Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Clan Munro

2010-09-03T07:26:33Z

193.195.197.254: removed line about King of Newcastle ?

{{Infobox Clan
|clan name = Clan Munro
|image badge = Clan member crest badge - Clan Munro.svg
|chiefs crest = An eagle perching Proper
|chiefs motto = Dread God
|chiefs slogan =
|war cry = Caisteal Folais'n a Theine
|region = [[Scottish Highland|Highland]]
|district = [[Ross]]
|gaelic names = Mac an Rothaich
|image arms = Munro of foulis coat of arms.svg
|plant badge = Common club moss
|animal =
|pipe music = Bealach na Broige
|chiefs name = Hector William Munro of Foulis
|chiefs title = The Chief of Clan Munro
|chiefs gaelic title=
|seat = [[Foulis Castle]]
|historic seat =
|septs =
|branches =

|last chiefs name=
|date of death of last chief=
|commander =
}}

Clan Munro is a Highland [[Scottish clan]].

==History==
===Origins===

The main theory as to the origin of the clan is that the Munros came from [[Ireland]] and settled in [[Scotland]] in the 11th century and that they fought as mercenary soldiers under the [[Earl of Ross]] who defeated Viking invaders in Rosshire. The clan under chief [[Donald Munro of Foulis|Donald Munro]], son of [[O'Ceann]] were granted lands in Rosshire and a seat at [[Foulis Castle]] as a reward for helping King [[Malcolm II of Scotland]] to defeat Viking invaders from [[Scandinavia]].<ref name="Reeling2">The Clan Munro by CI Fraser of Reeling published by Johnston & Bacon of Stirling p.15 to p.16: [[Alexander Nisbet]], System of Heraldy, Vol 1, P.350.</ref>

The clan name, '''Munro''' which in [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]] is ''Rothach'', ''Roich'', or ''Mac an Rothaich'', means ''Ro - Man'' or ''Man from Ro''. This supports the tradition that the clan was originally from the [[River Roe]] area in Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clanmunro.org.uk/info4.htm|title=Clan Origins@Clan Munro.co.uk}}</ref>

Traditionally, Donald's grandson Hugh Munro was the first Munro recorded to be authentically designated Baron of Foulis, he died in 1126. A reliable scholar, [[Alexander Nisbet]] stated that [[George Munro, 5th Baron of Foulis]] received a charter from the [[Earl of Sutherland]] during the reign of [[Alexander II of Scotland]], but this charter can no longer be traced.<ref name="Reeling2"/> The clan lands were on the north side of the [[Cromarty Firth]] and also contained the mountain [[Ben Wyvis]] and the [[Black Rock Gorge]].

===Wars of Scottish Independence===

During the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]] chief [[Robert Munro, 6th Baron of Foulis]] led the clan in support of King [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]] at the [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314. Robert Munro survived the battle but his son George was killed. George however had a son of his own before he died also called George. This George Munro succeeded his grandfather Robert as chief and led the clan at the [[Battle of Halidon Hill]] in 1333 where he died.<ref name="Reeling3"/>

Chief '[[Robert de Munro, 8th Baron of Foulis|Robert de Munro]]' is the first chief of the clan to be recorded by contemporary evidence.<ref name="MunroTree1734">"The Munro Tree 1734". Published in 1978, Edinburgh. By R. W. Munro. ISBN 0-9503689-1-1.</ref> He was married to a relative of the Earl of Ross and had many charters confirmed to him under King [[David II of Scotland]] including one for the "Tower of Strathskehech" and "Estirfowlys" in 1350. Robert was killed in an obscure skirmish fighting in defence of [[Uilleam III, Earl of Ross]] in 1369. His son Hugh Munro was also granted many charters including one in respect of the "Tower of Strathschech" and "Wesstir Fowlys" from [[Euphemia I, Countess of Ross]] in 1394.<ref name="Reeling3">The Clan Munro by CI Fraser of Reeling published by Johnston & Bacon of Stirling. p.17 to p.19: Hugh MacDonald, Highland Papers, Vol 1, Scottish History Society.</ref>

===15th century and clan conflicts===
[[Image:Pictish stone strathpeffer eagle.jpg|160px|thumb|right|[[Clach an Tiompain|The Eagle Stone]], said to commemorate a Munro battle]]
In 1411 a major feud broke out between [[Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany]] and [[Domhnall of Islay, Lord of the Isles]] over the Earldom of Ross. This resulted in the [[Battle of Harlaw]] where chief [[Hugh Munro, 9th Baron of Foulis]] rose up in support of the [[Lord of the Isles]] whose son became the Earl of Ross through marriage. The Munros are said to have fought in the Lord of the Isles 'host' against an army of Scottish Lowlanders led by [[Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar]].<ref name="Reeling3"/><ref name="Iveagh">Foulis Castle and the Monroes of Lower Iveagh by Horace Monroe.</ref> In 1428 a group of Munros were granted remission by King [[James I of Scotland]] for past offences when he came to [[Inverness]] to assert his authority in the Highlands.<ref name="Reeling3"/>

In 1452 a rebellion broke out by a force of tribes loyal to [[Clan Mackenzie|Mackenzie of Kintail]] who had taken hostage the Earl of Ross's nephew. This resulted in the [[Battle of Bealach nam Broig]], fought north-west of [[Ben Wyvis]] where the Munros and [[Dingwall (name)|Dingwalls]] rescued the Ross hostage and exterminated their enemies but with the loss of their chiefs, George Munro of Foulis and William Dingwall of Kildun.<ref>Thomas, Capt., F W L, "Traditions of the MacAulays of Lewis", Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland., Volume 14, p.381. "Sir Robert Gordon's 'Genealogie of the Earles of Southerland'.</ref> Two years later in 1454 [[Munro of Milntown|John Munro, 1st of Milntown]], uncle of the next chief led the Clan Munro on a raid into [[Perthshire]], on their return they were ambushed by the [[Clan Mackintosh]] which resulted in the [[Battle of Clachnaharry]].<ref>John Anderson, Historical Account of the family of Fraser. Quoting from an MS History in the Advocate's Library.</ref>

In 1491 a document was signed and sealed at the Munros' [[Foulis Castle]], reading in [[Gaelic]]: ''caisteal biorach, nead na h-iolair'' meaning ''castle gaunt-peaked, the eagle's nest''. In allusion to the chief's heraldic emblem.<ref name="MappingClanMunro">"Mapping the Clan Munro". Pulished by the Clan Munro Association 1987. Printed by Lindsay & Co. Ltd. Edinburgh.</ref> In 1495 King James of Scotland assembled an army at [[Glasgow]] and many of the Highland chiefs made their submissions to him, including the Munro and Mackenzie chiefs. Later in 1497 [[Clan MacDonald of Lochalsh|MacDonald of Lochalsh]] rebelled against the king, invading the lands of Ross-shire where he was defeated at the [[Battle of Drumchatt]] by the Munros and Mackenzies.<ref>Donald Gregory's History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland from A.D. 1493 to A.D. 1625. Published in 1836.</ref> This version of events is recorded by early 19th century historian [[Donald Gregory]] and is accepted by modern historians<ref>Clan Donald. By Donald J MacDonald. Page 129. Published in 2008.</ref><ref>Feuds, Forays and Rebellions: History of the Highland Clans 1475 - 1625. By John L Roberts. Published in 1999.</ref>, although late 19th century historian Alexander Mackenzie disputes the Munros' presence at the battle and says instead that the Munros and Mackenzies fought eachother at Drumchatt in 1501.<ref>"History of the Munros of Fowlis". pages 28 - 34. By Alexander Mackenzie. Published 1898.</ref>
===16th century and clan conflicts===
[[Image:Munro (R. R. McIan).jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Victorian era]], [[romanticism|romanticised]] depiction of a member of the clan by [[R. R. McIan]], from ''The Clans of the Scottish Highlands'', published in 1845.]]
In 1500, the [[Munro of Milntown|Munros of Milntown]] began construction of [[Milntown Castle]], although it was opposed by the Rosses for being too close to their Balnagowan Castle.<ref>Gordon, Robert, ''History of the Earldom of Sutherland''</ref> In the early 16th century a rebellion broke out by [[Domhnall Dubh]], chief of Clan MacDonald against the king. The MacDonalds were no longer Lords of the Isles or Earls of Ross. A commission was given to the Earl of Huntly, the Lord Lovat, and William Munro of Fowlis to proceed to Lochaber against the rebels. The Camerons supported the rebel Domhnall Dubh. ''Sir William Munro of Foulis was sent to Lochaber on the King's business and was killed in an engagement between the Camerons and MacKays at a place called Achnashellach in 1505''.<ref>''The Clan Munro'' by CI Fraser of Reeling, Johnston & Bacon, Stirling. p.21.</ref> It is Clan Cameron tradition that they defeated a joint force of Munros and Mackays at the [[Battle of Achnashellach]] in 1505.<ref>http://www.clan-cameron.org/battles/1505.html Battle of Achnashellach@Clan Cameron.org</ref> [[Domhnall Dubh]] was captured in 1506 and Ewen Cameron was later executed.

