views, first and foremost on this crisis".<ref name="end coop">{{cite web | title = Ukraine Crisis: NATO Suspends Russia Co-operation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26838894 |publisher=BBC News, UK |date= 2 April 2014 |access-date = 2 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="1aprilstatement">{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_108501.htm|title=Statement by NATO foreign ministers, 1 April 2014}}</ref> The statement condemned Russia's "illegal military intervention in Ukraine and Russia's violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity".<ref name="1aprilstatement"/>

In spring, the Russian Defense Ministry announced it was planning to deploy additional forces in Crimea as part of beefing up its [[Black Sea Fleet]], including re-deployment by 2016 of nuclear-capable Tupolev [[Tupolev Tu-22M|Tu-22M3]] ('Backfire') long-range strike bombers — which used to be the backbone of Soviet naval strike units during the Cold War, but were later withdrawn from bases in Crimea.<ref name="bbcbombers">{{cite news |author=Pavel Aksenov |title=Why would Russia deploy bombers in Crimea? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33649298 |location=London |publisher=BBC |date=2015-07-24 |access-date=2015-12-03}}</ref> Such moves alarmed NATO: in November NATO's top military commander US General [[Philip M. Breedlove|Philip Breedlove]] said that the alliance was "watching for indications" amid fears over the possibility that Russia could move any of its [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction#Nuclear arsenal of Russia|nuclear arsenal]] to the peninsula.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/nato-very-concerned-by-russian-military-build-up-in-crimea.aspx?pageID=238&nID=74852&NewsCatID=359|title=NATO 'very concerned' by Russian military build-up in Crimea - INTERNATIONAL|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> In December, Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] said this would be a legitimate action as "Crimea has now become part of a country that has such weapons under the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/239978.html|title=Crimea|work=Interfax-Ukraine|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

At the NATO [[2014 Wales summit|Wales summit]] in early September, the NATO-Ukraine Commission adopted a Joint Statement that "strongly condemned Russia's illegal and illegitimate self-declared "annexation" of Crimea and its continued and deliberate destabilization of eastern Ukraine in violation of international law";<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_112695.htm Joint Statement of the NATO-Ukraine Commission], 4 September 2014.</ref> this position was re-affirmed in the early December statement by the same body.<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_115474.htm Joint statement of the NATO-Ukraine Commission], 2 December 2014.</ref>

A report released in November highlighted the fact that close military encounters between Russia and the West (mainly NATO countries) had jumped to Cold War levels, with 40 dangerous or sensitive incidents recorded in the eight months alone, including a near-collision between a Russian reconnaissance plane and a passenger plane taking off from Denmark in March with 132 passengers on board.<ref name="closeenc">{{cite news |author=Ewen MacAskill |title=Close military encounters between Russia and the west 'at cold war levels' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/10/close-military-encounters-russia-west-cold-war |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=2014-11-09 |access-date=2014-12-28}}</ref> An unprecedented increase<ref name="increase">{{cite news |title=Russia Baltic military actions 'unprecedented' - Poland |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30429349 |newspaper=[[BBC]] |location=UK |date=2014-12-28 |access-date=2014-12-28}}</ref> in Russian [[Russian Air Force|air force]] and naval activity in the Baltic region prompted NATO to step up its longstanding rotation of military jets in Lithuania.<ref name="jetslith">{{cite news |title=Four RAF Typhoon jets head for Lithuania deployment |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-27183642 |newspaper=[[BBC]] |location=UK |date=2014-04-28 |access-date=2014-12-28}}</ref> Similar Russian air force increased activity in the [[Asia-Pacific]] region that relied on the resumed use of the previously abandoned Soviet [[Cam Ranh Base|military base]] at [[Cam Ranh Bay]], [[Vietnam]].<ref name="Stopflights">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-vietnam-russia-exclusive-idUSKBN0M71NA20150311 |work=Reuters |title=U.S. asks Vietnam to stop helping Russian bomber flights |date=2015-03-11 |access-date=2015-04-12}}</ref> In March 2015, Russia's defense minister [[Sergey Shoygu]] said that Russia's long-range bombers would continue patrolling various parts of the world and expand into other regions.<ref name="shoigu">{{cite news |title=Russian Strategic Bombers To Continue Patrolling Missions |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/russian-strategic-bombers-to-continue-patrolling-missions/26877218.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=2015-03-02 |access-date=2015-03-02}}</ref>

In July, the U.S. formally accused Russia of having violated the 1987 [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty]] by testing a prohibited medium-range ground-launched [[cruise missile]] (presumably R-500,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://csis.org/publication/russian-inf-treaty-violations-assessment-and-response|title=Russian INF Treaty Violations: Assessment and Response|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> a modification of [[9K720 Iskander|Iskander]])<ref name="nytcruise">{{cite news |title=U.S. Says Russia Tested Cruise Missile, Violating Treaty |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/29/world/europe/us-says-russia-tested-cruise-missile-in-violation-of-treaty.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=USA |date=2014-07-28 |access-date=2015-01-04 |first=Michael R. |last=Gordon}}</ref> and threatened to retaliate accordingly.<ref name="nytcruise" /><ref name="guardcr">{{cite news |title=US and Russia in danger of returning to era of nuclear rivalry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/04/us-russia-era-nuclear-rivalry |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=2015-01-04 |access-date=2015-01-04}}</ref> In early June 2015, the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] reported that Russia had failed to correct the violation of the I.N.F. Treaty; the U.S. government was said to have made no discernible headway in making Russia so much as acknowledge the compliance problem.<ref name="inffailure">{{cite news |title=U.S. Says Russia Failed to Correct Violation of Landmark 1987 Arms Control Deal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/world/europe/us-says-russia-fails-to-correct-violation-of-landmark-1987-arms-control-deal.html?_r=0 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=US |date=2015-06-05 |access-date=2015-06-07 |first=Michael R. |last=Gordon}}</ref> The US government's October 2014 report claimed that Russia had 1,643 [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear warheads]] ready to launch (an increase from 1,537 in 2011) – one more than the US, thus overtaking the US for the first time since 2000; both countries' deployed capacity being in violation of the [[New START|2010 New START treaty]] that sets a cap of 1,550 nuclear warheads.<ref name="MTOvertake">{{cite news |author=Matthew Bodner |title=Russia Overtakes U.S. in Nuclear Warhead Deployment |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-overtakes-u-s-in-nuclear-warhead-deployment-/508409.html |newspaper=[[The Moscow Times]] |location=Moscow |date=2014-10-03 |access-date=2014-12-28}}</ref> Likewise, even before 2014, the US had set about implementing a large-scale program, worth up to a trillion dollars, aimed at overall revitalization of its [[United States Department of Energy|atomic energy industry]], which includes plans for a new generation of weapon carriers and construction of such sites as the [[Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Replacement Facility]] in [[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]], [[New Mexico]] and the [[Kansas City Plant#National Security Campus|National Security Campus]] in south [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]].<ref>[http://cns.miis.edu/opapers/pdfs/140107_trillion_dollar_nuclear_triad.pdf The Trillion Dollar Nuclear Triad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123002308/http://cns.miis.edu/opapers/pdfs/140107_trillion_dollar_nuclear_triad.pdf |date=23 January 2016 }} [[Monterey Institute of International Studies#James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)|James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies]]: Monterey, CA. January 2014.</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news |title=U.S. Ramping Up Major Renewal in Nuclear Arms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/us-ramping-up-major-renewal-in-nuclear-arms.html?_r=0 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=USA |date=2014-09-21 |access-date=2015-01-05 |first1=William J. |last1=Broad |first2=David E. |last2=Sanger}}</ref>

At the end of 2014, Putin approved a revised [[Military doctrine of Russia|national military doctrine]], which listed NATO's military buildup near the Russian borders as the top military threat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/14758/russia-s-new-military-doctrine-hypes-nato-threat|title=Russia's New Military Doctrine Hypes NATO Threat|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/12/26/putin-signs-new-military-doctrine-naming-nato-as-russias-top-military-threat/ Putin signs new military doctrine naming NATO as Russia’s top military threat] [[National Post]], December 26, 2014.</ref>

===The Spearhead Force===
On 2 December 2014, NATO foreign ministers announced an interim [[NATO Response Force#Structure|Spearhead Force]] (the 'Very High Readiness Joint Task Force') created pursuant to the Readiness Action Plan agreed on at the NATO [[2014 Wales summit|Wales summit]] in early September 2014 and meant to enhance NATO presence in the eastern part of the alliance.<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_115551.htm Statement of Foreign Ministers on the Readiness Action Plan] NATO, 02 Dec 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/nato-condemns-russia-supports-ukraine-agrees-rapid-reaction-force|title=NATO condemns Russia, supports Ukraine, agrees to rapid-reaction force|work=New Europe|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> In June 2015, in the course of military drills held in Poland, NATO tested the new rapid reaction force for the first time, with more than 2,000 troops from nine states taking part in the exercise.<ref name="ftdrills">{{cite news |title=Nato shows its sharp end in Polish war games |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/79032a24-1660-11e5-b07f-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3e0cPGWLr |location=UK |publisher=FT |date=2015-06-19 |access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref><ref name="drills">{{cite news |title=Nato testing new rapid reaction force for first time |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33233721 |location=UK |publisher=BBC |date=2015-06-23 |access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref> Upon the end of the drills, NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] announced that the Spearhead Force deployed in Eastern Europe would be increased to 40,000 troops.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

===2015===
In early February 2015, NATO diplomats said that concern was growing in NATO over Russia's nuclear strategy and indications that Russia's nuclear strategy appeared to point to a lowering of the threshold for using nuclear weapons in any conflict.<ref name=threshold>{{cite news |title=Insight - Russia's nuclear strategy raises concerns in NATO |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-russia-nuclear-insight-idUKKBN0L825A20150204 |access-date=6 February 2015 |work=Reuters |date=4 February 2015}}</ref> The conclusion was followed by British Defense Secretary [[Michael Fallon]] saying that Britain must update [[United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction|its nuclear arsenal]] in response to Russian modernization of its nuclear forces.<ref name=fallon>{{cite news |title=Supplying weapons to Ukraine would escalate conflict: Fallon |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-fallon-idUSKBN0LA1Q820150206 |access-date=6 February 2015 |work=Reuters |date=6 February 2015 |first=Adrian |last=Croft}}</ref> Later in February, Fallon said that Putin could repeat tactics used in Ukraine in Baltic members of the NATO alliance; he also said: "NATO has to be ready for any kind of aggression from Russia, whatever form it takes. NATO is getting ready."<ref name="natoready">{{cite news |title=Russia a threat to Baltic states after Ukraine conflict, warns Michael Fallon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/feb/19/russia-a-threat-to-baltic-states-after-ukraine-conflict-warns-michael-fallon |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=2015-02-19 |access-date=2015-02-19}}</ref> Fallon noted that it was not a new cold war with Russia, as the situation was already "pretty warm".<ref name="natoready" />

In March 2015, Russia, citing NATO's ''de facto'' breach of the 1990 [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]], said that the suspension of its participation in it, announced in 2007, was now "complete" through halting its participation in the consulting group on the Treaty.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/newsline/DF4749F53CF96B4043257E040058061A |title=Заявление руководителя Делегации Российской Федерации на переговорах в Вене по вопросам военной безопасности и контроля над вооружениями |author=А.Ю.Мазура |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=RF Foreign Ministry website}}</ref><ref name="halt">{{cite news |title=Russia says halts activity in European security treaty group |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-crisis-europe-security-idUSKBN0M61RH20150310 |location=UK |work=Reuters |date=2015-03-10 |access-date=2015-03-31 |first=Thomas |last=Grove}}</ref>

Early April 2015 saw the publication of the leaked information ascribed to semi-official sources within the Russian military and intelligence establishment, about Russia's alleged preparedness for a nuclear response to certain inimical non-nuclear acts on the part of NATO; such implied threats were interpreted as "an attempt to create [[Strategic ambiguity|strategic uncertainty]]" and undermine Western political cohesion.<ref name=TimesMenace>{{cite news |title=From Russia with Menace |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/leaders/article4399638.ece |access-date=2 April 2015 |newspaper=The Times |date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Also in this vein, Norway's defense minister, [[Ine Eriksen Søreide]], noted that Russia had "created uncertainty about its intentions".<ref name=NYTNorway>{{cite news |title=Norway Reverts to Cold War Mode as Russian Air Patrols Spike |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/world/europe/a-newly-assertive-russia-jolts-norways-air-defenses-into-action.html?_r=0 |access-date=5 April 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 April 2015 |first=Andrew |last=Higgins}}</ref>

In June 2015, an independent Russian military analyst was quoted by a major American newspaper as saying: "Everybody should understand that we are living in a totally different world than two years ago. In that world, which we lost, it was possible to organize your security with treaties, with mutual-trust measures. Now we have come to an absolutely different situation, where the general way to ensure your security is [[Deterrence theory|military deterrence]]."<ref name=cost>[[Neil MacFarquhar|MacFarquhar, Neil]], [http://mobile.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/world/europe/putin-40-new-missiles-russian-nuclear-arsenal.html "As Vladimir Putin Talks More Missiles and Might, Cost Tells Another Story"], ''New York Times'', June 16, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-17.</ref>

On 16 June 2015, Tass quoted Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Aleksey Meshkov as saying that "none of the Russia-NATO programs that used to be at work are functioning at a working level."<ref>[http://tass.ru/en/russia/801076 Not a single Russia-NATO cooperation program works — Russian diplomat] [[Russian News Agency "TASS"|TASS]], 16 June 2015.</ref>

In late June 2015, while on a trip to Estonia, US Defence Secretary [[Ashton Carter]] said the US would deploy heavy weapons, including tanks, armoured vehicles and artillery, in Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania.<ref name="carterdeploy">{{cite news |title=US announces new tank and artillery deployment in Europe |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33238004 |location=UK |publisher=BBC |date=2015-06-23 |access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref> The move was interpreted by Western commentators as marking the beginning of a reorientation of NATO's strategy.<ref name="ftreorient">{{cite news |title=NATO shifts strategy in Europe to deal with Russia threat |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dd3604bc-19a8-11e5-8201-cbdb03d71480.html#axzz3e0cPGWLr |location=UK |publisher=FT |date=2015-06-23 |access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref> It was called by a senior Russian Defence Ministry official "the most aggressive act by Washington since the Cold War"<ref name=Reuterbeefup>{{cite news |title=Putin says Russia beefing up nuclear arsenal, NATO denounces 'saber-rattling' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-nuclear-putin-idUSKBN0OW17X20150616 |access-date=27 June 2015 |work=Reuters |date=16 June 2015}}</ref> and criticised by the Russian Foreign Ministry as "inadequate in military terms" and "an obvious return by the United States and its allies to the schemes of 'the Cold War'".<ref>[http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/newsline/E5ADC981E95C68DC43257E70006784BD Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России по итогам встречи министров обороны стран-членов НАТО] the RF Foreign Ministry, 26 June 2015.</ref> On its part, the U.S. expressed concern over Putin's announcement of plans to add over 40 new ballistic missiles to Russia's nuclear weapons arsenal in 2015.<ref name="Reuterbeefup" /> American observers and analysts, such as [[Steven Pifer]], noting that the U.S. had no reason for alarm about the new missiles, provided that Russia remained within the limits of the 2010 New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ([[New START]]), viewed the ratcheting-up of nuclear saber-rattling by Russia's leadership as mainly bluff and bluster designed to conceal Russia's weaknesses;<ref name=nytchicken>[[Steven Pifer]], Fiona Hill. [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/opinion/putins-risky-game-of-chicken.html "Putin’s Risky Game of Chicken"], ''New York Times'', June 15, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-18.</ref> however, Pifer suggested that the most alarming motivation behind this rhetoric could be Putin seeing nuclear weapons not merely as tools of deterrence, but as tools of coercion.<ref>Steven Pifer. [http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/order-from-chaos/posts/2015/06/17-putin-nuclear-saber-rattling-pifer Putin’s nuclear saber-rattling: What is he compensating for?] 17 June 2015.</ref> Meanwhile, at the end of June 2015, it was reported that the production schedule for a new Russian [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV]]-equipped, [[Heavy ICBM|super-heavy]] [[Thermonuclear weapon|thermonuclear]] [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] ''[[Sarmat]]'', intended to replace the obsolete Soviet-era [[R-36 (missile)#SS-18|SS-18 ''Satan'']] missiles, was slipping.<ref name=slipping>{{cite news |title=Russian Program to Build World's Biggest Intercontinental Missile Delayed |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russian-program-to-build-world-s-biggest-intercontinental-missile-delayed/524511.html |access-date=27 June 2015 |newspaper=The Moscow Times |date=26 June 2015}}</ref> Also noted by commentators were the inevitable financial and technological constraints that would hamper any real arms race with the West, if such course were to be embarked on by Russia.<ref name="cost" />

NATO-Russia tensions rose further after, on 24 November 2015, [[2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown|Turkey shot down a Russian warplane]] that allegedly violated Turkish airspace while on a mission in northwestern Syria.<ref name="natoturkey">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/world/europe/turkey-syria-russia-military-plane.html?_r=0|title=NATO-Russia Tensions Rise After Turkey Downs Jet |work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2015|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> Russian officials denied that the plane had entered Turkish airspace. Shortly after the incident, NATO called an emergency meeting to discuss the matter.