In 1527, 30 of April, A [[bond of friendship]] was signed at [[Inverness]] between: Chief Hector Munro of Foulis; John Campbell of [[Cawdor Castle|Cawdor]], the [[Clan Campbell of Cawdor|Knight of Calder]]; Hector Mackintosh of Mackintosh, Chief of [[Clan Mackintosh]], captain of [[Chattan Confederation|Clanchatten]]; Hugh Rose of [[Kilravock Castle|Kilravock]], Chief of [[Clan Rose]]; and ''[[Clan MacDonald of Sleat|"Donald Ilis of Sleat"]]''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nwEhAAAAMAAJ&vq=munro&dq=cawder+manrent+munro&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 | title=The Book of the Thanes of Cawdor: A Series of Papers Selected from the Charter Room at Cawdor. 1236-1742 | first1=Cosmo | last1=Innes | first2=John Frederick Vaughan | last2=Campbell Cawdor | publisher= | year=1859 }}</ref> In 1529 a charter was signed between chief Hector Munro, 13th Baron of Foulis and Lord Fraser of Lovat to assist and defend each other.<ref>"History of the Munroes of Fowlis" by Alexander Mackenzie. p. 36. 1898.</ref>

In 1544 [[Robert Munro, 14th Baron of Foulis]], signed a bond of kindess and alliance with the chief of [[Clan Ross]] of Balnagowan.<ref>The Scottish Clans and Their Tartans. Page 79. Library Edition. Published by W. & A. K. Johnston, Limited. Edinburgh and London. 1885.</ref> In 1547 the English led by [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset]] invaded Scotland which resulted in the [[Battle of Pinkie Cleugh]] where chief Robert Munro, 14th Baron of Foulis died fighting at the last major battle between the Royal Scottish and Royal English armies.<ref name="Iveagh"/> In 1549, [[Donald Monro (Dean)|Donald Monro]], Dean of the Isles, visited [[Finlaggan Castle]], seat of the chiefs of [[Clan Donald]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finlaggan.com/page/23.asp|title=Why Finlaggan? - Finlaggan Trust}}</ref><ref name="MunroHistoryAnderson">{{Cite web | url= http://books.google.com/books?id=3rQEAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA216&dq=Donald+Munro,+or+Monro#PPA213,M1 | title=The Scottish Nation: Or the families, surnames families, honours and Geographical History of the People of Scotland | first=William | last= Anderson| pages=213–8 | year=1836}}</ref>

[[Robert Mor Munro, 15th Baron of Foulis]] was a staunch supporter and faithful friend of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], and consequently was treated favourably by her son [[James VI of Scotland]]. When Mary went to [[Inverness Castle]] in 1562 the gates of the castle were shut against her. The [[Clan Fraser|Frasers]] and Munros, esteemed the most valiant clans in the north took the castle for the Queen.<ref>[[George Buchanan]]'s (1506 -1582), History of Scotland, completed in 1579, first published in 1582.</ref>

Between 1569 and 1573 [[Munros of Milntown|Andrew Munro, 5th of Milntown]] defended and held, for three years, the [[Castle Chanonry of Ross]], which he had received from the Regent Moray who died in 1569, against the Clan MacKenzie, at the expense of many lives on both sides. The feud was settled when the castle was handed over to the Mackenzies because they had obtained the right to own the castle.<ref>Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland. By Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun (1580 - 1656).</ref><ref>History of the Scottish Highlands, Highland Clans and Scottish Regiments. Compiled in 1830. Edited by John S Keltie F.S.A. Scot.[http://www.electricscotland.com/history/genhist/hist33.html]</ref> In 1587, Foulis Castles', "tower and fortalice" are mentioned in a charter from the Crown.<ref name="MappingClanMunro"/> In 1597 the [[Battle of Logiebride]] took place between clansmen from the Clan Munro and [[Clan MacBain|Clan Bane]] against clansmen from the Clan Mackenzie.<ref name="Source1">"The History of the Feuds and Conflicts Among the Clans in the Northern Parts of Scotland and in the Western Isles: from the year M.XX1 unto M.B.C.XIX. (1764). First published from a manuscript wrote in the reign of King James VI."[http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/conflict/Tumult_Ross.html]</ref>

===17th Century===
====Thirty Years' War====

During the early 17th century the Munros continued their strong military traditions, fighting in the continental [[Thirty Years' War]] where [[Robert Munro, 18th Baron of Foulis]], known as the '''Black Baron''' and 700 members of Clan Munro joined the army of Gustavs Adolphus, in defence of Protestantism in Scandinavia along with many men from the [[Clan Mackay]]. Taking a more prominent role was the Black Baron's cousin, General [[Robert Monro]] from the Obsdale branch of the clan. Robert and his men served with distinction and received the name of the "Invincibles" in recognition of their prowess. There were twenty-seven field officers and eleven captains of the name of Munro in the Swedish army.<ref name="JMacKay">MacKay, "An Old Scots Brigade". Edinburgh 1885: "Monro, His Expedition with the Worthy Scots Regiment". London 1637.</ref>

====Bishops' Wars and Civil War====

During the [[Bishops' Wars]] General [[Robert Monro]] of the Obsdale branch of the clan laid siege to and took [[Spynie Palace]], [[Drum Castle]] and [[Huntly Castle]]. From 1642 to 1648 he commanded the Scottish Covenanter army in Ireland during [[Irish Confederate Wars]]<ref name="JMacKay"/><ref name="Montrose">John Buchan, "Montrose", p.354.</ref> There were several Munro officers in regiments that fought on the covenanter side at the [[Battle of Philiphaugh]] in 1645.<ref name="MunroTree1734"/>

Sir [[George Munro, 1st of Newmore]] who fought in Ireland as a covenanter later became a royalist after his uncle, Robert Monro was imprisoned by Cromwell in 1648. In September of that year George Munro and his men defeated the advance forces of [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll]] at the [[Battle of Stirling (1648)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotwars.com/html/battle_of_stirling.htm|title=Battle of Stirling 1648 - Scotwars}}</ref><ref name="Sketch">A Sketch of the Clan Munro and William Munroe, Deported from Scotland, settled in Lexington, Massachusetts by James Phinney Monroe</ref> In 1649 Colonel [[Lemlair House|John Munro of Lemlair]], Colonel Hugh Fraser, Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty and Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscardine were all opposed to the authority of the current parliament. They took [[Inverness Castle]], expelled the garrison and raised the fortifications. However, on the approach of the parlimentry forces led by General [[David Leslie, Lord Newark]] they retreated back into Ross-shire.<ref>"Clan, King and Covenant. The History of the Highland Clans from the Civil War to the Glencoe Massacre". By John L Roberts. ISBN 0-7486-1393-5. Page. 106.</ref> On hearing of this rising against Leslie, [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose]], leader of royalist forces and his invading army of foreigners landed in Ross-shire, hoping for support from the clans. However, he was actually opposed by the Munros, Rosses and Sutherlands who then chose to support Leslie and the Scottish Argyll Covenanter Government. The Munros, led by John Munro of Lemlair and their allies completely defeated the invading army at the [[Battle of Carbisdale]] in 1650.<ref name="Montrose"/><ref>"Clan, King and Covenant. The History of the Highland Clans from the Civil War to the Glencoe Massacre". By John L Roberts. ISBN 0-7486-1393-5. Page. 110.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotwars.com/html/battle_of_carbisdale.htm|title=Battle of Carbisdale 1650 - ScotWars}}</ref> By 1651 the Scottish Covenantor Government had become disillusioned with the English parliament and supported the royalists instead. [[William Munroe (Scottish soldier)|William Munroe]] was one of four Munroes captured at the [[Battle of Worcester]] and transported to America.<ref>History and Genealogy of the Lexington, Massachusetts, Munroes by Richard S Munro.</ref> [[Sir Alexander Munro of Bearcrofts]] survived and escaped the battle at Worcester.<ref name="Sketch"/><ref name="Reeling4">Clan Munro by CI Fraser of Reeling published by Johnston & Bacon of Stirling. Pages 26 to 28.</ref>

[[The Restoration]] of Charles II took place in 1660. The then chief's brother, [[George Munro, 1st of Newmore]] commanded the king's forces in Scotland from 1674 to 1677,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clanmunro.org.uk/info19.htm|title=The Munros in History - Part 2@Clan Munro.co.uk}}</ref> In 1689 chief [[Sir John Munro, 4th Baronet]] was one of the Scottish representatives who approved the formal offer of the Scottish Crown to [[William III of England|William of Orange]] and his Queen.<ref name="Reeling4"/> In the same year [[George Munro, 1st of Auchinbowie]], son of Sir Alexander Munro of Bearcrofts commanded royalist forces that defeated the Jacobites at the [[Battle of Dunkeld]].<ref name="Reeling4"/><ref>"The Monros of Auchinbowie and Cognate Families". By John Alexander Inglis. Edinburgh. Printed privately by T and A Constable. Printers to His Majesty. 1911.</ref>

===18th century===

After [[Queen Elizabeth I]] of England died without an heir, [[King James VI]] of Scotland also became King of England in the [[Union of the Crowns]] in 1603. A century later in 1707 England and Scotland were officially united to form [[the Kingdom of Great Britain]].