On 2 December 2015, NATO member states formally invited [[Montenegro]] to join the alliance, which drew a response from Russia that it would suspend cooperation with that country.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/12/02/world/europe/ap-eu-nato-montenegro.html?_r=0 |title=ATO Invites Montenegro to Join, as Russia Plots Response |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref>

===2016===
{{see also|USS Donald Cook#History}}
A June 2016 [[Levada Center|Levada]] poll found that 68% of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia is a threat to Russia.<ref>[http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/ Levada-Center and Chicago Council on Global Affairs about Russian-American relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190307/http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/ |date=19 August 2017 }}. Levada-Center. 4 November 2016.</ref>

Shortly before a meeting of the Russia–NATO Council at the level of permanent representatives on 20 April, the first such meeting since June 2014,<ref>[http://www.ng.ru/world/2016-04-14/1_nato.html НАТО созрело для диалога с Москвой] [[Nezavisimaya gazeta]], 14 April 2016.</ref> Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov cited what he saw as "an unprecedented military buildup since the end of the Cold War and the presence of NATO on the so-called eastern flank of the alliance with the goal of exerting military and political pressure on Russia for containing it", and said "Russia does not plan and will not be drawn into a senseless confrontation and is convinced that there is no reasonable alternative to mutually beneficial all-European cooperation in security sphere based on the principle of indivisibility of security relying on the international law."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/en/politics/869541|title=TASS: Russian Politics & Diplomacy - Lavrov: Russia will not allow NATO to embroil it into senseless confrontation|work=TASS|date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/politics/20160414/1410447310.html|title=Лавров: РФ не даст НАТО втянуть себя в бессмысленное противостояние|work=РИА Новости|date=14 April 2016}}</ref> After the meeting, the Russian ambassador to NATO said Russia was feeling comfortable without having co-operative relations with the alliance; he noted that at the time Russia and NATO had no positive agenda to pursue.<ref>[http://ria.ru/world/20160420/1415742107.html Грушко: позитивной повестки дня у России и НАТО сейчас нет] [[RIA Novosti]], 20 April 2016.</ref> The NATO secretary general, Jens Stoltenberg, said: "NATO and Russia have profound and persistent disagreements. Today's meeting did not change that."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/20/nato-russia-council-talks-fail-iron-out-differences-jens-stoltenberg Nato-Russia Council talks fail to iron out differences] The Guardian, 20 April 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/11/politics/nato-missile-defense-romania-poland/| work=CNN politics|title= U.S. launches long-awaited European missile defense shield|date= 12 May 2016| access-date= 24 August 2016}}</ref>

The opening of the first site of the [[NATO missile defence system]] in [[Deveselu]], [[Romania]], in May 2016 led Russia to reiterate its position that the U.S.-built system undermined Russia's security, posed "direct threat to global and regional security", was in violation of the [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty|INF]], and that measures were "being taken to ensure the necessary level of security for Russia".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/world/europe/russia-nato-us-romania-missile-defense.html?_r=0|title=Russia Calls New U.S. Missile Defense System a 'Direct Threat'|work=The New York Times|date=12 May 2016}}</ref>

The [[2016 Warsaw summit|NATO summit]] held in Warsaw in July 2016 approved the plan to move four battalions totaling 3,000 to 4,000 troops on a rotating basis by early 2017 into the Baltic states and eastern Poland and increase air and sea patrols to reassure allies who were once part of the Soviet bloc.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nato-summit-idUSKCN0ZN2NL NATO agrees to reinforce eastern Poland, Baltic states against Russia] Reuters, 8 July 2016.</ref> The adopted Communique explained that the decision was meant "to unambiguously demonstrate, as part of our overall posture, Allies' solidarity, determination, and ability to act by triggering an immediate Allied response to any aggression."<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm?selectedLocale=en Warsaw Summit Communiqué] See para 40.</ref> The summit reaffirmed NATO's previously taken decision to "suspend all practical civilian and military cooperation between NATO and Russia, while remaining open to political dialogue with Russia".<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm?selectedLocale=en Warsaw Summit Communiqué] See para 11.</ref> Heads of State and Government "condemned Russia's ongoing and wide-ranging military build-up" in Crimea and expressed concern over "Russia's efforts and stated plans for further military build-up in the Black Sea region".<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm?selectedLocale=en Warsaw Summit Communiqué] See para 17.</ref> They also stated that Russia's "significant military presence and support for the regime in Syria", and its military build-up in the Eastern Mediterranean "posed further risks and challenges for the security of Allies and others".<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm?selectedLocale=en Warsaw Summit Communiqué] See para 10.</ref> NATO leaders agreed to step up support for Ukraine: in a meeting of the NATO-Ukraine Commission, the Allied leaders reviewed the security situation with president of Ukraine [[Petro Poroshenko|Poroshenko]], welcomed the government's plans for reform, and endorsed a Comprehensive Assistance Package for Ukraine aimed to "help make Ukraine's defence and security institutions more effective, efficient and accountable".<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_133806.htm NATO leaders confirm strong support for Ukraine]</ref> At the meeting of the Russia–NATO Council at the level of permanent representatives that was held shortly after the Warsaw summit, Russia admonished NATO against intensifying its military activity in the Black Sea.<ref>[http://ria.ru/politics/20160713/1465431528.html Москва предупредила НАТО о последствиях военной активности в Черном море]</ref> Russia also said it agreed to have its military aircraft pilots flying over the Baltic region turn on the cockpit transmitters, known as transponders, if NATO planes acted likewise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/nato-russia-idINKCN0ZU09N |title=Russia offers to fly warplanes more safely over Baltics|work=Reuters|date=14 July 2016}}</ref>

Mid-July 2016, Russia's military announced that a regiment of long-range surface-to-air [[S-400 (missile)|S-400]] weapon system would be deployed in the city of [[Feodosia]] in Crimea in August that year, beefing up Russia's anti-access/area-denial capabilities around the peninsula.<ref>[https://www.gazeta.ru/army/2016/07/15/9692405.shtml «Триумф» в Крыму] [[Gazeta.ru]], 17 July 2016.</ref>

===2017===
In July 2017, the NATO-Russia Council met in Brussels. Following the meeting, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that Allies and Russia had had a "frank and constructive discussion" on Ukraine, Afghanistan, and transparency and risk reduction.<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_146220.htm Press point by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the NATO-Russia Council] nato.int , 13 July 2013.</ref> The two sides briefed each other on the upcoming Russia's/[[Belarus]]′ [[Zapad 2017 exercise]], and NATO's Exercise Trident Javelin 2017, respectively.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-nato-idUKKBN19Y1WA Russia tells NATO to stop 'demonising' planned war games] Reuters, 13 July 2017.</ref>

At the end of August 2017, NATO declared that NATO's four multinational battlegroups in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland were fully operational, a move that was implemented pursuant to the decision taken at the [[2016 Warsaw summit]].<ref>[http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_146557.htm NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational] nato.int, 28 August 2017.</ref>

In 2017, UK Secretary of State for Defence [[Michael Fallon]] warned that Russia's [[Zapad 2017 exercise]] in [[Belarus]] and Russia's [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] was "designed to provoke us". Fallon falsely claimed that the number of Russian troops taking part in exercise could reach 100,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 September 2017|title=Russia was the target of Nato's own fake news|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/russia-zapad-2017-putin-west-fake-news-us-world-war-three-ukraine-belarus-nato-a7961856.html}}</ref>

===2018===
In February 2018, NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] stated: "We don’t see any threat [from Russia] against any NATO ally and therefore, I’m always careful speculating too much about hypothetical situations."<ref>{{cite news |title=NATO sees no Russian threat to any of its members — head |url=https://tass.com/world/990990 |work=TASS |date=21 February 2018}}</ref> Stoltenberg welcomed the [[2018 Russia–United States summit]] between Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump in Helsinki, Finland.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit |url=https://apnews.com/a8cad273fde84304a2aa31c6cd5cf7a6 |work=AP News |date=June 28, 2018}}</ref> He said NATO is not trying to isolate Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=NATO chief warns against isolating Russia |url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/07/11/nato-chief-warns-against-isolating-russia |work=Euronews |date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

===2019===
In April 2019, NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg warned a joint session of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] of the threat posed by "“a more assertive" Russia to the alliances members. which included a massive military buildup, threats to sovereign states, the use of [[Nerve agent|nerve agents]] and [[Cyberwarfare by Russia|cyberattacks]].<ref>{{cite news|date=3 April 2019|title=NATO chief warns of Russia threat, urges unity in U.S. address|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-nato/nato-chief-warns-of-russia-threat-urges-unity-in-u-s-address-idUSKCN1RF22L}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NATO chief calls for confronting Russia in speech to Congress |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/03/nato-secretary-general-russia-congress-1252838 |work=Politico |date=3 April 2019}}</ref>

=== 2021 ===
On 13 April 2021, NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg called on Russia to halt its buildup of forces near the border with Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sabbagh|first1=Dan|last2=Roth|first2=Andrew|date=13 April 2021|title=Nato tells Russia to stop military buildup around Ukraine|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/13/nato-tells-russia-to-stop-military-buildup-around-ukraine|access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 April 2021|title=NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/13/russia-must-end-military-build-up-on-ukraines-borders-nato-says|access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref> Russian Defense Minister [[Sergey Shoygu]] said that Russia has deployed troops to its western borders for "combat training exercises" in response to NATO "military activities that threaten Russia."<ref name="Defender-Europe 21">{{cite news |title=Germany Says Russia Seeking To 'Provoke' With Troop Buildup At Ukraine's Border |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-military-germany-nato/31203229.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=14 April 2021}}</ref> [[Defender-Europe 21]], one of the largest [[List of NATO exercises|NATO-led military exercises]] in Europe in decades, began in mid-March 2021 and will last until June 2021. It will include "nearly simultaneous operations across more than 30 training areas" in [[Estonia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]] and other countries.<ref name="Defender-Europe 21"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/03/15/massive-army-led-nato-exercise-defender-europe-kicks-off/ |work=[[Army Times]] |date=15 March 2021}}</ref>

On 6 October 2021, NATO decided to expel eight Russian diplomats, described as “undeclared intelligence officers”, and halve the size of Russia's mission to the alliance in response to suspected malign activities.

The eight diplomats are expected to leave Brussels, where the alliance is headquartered, by the end of October and their positions scrapped. Two other positions that are currently vacant will also be abolished. This will reduce the size of the Russian mission to NATO in the Belgian capital to 10.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/nato-halves-size-of-russian-mission-in-response-to-suspected-killings-and-espionage-in-member-states-12427481|title = NATO expels eight Russian 'undeclared intelligence officers' in response to suspected killings and espionage}}</ref> On 18 October 2021, Russia suspended its mission to NATO and ordered the closure of NATO's office in Moscow in retaliation for NATO’s expulsion of Russian diplomats.<ref name="apnews.com"/>

===2022===
The Russia-Ukraine Crisis continues.

[[File:Deputy Secretary Sherman Meets With the NATO-Russia Council (51815888987).jpg|thumb|The NATO-Russia Council meets in January 2022 to discuss the [[2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis]]]]
In November 2021, Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] stated that an expansion of NATO's presence in Ukraine, especially the deployment of any [[Ballistic missile|long-range missiles]] capable of striking Russian cities or [[United States national missile defense|missile defence systems]] similar to those in Romania and Poland, would be a "red line" issue for Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says |work=The Guardian |date=30 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin's 'Red Lines' Over Ukraine |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine |work=The Drive |date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/ |work=Reuters |date=30 November 2021}}</ref> Putin asked U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] for legal guarantees that NATO wouldn't expand eastward or put "weapons systems that threaten us in close vicinity to Russian territory."<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2021-12-01/russia-says-its-worried-about-ukrainian-military-buildup |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=1 December 2021}}</ref> NATO Secretary-General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] replied that "It's only Ukraine and 30 NATO allies that decide when Ukraine is ready to join NATO. Russia has no veto, Russia has no say, and Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbors."<ref>{{cite news |title=NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence" |url=https://www.axios.com/nato-russia-ukraine-invasion-18619fd7-be80-4d37-86f8-fcebcb1fbe8a.html |work=Axios |date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589 |work=BBC News |date=10 December 2021}}</ref>

The [[2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis]] occurred with Russia demanding that NATO end all military activity in Eastern Europe and never admit Ukraine as a member, and also stated they wanted a legally binding guarantee to end further eastward expansion. Alongside other demands including a Russian veto on Ukrainian membership in NATO, the removal of U.S. [[Nuclear weapons of the United States|nuclear weapons]] from Europe, and the withdrawal of multinational NATO battalions from Poland and the Baltics.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tétrault-Farber|first=Gabrielle|last2=Balmforth|first2=Tom|date=2021-12-17|title=Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/|access-date=2021-12-20}}</ref> A senior [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]] official later stated that the U.S. is "prepared to discuss Russia's proposals" with its NATO allies, but also stated that "there are some things in those documents that the Russians know will be unacceptable."<ref>{{Cite news|title=|url=https://www.axios.com/russia-nato-ukraine-invasion-a94b07bc-1e88-4e77-901f-b0133623bda6.html}}</ref>

==NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg and the Russian Federation==
On 25 March 2014, [[Jens Stoltenberg|Stoltenberg]] gave a speech to a [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]] convention where he harshly criticized Russia over its alleged invasion of [[Crimea]], stating that Russia threatened security and stability in Europe and violated international law, and calling Russia's actions unacceptable.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/Stoltenberg-med-hard-Russland-kritikk-7515432.html
|title=Stoltenberg med hard Russland-kritikk
|trans-title=Stoltenberg was met with fierce criticism from Russia
|date=25 March 2014
|author=Lars Molteberg Glomnes
|newspaper=Aftenposten
|language=no
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329184805/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/Stoltenberg-med-hard-Russland-kritikk-7515432.html
|archive-date=29 March 2014
|url-status=live
}}</ref> After his election as NATO Secretary-General, Stoltenberg emphasized that Russia's invasion of Ukraine was a "brutal reminder of the necessity of NATO," stating that Russia's actions in Ukraine represented "the first time since the Second World War that a country has [[List of national border changes since World War I|annexed]] a territory belonging to another country."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dn.no/nyheter/2014/03/28/stoltenberg-russlands-annektering-er-en-brutal-pminnelse-om-natos-viktighet |title=Stoltenberg: – Russlands annektering er en brutal påminnelse om Natos viktighet |trans-title=Stoltenberg: – Russia's annexation is a brutal reminder of the importance of NATO |date=28 March 2014 |language=no |newspaper=Aftenposten |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329214654/http://www.dn.no/nyheter/2014/03/28/stoltenberg-russlands-annektering-er-en-brutal-pminnelse-om-natos-viktighet |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:SD meets with NATO Secretary General 170321-D-SV709-051 (33190154960).jpg|thumb|Stoltenberg and U.S. Defense Secretary [[James Mattis]] at the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., 21 March 2017]]
Stoltenberg has highlighted the necessity of NATO having a sufficiently strong military capacity, including nuclear weapons, to deter Russia from violating international law and threaten the security of NATO's member states. He has highlighted the importance of Article 5 in the [[North Atlantic Treaty]] and NATO's responsibility to defend the security of its eastern members in particular. He has further stated that Russia needs to be sanctioned over its actions in Ukraine, and has said that a possible NATO membership of Ukraine will be "a very important question" in the near future. Stoltenberg has expressed concern over Russia acquiring new [[cruise missile]]s.<ref>{{cite news
|language=no
|url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/lokalt/Stoltenberg-frykter-russiske-raketter-3089184.html
|author1=Tron Strand, Anders Haga
|author2=Kjersti Kvile, Lars Kvamme
|title=Stoltenberg frykter russiske raketter
|trans-title=Stoltenberg fears of Russian missiles
|newspaper=[[Bergens Tidende]]
|date=28 March 2014
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331144525/http://www.bt.no/nyheter/lokalt/Stoltenberg-frykter-russiske-raketter-3089184.html
|archive-date=31 March 2014
}}</ref>

Stoltenberg has called NATO "the most successful alliance in history," stating that "NATO has secured the peace in Europe since its creation, and the alliance has managed to adapt to new security challenges."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dn.no/nyheter/2014/03/28/stoltenberg-nato-er-historiens-mest-vellykkede-allianse |title=Stoltenberg: Nato er "historiens mest vellykkede allianse" |trans-title=Stoltenberg: NATO is "history's most successful alliance" |publisher=DN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331144525/http://www.dn.no/nyheter/2014/03/28/stoltenberg-nato-er-historiens-mest-vellykkede-allianse |archive-date=31 March 2014 |url-status=live |date=28 March 2014 |language=no }}</ref>

Stoltenberg has called for more cooperation with Russia in the fight against [[terrorism]] following a deadly attack on the headquarters of a French satirical weekly magazine ''[[Charlie Hebdo shooting|Charlie Hebdo]]'' in Paris.<ref>"[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-08/nato-cites-russia-as-anti-terror-ally-after-paris-attack.html NATO Head Says Russian Anti-Terror Cooperation Important]". Bloomberg. 8 January 2015</ref>

Under the Stoltenberg leadership, the alliance took a radically new position on propaganda and counter-propaganda in 2015, that "Entirely legal activities, such as running a pro-Moscow TV station, could become a broader assault on a country that would require a NATO response under Article Five of the Treaty... A final strategy is expected in October 2015."<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/11693497/US-confirms-it-will-place-250-tanks-in-eastern-Europe-to-counter-Russian-threat.html telegraph.co.uk: "US confirms it will place 250 tanks in eastern Europe to counter Russian threat"], 23 Jun 2015</ref> In another report, the journalist reported that "as part of the hardened stance, Britain has committed £750,000 of UK money to support a counter-propaganda unit at NATO's headquarters in Brussels."<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/predictions/politics/11697512/Nato-updates-Cold-War-playbook-as-Putin-vows-to-build-nuclear-stockpile.html telegraph.co.uk: "Nato updates Cold War playbook as Putin vows to build nuclear stockpile"], 25 Jun 2015</ref>

On 24 November 2015, Stoltenberg said "We stand in solidarity with Turkey and support the territorial integrity of our Nato ally" after Turkey [[2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown|shot down a Russian military jet]] for allegedly violating Turkish airspace for 17 seconds, near the Syrian border.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's downing of Russian warplane – what we know|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34912581|publisher=BBC|date=24 November 2015}}</ref>

In response to the [[poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal]], Stolenberg announced on 27 March that NATO would be expelling seven Russian diplomats from the Russian mission to NATO in Brussels. In addition, 3 unfilled positions at the mission were denied accreditation from NATO. Russia blamed the US for the NATO response.<ref name =NATOexpulsions>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-43550938|title=Nato slashes Russia staff after poisoning|date=2018-03-27|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-03-27|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==NATO–Russia Council==
[[File:Vladimir Putin 4 April 2008-6.jpg|thumb|Meeting of the NATO–Russia council in [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]] on 4 April 2008]]

The NATO-Russia Council was created on 28 May 2002 during the [[2002 Rome summit|2002 NATO Summit in Rome]]. The council has been an official diplomatic tool for handling security issues and joint projects between NATO and Russia, involving "consensus-building, consultations, joint decisions and joint actions."<ref name="NATO_Russia_Council_statement_28May2002" /><ref name='nato-russia'>[http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-russia/topic.html NATO's relations with Russia]</ref>

"Joint decisions and actions", taken under NATO-Russia Council agreements, include fighting [[terrorism]],<ref name='NATO-Russia on terrorism'>[http://www.nato-russia-council.info/htm/en/documents28jul08.shtml NATO-Russia council on Terrorism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208075115/http://nato-russia-council.info/htm/EN/documents28jul08.shtml |date=8 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name='NATO-Russia on terrorism 2'>[http://www.nato-russia-council.info/HTM/EN/news_10.shtml NATO-Russia to practise anti-terrorist response]</ref> military cooperation (joint military exercises<ref name='NATO-Russia joint manoeuvres'>[http://www.nato-russia-council.info/htm/en/documents13jun08.shtml RFS and NATO ships joint manoeuvres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208075051/http://nato-russia-council.info/htm/EN/documents13jun08.shtml |date=8 February 2009 }}</ref> and personnel training<ref name='Joint NATO-Russia Excersises'>[http://www.nato-russia-council.info/HTM/EN/news_14.shtml Allies and Russia attend U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accident Exercise]</ref>), cooperation on Afghanistan (Russia providing training courses for anti-narcotics officers from Afghanistan and [[Central Asia]] countries in cooperation with the [[UN]]), transportation by Russia of non-military freight in support of NATO's ISAF in Afghanistan, industrial cooperation, cooperation on defence interoperability, non-proliferation, and other areas.

The heads of state for NATO Allies and Russia gave a positive assessment of NATO-Russia Council achievements in a [[Bucharest]] summit meeting in April 2008,<ref name='nato-russia'/> though both sides have expressed mild discontent with the lack of actual content resulting from the council. In January 2009, the Russian envoy to NATO Dmitry Rogozin said the NATO-Russia council was "a body where scholastic discussions were held." A US official shared this view, stating: "We want now to structure cooperation more practically, in areas where you can achieve results, instead of insisting on things that won't happen."<ref name="eo"/>

On 12 January 2022, the NATO-Russia Council met at NATO's HQ in [[Brussels]] to discuss Russia's [[2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis|military build-up near its border]] with Ukraine and Russia's demands for security guarantees in Europe. The respective delegations were led by [[United States Deputy Secretary of State|U.S. Deputy Secretary of State]], [[Wendy Sherman]] and [[Secretary General of NATO|NATO Secretary General]], [[Jens Stoltenberg]] and Russian Deputy Foreign Minister, [[Alexander Grushko]] and Russian Deputy Defence Minister, Colonel General [[Alexander Fomin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia-NATO Council ends Brussels meeting that lasted four hours|url=https://tass.com/politics/1386919|access-date=2022-01-13|website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Emmott|first=Robin|last2=Siebold|first2=Sabine|last3=Baczynska|first3=Gabriela|date=2022-01-12|title=NATO offers arms talks as Russia warns of dangers|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-set-out-security-demands-nato-meeting-2022-01-12/|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref>

== Conflicts of interests ==
===NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and recognition of Kosovo===
In 1999, Russia condemned the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Yeltsin: Russia will not use force against Nato |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/mar/25/russia |work=The Guardian |date=25 March 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yeltsin warns of possible world war over Kosovo |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/09/kosovo.diplomacy.02/ |work=CNN |date=9 April 1999}}</ref> Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]] said that NATO’s bombing of Yugoslavia "has trampled upon the foundations of international law and the United Nations charter."<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Condemns NATO’s Airstrikes |url=https://apnews.com/article/8d162f6100f23833c376f011a9298126 |work=Associated Press |date=8 June 1999}}</ref> The Kosovo War ended on 11 June 1999, and a joint NATO-Russian peacekeeping force was to be installed in [[Kosovo and Metohija|Kosovo]]. Russia had expected to receive a peacekeeping sector independent of NATO, and was angered when this was refused. There was concern that a separate Russian sector might lead to a partition of Kosovo between a [[Serbs|Serb]]-controlled north and [[Albanians|Albanian]] south.<ref>{{cite book |title=Soldier |first=Mike |last=Jackson |publisher=Transworld Publishers |date=2007 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/soldierautobiogr00jack/page/216 216–254] |isbn=9780593059074 |url=https://archive.org/details/soldierautobiogr00jack/page/216 }}</ref> From 12 to 26 June 1999, there was a [[Incident at Pristina airport|brief but tense stand-off]] between NATO and the Russian [[Kosovo Force]] in which Russian troops occupied the Pristina International Airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/671495.stm|title=Confrontation over Pristina airport |date=9 March 2000|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/singer-james-blunt-prevented-world-war-3-refused-us-order-to-attack-russian-troops-15004204.html|title=Singer James Blunt 'prevented World War 3'|last=Peck|first=Tom|date=15 November 2010|work=[[Belfast Telegraph]]}}</ref>

In 2008, Russia condemned the unilateral [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declaration of independence of Kosovo]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia warns of resorting to 'force' over Kosovo |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20080222-russia-warns-resorting-force-over-kosovo-NATO |work=France 24 |date=22 February 2008}}</ref> stating they "expect the UN mission and NATO-led forces in Kosovo to take immediate action to carry out their mandate [...] including the annulling of the decisions of Pristina's self-governing organs and the taking of tough administrative measures against them."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7249586.stm In quotes: Kosovo reaction], BBC News Online, 17 February 2008.</ref> Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] described the recognition of Kosovo's independence by several major world powers as "a terrible precedent, which will de facto blow apart the whole system of international relations, developed not over decades, but over centuries", and that "they have not thought through the results of what they are doing. At the end of the day it is a two-ended stick and the second end will come back and hit them in the face".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/putin-calls-kosovo-independence-terrible-precedent/2008/02/23/1203467431503.html|title=Putin calls Kosovo independence 'terrible precedent'|date=2008-02-23|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> In March 2014, Russia used Kosovo's declaration of independence as a justification for recognizing [[Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea|the independence of Crimea]], citing the so-called "[[Kosovo independence precedent]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603|title=Address by President of the Russian Federation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/03/24/crimea-kosovo-and-false-moral-equivalency/|title=Why the Kosovo "precedent" does not justify Russia’s annexation of Crimea|website=Washington Post}}</ref>

===Georgia war and recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia===
{{See also|Russo-Georgian War|International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia}}

Relations between Russia and NATO soured in summer 2008 due to [[Russo-Georgian War|Russia's war with Georgia]]. Later the North Atlantic Council condemned Russia for recognizing the [[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]] regions of Georgia as independent states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2008/p08-108e.html |title=NATO Press Release (2008)108 – 27 Aug 2008 |publisher=Nato.int |access-date=2011-12-04}}</ref> The Secretary General of NATO claimed that Russia's recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia violated numerous UN Security Council resolutions, including resolutions endorsed by Russia. Russia, in turn, insisted the recognition was taken basing on the situation on the ground, and was in line with the [[UN Charter]], the [[Helsinki Accords|CSCE Helsinki Final Act of 1975]] and other fundamental [[international law]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2008/p08-107e.html |title=NATO Press Release (2008)107 – 26 Aug 2008 |publisher=Nato.int |access-date=2011-12-04}}</ref> Russian media heavily stressed the [[precedent]] of the [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|recent Kosovo declaration of independence]].

Relations were further strained in May 2009 when NATO expelled two Russia diplomats over accusations of espionage. It has also added to the tension already created by proposed NATO military exercises in Georgia, as the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said,

<blockquote>The planned NATO exercises in Georgia, no matter how one tries to convince us otherwise, are an overt provocation. One cannot carry out exercises in a place where there was just a war.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/International/01-May-2009/NatoRussia-relations-plummet-amid-spying-Georgia-rows| title= Nato-Russia relations plummet amid spying, Georgia rows| access-date= 2009-05-01}}</ref></blockquote>

Before the Russian Parliamentary elections in 2011, President Dmitry Medvedev was also quoted as saying that had Russia not joined the [[Russo-Georgian War|2008 South Ossetia war]], NATO would have expanded further eastward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20111121/168901195.html |title=Russia's 2008 war with Georgia prevented NATO growth – Medvedev | Russia | RIA Novosti |publisher=En.ria.ru |date=2011-11-21 |access-date=2011-12-04}}</ref>

In September 2019, Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov was quoted as saying that if NATO accepts Georgian membership with the article on collective defense covering only Tbilisi-administered territory (i.e., excluding the two Georgian territories of [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]], both of which are currently [[List of states with limited recognition|unrecognized breakaway republics]] supported by Russia), "we will not start a war, but such conduct will undermine our relations with NATO and with countries who are eager to enter the alliance."<ref name=LavrovNATO2019>{{cite web|url=https://agenda.ge/en/news/2019/2582 |title=Russian FM Lavrov supports resumption of flights to Georgia as Georgians 'realised consequences' of June 20 |publisher=Agenda.ge |date=2019-09-26 |access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>

===NATO-led military intervention in Libya===
The [[2011 military intervention in Libya]] prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world leaders, including Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Nato rejects Russian claims of Libya mission creep |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/15/nato-libya-rasmussen-medvedev-criticism |work=The Guardian |date=15 April 2011}}</ref> and Russian Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]], who said that "<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|UNSC Resolution 1973]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> is defective and flawed...It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades."<ref>"[http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin West in "medieval crusade" on Gaddafi: Putin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323111540/http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin |date=23 March 2011 }}." ''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'' ([[Reuters]]). 21 March 2011.</ref>

===NATO Missile defence===
{{Further|NATO missile defence system}}

The [[Russian Government]] says that a US [[Ground-Based Midcourse Defense|proposed]] missile defence system [[US missile defense complex in Poland|in Poland]] and in the [[Czech Republic]] could threaten its own defences. The [[Russian Space Forces]] commander, [[Colonel General]] [[Vladimir Popovkin]] stated in 2007 that "[the] trajectories of [[Iran and weapons of mass destruction|Iranian]] or [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korean]] missiles would hardly pass anywhere near the territory of the Czech republic, but every possible launch of Russian [[ICBM]] from the territory of the [[European Russia]], or made by [[Russian Northern Fleet]] would be controlled by the [radar] station".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.ru/news/world/22-08-2007/236012-PRO-0 |title=Военные считают ПРО в Европе прямой угрозой России – Мир – Правда.Ру |publisher=Pravda.ru |date=2007-08-22 |access-date=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="Q&A: US missile defence">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6720153.stm | work=BBC News | title=Q&A: US missile defence | date=20 September 2009 | access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref>

However, in 2009, Barack Obama cancelled the missile defence project in Poland and Czech Republic after Russia threatened the US with military response, and warned Poland that by agreeing to NATO's anti-missile system, it was exposing itself to a strike or nuclear attack from Russia.<ref name="Q&A: US missile defence"/>

Russia has also warned against moving defensive missiles to Turkey's border with Syria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2012/11/mil-121122-rianovosti02.htm|title=Russia Warns Against NATO Missiles on Syrian Border|author=John Pike|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/01/11/turkey-missile-defense.html|title=Turkish Request for Missiles Strains Ties With Russia - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

In February 2010, Romania announced a deal with the US for an anti-missile defence system, which Russia interpreted as a threat to its national security.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

===Future enlargement plans of NATO to Ukraine and Georgia===
{{See also|Ukraine–NATO relations|Enlargement of NATO#Ukraine|Georgia–NATO relations|Enlargement of NATO#Georgia|2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis}}
[[File:NATO 30 Members.png|thumb|NATO member countries (blue), countries seeking to join NATO (violet and light blue) and the Russia-led [[Collective Security Treaty Organization|CSTO]] (red)]]
In early 2008, U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] vowed full support for admitting [[Ukraine]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] into NATO,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine: NATO’s original sin |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-nato-georgia-europe-european-union-united-states/ |work=Politico |date=November 23, 2021}}</ref> despite Russia's opposition to the further eastward expansion of NATO.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bush-Putin row grows as pact pushes east |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/02/nato.georgia |work=The Guardian |date=2 April 2008}}</ref>

The [[Russian Government]] claims [[Enlargement of NATO|plans to expand]] NATO to Ukraine and Georgia may negatively affect European security. Likewise, Russians are mostly strongly opposed to any eastward expansion of NATO.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7324035.stm Bush backs Ukraine on Nato bid], [[BBC NEWS]] (1 April 2008)</ref><ref>[http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1542/ukrainie-president-blocks-nato-membership-russia-influence Ukraine Says 'No' to NATO], [[Pew Research Center]] (29 March 2010)</ref> Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] stated in 2008 that "no country would be happy about a military bloc to which it did not belong approaching its borders".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/russia/2010/russia-100227-rferl01.htm|title=What's New In Russia's New Military Doctrine?|author=John Pike|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7312045.stm | work=BBC News | title=Medvedev warns on Nato expansion | date=25 March 2008 | access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister [[Grigory Karasin]] warned that any incorporation of Ukraine into NATO would cause a "deep crisis" in [[Russia–Ukraine relations]] and also negatively affect Russia's relations with the West.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bush stirs controversy over NATO membership |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/01/ukraine.analysis/ |work=CNN |date=April 1, 2008}}</ref>

In September 2019, Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] said that "NATO approaching our borders is a threat to Russia."<ref>{{cite news |title=Lavrov: If Georgia Joins NATO, Relations Will Be Spoiled |url=http://georgiatoday.ge/news/17482/Lavrov%3A-If-Georgia-Joins-NATO%2C-Relations-Will-Be-Spoiled |work=Georgia Today |date=26 September 2019}}</ref> He was quoted as saying that if [[NATO]] accepts Georgian membership with the article on collective defense covering only Tbilisi-administered territory (i.e., excluding the Georgian territories of [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]], both of which are currently [[List of states with limited recognition|unrecognized breakaway republics]] supported by Russia), "we will not start a war, but such conduct will undermine our relations with NATO and with countries who are eager to enter the alliance."<ref name=LavrovNATO2019/>

==Suggestions of Russia joining NATO==
[[File:Vladimir Putin 28 May 2002-13.jpg|thumb|[[2002 Rome summit]]]]
The idea of Russia becoming a NATO member has at different times been floated by both Western and Russian leaders, as well as some experts. No serious discussions were ever held.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Could_NATO_Membership_For_Russia_Break_Impasse_In_European_Security_Debate/1949690.html Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?], 5 February 2010.</ref>

In 1990, while negotiating [[German reunification]] at the end of the Cold War with U.S. Secretary of State [[James Baker]], Soviet president [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] said that "You say that NATO is not directed against us, that it is simply a security structure that is adapting to new realities ... therefore, we propose to join NATO." However, Baker dismissed the possibility as a "dream".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2014-08-11/broken-promise|title=A Broken Promise?|date=October 2014|access-date=2016-01-06|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> During a [[The Putin Interviews|series of interviews]] with filmmaker [[Oliver Stone]], President [[Vladimir Putin]] told him that he floated the possibility of Russia joining NATO to President [[Bill Clinton]] when he visited Moscow in 2000.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/in-his-interview-with-oliver-stone-vladimir-putin-suggested-russia-joining-nato-to-bill-clinton/article18965562.ece Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.</ref><ref name="TIME-NATO"/>

[[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]], the former Danish Prime Minister who served as NATO Secretary General from 2009 to 2014, said that "Once Russia can show it is upholding democracy and human rights, NATO can seriously consider its membership." According to Rasmussen, in the early days of [[Presidency of Vladimir Putin|Putin's presidency]] around 2000–2001, Putin made many statements that suggested he was favorable to the idea of Russia joining NATO.<ref name="TIME-NATO">{{cite news |title=Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO |url=https://time.com/5564207/russia-nato-relationship/ |work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=4 April 2019}}</ref>

Russian leadership made it clear Russia did not plan to join the alliance, preferring to keep cooperation on a lower level.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} In March 2009, the Russian envoy to NATO, Dmitry Rogozin, while not ruling out NATO membership at some point in the future, stated: "Great powers don't join coalitions, they create coalitions. Russia considers itself a [[great power]]."<ref name="eo">{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/13/27890|title=Russia does not rule out future NATO membership|publisher=EUobserver|access-date=2009-05-01}}</ref>

In early 2010, the suggestion was repeated in an open letter co-written by German defense experts. They posited that Russia was needed in the wake of an emerging multi-polar world in order for NATO to counterbalance emerging Asian powers.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,682287,00.html Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO] ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' Retrieved on 9 March 2010</ref>

==Ideology and propaganda==
Kimberly Marten argued in 2020 that NATO's enlargement made it weaker, not stronger as Moscow feared. The bad relations that emerged after 2009 were mostly caused by Russia's own declining influence in world affairs. Thirdly, Russia's strong negative reaction was manipulated and magnified by both nationalists and by Putin, as ammunition in their domestic political wars.<ref>Kimberly Marten, "NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia." ''International Politics'' 57 (2020): 401-426.</ref><ref>For similar critiques see James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, "Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken." ''International Politics'' 57 (2020): 291-321.</ref>

Both Russia and NATO have engaged in propaganda wars, and both sides fund several media outlets that help spread their message.<ref name=MDejevsky>{{cite news|last1=Dejevsky|first1=Mary|title=News of a Russian arms buildup next to Ukraine is part of the propaganda war|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/11/russian-arms-buildup-ukraine-propaganda-war-nato|access-date=25 December 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 April 2014}}</ref> Russia funds [[international broadcasting|international broadcasters]] such as [[RT (TV network)|RT]], [[Rossiya Segodnya]] (including [[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]]), and [[Russian News Agency "TASS"|TASS]].<ref name=CMatlack>{{cite news|last1=Matlack|first1=Carol|title=Does Russia's Global Media Empire Distort the News? You Be the Judge|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-06-04/does-russias-global-media-empire-distort-the-news-you-be-the-judge|access-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Bloomberg|date=4 June 2014}}</ref> as well as several domestic media networks.<ref name=O-M>{{cite magazine|last1=Spiegel Staff|title=The Opinion-Makers: How Russia Is Winning the Propaganda War|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/russia-uses-state-television-to-sway-opinion-at-home-and-abroad-a-971971.html|access-date=25 December 2014|magazine=Der Spiegel|date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=GTF>{{cite news|last1=Tetrault-Farber|first1=Gabrielle|title=Poll Finds 94% of Russians Depend on State TV for Ukraine Coverage|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/poll-finds-94-of-russians-depend-on-state-tv-for-ukraine-coverage/499988.html|access-date=25 December 2014|newspaper=The Moscow Times|date=12 May 2014}}</ref> NATO countries fund international broadcasters such as [[Voice of America]] and the [[BBC World Service]]. Russian media has been particularly [[Anti-American sentiment in Russia|critical of the United States]].<ref name=Eclipse>{{cite magazine|last1=Remnick|first1=David|title=Watching the Eclipse|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/11/watching-eclipse|access-date=2 January 2015|magazine=The New Yorker|date=11 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=NKrusch>{{cite news|last1=Kruscheva|first1=Nina|title=Putin's anti-American rhetoric now persuades his harshest critics|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/07/29/putins-anti-american-rhetoric-now-persuades-his-harshest-critics/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801145851/http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/07/29/putins-anti-american-rhetoric-now-persuades-his-harshest-critics/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2014|access-date=2 January 2015|work=Reuters|date=29 July 2014}}</ref> In 2014, Russia cut off Voice of America radio transmissions after Voice of America criticized Russia's actions in Ukraine.<ref name=klally>{{cite news|last1=Lally|first1=Kathy|title=Moscow turns off Voice of America radio|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/moscow-turns-off-voice-of-america-radio/2014/04/10/9c184fd8-8362-43fd-9dc0-26a80f849a0e_story.html|access-date=24 December 2015|newspaper=Washington Post|date=10 April 2014}}</ref> Russia's [[Freedom of the press in Russia|freedom of the press]] has received low scores in the [[Press Freedom Index]] of [[Reporters Without Borders]], and Russia limits foreign ownership stakes of media organizations to no greater than 20%.<ref name=Clamps>{{cite news|title=A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21631057-clampdown-foreign-owned-media-opportunity-some-oligarchs-interesting-news|access-date=26 December 2014|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 November 2014}}</ref> In January 2015, the UK, Denmark, Lithuania and Estonia called on the European Union to jointly confront Russian propaganda by setting up a "permanent platform" to work with NATO in strategic communications and boost local Russian-language media.<ref name=3confront>{{cite news|title=Four EU Countries Propose Steps to Counter Russia's Propaganda |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-16/four-eu-countries-propose-steps-to-counter-russia-s-propaganda.html|access-date=20 January 2015|publisher=Bloomberg|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> On 19 January 2015, the EU [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]] [[Federica Mogherini]] said the EU planned to establish a Russia-language mass media body with a target Russian-speaking audience in Eastern Partnership countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, as well as in the European Union countries.<ref name=Moghsaid>{{cite news|title=Mogherini: EU may establish Russian-language media|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/world/772020|access-date=20 January 2015|agency=Reuters|date=19 January 2015}}</ref>

Vladimir Putin has presented [[Eurasianism]]<ref name=LNey>{{cite news|last1=Neyfakh|first1=Leon|title=Putin's long game? Meet the Eurasian Union|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2014/03/09/putin-long-game-meet-eurasian-union/1eKLXEC3TJfzqK54elX5fL/story.html|access-date=21 January 2015|newspaper=Boston Globe|date=9 March 2014}}</ref> and "[[Putinism]]" as an alternative to the [[Western culture|Western]] ideals espoused by many NATO countries.<ref name=DRohde>{{cite news|last1=Rohde|first1=David|last2=Mohammed|first2=Arshad|title=Special Report: How the U.S. made its Putin problem worse|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-putin-diplomacy-special-repor-idUSBREA3H0OQ20140418|access-date=20 December 2014|work=Reuters|date=18 April 2014}}</ref> Putinism combines [[state capitalism]] with [[authoritarian]] [[nationalism]].<ref name=DRohde/> Putin and Russia as a whole lost respect for the values and moral authority of the West, creating a "values gap" between Russia and the West.<ref name=Trenin>[http://carnegieendowment.org/2007/03/01/russia-redefines-itself-and-its-relations-with-west/3lz "Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West"], by [[Dmitri Trenin]], ''[[The Washington Quarterly]]'', Spring 2007</ref> Putin has promoted his brand of conservative Russian values, and has emphasized the importance of religion.<ref name=NBuckley>{{cite news|last1=Buckley|first1=Neil|title=Putin urges Russians to return to values of religion|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/cdedfd64-214f-11e3-a92a-00144feab7de.html#axzz3MhjQRmIS|access-date=23 December 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=19 September 2013}}</ref> [[LGBT rights by country or territory|Gay rights]] have divided Russia and many NATO countries, as the United States and some European countries have used their [[soft power]] to promote the protection of [[LGBT rights by country or territory|gay rights]] in Eastern Europe.<ref name=LHoare>{{cite magazine|last1=Hoare|first1=Liam|title=Europe's New Gay Cold War|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2014/12/26/the_new_cold_war_is_being_fought_over_the_treatment_of_lgbtq_citizens.html|access-date=3 January 2015|magazine=Slate|date=26 December 2014}}</ref> Russia, on the other hand, has hindered the freedom of [[homosexuality]] and earned support from those opposed to [[gay marriage]].<ref name=LHoare/><ref name=RH>{{cite news|last1=Herszenhorn|first1=David|title=Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/12/world/europe/gays-in-russia-find-no-haven-despite-support-from-the-west.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=23 December 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=11 August 2013}}</ref>