====Jacobite rising of 1715====
[[William Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforth]] led a force of 3000 men including the [[Clan Mackenzie]], [[Clan Donald|Clan MacDonald]], [[Clan Mackinnon]], [[Clan MacRae]] and [[Clan Chisholm]]. He was opposed by Colonel Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet of Foulis who had formed a camp at the Bridge of Alness with 600 men which also included men from the [[Clan Ross]]. Munro had sent many of his own men south to protect the lands of the [[Clan Forbes]] of Culloden from the Jacobites. Munro was soon joined by the [[Earl of Sutherland]] and the chief of [[Clan Mackay]] who both brought with them only a portion of their clans and expected support from the [[Clan Grant]] did not arrive. Seaforth's forces advanced on the Sutherland's camp who made a quick retreat to avoid contact with their more powerful foe. Soon afterwards a council of war was held between the two sides and the Sutherlanders and MacKays peacefully moved back north to their own territory, while much of the Ross's lands were ravaged and the Munros returned to find their lands plundered.<ref>Memorabilia Domestica or Parish Life in the North of Scotland by the Late Rev. Donald Sage, A.M. Minister of Resolis. Edited by his son. Chapter1.</ref><ref>"Lord Seaforth's Campaign, 1715 and the Laird of Fowlis". By D. M. Rose.</ref>

The Mackenzie Jacobite garrison at Inverness surrendered to [[Fraser of Lovat]] upon the very day when the [[Battle of Sheriffmuir]] was fought and another Jacobite force was defeated at the [[Battle of Preston (1715)|Battle of Preston]]. After this Colonel [[Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet of Foulis]] marched into the town of Inverness with 400 Munros and took over control as governor from Fraser. Government troops soon arrived in Inverness and for some months the process of disarming the rebels went on, helped by a Munro detachment under [[George Munro, 1st of Culcairn]].<ref name="MunroHistoryAnderson"/>

The clan rivalries which had erupted in rebellion were finding an outlet in local politics. Mackenzie's [[Earl of Seaforth]] title came to an end in 1716, and it was arranged that while the [[Clan Ross]] held the county seat the Munros would represent the [[Tain Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Tain Burghs]]. Ross ascendancy was secure in Tain, and from 1716 to 1745 the Munros controlled [[Dingwall]], with one of Robert Munro's brothers as provost, but not without two armed Munro "invasions" of the county town in 1721 and 1740, when opposing councillors were abducted to secure a favourable result (for the first incident Colonel Robert and his brother were fined £200 each, and after the second his parliamentary career came to an abrupt end with defeat at the 1741 election). Robert Munro, 5th Baronet's younger son, [[George Munro, 1st of Culcairn]] raised a detachment from his father's clan to fight at the [[Battle of Glen Shiel]] in 1719 where they defeated the Jacobites.<ref name="Reeling4"/><ref name="Magazine">Clan Munro Magazine No. 14 by R W Munro</ref>

====Black Watch & war against France====
In 1725 six Independent [[Black Watch]] companies were formed. One of Munros, one of Frasers, one of Grants and three of Campbells. These companies were known by the name ''Am Freacadain Dubh'', or Black Watch. By 1740 it had become the 43d Highland regiment and then the [[42nd Regiment of Foot|42d Royal Highlanders]]. Sir Robert Munro was appointed lieutenant-colonel. Among the captains were his next brother, [[George Munro, 1st of Culcairn]], and [[John Munro, 4th of Newmore]] promoted to be lieutenant-colonel in 1745. The surgeon of the regiment was Robert's younger brother, Dr Duncan Munro.<ref name="MunroHistoryAnderson"/>

Their first action came on 11 May 1745, at the [[Battle of Fontenoy]]. Allowed "their own way of fighting", each time they received the French fire Col. Sir Robert Munro ordered his men to "clap to the ground" while he himself, because of his corpulence, stood alone with the colours behind him. For the first time in a European battle they introduced a system of infantry tactics (alternatively firing and taking cover) that was not superseded. Springing up and closing with the enemy, they several times drove them back, and finished with a successful rear-guard action against French cavalry.<ref name="MunroHistoryAnderson"/><ref name="Reeling4"/><ref name="Cascade1">Your Clan Heritage, Clan Munro, Cascade Publishing Company.ISBN 0-907614-07-8.</ref>

====Jacobite rising of 1745====
In June 1745, a month after the battle of Fontenoy, [[Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet of Foulis]] was "rewarded" by an appointment to succeed General Ponsonby as Colonel of the English 37th Regiment of Foot. When the Jacobite Rising broke out, his friends in the Highlands hoped for his presence among them. One wrote that it would have been "the greatest service to His Majesty and the common cause", but it was not to be. The Munros supported the British government during the Jacobite uprisings.<ref name="Cascade1"/>

Chief Colonel [[Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet]] had been fighting at the second [[Battle of Falkirk (1746)]] when, by account of the rebels, the English [[37th (North Hampshire) Regiment of Foot|37th Regiment]] he was in command of ran away and he was surrounded and attacked by seven Cameron Jacobites, he killed at least two with his pike before being shot by a Jacobite commander with a pistol. The Jacobites wished to do special honour to their opponent: They buried Robert in the grave of Sir [[John de Graham]] who died at the first [[Battle of Falkirk (1298)]]. The graves can be seen in Falkirk churchyard.<ref name="MunroHistoryAnderson"/><ref name="Cascade1"/>

Robert's son [[Sir Harry Munro, 7th Baronet]] who served as an officer in [[Loudon's Highlanders]] had been captured at the [[Battle of Prestonpans]] in September 1745. He returned home to find Foulis Castle had been partially destroyed by Jacobites after the Battle of Falkirk. A few months after Falkirk the Jacobites were finally defeated at the [[Battle of Culloden]] by government forces. After the rising was suppressed a Munro Independent Company under Harry continued to police the Highlands and was disbanded in 1748. Harry set about rebuilding the castle as it is today incorporating what he could of the original building which now appears as a mansion house built in a formal Georgian style rather than the defensive fort it once was.<ref name="Magazine"/><ref name="Cascade1"/>

In 1754, Lieutenant [[Hector Munro, 8th of Novar]] was ordered to [[Badenoch]] to apprehend certain rebels in that district, with special instructions to apprehend John Dubh Cameron better known as "Sergent Mor" of Clan Cameron who he successfully captured.<ref>[[Alexander Mackenzie (historian)|Alexander Mackenzie]]. "History of the Munros of Fowlis". p.515 - 536</ref>

==Later clansmen==

;British Empire & Military
Sir [[Hector Munro, 8th of Novar]] (1726–1805) and [[Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet of Linderits]] (1761 to 1827) were Scottish Generals in the British Army who had great success fighting in India. [[James Munro (VC)]] was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross during the Crimean War, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

;Science & Medicine
Four direct generations, from the distinguished [[Munro of Auchinbowie|Auchinbowie-Bearcrofts]] branch of the clan: [[John Munro (surgeon)]], [[Alexander Monro (primus)]], [[Alexander Monro (secundus)]] and [[Alexander Monro (tertius)]] were professors of anatomy at [[Edinburgh University]]. The [[Monro family (physicians)|Monro family of physicians]] descended from the Fyrish branch of the clan of which four generations occupied successively the position of (Principle) Physician of [[Bethlem Royal Hospital]]

;Mountaineering
[[Sir Hugh Munro, 4th Baronet|Sir Hugh Munro, 4th Baronet of Linderits]] (1856–1919) was a founding member of the [[Scottish Mountaineering Club]] and produced the first scientific list of all the mountains in Scotland over 3000 ft.

==Churchmen==
The Munros were also prominent members of the Scottish clergy in the north of Scotland. [[Donald Monro (Dean)]] was Dean of the Isles. [[Andrew Munro]] (d.1454) was [[Archdeacon of Ross]] and for a short time [[Bishop of Ross]].<ref>Watt, D. E. R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969)</ref> [[John Munro of Tain]] (d.1630) was a Presbyterian minister of [[Tain]].<ref>Mackenzie, Alexander (1898). History of the Munros of Fowlis</ref>

==Castles==
[[Image:Foulis side.jpg|thumb|250px|<center>[[Foulis Castle]]</center>]]
*[[Foulis Castle]] seat of the Munros of Foulis, the chiefs of the Clan Munro.
*[[Milntown Castle]] was the seat of the [[Munros of Milntown]], the senior cadet branch of the Clan Munro.
*[[Newmore Castle]] was seat of the Munros of Newmore.
*[[Teaninich Castle]] was seat of the Munros of Teaninich.
*[[Balconie Castle]] was the seat of the Munros of Balconie.
*[[Novar House]] was seat of the Munros of Novar.
*[[Lemlair House]] was the seat of the Munros of Lemlair.
*[[Contullich Castle]], owned by various branches of the Clan Munro.