In March 2016, Vladimir Putin's spokesman [[Dmitry Peskov]] said that Russia was at "[[information warfare|information war]]" primarily with "Anglo-Saxon mass media".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lenta.ru/news/2016/03/26/anglosaksi/|title=В Кремле рассказали о состоянии информационной войны с англосаксами|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

==Trade and economy==
{{see also|Russia–European Union relations|Energy policy of Russia}}
In 1998, Russia joined the [[G8]], a forum of eight large [[developed economy|developed countries]], six of which are members of NATO. In 2012, Russia joined the [[World Trade Organization]], an organization of governments committed to reducing [[tariff]]s and other [[trade barrier]]s. These increased economic ties gave Russia access to new markets and capital, as well as political clout in the West and other countries. Russian gas exports came to be viewed as a weapon against NATO countries,<ref name=Gas>{{Cite news|title =Putin's 'Last and Best Weapon' Against Europe: Gas |date = 2014-09-24|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2014/10/03/putins-last-and-best-weapon-against-europe-gas-272652.html |access-date= 2015-01-03}}</ref> and the US and other Western countries have worked to lessen the dependency of Europe on Russia and its resources.<ref name=BKlapper>{{cite news|last1=Klapper|first1=Bradley|title=New Cold War: US, Russia fight over Europe's energy future|url=https://news.yahoo.com/cold-war-us-russia-fight-191709484.html|access-date=12 February 2015|publisher=Yahoo|date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The [[Economy of Russia|Russian economy]] is heavily dependent on the export of natural resources such as oil and natural gas, and Russia has used these resources to its advantage. Starting in the mid-2000s, Russia and Ukraine had several [[Russia–Ukraine gas disputes|disputes]] in which Russia threatened to cut off the supply of gas. As a great deal of Russia's gas is exported to Europe through the pipelines crossing Ukraine, those disputes affected several NATO countries. While Russia claimed the disputes had arisen from Ukraine's failure to pay its bills, Russia may also have been motivated by a desire to punish the pro-Western government that came to power after the [[Orange Revolution]].<ref name=PFinn>{{cite news|title = Russia's State-Controlled Gas Firm Announces Plan to Double Price for Georgia|newspaper = Washington Post|date = 2007-11-03|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/02/AR2006110201520.html|access-date= 2014-12-25|first=Peter|last=Finn}}</ref>

While Russia's new role in the global economy presented Russia with several opportunities, it also made the Russian Federation more vulnerable to external economic trends and pressures.<ref name=JStewart>{{cite news|last1=Stewart|first1=James|title=Why Russia Can't Afford Another Cold War|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/08/business/why-russia-cant-afford-another-cold-war.html|access-date=3 January 2015|newspaper=New York Times|date=7 March 2014}}</ref> Like many other countries, Russia's [[Great Recession in Russia|economy suffered]] during the [[Great Recession]]. Following the [[2014 Crimean crisis|Crimean Crisis]], several countries (including most of NATO) imposed [[International sanctions during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|sanctions]] on Russia, hurting the Russian economy by cutting off access to capital.<ref name=clamor>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-companies-clamor-for-dollars-to-repay-debt-1412860551|title=Russian Companies Clamor for Dollars to Repay Debt|author=Chiara Albanese and Ben Edwards|date=9 October 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> At the same time, the global [[price of oil]] declined.<ref name=FChang>{{cite news|last1=Chung|first1=Frank|title=The Cold War is back, and colder|url=http://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/the-cold-war-is-back-and-colder/story-e6frflo9-1227159436375|access-date=17 December 2014|publisher=News.au|date=18 December 2014}}</ref> The combination of Western sanctions and the falling crude price in 2014 and thereafter resulted in the [[2014–15 Russian financial crisis]].<ref name=FChang/>

==Russia's foreign relations with NATO member states==
{|
|-
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Albania}} [[Albania–Russia relations|Albania]]
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium–Russia relations|Belgium]]
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria–Russia relations|Bulgaria]]
* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada–Russia relations|Canada]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia–Russia relations|Croatia]]
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic–Russia relations|Czech Republic]]
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark–Russia relations|Denmark]]
* {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia–Russia relations|Estonia]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|France}} [[France–Russia relations|France]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany–Russia relations|Germany]]
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece–Russia relations|Greece]]
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary–Russia relations|Hungary]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland–Russia relations|Iceland]]
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy–Russia relations|Italy]]
* {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia–Russia relations|Latvia]]
* {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania–Russia relations|Lithuania]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg–Russia relations|Luxembourg]]
* {{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro–Russia relations|Montenegro]]
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands–Russia relations|Netherlands]]
* {{flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[North Macedonia–Russia relations|North Macedonia]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway–Russia relations|Norway]]
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland–Russia relations|Poland]]
* {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal–Russia relations|Portugal]]
* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania–Russia relations|Romania]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Russia–Slovakia relations|Slovakia]]
* {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Russia–Slovenia relations|Slovenia]]
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Russia–Spain relations|Spain]]
| valign=top |
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Russia–Turkey relations|Turkey]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Russia–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]]
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Russia–United States relations|United States]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="NATO_Russia_Council_statement_28May2002">{{cite web | title= NATO–Russia Council Statement 28 May 2002 | website= [[NATO]] |date = 2002-05-28 | url = https://archives.nato.int/uploads/r/null/1/4/145410/STATEMENT_2002-05-28_BIL.pdf | access-date = 2022-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203183401/https://archives.nato.int/uploads/r/null/1/4/145410/STATEMENT_2002-05-28_BIL.pdf |archive-date= 2022-02-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==

* Asmus, Ronald. ''Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Opening-NATOs-Door-Alliance-Relations/dp/0231127774/ excerpt]
* Asmus, Ronald D., Richard L. Kugler, and F. Stephen Larrabee. "Building a new NATO." ''Foreign Affairs'' (1993): 28-40 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20045713 online].
* Asmus, Ronald D. "Europe's eastern promise: Rethinking NATO and EU enlargement." ''Foreign Affairs'' (2008): 95-106. [https://ketlib.lib.unipi.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/ket/402/Europe's_Eastern_Promise_Asmus.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y online]
* Asmus, Ronald, Stefan Czmur, Chris Donnelly, Aivis Ronis, Tomas Valasek, and Klaus Wittmann. ''NATO, new allies and reassurance'' (London: Centre for European Reform, 2010) [https://www.cer.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/2011/pb_nato_12may10-215.pdf online].
* Baker III, James A. "Russia in NATO?" ''The Washington Quarterly,'' (2002) 25:1, 93-103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016366002753358348
* {{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/5-reasons-why-russia-will-never-join-nato/423840.html |title=5 Reasons Why Russia Will Never Join NATO |last=Bohm |first=Michael |date=19 November 2010 |work=The Moscow Times |publisher=Independent Media Sanoma Magazines |access-date=19 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119163555/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/5-reasons-why-russia-will-never-join-nato/423840.html |archive-date=19 November 2010 }}
* Braun, Aurel, ed. ''NATO-Russia relations in the twenty-first century'' (Routledge, 2008).
* Forsberg, Tuomas, and Graeme Herd. "Russia and NATO: From Windows of Opportunities to Closed Doors." ''Journal of Contemporary European Studies'' 23#1 (2015): 41-57.
* Goldgeier, James, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson. "Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken." ''International Politics'' 57 (2020): 291-321.
* Goldgeier, James M. ''Not Whether But When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO'' (1999) [https://www.amazon.com/Not-Whether-But-When-Decision/dp/081573171X/ excerpt]
* Hanson, Marianne. "Russia and NATO expansion: The uneasy basis of the founding act." ''European Security'' 7.2 (1998): 13-29. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marianne_Hanson/publication/37616611_Russia_and_NATO_Expansion_The_Uneasy_Basis_of_the_Founding_Act/links/5ec66eb5a6fdcc90d6894543/Russia-and-NATO-Expansion-The-Uneasy-Basis-of-the-Founding-Act.pdf online]
* Holas, Lukáš. "Prospects for Russia-NATO relations: The SWOT analysis." ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'' 51.2 (2018): 151-160.
* Kropatcheva, Elena. "NATO–Russia relations and the Chinese factor: An ignored variable." ''Politics'' 34.2 (2014): 149-160.
* Kupchan, Charles A. "NATO's Final Frontier: Why Russia Should Join the Atlantic Alliance" ''Foreign Affairs'' 89#3 (2010), pp. 100–112 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25680919 online]
* Marten, Kimberly. "NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia." ''International Politics'' 57 (2020): 401-426.
* Ozkan, Ozgur. "NATO-Russia Relations in the Twenty-First Century: Obstacles and Opportunities for Strategic Partnership". (Naval Postgraduate School Dept Of National Security Affairs, 2012) [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA574442.pdf online].
* Pouliot, Vincent. ''International security in practice: the politics of NATO-Russia diplomacy'' (Cambridge UP, 2010).
* RAND, ''Russia’s Hostile Measures: Combating Russian Gray Zone Aggression Against NATO in the Contact, Blunt, and Surge Layers of Competition'' (2020) [http://www.rand.org/t/RR2539 online] Covers Moldova/Transnistria (1992–2016); Georgia (2004–2012); Estonia (2006–2007); Ukraine (2014–2016); and Turkey (2015–2016)
* Ratti, Luca. "Back to the future? International relations theory and NATO-Russia relations since the end of the Cold War." ''International Journal'' 64.2 (2009): 399-422.
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfaKAQAAQBAJ|last=Stent|first=Angela|author-link=Angela Stent|title=The Limits of Partnership: U.S.-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century|year=2014|isbn=9781400848454}}; [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=42263 online review]
* Sushentsov, Andrey A., and William C. Wohlforth. "The tragedy of US–Russian relations: NATO centrality and the revisionists’ spiral." ''International Politics'' 57 (2020): 427-450.
* Talbott, Strobe. ''The Russia Hand: A memoir of Presidential Diplomacy'' (2002) [https://archive.org/details/russiahandmemoir00talb online]
* Tsygankov, Andrei P. "The sources of Russia's fear of NATO." ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'' 51.2 (2018): 101-111. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrei_Tsygankov/publication/324901968_The_sources_of_Russia%27s_fear_of_NATO/links/5b4dd947a6fdcc8dae258041/The-sources-of-Russias-fear-of-NATO online]
* Tsygankov, Andrei P. "NATO, Russia, and regional security in Europe and Eurasia. Introduction to the issue." ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'' 51.2 (2018): 89-90. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrei_Tsygankov/publication/324263832_NATO_Russia_and_regional_security_in_Europe_and_Eurasia_Introduction_to_the_issue/links/5b9be8bd299bf13e6031662e/NATO-Russia-and-regional-security-in-Europe-and-Eurasia-Introduction-to-the-issue.pdf online]
* Unverdi, Gurbet Behram. "To what extent is the gradual deterioration in NATO-Russia relations between 1991-2014 causally related to NATO's eastward expansion in Eastern-Europe?." (MA thesis, Leiden University 2015). [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/35073/GBUNVERDI%20Revised%20Masters%20Thesis%2003%3A8%3A2015.pdf?sequence=1 online]
* Vancouver, C. A. S. I. S. "NATO and Canadian Responses to Russia since its Annexation of Crimea in 2014." ''Journal of Intelligence, Conflict and Warfare'' 1.1 (2018). [https://jicw.org/index.php/jicw/article/download/468/291 online]
* Wohlforth, William, and Vladislav Zubok. "An abiding antagonism: realism, idealism and the mirage of Western-Russian partnership after the Cold War." ''International Politics'' (2017) 54#4 pp 405–419.

==External links==
{{commons category|Relations of NATO and Russia}}
* {{in lang|en|ru|fr}} [http://www.nato.int/nrc-website/en/about/index.html NATO-Russia council]
* {{in lang|en|ru}} [http://www.natomission.ru Permanent Mission of Russia to NATO]
* {{in lang|en|ru|fr|uk}} [http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-russia/ NATO-Russia relations]

{{Foreign relations of Russia|Multilateral}}
{{NATO relations}}
{{Russia–United States relations}}
{{Cold War}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NATO-Russia relations}}
[[Category:Russia–NATO relations| ]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Russia|NATO]]
[[Category:NATO relations|Russia]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Europe]]

Die Addams Family 2

2021-10-05T08:18:32Z

195.244.210.117: /* Plot */ create a nodal link for the word "toupee"

{{Short description|2021 computer-animated sequel by Greg Tiernan and Conrad Vernon}}
{{About|the 2021 animated film|the 1993 film|Addams Family Values}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Addams Family 2
| image = The Addams Family 2 poster.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| directors = {{Plainlist|
* [[Greg Tiernan]]
* [[Conrad Vernon]]
}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dan Hernandez]]
* [[Benji Samit]]
* [[Ben Queen]]
* [[Susanna Fogel]]
}}
| story = {{Plainlist|
* Dan Hernandez
* Benji Samit
}}
| based_on = {{based_on|[[The Addams Family|Characters]]|[[Charles Addams]]}}
| producers = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gail Berman]]
* Conrad Vernon
* Danielle Sterling
* Alison O'Brien
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Oscar Isaac]]
* [[Charlize Theron]]
* [[Chloë Grace Moretz]]
* [[Javon Walton]]
* [[Nick Kroll]]
* [[Snoop Dogg]]
* [[Bette Midler]]
* [[Bill Hader]]
}}
| editing = Ryan Folsey
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mychael Danna]]
* [[Jeff Danna]]
}}
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
* [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]]
* [[Cinesite|Cinesite Studios]]
* The Jackal Group
* Glickmania
}}
| distributors = {{Plainlist|
* [[United Artists Releasing]] (United States)
* [[Universal Pictures]] (International)
}}
| released = {{film date|2021|10|01}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = {{Plainlist|
* United States
* Canada
}}
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = $17.3 million<ref name=BOM>{{cite Box Office Mojo |id =11125620 |title = The Addams Family 2 |website = [[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date = October 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name=NUM>{{cite The Numbers |id = Addams-Family-2-The#tab=summary |title = The Addams Family 2 (2021) |access-date = October 4, 2021}}</ref>
}}
'''''The Addams Family 2''''' is a 2021 [[Computer animation|computer-animated]] [[Supernatural fiction|supernatural]] [[black comedy]] [[Road movie|road film]] directed by [[Greg Tiernan]] and [[Conrad Vernon]], co-directed by Laura Brousseau and Kevin Pavlovic,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/the-addams-family-2-bill-hader-javon-wanna-walton-join-voice-cast-1234593614/|title='The Addams Family 2': Bill Hader & Javon "Wanna" Walton Join Voice Cast|work=Deadline|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=October 8, 2020|access-date=September 13, 2021}}</ref> written by [[Dan Hernandez]], [[Benji Samit]], [[Ben Queen]], and [[Susanna Fogel]] with a story by Hernandez and Samit,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lutz |first1=John |title='The Addams Family 2' Will Be Released in Theaters and on Digital the Same Day |url=https://collider.com/addams-family-2-vod-theatrical-release-simultaneous/ |access-date=14 September 2021 |publisher=Collider |date=21 August 2021}}</ref> and based on the [[The Addams Family|characters]] created by [[Charles Addams]].<ref name="OnlineRelease" /> Serving as a sequel to the [[The Addams Family (2019 film)|2019 film]], the film features the voices of [[Oscar Isaac]], [[Charlize Theron]], [[Chloë Grace Moretz]], [[Nick Kroll]], [[Javon Walton]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Bette Midler]], and [[Bill Hader]]. It tells the story of the Addams family as they go on a road trip.

It was theatrically released in the United States by [[United Artists Releasing]] and internationally by [[Universal Pictures]] on October 1, 2021. The film also became available for online rental on the same day, in the United States and Canada, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and rising cases of the [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant]]. The film received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the humor and story.

==Plot==

At a science fair, Wednesday Addams is set to present her experiment, where she uses her pet squid Socrates' DNA on Uncle Fester to show how humans can be improved but is dismayed when her family shows up, her work gets noticed by scientist Cyrus Strange nonetheless. Back at the Addams' home, Gomez worries that the children are drifting apart from him and Morticia, so he decides to take them on a family vacation. Before the family, Fester, Thing and Lurch head on a road trip across the country Gomez and Morticia are approached by a lawyer named Mr. Mustela with the claim that Wednesday was switched at birth and may not be an Addams, but they ignore him. On the road, Mustela and his henchman Pongo pursue the Addams family.

The family is initially set on going to [[Salem, Massachusetts]], but Fester ends up making a detour to [[Niagara Falls]]. The family later stops in [[Sleepy Hollow, New York]]. Gomez and Morticia bring up Mustela and his claims about Wednesday, so Fester mentions a story from the day Wednesday was born in where he juggled babies in a delivery room, which only worsens Gomez and Morticia's fears that Wednesday was switched. Wednesday overhears the discussion.

Gomez brings everyone to [[Miami]] to get in touch with Cousin Itt so he can help with their current dilemma. Itt joins them on the trip as they pass through [[San Antonio]] and leaves the family earlier at the [[Grand Canyon]]. Meanwhile, Wednesday traps Mustela on her own and learns he is working for Cyrus, who suggests to Wednesday that he is her true father and invites her to his home in [[Sausalito, California]]. Wednesday runs a DNA test using Gomez's hair which seemingly proves that she most certainly is not his daughter. Wednesday leaves the family while they sleep, but Lurch catches up with her. The rest of the Addams learns where she is heading and follow suit.

At his home, Cyrus shows Wednesday a formula he developed to make human/animal hybrids, similar to Wednesday's experiment. When the rest of the Addams family show up, Wednesday is convinced to stay with Cyrus. After Pugsley finds out that Cyrus' daughter Ophelia is a pig, Cyrus reveals he was using Wednesday as her formula is better than his and captures the family to test on them, but Wednesday refuses to test on the Addams. Cyrus tries to get Pongo go after her, but it is revealed Lurch and Pongo knew each other before and they decide to free the Addams. Cyrus comes in contact with his formula during the scuffle and mutates into a hybrid monster. He tries to attack the family but is stopped by Fester, who has mutated into a squid monster after Wednesday's experiment. After defeating Cyrus, Fester is turned back to normal by Wednesday.

Wednesday reunites with her family and they return home. While Wednesday knew that Cyrus faked his DNA test results, she asks Gomez why her test turned out to be unrelated to him and reveals to Wednesday that his hair is a [[toupee]]. Gomez promises the family to take them on a trip across the world next time.

==Cast==
* [[Oscar Isaac]] as [[Gomez Addams]], Morticia's husband
* [[Charlize Theron]] as [[Morticia Addams]], Gomez's wife
* [[Chloë Grace Moretz]] as [[Wednesday Addams]], Gomez and Morticia's daughter
* [[Nick Kroll]] as [[Uncle Fester]], Gomez's brother
* [[Javon Walton]] as [[Pugsley Addams]], Gomez and Morticia's son. He was previously voiced by [[Finn Wolfhard]] in the first film
* [[Bette Midler]] as [[Grandmama (The Addams Family)|Grandmama Addams]], Gomez and Fester's mother
* [[Conrad Vernon]] as:
** [[Lurch (The Addams Family)|Lurch]], the Addams Family's butler.
*** [[Dominic Lewis]] provides his singing voice for his rendition of Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive".
** The spirit who haunts the Addams' house
* [[Snoop Dogg]] as [[Cousin Itt]], Gomez and Fester's hairy cousin
* [[Bill Hader]] as Cyrus Strange, a scientist who claims that he is Wednesday's real father
* [[Wallace Shawn]] as Mr. Mustela, a lawyer working for Cyrus that pursues the Addams family
* Ted Evans as Pongo, Cyrus and Mr. Mustela's hulking henchman who mostly makes sounds
* [[Cherami Leigh]] as Ophelia, Cyrus' pig-like daughter who he created from a pig

==Production==
Following the [[The Addams Family (2019 film)|2019 film]]'s successful opening weekend on October 15, 2019, it was announced that a sequel to the film was scheduled to be theatrically released on October 22, 2021,<ref name="ReleaseDate" /> and that [[Greg Tiernan]] and [[Conrad Vernon]] would return to direct the film.<ref name="Directors" /> [[Cinesite|Cinesite Studios]] will return as a production partner for the film like the first.<ref name="Cinesite" /> In July 2021, [[Mychael Danna]] and [[Jeff Danna]] were revealed to have composed the score for ''The Addams Family 2'', having returned from the first film.<ref name="DannaScore" /> 2D animation from the credits was provided by Creative Capers Entertainment.

[[Bill Hader]] and [[Javon Walton]] joined the cast of the previous film. Hader will play a new character named Cyrus, while Walton replaces [[Finn Wolfhard]] as the voice of [[Pugsley Addams]].<ref name="Hader" /> In July 2021, [[Wallace Shawn]] was revealed to have voiced a new character for the film.<ref name="Shawn" />

==Release==
''The Addams Family 2'' was theatrically released in the United States by [[United Artists Releasing]] and internationally by [[Universal Pictures]] on October 1, 2021.<ref name="ReleaseDate2" /> The film also became available for online rental on the same day.<ref name="OnlineRelease" />

It was previously scheduled for release on October 22 and October 8.<ref name="ReleaseDate" /><ref name="Hader" /> On January 21, 2021, it was pushed forward to October 1, 2021, allowing the [[List of James Bond films|James Bond]] film ''[[No Time to Die]]'' (another MGM title) to take over the October 8 slot.<ref name="ReleaseDate2" /> In June 2021, United Artists Releasing announced they do not plan on rescheduling ''The Addams Family 2'', in the wake of ''[[Hotel Transylvania: Transformania]]'' moving to the same weekend (it was later moved to another date).<ref name="NotMoving" /> In August 2021, the film shifted its release for online rental and theatrical on the same day in the United States and Canada, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and rising cases of the [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant]].<ref name="OnlineRelease" />

==Reception==
===Box office===
In the United States and Canada, ''The Addams Family 2'' was released alongside ''[[Venom: Let There Be Carnage]]'' and ''[[The Many Saints of Newark]]'', and was projected to gross $15–17 million from 4,207 theaters in its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/venom-let-there-be-carnage-opening-weekend-box-office-preview-1234846403/|title='Venom: Let There Be Carnage' To Tee Off A Blockbuster October At Domestic B.O. – Weekend Preview|date=September 29, 2021|first1=Anthony|last1=D'Alessandro|first2=Nancy|last2=Tartaglione|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=September 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/2021/film/news/box-office-venom-let-there-be-carnage-opening-weekend-1235076929/ |title= Box Office: ‘Venom’ Sequel Aims for $50 Million-Plus Opening Weekend |date=September 29, 2021|first1=Rebecca |last1=Rubin|website=Variety|access-date=September 29, 2021}}</ref> The film made $5.5 million on its first day, including $550,000 from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $17.3 million, finishing second behind ''Let There Be Carnage''.<ref name="opening">{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=October 3, 2021|title= ‘Venom: Let There Be Carnage’ Devours ‘Black Widow’s Pandemic Opening Record With $90.1M Debut
|url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/venom-let-there-be-carnage-opening-weekend-box-office-1234847950/|access-date=October 3, 2021|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Critical response===
On review aggregation website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 23% based on 65 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Altogether ooky, and not in a good way."<ref>{{cite Rotten Tomatoes|id= the_addams_family_2 |type=m|title=The Addams Family 2|access-date=October 3, 2021}}</ref> [[Metacritic]] assigned the film a weighted average score of 39 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{cite Metacritic|id=the-addams-family-2 |type=movie|title= The Addams Family 2 Reviews|access-date=October 1, 2021}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while those at [[PostTrak]] gave it a 87% positive score, with 73% saying they would definitely recommend it.<ref name="opening" />

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="ReleaseDate">{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/addams-family-2-in-works-fall-2021-release-1202760482/ |title='The Addams Family 2' Is In The Works After Great $35M+ 4-Day Weekend, MGM/UAR Set Fall 2021 Release |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=October 15, 2019 |access-date=March 10, 2020 |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015161717/https://deadline.com/2019/10/addams-family-2-in-works-fall-2021-release-1202760482/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Directors">{{Cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/2019/11/06/addams-family-sequel-hopes-directors-interview/ |title='The Addams Family' Directors Explain Their Approach to the Upcoming Sequel |last=Ridgely |first=Charlie |website=[[ComicBook.com]] |date=November 6, 2019 |access-date=March 10, 2020 |archive-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014005401/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/addams-family-sequel-hopes-directors-interview/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Cinesite">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinesite.com/sequel-to-the-2019-animated-film-the-addams-family/ |title='The Addams Family' Will be Back Soon! |website=[[Cinesite]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125171731/https://www.cinesite.com/sequel-to-the-2019-animated-film-the-addams-family/ |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=January 25, 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Hader">{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/the-addams-family-2-bill-hader-javon-wanna-walton-join-voice-cast-1234593614/ |title='The Addams Family 2': Bill Hader & Javon "Wanna" Walton Join Voice Cast |first=Anthony |last=D'Alessandro |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=October 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008162155/https://deadline.com/2020/10/the-addams-family-2-bill-hader-javon-wanna-walton-join-voice-cast-1234593614/ |archive-date=October 8, 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=October 8, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Shawn">{{Cite web |url=https://movieweb.com/the-addams-family-2-character-posters/ |title='The Addams Family 2' Character Posters Take the Kooky Family on One Ooky Summer Vacation |website=[[MovieWeb]] |last=Dick |first=Jeremy |date=July 2, 2021 |access-date=July 7, 2021 |archive-date=July 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702210642/https://movieweb.com/the-addams-family-2-character-posters/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DannaScore">{{Cite web |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2021/07/28/mychael-jeff-danna-to-return-for-the-addams-family-2/ |title=Mychael & Jeff Danna to Return for 'The Addams Family 2' |website=Film Music Reporter |date=July 28, 2021 |access-date=July 30, 2021 |archive-date=July 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730182754/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2021/07/28/mychael-jeff-danna-to-return-for-the-addams-family-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReleaseDate2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/james-bond-pic-no-time-to-die-delays-release-to-fall/ |title=James Bond: 'No Time To Die' Release Date Delayed to Fall |first=Pamela |last=McClintock |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604005234/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/james-bond-pic-no-time-to-die-delays-release-to-fall-4115187/ |archive-date=June 4, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="NotMoving">{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/addams-family-2-hotel-transylvania-4-box-office-battle-1234778397/ |title='Addams Family 2' Won't Be Haunted By 'Hotel Transylvania 4': Was Sony Release Date Change Wise? |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Anthony |last=D'Alessandro |date=June 20, 2021 |archive-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622053014/https://deadline.com/2021/06/addams-family-2-hotel-transylvania-4-box-office-battle-1234778397/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 22, 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="OnlineRelease">{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/addams-family-2-in-theaters-online-rental-1235045999 |title=MGM's 'Addams Family 2' Shifts Release Plan, Will Debut Theatrically and for Rental on Same Day |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Angelique |last=Jackson |date=August 20, 2021 |archive-date=August 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821020050/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/addams-family-2-in-theaters-online-rental-1235045999/ |url-status=live |access-date=August 21, 2021}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://www.unitedartistsreleasing.com/the-addams-family-2/}}
*{{IMDb title|11125620}}

{{The Addams Family}}
{{Conrad Vernon}}
{{Greg Tiernan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Addams Family 2, The}}
[[Category:2021 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:2021 fantasy films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:3D animated films]]
[[Category:American 3D films]]
[[Category:American children's animated comedy films]]
[[Category:American children's animated fantasy films]]
[[Category:American computer-animated films]]
[[Category:American fantasy-comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American sequel films]]
[[Category:Animated comedy films]]
[[Category:Bron Studios films]]
[[Category:Canadian films]]
[[Category:Canadian animated feature films]]
[[Category:Canadian computer-animated films]]
[[Category:2020s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Conrad Vernon]]
[[Category:Films directed by Greg Tiernan]]
[[Category:Films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films produced by Conrad Vernon]]
[[Category:Films produced by Gail Berman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeff Danna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mychael Danna]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Conrad Vernon]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated films]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:The Addams Family films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures animated films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:Upcoming sequel films]]
[[Category:American comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Canadian comedy horror films]]

Meg (Film)

2018-08-13T08:31:34Z

195.244.210.117: Insertion of some words in brackets in first line of first paragraph

{{Infobox film
|name = The Meg
| image = The Meg.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
|director = [[Jon Turteltaub]]
|producers = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lorenzo di Bonaventura]]
* [[Colin Wilson (film producer)|Colin Wilson]]
* Belle Avery
}}
|screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Dean Georgaris
* Jon Hoeber
* Erich Hoeber
}}
|based on = {{based on|''[[Meg: A Novel of Deep Terror]]''|[[Steve Alten]]}}
|starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jason Statham]]
* [[Li Bingbing]]
* [[Rainn Wilson]]
* [[Ruby Rose]]
* [[Winston Chao]]
* [[Cliff Curtis]]
}}
|music = [[Harry Gregson-Williams]]
|cinematography = [[Tom Stern (cinematographer)|Tom Stern]]
|editing = Steven Kemper
|studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]]
* Gravity Pictures
* [[Flagship Entertainment]]
* Apelles Entertainment
* [[Di Bonaventura Pictures]]
* Maeday Productions
}}
|distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
|released = {{film date|2018|8|10|United States & China}}
|runtime = 113 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=''THE MEG'' (12A)|url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/meg-film||publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=July 5, 2018|accessdate=July 5, 2018}}</ref>
|country = {{ubl|China<ref name=variety-china>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/china-to-get-first-release-of-shark-thriller-meg-1201887432/|title=China to Get First Release of Shark Thriller 'Meg'|last=Frater|first=Patrick|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=December 19, 2016}}</ref><ref name=insight>{{cite web|url=http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php|title=Film releases|work=[[Variety Insight]]|accessdate=November 15, 2016}}</ref>|United States<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-meg-v657794|title=The Meg (2018)|work=[[AllMovie]]|accessdate=April 10, 2018}}</ref>}}
|language = English
|budget = $150 million<ref name="THR"/><ref name=opening/>
|gross = $141.5 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |title=The Meg (2018)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=wbeventfilm2018.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=August 11, 2018}}</ref>
}}
'''''The Meg''''' (also known as '''''Jurassic Shark''''')is a 2018 [[science fiction film|science fiction]] [[action film|action]] [[horror film]] directed by [[Jon Turteltaub]] with a screenplay by Dean Georgaris, Jon Hoeber, and Erich Hoeber, loosely based on the 1997 book ''[[Meg: A Novel of Deep Terror]]'' by [[Steve Alten]]. The film stars [[Jason Statham]], [[Li Bingbing]], [[Rainn Wilson]], [[Ruby Rose]], [[Winston Chao]], and [[Cliff Curtis]], and follows a group of scientists who encounter a {{convert|75|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} [[megalodon]] shark while on a rescue mission at the [[Deep sea|floor of the Pacific Ocean]].

[[Disney]] originally purchased the film rights to the book in the 1990s, but after several years in [[development hell]], the rights landed at [[Warner Bros.]] Turteltaub and much of the cast joined by September 2016, and filming began the following month in New Zealand.

An American-Chinese co-production, ''The Meg'' was released in both countries on August 10, 2018, in [[RealD 3D]], [[Dolby Cinema]], [[IMAX]] & [[IMAX 3D]]. It has grossed $141 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics, with some describing it as an entertaining B-movie and others calling "neither good enough or bad enough" to be fun.

==Plot==

Jonas Taylor, a rescue diver, attempts to save a group of scientists in a nuclear submarine, among them Dr. Heller. As Taylor is rescuing the last survivor, he sees the hull of the submarine being rammed in by some giant creature. When he returns to the rescue vessel, two of his crew are stuck in the damaged submarine but Taylor leaves anyways, realizing that attempting rescue would result in the death of everyone. Moments after leaving in the rescue submarine, the damaged sub is destroyed in an explosion.

Five years later, Jack Morris meets Dr. Minway Zhang at an underwater research facility called Mana One, which Morris finances. Zhang and his daughter, Suyin, an oceanographer, are supervising a mission to explore what may be an even deeper section of the [[Marianas trench]] concealed by a cloud of hydrogen sulfide, forming a [[thermocline]]. The mission is being conducted by Lori - Taylor’s ex-wife, Toshi, and The Wall in a submersible. The mission appears to be going well, until a very large creature hits the submersible and causes it to lose contact with Mana One.

James "Mac" Mackreides, another crew member at the station, suggests sending Taylor down to attempt a rescue. Despite Heller's objections, Zhang and Mac decide to travel to Thailand to recruit Taylor anyway. Agreeing to help, Taylor reaches the trapped submersible and saves Lori and The Wall. However, when the giant creature comes back to attack, Toshi sacrifices himself by closing the hatch door, allowing Taylor, Lori, and The Wall to escape safely.

Back at Mana One, the crew discover that the creature is a [[megalodon]] and it has escaped from the depths of the trench by swimming through a hole in the thermocline which the submersible created when breaching it. The group decides to track and poison the megalodon, which they succeed in doing. However, a second, much larger megalodon emerges and kills The Wall, Heller, and Dr. Zhang as it devours the smaller megalodon.

When nightfall arrives, Morris attempts to destroy the megalodon himself by ordering a helicopter crew to drop modified [[depth charges]] at it. He approaches the carcass of the supposed megalodon in a boat but discovers it is a whale. The megalodon approaches the boat which accelerates, causing Morris to fall overboard and get killed by the shark. Taylor and the remaining Mana One crew resolve to track and kill the shark. They realize that the megalodon is en route to a crowded beach on the [[Sanya Bay]] in Chinese mainland.

The megalodon kills several beachgoers before the Mana One crew projects audio of a whale call to divert the shark’s attention away from the crowd and towards them. Jonas manages to cut the megalodon's belly as well as stab it in the eye with poison which kills it. The dead carcass attracts other sharks to it, which devour the megalodon. The survivors reconvene, and Taylor and Suyin discuss going on vacation.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Jason Statham]] as Jonas Taylor
* [[Li Bingbing]] as Suyin Zhang
* [[Rainn Wilson]] as Jack Morris
* [[Cliff Curtis]] as James "Mac" Mackreides
* [[Winston Chao]] as Dr. Minway Zhang
* Shuya Sophia Cai as Meiying
* [[Ruby Rose]] as Jaxx Herd
* [[Page Kennedy]] as DJ
* [[Robert Taylor (Australian actor)|Robert Taylor]] as Dr. Heller
* [[Ólafur Darri Ólafsson]] as The Wall
* [[Jessica McNamee]] as Lori
* [[Masi Oka]] as Toshi
{{div col end}}

==Production==
The rights to the novel were initially acquired by [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s [[Hollywood Pictures]] in 1996.<ref name=Wired>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-meg-movie/|work=Wired.com|title=THE 20-YEAR JOURNEY OF THE MEG, THE MOVIE THE INTERNET WOULDN'T LET DIE|date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> However, by 1999 the project had stalled and the rights reverted back to [[Steve Alten]], the book's author.<ref name=Wired />

In 2005, reports surfaced that the project was being developed by [[New Line Cinema]], with a slated release of summer 2006.<ref name=LATimes>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/13/entertainment/ca-newline13|work=Los Angeles Times|title=Trapped down in the depths|date=April 13, 2008}}</ref> Names attached to the production included [[Jan de Bont]] as director, [[Guillermo Del Toro]] as producer and [[Shane Salerno]] as screenwriter. However, New Line later cancelled the project due to budget concerns.<ref name=LATimes /> The rights reverted to Alten again, but the film remained in [[development hell]].

In 2015, it was announced that the film was now moving forward at [[Warner Bros.]], with a new script penned by Dean Georgaris.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tracking-board.com/tb-exclusive-long-awaited-giant-shark-thriller-meg-swims-to-warner-bros/|work=Tracking Board|title={TB EXCLUSIVE} Long-Awaited Giant Shark Thriller “Meg” Swims To Warner Bros.|date=June 3, 2015|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> By June of that year, [[Eli Roth]] was reported to be in talks to direct,<ref name=VarietyJune>{{cite news|first=Justin|last=Kroll|title=Eli Roth to Direct Giant Shark Thriller ‘Meg’ for Warner Bros. (Exclusive)|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/eli-roth-direct-giant-shark-thriller-meg-for-warner-bros-1201520955/|accessdate=September 17, 2017|work=Variety|date=June 16, 2015}}</ref> but, due to creative differences, was replaced by [[Jon Turteltaub]] in early 2016.<ref>{{cite news|first=Adam|last=Chitwood|title=Eli Roth Exits Giant Shark Movie ‘Meg’|url=http://collider.com/eli-roth-shark-movie-meg-jon-turteltaub/|accessdate=August 10, 2018|work=Collider|date=March 6, 2016}}</ref> [[Jason Statham]] and much of the cast joined in August and September 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jason Statham Is Going to Fight a Giant Dinosaur Shark in ‘Meg’|url=http://collider.com/jason-statham-meg-shark/|work=Collider|date=April 14, 2016}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] on the film began on October 13, 2016 in West Auckland, New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news|first=Karen|last=Butler|title=Jason Statham, Jon Turteltaub start shooting shark tale 'Meg' in New Zealand|url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/Movies/2016/10/15/Jason-Statham-Jon-Turteltaub-start-shooting-shark-tale-Meg-in-New-Zealand/1101476584740/|accessdate=September 17, 2017|work=UPI|date=October 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Meg: Filming Begins on Giant Shark Movie with Jason Statham|url=http://collider.com/meg-filming-begins-jason-statham-li-bingbing/|accessdate=September 17, 2017|work=Collider|date=October 13, 2016}}</ref> Filming ended on January 11, 2017.