==Clan Profile==

*Crest Badge: An eagle perching, proper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clanmunro.org.uk/munros.htm|title=Short History of the Munros@Clan Munro.co.uk}}</ref>
*Motto: Dread God.
*Gaelic Name: Mac an Rothaich.
*Origin of Name: Gaelic Rothach (man from Ro).
*Plant Badge: Common club moss.
*War Cry: Caisteal Folais'n a Theine (Castle Foulis in flames).
*Pipe Music: Bealach na Broige.
*Hunting Tartan: 42nd Black Watch.

==Chiefs==
''See main article: [[Chiefs of Clan Munro]]''

The succession of a [[clan chief|Highland Chief]] has traditionally followed the principle of [[agnatic seniority]] or ''patrilineal seniority'', whereby succession passes to the former Chief's closest male relative. The 11th Bt Foulis was succeeded by his eldest daughter Eva Marion Munro as chief of the clan. Eva Marion Munro married Col C. H. Gascoigne, their son Patrick took the surname 'Munro' of his maternal grandfather to become clan chief.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clanmunro.org.uk/chief.htm|title=The Chief}}</ref> However the Baronetcy of Foulis was succeeded to by Sir George Hamilton Munro, 12th Baronet (1864–1945). The current Baronet is '''Sir Ian Kenneth Munro, 17th Baronet of Foulis'''. ''See Main Article: [[Munro Baronets]]''.

==Branches==
These are only the "principle" branches of the clan as listed by Alexander Mackenzie.<ref>Mackenzie, Alexander. History of the Munros of Fowlis. Published 1898.</ref> Except where noted.

{| class="wikitable"
!Branch
!rowspan=1 |Chief descended from
!Notes
|-
|[[Chiefs of Clan Munro|Munros of Foulis]] (chiefs)
|align="center" rowspan="1"|The chief line
|Earliest traditional ancestor is [[Donald Munro of Foulis|Donald Munro]] (d.1039). Earliest proven ancestor is Robert de Munro (d. 1369), who is traditionally the 8th Baron of Foulis.
|-
|[[Munro of Milntown|Munros of Milntown]]
|align="center" rowspan="19"|[[Hugh Munro, 9th Baron of Foulis]]
|John Munro, 1st of Milntown was the second son of Hugh Munro, 9th Baron of Foulis
|-
|Munros of Kilmorak
|John Munro, 1st of Kilmorak was the second son of John Munro, 1st of Milntown
|-
|Monros of Allan
|William Monro, 1st of Allan was the second son of Andrew Munro, 3rd of Milntown
|-
|Munros of Culnauld/Culnaha
|Andrew Munro 1st of Culnauld was the third son of Andrew Munro, 3rd of Milntown
|-
|Munros of Tarlogie
|George Munro, 1st of Tarlogie was the second son of George Munro, 4th of Milntown
|-
|Munros of Pitlunde
|George Munro, 1st of Pitlundie was the third son of George Munro, 4th of Milntown
|-
|Munros of Bearcrofts
|Alexander Munro, 1st of Bearcrofts was the eldest son of John Munro, 4th of Pitlundie
|-
|[[Munro of Auchinbowie|Munros of Auchinbowie]]
|George Munro 1st of Auchinbowie was the eldest son of Alexander Munro, 1st of Bearcrofts<ref name="AuchinbowieBook">The branches Auchinbowie, Craiglockhart/Cockburn and Edmonsham are taken from "The Monros of Auchinbowie and Cognate Families". By John Alexander Inglis. Edinburgh. Printed privately by T and A Constable. Printers to His Majesty. 1911. Listed differently and more correctly to that of Alexander Mackenzie's History of the Munros of Fowlis.</ref>
|-
|Monros of Craiglockhart/Cockburn
|Alexander Monro 1st of Craiglockhart was the 3rd son of Alexander Munro, 4th of Auchinbowie<ref name="AuchinbowieBook"/>
|-
|Monros of Edmonsham
|William Monro, 1st of Edmonsham was the second son of George Munro, 3rd of Auchinbowie<ref name="AuchinbowieBook"/>
|-
|Munros of Pittonachy
|John Munro, 1st of Pittonachy was a son of George Munro, 4th of Milntown
|-
|Munros of Novar
|Andrew Munro, 1st of Novar was the second son of John Munro, 1st of Pittonachy
|-
|Munros of Findon
|Hector Munro, 1st of Findon was the third son of John Munro, 1st of Pittonachy
|-
|Munros of Swordale
|Neil Munro, 1st of Swordale was the sixth son of John Munro, 1st of Pittonachy
|-
|Munros of Rhives
|William Munro, 1st of Rhives was a descendant of the Munro of Novar branch
|-
|Munros of Braemore
|Andrew Munro, 1st of Braemore was the third son of Hector Munro, 1st of Findon
|-
|Munros of Poyntzfield
|George Munro (Baronet), 1st of Poyntzfield was a great-grandson of Hector Munro, 1st of Findon
|-
|Monros of Fearn
|John Monro, 1st of Fearn was the third son of Andrew Munro, 5th of Milntown
|-
|Monros of Ingsdon
|James Monro, 1st of Ingsdon was the sixth son of Andrew Monro, 4th of Fearn
|-
|Munros of Coul/Balcony
|align="center" rowspan="15"|[[George Munro, 10th Baron of Foulis]]
|Hugh Munro, 1st of Coul was the third son of George Munro, 10th Baron of Foulis
|-
|Munros of Erribol
|Hector Munro, 1st of Erribol was the second son of Hugh Munro, 1st of Coul
|-
|Munros of Culcraggie
|Andrew Munro, 1st of Culcraggie was the third son of Hugh Munro, 1st of Coul. The direct Culcraggie line became Baronets "of Linderits"
|-
|Munros of Kiltearn
|Alexander Munro, 1st of Kiltearn was the fourth son of Hugh Munro, 1st of Coul
|-
|Munros of Ferrytown
|Hugh Munro, 1st of Ferrytown was the second son of Alexander Munro, 1st of Kiltearn
|-
|Munros of Milntown of Katewell
|Hector Munro, 1st of Milntown of Katewell was the third son of Hugh Munro of Ferrytown
|-
|Munros of Ardullie
|Alexander Munro, 1st of Ardullie was the third son of Alexander Munro, 1st of Kiltearn
|-
|Munros of Teanoird
|Farquar Munro, 1st of Teanoird was the fifth son of Alexander Munro, 1st of Kiltearn
|-
|Munros of Killichoan
|David Munro, 1st of Killichoan was the second son of Farquar Munro, 3rd of Teanoird
|-
|Munros of Tain
|Donald Munro, 1st of Tain was the fifth son of Hugh Munro, 1st of Coul
|-
|Munros of Milntown of Alness
|Robert Munro, 1st of Milntown of Alness was the sixth son of Hugh Munro, 1st of Coul
|-
|Munros of Inverbreakie
|John Munro, 1st of Inverbreakie was the eighth son of Hugh Munro, 1st of Coul
|-
|Munros of Teaninich
|Hugh Munro, 1st of Teaninich was the second son of John Munro Munro, 2nd of Coul/3rd of Balcony
|-
|Munros of Lexington (USA)
|Descendants of the Munros of Coul/Balcony branch
|-
|Munros of New England (USA)
|A branch of the Munros of Lexington
|-
|Munros of Little Findon
|align="center" rowspan="3"|[[Hector Munro, 13th Baron of Foulis]]
|Hugh Munro, 1st of Little Findon was the first illegitimate son of Hector Munro, 13th Baron of Foulis
|-
|Munros of Killichoan (2)
|Robert Munro, first of this family was the second illegitimate son of Hector Munro, 13th Baron of Foulis
|-
|Munros of Wester Fyrish
|John Roy Munro (''the red''), first of this family was the third illegitimate son of Hector Munro, 13th Baron of Foulis
|-
|Munros of Fyrish/Contullich/Kildermorie
|align="center" rowspan="6"|[[Robert Munro, 14th Baron of Foulis]]
|Hector Munro, 1st of Fyrish was the second son of Robert Munro, 14th Baron of Foulis.
|-
|Munros of Tullochue
|Hugh Munro, 1st of Tullochue was the sixth son of Hugh Munro, 4th of Fyrish
|-
|Munros of Assynt
|Hugh Munro, 1st of Assynt was the third son of Robert Munro, 14th Baron of Foulis
|-
|Munros of Achany
|John Munro, 1st of Achany was the fourth son of Robert Munro, 3rd of Assynt
|-
|Munros of Linside
|William Munro, 1st of Linside was the youngest son of John Munro, 1st of Achany
|-
|Munros of Katewell
|George Munro, 1st of Katewell was the fourth son of Robert Munro, 14th Baron of Foulis
|-
|Munros of Obsdale
|align="center" rowspan="5"|[[Robert Mor Munro, 15th Baron of Foulis]]
|George Munro, 1st of Obsdale was the fourth son of Robert Mor Munro, 15th Baron of Foulis
|-
|Munros of Lemlair
|Andrew Munro, 1st of Lemlair was the fifth son of Robert Mor Munro, 15th Baron of Foulis
|-
|Munros of Lower Iveagh (Ireland)
|Daniel Munro, 1st of Lower Iveagh was the second son of George Munro, 1st of Obsdale <ref>The Lower Iveagh branch is recorded in "Foulis Castle and the Monroes of Lower Iveagh" by Horace Monroe and is not found in Alexander Mackenzie's book.</ref>
|-
|Munros of Newmore
|George Munro, 1st of Newmore was the third son of John Munro, 2nd of Obsdale
|-
|Munros of Culrain
|George Munro, 1st of Culrain was the third son of George Munro, 1st of Newmore and his descendant Thomas Munro was the king of Newcastle, Australia
|-
|Munros of Culcairn
|align="center" rowspan="1"|[[Sir Robert Munro, 5th Baronet|Sir Robert Munro, 5th Baronet of Foulis]]
|George Munro, 1st of Culcairn was the second son of Robert Munro, 5th Baronet of Foulis
|}