==Release==
Released by Gravity Pictures in China<ref name=variety-china /> and by [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]] in the United States, ''The Meg'' was originally scheduled to open March 2, 2018.<ref name=May2016V>{{cite news|first=Dave|last=McNary|title=Jason Statham's Shark Movie 'Meg' Gets 2018 Release Date|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/meg-release-date-jason-statham-1201776331/|accessdate=September 17, 2017|work=Variety|date=May 16, 2016}}</ref> Warner and Gravity then said that the film would be released during the 2018 Chinese New Year period in China, a week-long annual holiday that kicked off on February 16, 2018.<ref name=variety-china /> The film was later pushed back to its eventual date of August 10, 2018, in 3D and IMAX.<ref name="move">{{cite news|last=McNary|first=Dave|title=Jason Statham’s Shark Thriller ‘Meg’ Swims Back Five Months|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/jason-statham-shark-thriller-meg-2018-1202001256/|website=Variety|date=March 2, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref>

The first official trailer was released on on April 9, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhJhgi3S0go|title=The Meg Trailer 2018|work=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=June 26, 2018}}</ref> The studio spent $140 million on global prints and advertisement for the film.<ref name=opening/>

==Reception==
===Box office===
{{As of|2018|8|12|df=US}}, ''The Meg'' has grossed $44.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $97 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $141.5 million.<ref name=BOM/> With a production budget between $130–178 million, and another $140 million spent on advertisement, the film will need to gross at least $400 million to [[break-even]].<ref name=opening/>

In the United States and Canada, ''The Meg'' was released alongside ''[[Slender Man (film)|Slender Man]]'' and ''[[BlacKkKlansman]]'', and was originally projected to gross $20–22 million from 4,118 theaters in its opening weekend.<ref name=THR>{{cite web|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-preview-big-budget-meg-heads-tepid-20m-us-debut-1133093|title=Box-Office Preview: Big-Budget 'The Meg' Heads for Tepid $20M-Plus U.S. Debut|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 8, 2018 |accessdate=August 8, 2018}}</ref> The film made $4 million from Thursday night previews, leading analysts to predict it would outperform its low-$20 million projections. After making $16.5 million on its first day, weekend estimates were raised to $40 million.<ref name=opening>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/the-meg-chomps-a-huge-4m-on-thursday-night-box-office-1202443644/|title=‘Meg’s Opening Grows To $40M+…But Is It Big Enough? What The Shark Movie Means During Trump’s Trade War With China|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media]] |date=August 11, 2018 |first=Anthony |last= D'Alessandro |accessdate=August 11, 2018}}</ref> It went on to debut to $44.5 million, topping the box office and marking the best solo opening of Statham's career.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/august-audiences-get-hooked-on-meg-shelling-out-44m-45m-early-sunday-am-box-office-1202444210/|title=‘August Audiences Get Hooked On ‘Meg’ Shelling Out $44.5M|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media]] |date=August 12, 2018 |first=Anthony |last= D'Alessandro |accessdate=August 12, 2018}}</ref>

In other territories, the film debuted to $96.8 million from 96 countries, for a worldwide opening of $141.3 million. In China, a co-producer of the the film, it grossed $50.3 million from 12,650 screens. Other top openings were Mexico ($6.2 million), Russia ($5 million), the United Kingdom ($4.4 million) and Spain ($2.4 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/the-meg-opening-weekend-mission-impossible-fallout-incredibles-2-china-global-international-box-office-1202444233/|title=‘The Meg’ Devours $97M Overseas/$141M Global Opening; ‘Fallout’ Flies Past $400M WW – International Box Office|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|date=August 12, 2018 |first=Nancy |last=Tartaglione|accessdate=August 12, 2018}}</ref>

===Critical response===
On the review aggregation website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], ''The Meg'' has an approval rating of 48% based on 161 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "''The Meg'' sets audiences up for a good old-fashioned B-movie creature feature, but lacks the genre thrills—or the cheesy bite—to make it worth diving in."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_meg|title=''The Meg'' (2018)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=August 11, 2018}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 45 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-meg|title=''The Meg'' reviews|publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=August 119, 2018}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.<ref name=opening/>

[[Owen Gleiberman]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' gave the film a mixed review, calling it "neither good enough or bad enough," and writing, "''The Meg'', a rote sci-fi horror adventure film that features a shark the size of a blue whale, comes on like it wants to be the mother of all deep-sea attack movies. But it's really just the mother of all generically pandering, totally unsurprising ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' ripoffs."<ref>{{cite magazine | last=Gleiberman | first=Owen | url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/the-meg-review-jason-statham-1202896831/ | title=Film Review: 'The Meg' | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=August 8, 2018 | accessdate=August 9, 2018 }}</ref> In a more positive review, Alex Hudson from ''[[Exclaim!]]'' said the film succeeded nicely on modest terms; "As pulpy action films go, this is the best blockbuster about prehistoric monsters you'll see this summer. Sorry, ''Jurassic World''."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hudson |first1=Alex |title='The Meg' Review: Outrageous Shark Romp Brings Prehistoric Thrills |url=https://exclaim.ca/film/article/the_meg_review_outrageous_shark_romp_brings_prehistoric_thrills-directed_by_jon_turteltaub |publisher=Exclaim! Media |accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref> Scott Mendelson of ''[[Forbes]]'' was impressed by the film's special effects and called it "a polished B movie that delivers the goods,"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mendelson |first1=Scott |title=Review: Jason Statham's 'The Meg' Is So Much Better Than 'Sharknado' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2018/08/09/review-jason-stathams-the-meg-is-so-much-better-than-sharknado/ |publisher=Forbes |accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref> while [[IGN]]'s William Bibbiani praised the performances of the cast, particularly Statham and Li.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bibbiani |first1=William |title=THE MEG REVIEW
|url=http://m.uk.ign.com/articles/2018/08/09/the-meg-review |publisher=IGN |accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.themeg.movie/}}
* {{IMDb title|4779682}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{AllMovie title}}
{{Jon Turteltaub}}
{{Steve Alten}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meg, The}}
[[Category:2018 horror films]]
[[Category:2010s action thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s monster movies]]
[[Category:2010s science fiction films]]
[[Category:2018 3D films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American action thriller films]]
[[Category:American monster movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction films]]
[[Category:Action horror films]]
[[Category:Chinese films]]
[[Category:Chinese action thriller films]]
[[Category:Chinese science fiction films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about sharks]]
[[Category:Films based on American thriller novels]]
[[Category:Films based on science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jon Turteltaub]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harry Gregson-Williams]]
[[Category:Films shot in Asia]]
[[Category:Films shot in China]]
[[Category:Films shot in Japan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hainan]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Films set in Asia]]
[[Category:Films set in China]]
[[Category:Films set in Hainan]]
[[Category:Films set in the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Films set in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Flagship Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Giant monster films]]
[[Category:Government in fiction]]
[[Category:Horror comedy films]]
[[Category:Kaiju films]]
[[Category:Killer shark films]]
[[Category:Submarine films]]
[[Category:Underwater action films]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]

Ross 128 b

2017-11-16T09:46:57Z

195.244.210.117: /* Habitability */ insertion of the word 'be' between the words 'would' & 'to' in the last sentence of the last paragraph

{{Planetbox begin
| name = Ross 128 b
}}
{{Planetbox image
|image = Artist's impression of the planet Ross 128 b.jpg
|caption = Artist's impression of the planet Ross 128 b, with the star Ross 128 in the background.
}}
{{Planetbox star
| star = [[Ross 128]]
| constell = [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]]
| RA = {{RA|11|47|44.3974}}
| DEC = {{DEC|+00|48|16.395}}
| dist_ly = 11.03 ± 0.02
| dist_pc = 3.381 ± 0.006
| class = M4V
| app_mag = 11.13
| mass = 0.168 (± 0.017)
| radius = 0.1967 (± 0.0077)
| temperature = 3192 (± 60)
| metallicity = -0.02 (± 0.08)
| age = 9.45 (± 0.60)
}}
{{Planetbox character
| mass_earth = ≥1.35
| radius_earth = ~1.1
| stellar_flux = 1.38
| albedo = 0.1 - 0.367 - 0.750
| temperature = {{convert|280|K|C F}}
}}
{{Planetbox orbit
| period = 9.8658 (± 0.0070)
| semimajor = 0.0496 (± 0.0017)
| eccentricity = 0.036 (± 0.092)
| periastron = 0.0475 (± 0.0031)
| apastron = 0.0511 (± 0.0031)
| inclination = null
}}
{{Planetbox discovery
| discovery_date = 15 November 2017
| discoverers = Xavier Bonfils
| discovery_method = [[Doppler spectroscopy|Radial velocity]]
| discovery_status = Confirmed
}}
{{Planetbox catalog
| names = FI Virginis b, FI Vir b, G 010-050 b, GCTP 2730 b, GJ 447 b
}}
{{Planetbox end}}

'''Ross 128 b''' is a confirmed Earth-sized [[exoplanet]], likely rocky, orbiting within the inner habitable zone of the small red dwarf [[Ross 128]]. It is the second-closest potentially habitable exoplanet found, at a distance of about 11 light-years, second only to [[Proxima Centauri b]]. The exoplanet was found using a decade's worth of radial velocity data with the [[HARPS]] spectrograph (High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher) at the [[La Silla Observatory]] in Chile. Ross 128 b is the nearest potentially habitable exoplanet around a quiet red dwarf, and is considered one of the best candidates for habitability. The planet is only 35% more massive than [[Earth]], receives only 38% more sunlight, and is expected to be a temperature suitable for liquid water to exist on the surface.<ref name="1-planet" />

The planet does not transit its host star, which will make atmospheric characterization incredibly difficult until larger telescopes like the [[European Extremely Large Telescope]] come online.<ref name="1-planet" />

==Characteristics==

===Mass, radius, and temperature===

Due to it being discovered by the [[Doppler Spectroscopy|Radial Velocity]] method, the only known physical parameter for Ross 128 b is its minimum possible mass. The planet is at least 1.35 ME, or 1.35 times the mass of Earth (about 8.06e+24 [[kilograms|kg]]). This is slightly more massive than the similar and nearby Proxima Centauri b, with a minimum mass of 1.27 ME. The low mass of Ross 128 b implies that it is most likely a rocky Earth-sized planet with a solid surface. However, its exact mass and radius is not known, as no transits of this planet were found. If it were to transit, then Ross 128 b's radius would be confirmed, and its minimum mass would be its true mass. Since this is not the case, the radius of Ross 128 b can only be mathematically inferred. Ross 128 b would be 0.5 RE (Earth radii) for a pure-iron composition and 3.0 RE for a pure hydrogen-helium composition, both implausible extremes. For a more plausible Earth-like composition, the planet would need to be around 1.10 RE - i.e., 1.1 times the radius of Earth (approximately 7,008 km). With that radius, Ross 128 b would be slightly denser than Earth, due to how a rocky planet would become more compact as it increases in size. It would give the planet a gravitational pull around 10.945 m/s^2, or about 1.12 times that of Earth.<ref name="1-planet"/>

Ross 128 b is calculated to have a temperature similar to that of Earth and potentially conductive to the development of life. The discovery team modeled the planet's potential equilibrium temperature using albedos of 0.100, 0.367, and 0.750. Albedo is, generally speaking, the portion of light that is reflected instead of absorbed by a celestial object. With these three albedo parameters, Ross 128 b would have a Teq of either 294, 269, or 213°[[Kelvin|K]]. For an Earth-like albedo of 0.3, the planet would have an equilibrium temperature of 280°K (7°[[Celsius|C]]/44°[[Fahrenheit|F]]), about 8 degrees Kelvin lower than Earth's average temperature. The actual temperature of Ross 128 b depends on yet-unknown atmospheric parameters.<ref name="1-planet"/>

===Orbit and Rotation===
Ross 128 b is a closely orbiting planet, with a year lasting about every 9.9 days, or around a week and a half. Its [[semi-major axis]] is 0.0496 [[Astronomical Units|AU]], over 20 times closer to its star than Earth is from the [[Sun]]. This is equivalent to 7.38 million kilometers, compared to Earth's distance of 149 million kilometers. The orbit of Ross 128 b is quite circular, with an eccentricity of 0.036, but also with a large error range as well.

The planet is most likely tidally locked to its star, meaning that one side of the planet always faces Ross 128. This would give Ross 128 b a rotation period of about 9.9 Earth days.

===Host Star===
Ross 128 b orbits the small M-dwarf Ross 128. The star is 17% the mass and 20% the radius of our own Sun. It has a temperature of 3,192°K, a luminosity of 0.000362 Suns, and an age of 9.45±0.60 billion years. For comparison, the Sun has a temperature of 5,778°K and an age of 4.5 billion years, making Ross 128 half the temperature but over twice the age. The star is only 11.03 light-years away, making it one of the 20 closest stars known.

==Habitability==
Ross 128 b is not confirmed to be orbiting exactly within the habitable zone. It appears to reside within the inner edge, as it receives approximately 38% more sunlight than Earth. The habitable zone is defined as the region around a star where temperatures are just right for a planet with a thick enough atmosphere to support liquid water, a key ingredient in the development of life. With its moderately high stellar flux, Ross 128 b is likely more prone to water loss, mainly on the side directly facing the star. However, an Earth-like atmosphere, assuming one exists, would be able to distribute the energy received from the star around the planet and allow more areas to potentially hold liquid water. In addition, study author Xavier Bonfils noted the possibility of significant cloud cover on the star-facing side, which would block out much incoming stellar energy and help keep the planet cool. It is calculated to have a temperature of at least 280°K, with an Earth Similarity Index (ESI) value of 0.86 - tied for the third-highest of any planet with [[GJ 3323 b]].

The planet has been considered as one of the most Earth-like worlds ever found, not just due to its Earth-like temperatures, but because of its small size and rather quiet star. Ross 128 b is very close in mass to Earth, only around 35% more massive, and is likely around 10% larger in radius. Gravity on the planet would be only slightly higher than what one would feel when walking on the surface of Earth. This, and the host star Ross 128 is an evolved star with limited stellar activity. Many red dwarfs like [[Proxima Centauri]] and [[TRAPPIST-1]] are prone to releasing potentially deadly flares caused by powerful magnetic fields. Billions of years of exposure to these flares can potentially strip a planet of its atmosphere and render it sterile with possibly dangerous amounts of radiation. While Ross 128 is known to produce such flares, they are much less common and less powerful than those of the previously mentioned stars. This reduces the odds of atmospheric erosion (if Ross 128 b has one) and would increase the odds of its retention over geological timescales.

As of right now, it is almost impossible to determine if Ross 128 b has an atmosphere and if it supports the existence of life due to the fact that it doesn't transit the star. However, upcoming missions like the [[James Webb Space Telescope]] and upcoming massive ground-based telescopes, like the Thirty Meter Telescope and the European Extremely Large Telescope, can potentially analyze the atmosphere of Ross 128 b - if it has one - without the need of a transit. The goal would be to find biosignatures in the planet's atmosphere, which are chemicals like oxygen, ozone, and methane that are often created by biological processes.

==See also==
* [[Habitability of red dwarf systems]]
* [[List of potentially habitable exoplanets]]
* [[LHS 1140b]], a huge rocky habitable zone planet around another quiet M-dwarf.
* [[Proxima Centauri b]], a similarly sized potentially habitable exoplanet found by the same team in August of 2016.
* [[Luyten's Star]], has a similar but significantly more massive potentially habitable planet.
* [[Kepler-438b]], Earth-sized habitable zone planet with a very active host star.
* [[Gliese 832c]], one of the closest potentially habitable exoplanets.
* [[TRAPPIST-1]], has 7 confirmed planets, 4 that are potentially habitable.
** [[TRAPPIST-1d]]
** [[TRAPPIST-1e]]
** [[TRAPPIST-1f]]
** [[TRAPPIST-1g]]
* [[Planetary Habitability]]

==References==
{{reflist|1em|refs=}}

<ref name="1-planet">{{citation | last1=Bonfils | first1=Xavier | title=A temperate exo-Earth around a quiet M dwarf at 3.4 parsecs | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics| date=2017 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201731973 }}</ref>

{{Exoplanets}}
{{Exoplanet search projects}}
{{2017 in space}}

==External links==
* [https://www.skymania.com/wp/2017/11/earth-sized-temperate-planet-found-direction-mystery-radio-signals.html/18504/ Astronomers heard “weird” signals from direction of Ross 128] (Skymania)

Explosion im RAF-Munitionslager Fauld

2017-09-19T07:31:50Z

195.244.210.117: /* Effects */ Addition of a sentence at the end of the last paragraph

{{infobox UK feature
|official_name = RAF Fauld explosion
|shire_county/state = Staffordshire
|country = England
|label_position = auto
|nation = UK
|map_name = United Kingdom Staffordshire
|static_image_name = Fauld.jpg
|static_image_caption = Aerial view of the crater and damage to the surrounding area caused by the explosion, taken by the RAF on 4 December 1944
|static_image_alt =
|static_image_2 =
|static_image_2_caption =
|static_image_2_alt =
|os_grid_reference =
|irish_grid_reference =
|coordinates = {{Coord|52.847117|-1.730608|display=inline,title}}
}}
The '''RAF Fauld explosion''' was a military [[accident]] which occurred at 11:11am on Monday, 27 November 1944 at the [[RAF Fauld]] underground [[munitions]] storage depot. The RAF Fauld explosion was one of the [[Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest non-nuclear explosions]] in history and the largest to occur on UK soil.

Between 3,500 and 4,000 [[tonne]]s of [[Ammunition#Ordnance|ordnance]] exploded—mostly comprising [[high explosive]] (HE)-filled [[bomb]]s, but including a variety of other types of weapons and including 500 million [[Cartridge (firearms)|rounds]] of [[rifle]] [[ammunition]]. The [[explosion crater]] with a depth of {{convert|300|ft|m}} and {{convert|250|yd|m}} across is still clearly visible just south of the village of Fauld, to the east of [[Hanbury, Staffordshire|Hanbury]] in [[Staffordshire]], [[England]]. It is now known as the Hanbury Crater.<ref name="BBC Rowe-Almost World's largest explosion 2008">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2008/08/15/hanbury_crater_feature.shtml World's largest-ever explosion (almost) Mark Rowe] Mark Rowe, BBC Stoke. 29 August 2008, Accessed Dec 2013</ref><ref name="Mercian Geologist 2001 15-Fauld Crater">[http://www.emgs.org.uk/files/local_geology/15(2)_fauld_crater.pdf Landmark of the Eastern Midlands – The explosion crater at Fauld] Tony Waltham, Mercian Geologist 2001 15 (2) p123-125, Accessed Jan 2015</ref><ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion">[http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/Bygones-Book-coincides-70th-anniversary-giant/story-23049328-detail/story.html Bygones: Book coincides with 70th anniversary of giant explosion at RAF Fauld, near Burton] Jane Goddard, Derby Telegraph. October 06, 2014, Accessed Jan 2015</ref>
A nearby [[Reservoir (water)|reservoir]] containing 450,000 cubic metres of water was obliterated in the incident, along with a number of buildings including a complete farm. Flooding caused by destruction of the reservoir added to the damage directly caused by the explosion.<ref name = reed>Reed, John, (1977). "Largest Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staff. November 27, 1944", ''[[After the Battle]]'', '''18''', Pp 35 – 40. {{ISSN|0306-154X}}.</ref>

The exact death toll is uncertain (some victims simply vanished without trace); it is believed that about 70 people died in the explosion.<ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion" />

==Cause==

[[File:Raf fauld tunnel bombs.jpg|thumb|left|Bombs being stacked in one of the tunnels at RAF Fauld]]

The cause of the disaster was not made clear at the time. However, there had been staff shortages, a management position that had remained empty for a year, and 189 inexperienced Italian [[POW]]s were working in the mines at the time of the accident. In 1974, it was announced that the cause of the explosion was probably a site worker removing a [[detonator]] from a live bomb using a brass chisel rather than a wooden batten. An eyewitness testified that he had seen a worker using brass chisels in defiance of the strict regulations in force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/98/a6370698.shtml |title=WW2 People's War – War Memories – with a song and dance and a huge explosion |publisher=BBC |date=2005-10-24 |accessdate=2016-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112071755/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/98/a6370698.shtml |archive-date=2012-11-12 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>

==Effects==
Two huge explosions were witnessed at [[No. 21 Maintenance Unit RAF]] Bomb Storage dump on 27 November 1944 at 11:15 hours. Eyewitnesses reported seeing two distinct columns of black smoke in the form of a [[mushroom cloud]] ascending several thousand feet, and saw a blaze at the foot of the column. According to the [[Commanding Officer]] of 21 M.U. ([[Group Captain]] Storrar) an open dump of [[incendiary bomb]]s caught fire and it was allowed to burn itself out without damage or casualties. Property was damaged within a radius of ¾ mile of the crater.<ref name="mhs">Ministry of Home Security report File RE. 5/5i region IX.</ref>

Debris and damage occurred to all property within a circle extending for {{convert|1420|yd}}. Upper Castle Hayes Farm completely disappeared and Messrs. Peter Ford's [[Lime (material)|lime]] and [[gypsum]] works to the north of the village and Purse cottages were completely demolished. The lime works was destroyed by the destruction of the reservoir dam and the subsequent release of water into the works. Hanbury Fields Farm, Hare Holes Farm and also Croft Farm with adjacent cottages were all extensively damaged. Debris also damaged Hanbury village. The crater was some {{convert|300|yd|m}} by {{convert|233|yd|m}} in length and {{convert|100|ft|m}} deep covering 12 [[acre]]s.<ref name="BBC Rowe-Almost World's largest explosion 2008" /><ref name="Mercian Geologist 2001 15-Fauld Crater" /><ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion" /> Approximately one third of the RAF dump exploded, an area of 65,000 square yards, but barriers of rock pillars between No. 3 and No. 4 sections held and prevented the other munition storage areas from exploding in a chain reaction. Damage from earth shock extended as far as [[Burton upon Trent]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} Seismographs as far away as Switzerland detected the shock waves thinking it was an earthquake.