==Septs==
The [[Sept (social)|Septs]] who lived within the territory of the Clan Munro included:
{{columns-start|num=3}}
* [[Dingwall (name)|Dingwall]]
* [[Dingwell]]
* Dingvaile
* Foulis
* Fowlis
* Keddie
* Kiddie
* Culloch
* Gulloch
* MacAdie
* MacCoulaghe
* MacChullach
{{column}}
* MacAlach
* MacCullaigh
* MacClullich
* MacColly
* MacCully
* [[MacCulloch]]
* MacEddie
* MacHulagh
* MacHullie
* MacKeddie
* MacLullich
* MacLullick
{{column}}
* Makcullocht
* Manro
* Monro
* Monroe
* Munroe
* Pathillock
* Patillo
* Patillok
* Vass
* Vassie
* Wass
{{columns-end}}

==See also==

*[[Munro Baronets]]
*[[Munro (disambiguation)]]
*[[Munroe]] (disambiguation)
*[[Monro]] (disambiguation)
*[[Monroe]] (disambiguation)
*[[Black Watch]] Military regiment originally formed from highland clans including Clan Munro.
*[[Munro]] Mountains in Scotland with height over 3000 ft.

==Sources==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.clanmunro.org.uk/ www.clanmunro.org.uk] - Official Website of the Clan Munro (Association) (Scotland)
*[http://www.clanmunrousa.org/ www.clanmunrousa.org] - Clan Munro Association USA
*[http://www.clanmunroassociation.ca/ www.clanmunroassociation.ca] - Clan Munro Association of Canada
*[http://www.clanmunroaustralia.org/ www.clanmunroaustralia.org] - Clan Munro Association Australia

{{Scottish clans}}

[[Category:Scottish clans|Munro]]
[[Category:Clan Munro|Clan Munro]]

[[ru:Клан Манро]]

Forest Hill (London)

2008-07-30T09:51:56Z

193.195.197.254: /* External links */ Lewisham Local History and Archives Centre

{{for|other places with similar name|Forest Hill (disambiguation)}}
{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|region= London
|official_name= Forest Hill
|latitude= 51.4457
|longitude= -0.053
|london_borough= Lewisham
|constituency_westminster= [[Lewisham West (UK Parliament constituency)|Lewisham West]]
|post_town= LONDON
|postcode_district = SE23
|postcode_area= SE
|dial_code= 020
|os_grid_reference= TQ354736
}}
[[Image:Ward of Forest Hill.GIF|thumb|right|The electoral ward of Forest Hill (red) within the London Borough of Lewisham (orange)]]
'''Forest Hill''' is a suburb and [[Wards of the United Kingdom|electoral ward]] in the [[London Borough of Lewisham]], situated between [[Dulwich]] and [[Sydenham]] in southeast [[London]], [[England]]. Increasingly popular amongst house-buyers and investors, the area has enjoyed extensive investment since plans to extend the [[East London Line]] to Forest Hill were unveiled in 2004.

==History==
Like many London suburbs, Forest Hill was only sparsely populated until the mid-19th century. The name Forest Hill came from 'the forest with a big hill', which was coined by a developer in the 1790s, and referred to the remaining area of Forest on [[Sydenham Hill]] which was originally part of the [[Great North Wood]].

A [[canal]], the [[Croydon Canal]], was constructed through the area in 1809 but the large number of locks (28) meant it was not a commercial success, and it was bought by the [[London & Croydon Railway]] Company who constructed their [[railway]] along the same route, opening it in 1839. The retaining wall of the footpath opposite the station outside the pub is about the only physical evidence of the canal which still exists.

When the [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]] was moved from [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] to [[Sydenham]], large homes were built on the western end of Forest Hill.

In 1884, what would become London's oldest swimming pool was constructed on Dartmouth Road.

The tea merchant [[Frederick John Horniman|Frederick Horniman]] built a museum to house his impressive collection of natural history artifacts. He donated the building and its gardens to the public in 1901 and this became the Horniman Museum.

As its population grew, two large secondary schools were built in the area - Forest Hill Boys and Sydenham Girls on the brink of Forest Hill.

Now in the 21st century, Forest Hill has a large residential population and the area is becoming increasingly desirable as a peaceful, leafy suburb with good transport links into the centre of town, and slightly lower-than-average property prices.

==Amenities and Entertainment==

Forest Hill is home to the celebrated [[Horniman Museum]]. Despite a leaning toward anthropological and cultural collections, the museum is also home to a newly opened (July 2006) aquarium and one of the most varied collections of [[taxidermy]] in the [[northern hemisphere]]. It also houses one of the finest collection of musical instrument in the British Isles. Contained within its accompanying gardens is an animal enclosure, flower gardens, and a Grade II listed early 20th century greenhouse. Views from the gardens stretch out over central and north [[London]].

The Hob Public House, opposite Forest Hill station, is a live music and comedy venue. Home to the E.D. Comedy Club, it has attracted acts such as [[Bill Bailey]], [[Phil Jupitus]] and [[Mark Lamarr]]. Recently renovated, [[The Dartmouth Arms]] has been named by [[The Times]] newspaper as "one of London's very finest gastropubs".{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

[[Image:forest hill 1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|View from the top of Forest Hill. The skyscrapers of the [[City of London]] can be seen in the distance.]][[Image:forest hill 2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Looking south.]]
[[Forest Hill Pools|Forest Hill Swimming Baths]] were closed in 2005 due to health and safety concerns surrounding its roof and plumbing. An intrusive survey in October 2006 suggested that a full refurbishment would cost £5.5 million.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} [[Lewisham Council]] recently green-lit the renovation, pledging to fully renovate whilst retaining the building's early 20th century character and original features. Latest proposals {{Fact|date=April 2008}}no longer honour this pledge and invite suggestions incorporating the site with the adjacent one-time Children's Home into a completely redeveloped leisure center.

[[Forest Hill Library]] is located next to the swimming baths, and in February 2001 hosted 'an evening with [[J. K. Rowling]]', attended by children from the local Fairlawn Primary School. The library closed for refurbishment in 2007 and re-opened, completely modernised, for 2008. As has become increasingly common, books, tranquility and seating areas (all features classically associated with library environments) have largely been abandoned in favour of DVD rental areas, games consoles, plasma-screen televisions and vending machines. Boston Jones, social commentator and close friend of newly appointed [[Mayor of London]] [[Boris Johnson]], recently labelled the library as "Forest Hill's answer to the Trocadero; it's wonderful that the truants of neighbouring Forest Hill Boys now have an entertaining alternative to the station underpass - after all, who needs school when you could be playing X-Box 360?".{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

==Architecture==

With a range of architectural styles spanning the late 19th and 20th centuries, Forest Hill was described by [[Sir Norman Foster]] as "a delightful pocket of South London". Of particular note are [[The Capitol Cinema]], the [[Horniman Museum]], and classic [[art deco]] mansion blocks [[Forest Croft]] and [[Taymount Grange]].

==Transport==
[[Forest Hill railway station]] is located on the [[A205 road|South Circular Road]] (A205), and is served by frequent trains to [[London Bridge station|London Bridge]]. It will also be linked to the [[East London Line]] which is to be extended south to West Croydon by 2010.

==Notable residents==
(in alphabetical order)
*[[Danny Baker]] (Broadcaster)
*Home decor personality [[Linda Barker]]
*[[Dame Doris Beale]], Matron-in-Chief of Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service [[Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service|(QARNNS)]] for three years during the Second World War was born in Forest Hill on [[9 August]] [[1889]].
*[[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] (1906-1945) the German Protestant theologian and Christian martyr killed by the Nazis, briefly lived and preached in Forest Hill.
*[[Kate Bush]] (singer/song-writer)
*[[James Callaghan]] (Labour Prime Minister)
*[[Raymond Chandler]] Mystery and thriller writer, author of The Long Goodbye and The Big Sleep. Born in the USA, but educated at Dulwich College. Probably lived with his mother at 148 (now 138) Devonshire Road, Forest Hill from 1909 until he returned to America in 1912.
*Choong Ting [[Max Clarke]] still lives on Marler Road
*[[Sir James Clark-Ross]] (polar explorer)
*[["Big" Jim Connell]] (socialist)
*[[Ernest Dowson]] (poet)
*[[Desmond Dekker]] South London's King of [[Ska]]
*Irish-born television, film and stage actor [[Michael Gambon]], currently famous for portrayal of [[Albus Dumbledore]] in the [[Harry Potter]] movie franchise lived at [[Forest Croft]] in Forest Hill in the early to mid 1960s.
*Alfred "Titch" Freeman (cricketer)
*[[Gabrielle]] (singer/song-writer)
*[[Sir Isaac Hayward]] (politician)
*[[Vince Hilaire]], one of the first black players to establish himself in English football was born in Forest Hill on [[10 October]] [[1959]] and went on to have a distinguished career with local club [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]].
*[[Glenda Jackson]] MP (politician & actress)
*Tea merchant [[Frederick John Horniman]] (1835-1906) lived in Forest Hill. A keen traveller, he accumulated a large collection of items relating to local cultures and natural history. This became so large that he built a special museum for it, donated to the public in 1901.
*[[United Kingdom|British]] [[film]] [[actor]] [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]] (1893-1943) was born in Forest Hill on [[3 April]] [[1893]]
*Infamous fraudster [[Andre Thierry Michauld]] operated in Forest Hill, although it is not known whether this was his primary residence or one of many probable London-residences used throughout the 1990s.
*[[Richard Jefferies]], the naturalist and author, lived at 20 Sydenham Park (a [[Blue Plaque]] indicates the house)
*[[David Jones]] (painter & poet)
*Hollywood actor [[Boris Karloff]] was a resident of Forest Hill.
*[[Tom Keating]] the famous forger lived in Forest Hill.
*[[Lawrence Llewelyn-Bowen]] (TV presenter)
*[[Walter De La Mare]] Poet and novelist, author of Songs of Childhood, The Listeners and Other Poems, The Return, etc. In 1877 the family moved to 5 Bovill Terrace (now 61 Bovill Road), Forest Hill. C. 1887 they moved to 57 Brookbank Road, Lewisham.
*[[Spike Milligan]] (comedian & writer)
*[[Mica Paris]] (singer/song-writer)
*[[John Parris]] world renowned cue maker.
*Sybil Pheonix MBE (community worker)
*[[Don Letts]], [[Desmond Dekker]] and [[Peter Perrett]] (of [[The Only Ones]], in its 1970s musical heyday).
*[[Henry Price (politician)|Henry Price]] CBE was a Conservative politician who represented Lewisham West between 1950 - 1964. He founded the "Middle Class Alliance" and in 1954, London County Council sought a compulsory purchase order for his home in Forest Hill to build council housing.
*Musician [[Francis Rossi]], lead singer and guitarist of [[Status Quo]], was born in Forest Hill on [[29 May]] [[1949]]
*Singer [[Millie (singer)|Millie]] lived in Forest Hill at the time of her major hit ''My Boy Lollipop''
*Actor [[Timothy Spall]] is a current resident of the Forest Hill area.
*[[Gavin Stamp]] (Architectural critic)
*[[Doris Stokes]] (medium)
*[[United Kingdom|British]] [[Presenter|broadcaster]], [[journalist]] and [[cricket]]er [[E. W. Swanton|E.W.Swanton]] was born in Forest Hill on [[11 February]] [[1907]]
*[[Jackie Trent]] the singer/songwriter lived in Forest Hill when she first had success in the 1960s
*[[Terry Waite]] (Archbishop's Envoy)
*[[Max Wall]] (comedian)
*[[Ian Wright]] (footballer)
*There is no evidence to support the claim of a private plaque that [[Dorothy Jordan]], mistress of the Duke of Clarence, later [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]], lived in Forest Hill
*[[John Illsley]] bassist from Dire Straits

==Primary Schools==
*[[Kilmorie School]]
*[[Dalmain School]]
*[[Perrymount School]]

==Secondary Schools==
*[[Forest Hill School]]
*[[Sydenham School]]

==External links==
*[http://www.foresthillsociety.com/ Forest Hill Society: Civic group for SE23 and surrounding area]
*[http://www.foresthill.org.uk Forest Hill.Org: Community website]
*[http://www.se23.com/ SE23.com: Community website]
*[http://www.ideal-homes.org.uk/lewisham/forest-hill/german-church.htm The German Church, Forest Hill]
*[http://www.german-embassy.org.uk/dietrich_bonhoeffer_remembered.html Dietrich Bonhoeffer Remembered]
*[http://www.stgeorgechristchurchstpaul.net: parish church website]
*[http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/LeisureAndCulture/LocalHistoryAndHeritage/ Lewisham Local History and Archives Centre]

{{LB Lewisham}}
{{London Districts}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods of Lewisham]]
[[Category:Wards of Lewisham]]
[[Category:Districts of London]]

[[nl:Forest Hill (Londen)]]

Forest Hill (London)

2008-07-30T09:50:21Z

193.195.197.254: /* External links */ Lewisham Local History and Archives Centre

{{for|other places with similar name|Forest Hill (disambiguation)}}
{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|region= London
|official_name= Forest Hill
|latitude= 51.4457
|longitude= -0.053
|london_borough= Lewisham
|constituency_westminster= [[Lewisham West (UK Parliament constituency)|Lewisham West]]
|post_town= LONDON
|postcode_district = SE23
|postcode_area= SE
|dial_code= 020
|os_grid_reference= TQ354736
}}
[[Image:Ward of Forest Hill.GIF|thumb|right|The electoral ward of Forest Hill (red) within the London Borough of Lewisham (orange)]]
'''Forest Hill''' is a suburb and [[Wards of the United Kingdom|electoral ward]] in the [[London Borough of Lewisham]], situated between [[Dulwich]] and [[Sydenham]] in southeast [[London]], [[England]]. Increasingly popular amongst house-buyers and investors, the area has enjoyed extensive investment since plans to extend the [[East London Line]] to Forest Hill were unveiled in 2004.

==History==
Like many London suburbs, Forest Hill was only sparsely populated until the mid-19th century. The name Forest Hill came from 'the forest with a big hill', which was coined by a developer in the 1790s, and referred to the remaining area of Forest on [[Sydenham Hill]] which was originally part of the [[Great North Wood]].

A [[canal]], the [[Croydon Canal]], was constructed through the area in 1809 but the large number of locks (28) meant it was not a commercial success, and it was bought by the [[London & Croydon Railway]] Company who constructed their [[railway]] along the same route, opening it in 1839. The retaining wall of the footpath opposite the station outside the pub is about the only physical evidence of the canal which still exists.

When the [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]] was moved from [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] to [[Sydenham]], large homes were built on the western end of Forest Hill.

In 1884, what would become London's oldest swimming pool was constructed on Dartmouth Road.

The tea merchant [[Frederick John Horniman|Frederick Horniman]] built a museum to house his impressive collection of natural history artifacts. He donated the building and its gardens to the public in 1901 and this became the Horniman Museum.

As its population grew, two large secondary schools were built in the area - Forest Hill Boys and Sydenham Girls on the brink of Forest Hill.

Now in the 21st century, Forest Hill has a large residential population and the area is becoming increasingly desirable as a peaceful, leafy suburb with good transport links into the centre of town, and slightly lower-than-average property prices.

==Amenities and Entertainment==

Forest Hill is home to the celebrated [[Horniman Museum]]. Despite a leaning toward anthropological and cultural collections, the museum is also home to a newly opened (July 2006) aquarium and one of the most varied collections of [[taxidermy]] in the [[northern hemisphere]]. It also houses one of the finest collection of musical instrument in the British Isles. Contained within its accompanying gardens is an animal enclosure, flower gardens, and a Grade II listed early 20th century greenhouse. Views from the gardens stretch out over central and north [[London]].