==Casualties==
At the time, there was no careful tally of the number of workers at the facility. So, while the exact death toll is uncertain, it appears that about 70 people died in the explosion. The official report said that 90 were killed, missing or injured,<ref name="mhs"/><ref>File no RE5/5 region IX, now held by [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] as [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/externalrequest.asp?requestreference=AIR17/10 AIR 17/10]</ref> including:

* 26 killed or missing at the RAF dump—divided between RAF personnel, civilian workers and some Italian [[POW|prisoners of war]] who were working there—5 of whom were gassed by toxic fumes; also 10 severely injured.
* 37 killed (drowned) or missing at Peter Ford & Sons, a nearby gypsum mine and plaster mill, and surrounding countryside; also 12 injured.
* perhaps seven or so farm workers at the nearby Upper Castle Hayes Farm.

Also 200 cattle were killed by the explosion. A number of live cattle were removed from the vicinity but were dead the following morning.<ref name="mhs"/>

==Aftermath==
While much of the storage facility was annihilated by the explosion, the site itself continued to be used by the RAF for munitions storage until 1966, when No. 21 Maintenance Unit (21 MU) was disbanded.<ref name = reed/> Following France's withdrawal from [[NATO]]'s integrated military structure in 1966,<ref>{{cite web |title= Member countries |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_52044.htm#About |publisher=NATO |date= 9 July 2009 |accessdate= 15 July 2009}}</ref> the site was used by the [[US Army]], between 1967 and 1973, to store US ammunition previously stored in France.<ref name = reed/>

Burton-on-Trent Library has a documented file on the explosion.

By 1979 the site was fenced off and since then nature has taken over, with the area covered with over 150 species of trees and wildlife. The area is restricted as a significant amount of explosives are still buried deep in the site; the UK government has deemed their removal unfeasible on the grounds of cost.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bell|first=David|title=Staffordshire Tales of Murder & Mystery|publisher=Countryside Books|year=2005|series=Murder & Mystery|page=78|chapter=8|isbn=1-85306-922-1}}</ref>

No. 21 MU was the subject of a number of paintings under the collective title "the bomb store" by artist [[David Bomberg]]. He was briefly employed as a [[war artist]] by the War Ministry in 1943.<ref>{{cite book |title=David Bomberg |first=Richard |last=Cork |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1986 |isbn=978-0300038279}}</ref>

{|
| [[File:raffauld.JPG|thumb|alt=Sign at the explosion site, giving details of the event|Sign at the explosion site, giving details of the event.]]
| [[File:RAF Fauld Explosion memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Memorial to the victims at the National Memorial Arboretum. This gives the number of victims as 70.|Memorial to the victims at the [[National Memorial Arboretum]]. This gives the number of victims as 70.]]
| [[File:raffauld01.JPG|thumb|alt=Sign warning of unexploded munitions and hazard posed by the crater.|Sign warning of unexploded munitions and hazard posed by the crater.]]
|}

==See also==
*[[List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll]]
*[[RAF munitions storage during WWII]]

==References==
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* "Britain's big bang" by Peter Grego, ''Astronomy Now'', November 2004. {{ISSN|0951-9726}}.
* McCamley, N.J. (1998). ''Secret Underground Cities''. Barnsley: Leo Cooper. {{ISBN|0-85052-585-3}}.
* McCamley, N.J. (2004). ''Disasters Underground''. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. {{ISBN|1-84415-022-4}}.
* Grid Reference: SK182277
* Hardy, Valerie. (2015). ''Voices from the Explosion: RAF Fauld, the World's Largest Accidental Blast, 1944''. {{ISBN|978-1-911121-03-9}}.

== External links ==
*[http://www.helenlee.co.uk/tutbury/fauld.html Tatubry: The Fauld Explosion]

*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/features/history/2004/fauld.shtml The World's Largest Ever Explosion (Almost)]
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.852573,-1.733415&spn=0.009381,0.027122&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing Gypsum works]
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.847364,-1.733415&spn=0.005806,0.021629&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing blast crater]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nwvx2 BBC Radio 4 Programme 'Open Country', The Hanbury Crater]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fauld, RAF explosion}}
[[Category:Explosions in 1944]]
[[Category:1944 disasters in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1944 in England]]
[[Category:1944 in military history]]
[[Category:20th century in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Explosions in England]]
[[Category:History of the Royal Air Force during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Disasters in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:November 1944 events]]

Explosion im RAF-Munitionslager Fauld

2017-09-19T07:25:55Z

195.244.210.117: Addition of some words in brackets in the last paragraph

{{infobox UK feature
|official_name = RAF Fauld explosion
|shire_county/state = Staffordshire
|country = England
|label_position = auto
|nation = UK
|map_name = United Kingdom Staffordshire
|static_image_name = Fauld.jpg
|static_image_caption = Aerial view of the crater and damage to the surrounding area caused by the explosion, taken by the RAF on 4 December 1944
|static_image_alt =
|static_image_2 =
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|static_image_2_alt =
|os_grid_reference =
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|coordinates = {{Coord|52.847117|-1.730608|display=inline,title}}
}}
The '''RAF Fauld explosion''' was a military [[accident]] which occurred at 11:11am on Monday, 27 November 1944 at the [[RAF Fauld]] underground [[munitions]] storage depot. The RAF Fauld explosion was one of the [[Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest non-nuclear explosions]] in history and the largest to occur on UK soil.

Between 3,500 and 4,000 [[tonne]]s of [[Ammunition#Ordnance|ordnance]] exploded—mostly comprising [[high explosive]] (HE)-filled [[bomb]]s, but including a variety of other types of weapons and including 500 million [[Cartridge (firearms)|rounds]] of [[rifle]] [[ammunition]]. The [[explosion crater]] with a depth of {{convert|300|ft|m}} and {{convert|250|yd|m}} across is still clearly visible just south of the village of Fauld, to the east of [[Hanbury, Staffordshire|Hanbury]] in [[Staffordshire]], [[England]]. It is now known as the Hanbury Crater.<ref name="BBC Rowe-Almost World's largest explosion 2008">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2008/08/15/hanbury_crater_feature.shtml World's largest-ever explosion (almost) Mark Rowe] Mark Rowe, BBC Stoke. 29 August 2008, Accessed Dec 2013</ref><ref name="Mercian Geologist 2001 15-Fauld Crater">[http://www.emgs.org.uk/files/local_geology/15(2)_fauld_crater.pdf Landmark of the Eastern Midlands – The explosion crater at Fauld] Tony Waltham, Mercian Geologist 2001 15 (2) p123-125, Accessed Jan 2015</ref><ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion">[http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/Bygones-Book-coincides-70th-anniversary-giant/story-23049328-detail/story.html Bygones: Book coincides with 70th anniversary of giant explosion at RAF Fauld, near Burton] Jane Goddard, Derby Telegraph. October 06, 2014, Accessed Jan 2015</ref>
A nearby [[Reservoir (water)|reservoir]] containing 450,000 cubic metres of water was obliterated in the incident, along with a number of buildings including a complete farm. Flooding caused by destruction of the reservoir added to the damage directly caused by the explosion.<ref name = reed>Reed, John, (1977). "Largest Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staff. November 27, 1944", ''[[After the Battle]]'', '''18''', Pp 35 – 40. {{ISSN|0306-154X}}.</ref>

The exact death toll is uncertain (some victims simply vanished without trace); it is believed that about 70 people died in the explosion.<ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion" />

==Cause==

[[File:Raf fauld tunnel bombs.jpg|thumb|left|Bombs being stacked in one of the tunnels at RAF Fauld]]

The cause of the disaster was not made clear at the time. However, there had been staff shortages, a management position that had remained empty for a year, and 189 inexperienced Italian [[POW]]s were working in the mines at the time of the accident. In 1974, it was announced that the cause of the explosion was probably a site worker removing a [[detonator]] from a live bomb using a brass chisel rather than a wooden batten. An eyewitness testified that he had seen a worker using brass chisels in defiance of the strict regulations in force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/98/a6370698.shtml |title=WW2 People's War – War Memories – with a song and dance and a huge explosion |publisher=BBC |date=2005-10-24 |accessdate=2016-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112071755/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/98/a6370698.shtml |archive-date=2012-11-12 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>

==Effects==
Two huge explosions were witnessed at [[No. 21 Maintenance Unit RAF]] Bomb Storage dump on 27 November 1944 at 11:15 hours. Eyewitnesses reported seeing two distinct columns of black smoke in the form of a [[mushroom cloud]] ascending several thousand feet, and saw a blaze at the foot of the column. According to the [[Commanding Officer]] of 21 M.U. ([[Group Captain]] Storrar) an open dump of [[incendiary bomb]]s caught fire and it was allowed to burn itself out without damage or casualties. Property was damaged within a radius of ¾ mile of the crater.<ref name="mhs">Ministry of Home Security report File RE. 5/5i region IX.</ref>

Debris and damage occurred to all property within a circle extending for {{convert|1420|yd}}. Upper Castle Hayes Farm completely disappeared and Messrs. Peter Ford's [[Lime (material)|lime]] and [[gypsum]] works to the north of the village and Purse cottages were completely demolished. The lime works was destroyed by the destruction of the reservoir dam and the subsequent release of water into the works. Hanbury Fields Farm, Hare Holes Farm and also Croft Farm with adjacent cottages were all extensively damaged. Debris also damaged Hanbury village. The crater was some {{convert|300|yd|m}} by {{convert|233|yd|m}} in length and {{convert|100|ft|m}} deep covering 12 [[acre]]s.<ref name="BBC Rowe-Almost World's largest explosion 2008" /><ref name="Mercian Geologist 2001 15-Fauld Crater" /><ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion" /> Approximately one third of the RAF dump exploded, an area of 65,000 square yards, but barriers of rock pillars between No. 3 and No. 4 sections held and prevented the other munition storage areas from exploding in a chain reaction. Damage from earth shock extended as far as [[Burton upon Trent]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

==Casualties==
At the time, there was no careful tally of the number of workers at the facility. So, while the exact death toll is uncertain, it appears that about 70 people died in the explosion. The official report said that 90 were killed, missing or injured,<ref name="mhs"/><ref>File no RE5/5 region IX, now held by [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] as [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/externalrequest.asp?requestreference=AIR17/10 AIR 17/10]</ref> including:

* 26 killed or missing at the RAF dump—divided between RAF personnel, civilian workers and some Italian [[POW|prisoners of war]] who were working there—5 of whom were gassed by toxic fumes; also 10 severely injured.
* 37 killed (drowned) or missing at Peter Ford & Sons, a nearby gypsum mine and plaster mill, and surrounding countryside; also 12 injured.
* perhaps seven or so farm workers at the nearby Upper Castle Hayes Farm.

Also 200 cattle were killed by the explosion. A number of live cattle were removed from the vicinity but were dead the following morning.<ref name="mhs"/>

==Aftermath==
While much of the storage facility was annihilated by the explosion, the site itself continued to be used by the RAF for munitions storage until 1966, when No. 21 Maintenance Unit (21 MU) was disbanded.<ref name = reed/> Following France's withdrawal from [[NATO]]'s integrated military structure in 1966,<ref>{{cite web |title= Member countries |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_52044.htm#About |publisher=NATO |date= 9 July 2009 |accessdate= 15 July 2009}}</ref> the site was used by the [[US Army]], between 1967 and 1973, to store US ammunition previously stored in France.<ref name = reed/>

Burton-on-Trent Library has a documented file on the explosion.

By 1979 the site was fenced off and since then nature has taken over, with the area covered with over 150 species of trees and wildlife. The area is restricted as a significant amount of explosives are still buried deep in the site; the UK government has deemed their removal unfeasible on the grounds of cost.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bell|first=David|title=Staffordshire Tales of Murder & Mystery|publisher=Countryside Books|year=2005|series=Murder & Mystery|page=78|chapter=8|isbn=1-85306-922-1}}</ref>

No. 21 MU was the subject of a number of paintings under the collective title "the bomb store" by artist [[David Bomberg]]. He was briefly employed as a [[war artist]] by the War Ministry in 1943.<ref>{{cite book |title=David Bomberg |first=Richard |last=Cork |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1986 |isbn=978-0300038279}}</ref>

{|
| [[File:raffauld.JPG|thumb|alt=Sign at the explosion site, giving details of the event|Sign at the explosion site, giving details of the event.]]
| [[File:RAF Fauld Explosion memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Memorial to the victims at the National Memorial Arboretum. This gives the number of victims as 70.|Memorial to the victims at the [[National Memorial Arboretum]]. This gives the number of victims as 70.]]
| [[File:raffauld01.JPG|thumb|alt=Sign warning of unexploded munitions and hazard posed by the crater.|Sign warning of unexploded munitions and hazard posed by the crater.]]
|}

==See also==
*[[List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll]]
*[[RAF munitions storage during WWII]]

==References==
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* "Britain's big bang" by Peter Grego, ''Astronomy Now'', November 2004. {{ISSN|0951-9726}}.
* McCamley, N.J. (1998). ''Secret Underground Cities''. Barnsley: Leo Cooper. {{ISBN|0-85052-585-3}}.
* McCamley, N.J. (2004). ''Disasters Underground''. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. {{ISBN|1-84415-022-4}}.
* Grid Reference: SK182277
* Hardy, Valerie. (2015). ''Voices from the Explosion: RAF Fauld, the World's Largest Accidental Blast, 1944''. {{ISBN|978-1-911121-03-9}}.

== External links ==
*[http://www.helenlee.co.uk/tutbury/fauld.html Tatubry: The Fauld Explosion]

*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/features/history/2004/fauld.shtml The World's Largest Ever Explosion (Almost)]
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.852573,-1.733415&spn=0.009381,0.027122&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing Gypsum works]
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.847364,-1.733415&spn=0.005806,0.021629&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing blast crater]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nwvx2 BBC Radio 4 Programme 'Open Country', The Hanbury Crater]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fauld, RAF explosion}}
[[Category:Explosions in 1944]]
[[Category:1944 disasters in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1944 in England]]
[[Category:1944 in military history]]
[[Category:20th century in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Explosions in England]]
[[Category:History of the Royal Air Force during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Disasters in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:November 1944 events]]

Here Come the Brides

2017-05-09T12:03:39Z

195.244.210.117: /* Backstory */ replacing the T's for t's in the word "the" in the title "Westward the Women"

{{Infobox television
| show_name = Here Come the Brides
| image = Blondell brides 1969.JPG
| caption = Joan Blondell as Lottie
| genre = [[Television comedy|Comedy]] [[Western (genre)|Western]]
| creator =
| writer =
| director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Robert Brown (US actor)|Robert Brown]] [[David Soul]] [[Bobby Sherman]] [[Bridget Hanley]] [[Mark Lenard]] [[Joan Blondell]] [[Henry Beckman]] [[Susan Tolsky]]

| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = [[Hugo Montenegro]] [[Jack Keller (songwriter)|Jack Keller]] Ernie Sheldon
| opentheme = "[[Seattle (song)|Seattle]]"
| composer =
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 52
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Single-camera setup|Single-camera]]
| runtime = 48 minutes
| company = [[Screen Gems]]
| distributor =
| channel = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| picture_format = [[Color]]
| audio_format = [[Monaural]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1968|09|25}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1970|04|03}}
}}
'''''Here Come the Brides''''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Television comedy|comedy]] [[Western (genre)|Western]] series from [[Screen Gems]] that aired on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] television network from September 25, 1968 to April 3, 1970. The series was loosely based upon the [[Mercer Girls|Mercer Girls project]], [[Asa Mercer]]'s efforts to bring civilization to old [[Seattle]] in the 1860s by importing marriageable women from the east coast cities of the United States, where the ravages of the [[American Civil War]] left those towns short of men.

==Backstory==
The producers said the show was inspired by the movie ''[[Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (film)|Seven Brides for Seven Brothers]]'' in an interview with ''[[LA Times]]'' TV critic Cecil Smith.

As a [[Television Westerns|television western]], set shortly after the end of the Civil War, the series rarely featured any form of gunplay, and violence was generally limited to comical fistfights. This was in keeping with the restrictions on television violence at the time. Stories highlighted the importance of cooperation, inter-racial harmony, and peaceful resolution of conflict. Plots were usually a mix of drama and humor. Being one of the first shows targeted at young women, most of the humor was at the expense of the men, but not particularly bitingly so.

The 1951 movie ''[[Westward the Women (film)|Westward the Women]]'' follows a similar theme.

==Plot summary==
[[File:Here come the brides 1969.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Candy's brother and sister arrive in Seattle]]
In the pilot episode, smooth-talking, charismatic logging company boss Jason Bolt ([[Robert Brown (US actor)|Robert Brown]]) is faced with a shutdown of his operation as lonely [[lumberjack]]s are ready to leave Seattle due to the lack of female companionship. He promises to find 100 marriageable ladies willing to come to the frontier town (population 152) and stay for a full year. Sawmill owner Aaron Stempel ([[Mark Lenard]]) puts up much of the expense money as a wager that Bolt won't succeed, with the three Bolt brothers betting their mountain (home to their logging company).

The Bolts travel to [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]], recruit the women, then charter a mule-ship to take them back to Seattle. The local saloon owner, Lottie ([[Joan Blondell]]) takes the women under her wing and becomes a mother figure to them, while Bolt desperately works to keep the women from leaving at the next high tide. Eventually, the women decide to give Seattle and the loggers a chance. The ship's captain, Clancy ([[Henry Beckman]]), develops a relationship with Lottie and becomes a regular character in the series.

Much of the dramatic and comedic tension in the first season revolved around Stempel's efforts to sabotage the deal and take over the Bolts' holdings. Stempel became more friendly in the second and final season, which focused more on the development of individual characters and the conflicts associated with newcomers and with people just passing through. One running theme is the importance of family, as the Bolt brothers show through the closeness of their relationships, that by sticking together, democratically taking family votes, they can overcome the surprising obstacles life presents.

[[Bobby Sherman]] and [[David Soul]] were propelled to pop stardom as Jason's brothers, Jeremy and Joshua. Jeremy took a prominent role, not only as the boyfriend of Candy Pruitt ([[Bridget Hanley]]), the beautiful, unofficial leader of the brides, but also as a young man struggling with a conversation-stopping [[stuttering|stammer]]. In one episode, he is temporarily cured of his impediment, following coaching by a traveler who has come to Seattle. Upon discovering that his benefactor is actually a con artist, his faith is shaken so deeply that the stammer returns.