The Hob Public House, opposite Forest Hill station, is a live music and comedy venue. Home to the E.D. Comedy Club, it has attracted acts such as [[Bill Bailey]], [[Phil Jupitus]] and [[Mark Lamarr]]. Recently renovated, [[The Dartmouth Arms]] has been named by [[The Times]] newspaper as "one of London's very finest gastropubs".{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

[[Image:forest hill 1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|View from the top of Forest Hill. The skyscrapers of the [[City of London]] can be seen in the distance.]][[Image:forest hill 2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Looking south.]]
[[Forest Hill Pools|Forest Hill Swimming Baths]] were closed in 2005 due to health and safety concerns surrounding its roof and plumbing. An intrusive survey in October 2006 suggested that a full refurbishment would cost £5.5 million.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} [[Lewisham Council]] recently green-lit the renovation, pledging to fully renovate whilst retaining the building's early 20th century character and original features. Latest proposals {{Fact|date=April 2008}}no longer honour this pledge and invite suggestions incorporating the site with the adjacent one-time Children's Home into a completely redeveloped leisure center.

[[Forest Hill Library]] is located next to the swimming baths, and in February 2001 hosted 'an evening with [[J. K. Rowling]]', attended by children from the local Fairlawn Primary School. The library closed for refurbishment in 2007 and re-opened, completely modernised, for 2008. As has become increasingly common, books, tranquility and seating areas (all features classically associated with library environments) have largely been abandoned in favour of DVD rental areas, games consoles, plasma-screen televisions and vending machines. Boston Jones, social commentator and close friend of newly appointed [[Mayor of London]] [[Boris Johnson]], recently labelled the library as "Forest Hill's answer to the Trocadero; it's wonderful that the truants of neighbouring Forest Hill Boys now have an entertaining alternative to the station underpass - after all, who needs school when you could be playing X-Box 360?".{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

==Architecture==

With a range of architectural styles spanning the late 19th and 20th centuries, Forest Hill was described by [[Sir Norman Foster]] as "a delightful pocket of South London". Of particular note are [[The Capitol Cinema]], the [[Horniman Museum]], and classic [[art deco]] mansion blocks [[Forest Croft]] and [[Taymount Grange]].

==Transport==
[[Forest Hill railway station]] is located on the [[A205 road|South Circular Road]] (A205), and is served by frequent trains to [[London Bridge station|London Bridge]]. It will also be linked to the [[East London Line]] which is to be extended south to West Croydon by 2010.

==Notable residents==
(in alphabetical order)
*[[Danny Baker]] (Broadcaster)
*Home decor personality [[Linda Barker]]
*[[Dame Doris Beale]], Matron-in-Chief of Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service [[Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service|(QARNNS)]] for three years during the Second World War was born in Forest Hill on [[9 August]] [[1889]].
*[[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] (1906-1945) the German Protestant theologian and Christian martyr killed by the Nazis, briefly lived and preached in Forest Hill.
*[[Kate Bush]] (singer/song-writer)
*[[James Callaghan]] (Labour Prime Minister)
*[[Raymond Chandler]] Mystery and thriller writer, author of The Long Goodbye and The Big Sleep. Born in the USA, but educated at Dulwich College. Probably lived with his mother at 148 (now 138) Devonshire Road, Forest Hill from 1909 until he returned to America in 1912.
*Choong Ting [[Max Clarke]] still lives on Marler Road
*[[Sir James Clark-Ross]] (polar explorer)
*[["Big" Jim Connell]] (socialist)
*[[Ernest Dowson]] (poet)
*[[Desmond Dekker]] South London's King of [[Ska]]
*Irish-born television, film and stage actor [[Michael Gambon]], currently famous for portrayal of [[Albus Dumbledore]] in the [[Harry Potter]] movie franchise lived at [[Forest Croft]] in Forest Hill in the early to mid 1960s.
*Alfred "Titch" Freeman (cricketer)
*[[Gabrielle]] (singer/song-writer)
*[[Sir Isaac Hayward]] (politician)
*[[Vince Hilaire]], one of the first black players to establish himself in English football was born in Forest Hill on [[10 October]] [[1959]] and went on to have a distinguished career with local club [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]].
*[[Glenda Jackson]] MP (politician & actress)
*Tea merchant [[Frederick John Horniman]] (1835-1906) lived in Forest Hill. A keen traveller, he accumulated a large collection of items relating to local cultures and natural history. This became so large that he built a special museum for it, donated to the public in 1901.
*[[United Kingdom|British]] [[film]] [[actor]] [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]] (1893-1943) was born in Forest Hill on [[3 April]] [[1893]]
*Infamous fraudster [[Andre Thierry Michauld]] operated in Forest Hill, although it is not known whether this was his primary residence or one of many probable London-residences used throughout the 1990s.
*[[Richard Jefferies]], the naturalist and author, lived at 20 Sydenham Park (a [[Blue Plaque]] indicates the house)
*[[David Jones]] (painter & poet)
*Hollywood actor [[Boris Karloff]] was a resident of Forest Hill.
*[[Tom Keating]] the famous forger lived in Forest Hill.
*[[Lawrence Llewelyn-Bowen]] (TV presenter)
*[[Walter De La Mare]] Poet and novelist, author of Songs of Childhood, The Listeners and Other Poems, The Return, etc. In 1877 the family moved to 5 Bovill Terrace (now 61 Bovill Road), Forest Hill. C. 1887 they moved to 57 Brookbank Road, Lewisham.
*[[Spike Milligan]] (comedian & writer)
*[[Mica Paris]] (singer/song-writer)
*[[John Parris]] world renowned cue maker.
*Sybil Pheonix MBE (community worker)
*[[Don Letts]], [[Desmond Dekker]] and [[Peter Perrett]] (of [[The Only Ones]], in its 1970s musical heyday).
*[[Henry Price (politician)|Henry Price]] CBE was a Conservative politician who represented Lewisham West between 1950 - 1964. He founded the "Middle Class Alliance" and in 1954, London County Council sought a compulsory purchase order for his home in Forest Hill to build council housing.
*Musician [[Francis Rossi]], lead singer and guitarist of [[Status Quo]], was born in Forest Hill on [[29 May]] [[1949]]
*Singer [[Millie (singer)|Millie]] lived in Forest Hill at the time of her major hit ''My Boy Lollipop''
*Actor [[Timothy Spall]] is a current resident of the Forest Hill area.
*[[Gavin Stamp]] (Architectural critic)
*[[Doris Stokes]] (medium)
*[[United Kingdom|British]] [[Presenter|broadcaster]], [[journalist]] and [[cricket]]er [[E. W. Swanton|E.W.Swanton]] was born in Forest Hill on [[11 February]] [[1907]]
*[[Jackie Trent]] the singer/songwriter lived in Forest Hill when she first had success in the 1960s
*[[Terry Waite]] (Archbishop's Envoy)
*[[Max Wall]] (comedian)
*[[Ian Wright]] (footballer)
*There is no evidence to support the claim of a private plaque that [[Dorothy Jordan]], mistress of the Duke of Clarence, later [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]], lived in Forest Hill
*[[John Illsley]] bassist from Dire Straits

==Primary Schools==
*[[Kilmorie School]]
*[[Dalmain School]]
*[[Perrymount School]]

==Secondary Schools==
*[[Forest Hill School]]
*[[Sydenham School]]

==External links==
*[http://www.foresthillsociety.com/ Forest Hill Society: Civic group for SE23 and surrounding area]
*[http://www.foresthill.org.uk Forest Hill.Org: Community website]
*[http://www.se23.com/ SE23.com: Community website]
*[http://www.ideal-homes.org.uk/lewisham/forest-hill/german-church.htm The German Church, Forest Hill]
*[http://www.german-embassy.org.uk/dietrich_bonhoeffer_remembered.html Dietrich Bonhoeffer Remembered]
*[http://www.stgeorgechristchurchstpaul.net: parish church website]
*http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/LeisureAndCulture/LocalHistoryAndHeritage/

{{LB Lewisham}}
{{London Districts}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods of Lewisham]]
[[Category:Wards of Lewisham]]
[[Category:Districts of London]]

[[nl:Forest Hill (Londen)]]

Keltische Nationen

2006-10-16T15:40:09Z

193.195.197.254: Took out some spurious nonsense abouth 'Cruithne'.

[[Image:Chwe Chenedl Geltaidd syml.png|right|thumb|175px|The '''Six Nations''' considered the heartland of the modern Celts]]
'''Celtic Nations''' refers to areas of Europe that are inhabited by members of [[Celt|Celtic]] cultures, specifically speakers of [[Celtic languages]]. Since the mid-[[20th century]], people of many nations and regions have used [[Modern Celts|modern 'Celticity']] to express their identity. Over time, these nations have come to be more or less widely labeled as Celtic. These Celtic places in [[Europe]] are sometimes also referred to as the "Celt belt" or "Celtic Fringe" due to their location in the generally north-western part of the regions that they inhabit (e.g. [[Brittany]] is in the northwest of [[France]], the [[Goidelic languages |Gaelic]]-speaking parts of [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] are in the northwest and west, respectively). However, these terms are sometimes interpreted as derogatory, so residents of these lands tend to prefer the term "Celtic nations".

==The 'Six Nations'==
Nations that are usually included in this identifier include:

*[[Image:Brittany flag.png|25px]] [[Brittany]]
*[[Image:Flag of Cornwall.svg|25px]] [[Cornwall]]
*[[Image:St Patrick's saltire.svg|25px]] [[Ireland]]
*[[Image:Flag of the Isle of Man.svg|25px]] [[Isle of Man]]
*[[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|25px]] [[Scotland]]
*[[Image:Flag of Wales.svg|25px]] [[Wales]]

It is these 'Six Nations' that (alone) are considered Celtic by the [[Celtic League (political organisation)|Celtic League]], [[Celtic Congress]], and various other [[Pan-Celticism|pan-Celtic]] groups. Each of the six can boast a Celtic language of its own – the key criterion of Celticity for the organizations named.

Four of the 'Six Nations' (Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, Wales) contain areas where a Celtic language is still used in a community (see [[Gaeltacht]], [[Gàidhealtachd]], and compare also [[Basse-Bretagne|Breizh-Izel]] and [[list of Welsh principal areas by percentage Welsh language|areas by Welsh language]]). Generally these communities are in the west of the countries, in upland or island areas, and sometimes claim to be more Celtic than the anglicised/gallicised areas of the east, and big cities.

==Other claims==
In general most countries of Western and Central Europe can be considered to have been influenced by the Celts. In a number of them, there are also 'Celtic' movements, wanting recognition as a Celtic Nation.
===The Iberian Peninsula===
[[Image:Celts in Europe.png|300px|thumb|right|The Celts in Europe, past and present: <br>
{{legend|#1a8000|present-day Celtic-speaking areas}}
{{legend|#27c600|other parts of the six most commonly recognized 'Celtic nations'}}
{{legend|#97ffb6|other parts of Europe once peopled by Celts; modern-day inhabitants of many of these areas often claim a Celtic heritage and/or culture}}]]

[[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] (extended to [[Minho (province)|Minho]] and [[Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro|Trás-os-Montes]] in northern [[Portugal]]) and [[Asturias]] are most often highlighted as areas influenced by Celtic culture.

In none of these regions ([[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], northern [[Portugal]] and [[Asturias]]) has a Celtic language survived, which means that the most common litmus test for Celticity does not apply.

However, speakers of a [[Brythonic languages|Brittonic]] (P-Celtic) language did historically emigrate to parts of Galicia and [[Asturias]], as well as areas now in Portugal. A certain bishop ''Mahiloc'' (Old Welsh ''Mailoc'') signed the ''Acta'' of the Second Council of Braga in 572. The Bishopric of Bretoña (from Britonia) existed until at least 830 and the area was known as ''Britonia'' until 1156 according to a ''privilegia'' of Alphonso III. This were not part of the pre-Roman [[Celtiberian]] group (a Q-Celtic group), but was settled as part of the same process of emigration from insular Britain that formed [[Brittany]] from the fifth century onwards.<ref>[[Léon Fleuriot|Fleuriot, Léon]] (1980). ''Les origines de la Bretagne''. Paris: Payot. p.208.</ref>

The main basis for these regions' present-day claim to Celticity is, rather, Celtic consciousness itself, which is justified in turn through similarities in music, dance, and folklore to Brittany and the other widely recognized Celtic countries. Further support is drawn from findings that the populations of northwestern Spain and those of other Celtic regions share a common genetic makeup this.<ref>[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v75n4/41464/41464.html ''The Longue Durée of Genetic Ancestry: Multiple Genetic Marker Systems and Celtic Origins on the Atlantic Facade of Europe,'' American Journal of Human Genetics]</ref>

[[Cantabria]] and Portugal ("[[Lusitania]]") are occasionally suggested as other Celtic regions.<br/>
<br/>
See also [[Nationalities in Spain]].

===Formerly Gaulish regions===
[[Image:Map Gallia Tribes Towns.png|thumb|right|320px|<center>Repartition of Gaul ca. [[54 BC]]]]Many of the French people themselves identify actively with the [[Gaul]]s.

The French- and [[Franco-Provençal language|Arpitan]]-speaking [[Aosta Valley]] region in [[Italy]] also presents a casual claim of Celtic heritage and the [[Northern League]] [[autonomist]] party often exalts Celtic roots of [[Padania]]. Reportedly, [[Friuli]] also has an ephemeral claim to Celticity.

[[Walloons]] are sometimes characterized as "Celts", mainly opposed to "Teutonic" [[Flemings|Flemish]] and "Latin" French identities; the word "Walloon" derives from a Germanic word meaning "foreign", cognate with "Welsh".

===England===
Celtic traditions and customs have continued in [[England]], particularly in extremities of the south west and the north (see [[Devon]], [[Northumbria]] and [[Cumbria]]). As a whole, England is not a Celtic country because it lacks a Celtic language; during the 'Celtic' era, [[Great Britain]] belonged to a number of regional Celtic tribes, none of whom directly ended up forming the English nation. In Celtic languages, it is usually referred to as "[[Saxon people|Saxon]]-land" (''Sasann'', ''Pow Saws'', ''Bro-Saoz'' etc), and in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] as ''Lloegr''.

Unlike many of the above examples, there is little political motivation behind this search for a more complex identity, but a recognition that local linguistic and cultural peculiarities can be traced back to Celtic origins. Cumbria, for example, retains some Celtic influences from local sports ([[Cumberland wrestling]]) to superstitions, and traces of [[Cumbric]] are still spoken, famously by shepherds to count their sheep. There has been a suggestion to bring back Cumbrian as a language and about 50 words of a reconstructed, hypothetical "Cumbric" exist. However, most competent scholars believe that it would little different to an archaic dialect of Northern Welsh, but the evidence is far too slight to make a meaningful attempt. The county is also home to the [[Rheged]] discovery centre profiling the Celtic history of Cumbria. Its name is cognate with ''Cymru'', the Welsh name for Wales meaning Land of Comrades.

English Celtic revivalism has not always been popular with its neighbours, many of whose own revivals have sought to counteract the majority culture of England within the United Kingdom. It also tends to be apolitical, in strict contrast to that of the "Six", Galicia or even Padania. Early revivalism concentrated on [[King Arthur]], fairy and folklore and also [[Boudicca]], whose statue stands outside the Palace of Westminster. Boudicca, who fought Roman imperialism, was looked up to by one or two Victorian English imperialists, who claimed "her new empire" was bigger than the Roman. Modern revivalism has focused more on music, mythology, rituals such as the Druids and a better understanding of Celtic festivals that have been observed in England since the Celtic period, and dialect or language.

==America and beyond==
In other regions, people with a heritage from one of the 'Celtic Nations' also associate with the Celtic identity. In these areas, Celtic traditions and languages are significant components of local culture. These include the [[Chubut River|Chubut]] valley of [[Patagonia]] with Welsh speaking [[Argentina|Argentinians]] (known as "Y Wladfa"), [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Nova Scotia]], with [[Canadian Gaelic|Gaelic]]-speaking [[Canada|Canadians]] and southeast [[Newfoundland]] with [[Irish language|Irish]]-speaking [[Canada|Canadians]]. Also at one point in 1900's there were well over 12000 Gaelic Scots from the Isle of Lewis living in the Eastern Townships of Quebec, with place names that still exist today recalling those inhabitants.

In addition to these, a number of people from the [[USA]], [[Australia]] and other parts of the former [[British Empire]] may consider themselves to have 'Celtic nationality'.

==See also==
*[[Celt]]
*[[Celtic Art]]
*[[Celtic Fusion]]
*[[Celtic language]]
*[[Celtic music]]
*[[Celtic Revival]]
*[[Pan-Celticism]]
*[[Latin Europe]]
*[[Slavic Europe]]
*[[Germanic Europe]]
*[[Modern Celts]]

===References===
<references/>

===External links===
*[http://www.manxman.co.im/cleague/ Celtic League]
*[http://www.celticleague.org/ Celtic League - American Branch]
*[http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0603/sights_n_sounds/index.html The Celtic Realm]
*[http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0603/feature3/images/mp_download.3.pdf National Geographic Map: The Celtic Realm]
*[http://www.celticgrounds.com/chapters/c-nations.htm The Celtic Nations]
*[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.com/ Siol nan Gaidheal - The Scottish Cultural & Fraternal Organisation]

[[eo:Keltaj nacioj]]
[[es:Naciones celtas]]
[[pt:Nações celtas]]
[[nl:Kelten]]

[[Category:Celtic studies]]
[[Category:Celts]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]]