The show addressed many social issues — racism, ethnic discrimination, treatment of the handicapped and mentally impaired, business ethics, ecology. The Bolt brothers replanted the trees they cut down.

==Cast==

===Main characters===
;First season
Opening credits sequence:
*Jason Bolt ([[Robert Brown (US actor)|Robert Brown]])
*Jeremy Bolt ([[Bobby Sherman]])
*Joshua Bolt ([[David Soul]])
*Aaron Stempel ([[Mark Lenard]])
*Candace "Candy" Pruitt ([[Bridget Hanley]])
*Lottie Hatfield ([[Joan Blondell]])

Ending credits:
*Captain Clancey ([[Henry Beckman]])
*Biddie Cloom ([[Susan Tolsky]])

===Recurring characters===
*Ben Perkins (Hoke Howell)
*Corky (Robert Biheller)
*Olaf "Big Swede" Gustavsen ([[Bo Svenson]])
*Essie Halliday ([[Mitzi Hoag]]), school teacher and eventually Big Swede's wife
*Franny (Carole Shelyne)
*Ann (Cynthia Hull)

;Second season
Opening credits:

Those listed for the first season, plus
*Captain Clancey (Henry Beckman)
*Biddie Cloom (Susan Tolsky)

End credits:
*Ben Perkins (Hoke Howell)
*Corky (Robert Biheller)
*Christopher Pruitt (Eric Chase, 1969–1970), Candy Pruitt's younger brother
*Molly Pruitt (Patti Cohoon, 1969–1970), Candy's younger sister

===Notable guest stars===
{{refimprove section|date=December 2013}}
A young [[Bruce Lee]] appeared as a Chinese immigrant named Lin in the episode "Marriage Chinese Style" (1969). This character was the only dramatic English language non-martial arts role in Lee's acting career.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} Character actress [[Nora Marlowe]] played Mrs. Bronson in the same episode.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

[[Cicely Tyson]], [[Jane Wyatt]], [[Edward Asner]], [[Majel Barrett]] (''[[Star Trek]]''), [[Barry Williams (actor)|Barry Williams]] (pre-''[[Brady Bunch]]''), [[Marge Redmond]] and [[Madeline Sherwood]] (both known as regulars in ''[[The Flying Nun]]''), [[Bernard Fox (actor)|Bernard Fox]] (Dr. Bombay of ''[[Bewitched]]''), [[Vic Tayback]] (an extra as one of 'Jason's men' in the premiere episode, later a guest star), [[Lynda Day George]], [[Bob Cummings]] (star of ''[[The Bob Cummings Show]]'' 1955-1959 on NBC and ''[[The New Bob Cummings Show]]'' 1961-1962 on CBS), [[Daniel J. Travanti]] and [[James Sikking|James B. Sikking]] (both later known for ''[[Hill Street Blues]]''), [[Larry Linville]] (''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'') and [[Billy Mumy]] (''[[Lost in Space]]'') all made guest appearances.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

[[Mitzi Hoag]], who played Miss Essie during the season 1, had two guest roles in season 2 as completely different characters, one as a Greek immigrant in the episode "Land Grant" and another as a nun in the episode "Absalom".{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

==Reception==
First season ratings were impressive enough to ensure its renewal for a second season, though only 152 ABC affiliates agreed to broadcast the series (compared to another Screen Gems' series, ''[[Bewitched]]'', which was broadcast on 217 ABC affiliates in the same 1968/69 season).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvobscurities.com/articles/ugliest_girl/|title=Television Obscurities - The Ugliest Girl in Town}}</ref> However, for that second season, the family-geared series was moved from the 7:30 Wednesday night "Family Hour" to the more adult-oriented time slot of 9:00 Friday night in September 1969. This move to the [[Friday night death slot]] combined with the low ABC affiliate support caused the ratings to quickly slide out of the top 40, and production ceased in the spring of 1970, although most of those ABC affiliates repeated episodes throughout the summer months, as was then a standard procedure with most series. The final [[primetime]] episode in the United States was broadcast on Friday September 18, 1970.

[[Joan Blondell]] received [[Emmy award]] nominations each season for her performance as Lottie Hatfield. She lost to [[Barbara Bain]] in 1969, and to [[Susan Hampshire]] in 1970.

==Music==
The theme song "[[Seattle (song)|Seattle]]" was written by [[Jack Keller (songwriter)|Jack Keller]] and Ernie Sheldon. Both [[Perry Como]] and [[Bobby Sherman]] recorded slightly different variations of the song. Como scored a minor hit, with his version reaching No. 38 in the U.S. Sherman's version, although receiving some airplay, was never released as a single. There is no reference in either version regarding the TV series title, i.e.; "...look out everyone! Here Come the Brides!" Starting with the series debut in September 1968 the series opened with a rousing instrumental score featuring screen stills of "Jason", "Jeremy & Joshua", "Candy & Aaron" and "Lottie". At some point during the first season (and to coincide with the spring 1969 release of the Perry Como 'pop' recording) the TV theme was reworked by overdubbing vocals/lyrics to the same theme music already recorded (as used previously) along with updating all the opening character stills, including the addition of a "Clancy & Biddie" screen. The added lyrics performed by "The New Establishment" and updated screen stills were featured for the remainder of the first season and remained unchanged for the entire second season.

==French version==
A French-language version of the show and theme song (performed by a chorus of male singers) was a smash hit in [[French Canada]], under the title ''Cent filles à marier'' (''A Hundred Girls to Marry Off''). The show capitalized on the popularlity of the American version and the fact that a similar "bride drive" (see [[Filles du roi]]) is also part of Québec's cultural mythos.

==DVD releases and books==
[[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]] released the first season on DVD in Region 1 on May 16, 2006.<ref>[http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Come-Brides/5255 Here Come the Brides - Official Press Release, Plus Rear Box Art & Revised Front Art] TVShowsonDVD.com 2006-03-07</ref>

On October 14, 2011, [[Shout! Factory]] announced that it had acquired the home-video rights to the series, and it later released the final season on DVD.<ref>http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Site-News-Season-2/16094</ref> It was subsequently released on February 28, 2012. However, the season 1 opening cast-and-credit sequence was used for this release, using the New Establishment's vocals, but ignoring Henry Beckman's and Susan Tolsky's respective credits.<ref>[http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Come-Brides-Season-2/16185 Here Come the Brides - 'The Complete 2nd Season:' Shout!'s Street Date, Cost, Packaging] TVShowsonDVD.com, 2001-11-07.</ref>

In December 2009, [[BearManor Media]] released a nostalgic look into the program's history, ''Gangway, Lord: (The) Here Come The Brides Book'' by Jonathan Etter, which featured a foreword by Robert Brown. Bobby Sherman was the only (then) surviving cast member who did not participate with the publication. However, Sherman did discuss the series in his autobiography, ''Bobby Sherman: Still Remembering You,'' whose contents he dictated to Dena Hill, and which was published [[Contemporary Books]] in 1996.

==Syndication==
Reruns were aired on [[CBN Cable]] during the mid-1980s.

Early in January 2011, digital sub-network [[Antenna TV]] began airing the series.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0062569}}
* {{tv.com show|here-come-the-brides}}
* [http://hctbfanclub.5u.com/ Here Come the Brides Fan Club Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041207014351/http://employees.oxy.edu/jerry/bts/index1.htm Behind-the-scenes production photos] Collection of crew member [[Stephen Lodge (screenwriter)|Stephen Lodge]] (set costumer).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Here Come The Brides}}
[[Category:1968 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1970 American television series endings]]
[[Category:1960s American television series]]
[[Category:1970s American television series]]
[[Category:1960s American comedy television series]]
[[Category:1970s American comedy television series]]
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company network shows]]
[[Category:American comedy television series]]
[[Category:Culture of Seattle]]
[[Category:English-language television programming]]
[[Category:Television series by Sony Pictures Television]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Seattle]]
[[Category:Western (genre) television series]]

Here Come the Brides

2017-05-09T12:00:23Z

195.244.210.117: /* Backstory */ Addition of a new paragraph

{{Infobox television
| show_name = Here Come the Brides
| image = Blondell brides 1969.JPG
| caption = Joan Blondell as Lottie
| genre = [[Television comedy|Comedy]] [[Western (genre)|Western]]
| creator =
| writer =
| director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Robert Brown (US actor)|Robert Brown]] [[David Soul]] [[Bobby Sherman]] [[Bridget Hanley]] [[Mark Lenard]] [[Joan Blondell]] [[Henry Beckman]] [[Susan Tolsky]]

| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = [[Hugo Montenegro]] [[Jack Keller (songwriter)|Jack Keller]] Ernie Sheldon
| opentheme = "[[Seattle (song)|Seattle]]"
| composer =
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 52
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Single-camera setup|Single-camera]]
| runtime = 48 minutes
| company = [[Screen Gems]]
| distributor =
| channel = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| picture_format = [[Color]]
| audio_format = [[Monaural]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1968|09|25}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1970|04|03}}
}}
'''''Here Come the Brides''''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Television comedy|comedy]] [[Western (genre)|Western]] series from [[Screen Gems]] that aired on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] television network from September 25, 1968 to April 3, 1970. The series was loosely based upon the [[Mercer Girls|Mercer Girls project]], [[Asa Mercer]]'s efforts to bring civilization to old [[Seattle]] in the 1860s by importing marriageable women from the east coast cities of the United States, where the ravages of the [[American Civil War]] left those towns short of men.

==Backstory==
The producers said the show was inspired by the movie ''[[Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (film)|Seven Brides for Seven Brothers]]'' in an interview with ''[[LA Times]]'' TV critic Cecil Smith.

As a [[Television Westerns|television western]], set shortly after the end of the Civil War, the series rarely featured any form of gunplay, and violence was generally limited to comical fistfights. This was in keeping with the restrictions on television violence at the time. Stories highlighted the importance of cooperation, inter-racial harmony, and peaceful resolution of conflict. Plots were usually a mix of drama and humor. Being one of the first shows targeted at young women, most of the humor was at the expense of the men, but not particularly bitingly so.

The 1951 movie ''[[Westward The Women (film)|Westward The Women]]'' follows a similar theme.

==Plot summary==
[[File:Here come the brides 1969.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Candy's brother and sister arrive in Seattle]]
In the pilot episode, smooth-talking, charismatic logging company boss Jason Bolt ([[Robert Brown (US actor)|Robert Brown]]) is faced with a shutdown of his operation as lonely [[lumberjack]]s are ready to leave Seattle due to the lack of female companionship. He promises to find 100 marriageable ladies willing to come to the frontier town (population 152) and stay for a full year. Sawmill owner Aaron Stempel ([[Mark Lenard]]) puts up much of the expense money as a wager that Bolt won't succeed, with the three Bolt brothers betting their mountain (home to their logging company).

The Bolts travel to [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]], recruit the women, then charter a mule-ship to take them back to Seattle. The local saloon owner, Lottie ([[Joan Blondell]]) takes the women under her wing and becomes a mother figure to them, while Bolt desperately works to keep the women from leaving at the next high tide. Eventually, the women decide to give Seattle and the loggers a chance. The ship's captain, Clancy ([[Henry Beckman]]), develops a relationship with Lottie and becomes a regular character in the series.

Much of the dramatic and comedic tension in the first season revolved around Stempel's efforts to sabotage the deal and take over the Bolts' holdings. Stempel became more friendly in the second and final season, which focused more on the development of individual characters and the conflicts associated with newcomers and with people just passing through. One running theme is the importance of family, as the Bolt brothers show through the closeness of their relationships, that by sticking together, democratically taking family votes, they can overcome the surprising obstacles life presents.

[[Bobby Sherman]] and [[David Soul]] were propelled to pop stardom as Jason's brothers, Jeremy and Joshua. Jeremy took a prominent role, not only as the boyfriend of Candy Pruitt ([[Bridget Hanley]]), the beautiful, unofficial leader of the brides, but also as a young man struggling with a conversation-stopping [[stuttering|stammer]]. In one episode, he is temporarily cured of his impediment, following coaching by a traveler who has come to Seattle. Upon discovering that his benefactor is actually a con artist, his faith is shaken so deeply that the stammer returns.

The show addressed many social issues — racism, ethnic discrimination, treatment of the handicapped and mentally impaired, business ethics, ecology. The Bolt brothers replanted the trees they cut down.

==Cast==

===Main characters===
;First season
Opening credits sequence:
*Jason Bolt ([[Robert Brown (US actor)|Robert Brown]])
*Jeremy Bolt ([[Bobby Sherman]])
*Joshua Bolt ([[David Soul]])
*Aaron Stempel ([[Mark Lenard]])
*Candace "Candy" Pruitt ([[Bridget Hanley]])
*Lottie Hatfield ([[Joan Blondell]])

Ending credits:
*Captain Clancey ([[Henry Beckman]])
*Biddie Cloom ([[Susan Tolsky]])

===Recurring characters===
*Ben Perkins (Hoke Howell)
*Corky (Robert Biheller)
*Olaf "Big Swede" Gustavsen ([[Bo Svenson]])
*Essie Halliday ([[Mitzi Hoag]]), school teacher and eventually Big Swede's wife
*Franny (Carole Shelyne)
*Ann (Cynthia Hull)

;Second season
Opening credits:

Those listed for the first season, plus
*Captain Clancey (Henry Beckman)
*Biddie Cloom (Susan Tolsky)

End credits:
*Ben Perkins (Hoke Howell)
*Corky (Robert Biheller)
*Christopher Pruitt (Eric Chase, 1969–1970), Candy Pruitt's younger brother
*Molly Pruitt (Patti Cohoon, 1969–1970), Candy's younger sister

===Notable guest stars===
{{refimprove section|date=December 2013}}
A young [[Bruce Lee]] appeared as a Chinese immigrant named Lin in the episode "Marriage Chinese Style" (1969). This character was the only dramatic English language non-martial arts role in Lee's acting career.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} Character actress [[Nora Marlowe]] played Mrs. Bronson in the same episode.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

[[Cicely Tyson]], [[Jane Wyatt]], [[Edward Asner]], [[Majel Barrett]] (''[[Star Trek]]''), [[Barry Williams (actor)|Barry Williams]] (pre-''[[Brady Bunch]]''), [[Marge Redmond]] and [[Madeline Sherwood]] (both known as regulars in ''[[The Flying Nun]]''), [[Bernard Fox (actor)|Bernard Fox]] (Dr. Bombay of ''[[Bewitched]]''), [[Vic Tayback]] (an extra as one of 'Jason's men' in the premiere episode, later a guest star), [[Lynda Day George]], [[Bob Cummings]] (star of ''[[The Bob Cummings Show]]'' 1955-1959 on NBC and ''[[The New Bob Cummings Show]]'' 1961-1962 on CBS), [[Daniel J. Travanti]] and [[James Sikking|James B. Sikking]] (both later known for ''[[Hill Street Blues]]''), [[Larry Linville]] (''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'') and [[Billy Mumy]] (''[[Lost in Space]]'') all made guest appearances.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

[[Mitzi Hoag]], who played Miss Essie during the season 1, had two guest roles in season 2 as completely different characters, one as a Greek immigrant in the episode "Land Grant" and another as a nun in the episode "Absalom".{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

==Reception==
First season ratings were impressive enough to ensure its renewal for a second season, though only 152 ABC affiliates agreed to broadcast the series (compared to another Screen Gems' series, ''[[Bewitched]]'', which was broadcast on 217 ABC affiliates in the same 1968/69 season).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvobscurities.com/articles/ugliest_girl/|title=Television Obscurities - The Ugliest Girl in Town}}</ref> However, for that second season, the family-geared series was moved from the 7:30 Wednesday night "Family Hour" to the more adult-oriented time slot of 9:00 Friday night in September 1969. This move to the [[Friday night death slot]] combined with the low ABC affiliate support caused the ratings to quickly slide out of the top 40, and production ceased in the spring of 1970, although most of those ABC affiliates repeated episodes throughout the summer months, as was then a standard procedure with most series. The final [[primetime]] episode in the United States was broadcast on Friday September 18, 1970.

[[Joan Blondell]] received [[Emmy award]] nominations each season for her performance as Lottie Hatfield. She lost to [[Barbara Bain]] in 1969, and to [[Susan Hampshire]] in 1970.

==Music==
The theme song "[[Seattle (song)|Seattle]]" was written by [[Jack Keller (songwriter)|Jack Keller]] and Ernie Sheldon. Both [[Perry Como]] and [[Bobby Sherman]] recorded slightly different variations of the song. Como scored a minor hit, with his version reaching No. 38 in the U.S. Sherman's version, although receiving some airplay, was never released as a single. There is no reference in either version regarding the TV series title, i.e.; "...look out everyone! Here Come the Brides!" Starting with the series debut in September 1968 the series opened with a rousing instrumental score featuring screen stills of "Jason", "Jeremy & Joshua", "Candy & Aaron" and "Lottie". At some point during the first season (and to coincide with the spring 1969 release of the Perry Como 'pop' recording) the TV theme was reworked by overdubbing vocals/lyrics to the same theme music already recorded (as used previously) along with updating all the opening character stills, including the addition of a "Clancy & Biddie" screen. The added lyrics performed by "The New Establishment" and updated screen stills were featured for the remainder of the first season and remained unchanged for the entire second season.

==French version==
A French-language version of the show and theme song (performed by a chorus of male singers) was a smash hit in [[French Canada]], under the title ''Cent filles à marier'' (''A Hundred Girls to Marry Off''). The show capitalized on the popularlity of the American version and the fact that a similar "bride drive" (see [[Filles du roi]]) is also part of Québec's cultural mythos.

==DVD releases and books==
[[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]] released the first season on DVD in Region 1 on May 16, 2006.<ref>[http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Come-Brides/5255 Here Come the Brides - Official Press Release, Plus Rear Box Art & Revised Front Art] TVShowsonDVD.com 2006-03-07</ref>

On October 14, 2011, [[Shout! Factory]] announced that it had acquired the home-video rights to the series, and it later released the final season on DVD.<ref>http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Site-News-Season-2/16094</ref> It was subsequently released on February 28, 2012. However, the season 1 opening cast-and-credit sequence was used for this release, using the New Establishment's vocals, but ignoring Henry Beckman's and Susan Tolsky's respective credits.<ref>[http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Come-Brides-Season-2/16185 Here Come the Brides - 'The Complete 2nd Season:' Shout!'s Street Date, Cost, Packaging] TVShowsonDVD.com, 2001-11-07.</ref>

In December 2009, [[BearManor Media]] released a nostalgic look into the program's history, ''Gangway, Lord: (The) Here Come The Brides Book'' by Jonathan Etter, which featured a foreword by Robert Brown. Bobby Sherman was the only (then) surviving cast member who did not participate with the publication. However, Sherman did discuss the series in his autobiography, ''Bobby Sherman: Still Remembering You,'' whose contents he dictated to Dena Hill, and which was published [[Contemporary Books]] in 1996.

==Syndication==
Reruns were aired on [[CBN Cable]] during the mid-1980s.

Early in January 2011, digital sub-network [[Antenna TV]] began airing the series.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0062569}}
* {{tv.com show|here-come-the-brides}}
* [http://hctbfanclub.5u.com/ Here Come the Brides Fan Club Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041207014351/http://employees.oxy.edu/jerry/bts/index1.htm Behind-the-scenes production photos] Collection of crew member [[Stephen Lodge (screenwriter)|Stephen Lodge]] (set costumer).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Here Come The Brides}}
[[Category:1968 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1970 American television series endings]]
[[Category:1960s American television series]]
[[Category:1970s American television series]]
[[Category:1960s American comedy television series]]
[[Category:1970s American comedy television series]]
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company network shows]]
[[Category:American comedy television series]]
[[Category:Culture of Seattle]]
[[Category:English-language television programming]]
[[Category:Television series by Sony Pictures Television]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Seattle]]
[[Category:Western (genre) television series]]