Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Right by My Side

2012-03-31T08:15:51Z

192.231.40.3: /* Music Video */

{{linkrot|date=March 2012}}
{{merge to|Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox single
| Name = Right by My Side
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Nicki Minaj]] featuring [[Chris Brown (American entertainer)|Chris Brown]]
| Border = yes
| from Album = [[Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded]]
| Released = March 27, 2012
| Recorded =
| Format = [[Music download|digital download]]
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 4:25
| Label = [[Young Money Entertainment|Young Money]], [[Cash Money Records|Cash Money]], [[Universal Republic Records|Universal Republic]]
| Producer = Andrew "Pop" Wansel, [[Oak (producer)|Oak]]
| Writer = [[Ester Dean]], Onika Maraj, Safaree Samuels,
| Chronology = [[Nicki Minaj]]
| Last single = "[[Starships (song)|Starships]]" (2012)
| This single = "'''Right by My Side'''" (2012)
| Next single = "[[Take It to the Head]]" (2012)
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Chris Brown (American entertainer)|Chris Brown]]
| Type = single
| Last single = "[[Birthday Cake (song)|Birthday Cake]]" (2012)
| This single = "Right by My Side'''" (2012)
| Next single = "Take It to the Head" (2012)
}}}}

"'''Right by My Side'''" is a song by Trinidadian-American hip hop artist [[Nicki Minaj]] from her second studio album ''[[Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded]]''. It features American R&B Artist [[Chris Brown]]. It was released as the second single on March 27, 2012 and impacted U.S. Rhythmic and Urban radio on the same day. It peaked at 52 on the Billboard charts in its opening week.<ref name=billboard>{{cite web|title=Top Hip-Hop and R&B Songs|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/r-b-hip-hop-songs?order=gainer|publisher=Billboard}}</ref>

==Background and recording==
It was leaked on March 20, 2012, after Nicki Minaj Tweeted "LISTEN !!! #RightByMySide ft. Chris Brown" and released the song on her website.<ref>https://twitter.com/#!/NICKIMINAJ/status/182170781764169729</ref>

==Music Video==
In late March, a fan asked Minaj if there will be a music video for "Right by My Side". She replied "Yup".

==Track listing==
*;Digital download
# "Right by My Side" (featuring [[Chris Brown (American entertainer)|Chris Brown]]) - 4:25

==Charts==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chart (2012)
!Peak position
|-
|US [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=billboard/>
| style="text-align:center;"|52
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nicki Minaj singles}}
{{Chris Brown singles}}

[[Category:2012 songs]]
[[Category:Nicki Minaj songs]]
[[Category:Chris Brown songs]]
[[Category:Cash Money Records singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Nicki Minaj]]

[[fr:Right by My Side]]

Schmerzempfinden von Tieren

2009-09-15T15:04:31Z

192.231.40.3: /* Pain in different species */

[[Image:Jan Baptist Weenix - Portrait of René Descartes.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of René Descartes by Jan Baptist Weenix 1647-1649]]The idea that animals might not feel [[pain]] as human beings feel it traces back to the 17th-century French philosopher, [[René Descartes]], who argued that animals do not experience pain and suffering, because they lack [[consciousness]].<ref name=Carbone149>Carbone, Larry. '"What Animal Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy''. Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 149.</ref><ref name=nuffield45>[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/RIA_Report_FINAL-opt.pdf The Ethics of research involving animals] Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Accessed 27 February 2008</ref> <ref>Talking Point on the use of animals in scientific research, EMBO reports 8, 6, 2007, pp. 521–525</ref> [[Bernard Rollin]] of Colorado State University, the principal author of two U.S. federal laws regulating pain relief for animals, writes that researchers remained unsure into the 1980s as to whether animals experience pain, and veterinarians trained in the U.S. before 1989 were simply taught to ignore animal pain.<ref name=Rollin117>Rollin, Bernard. ''The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. xii, 117-118, cited in Carbone 2004, p. 150.</ref> In his interactions with scientists and other veterinarians, Bernard Rollin was regularly asked to "prove" that animals are conscious, and to provide "scientifically acceptable" grounds for claiming that they feel pain.<ref name=Rollin117/>Carbone writes that the view that animals feel pain differently is now a minority view. Academic reviews of the topic are more equivocal, noting that although the argument that animals have at least simple conscious thoughts and feelings has strong support,<ref>Griffin DR, Speck GB (2004) "New evidence of animal consciousness" ''Anim. Cogn.'' volume 7 issue 1 pages=5–18 PMID 14658059</ref> some critics continue to question how reliably animal mental states can be determined.<ref name=nuffield45/><ref>Allen C (1998) [http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/76/1/42.pdf Assessing animal cognition: ethological and philosophical perspectives] ''J. Anim. Sci.'' volume 76 issue 1 pages 42-7 PMID 9464883</ref>

==Pain in different species==
[[Image:Carcharhinus galapagensis hooked.jpg|thumb|left|Hooked: Galapagos shark]]The presence of [[pain]] in an animal, or another human for that matter, cannot be known for sure, but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Abbott FV, Franklin KB, Westbrook RF |title=The formalin test: scoring properties of the first and second phases of the pain response in rats |journal=Pain |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=91–102 |year=1995 |month=January |pmid=7715946 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(94)00095-V|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0304-3959(94)00095-V}}</ref> Specialists currently believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, might too.<ref>[http://www.parl.gc.ca/37/2/parlbus/commbus/senate/Com-e/lega-e/witn-e/shelly-e.htm "Do Invertebrates Feel Pain?"], The Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, The [[Parliament of Canada]] Web Site, accessed 11 June 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Jane A. Smith |title=A Question of Pain in Invertebrates |journal=ILAR Journal |volume=33 |issue=1-2 |pages= |year=1991 |month= |pmid= |doi= |url=http://dels.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/33_1_2/V33_1_2Question.shtml}}</ref>

Animal protection advocates have raised concerns about the [[Pain in fish and crustaceans|suffering of fish]] caused by angling. In light of recent research, some countries, like Germany, have banned specific types of fishing, and the British [[RSPCA]] now formally prosecutes individuals who are cruel to fish.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/newspaper/0,,176-1037515,00.html Leake, J. “Anglers to Face RSPCA Check,” The Sunday Times – Britain, 14 March 2004]</ref>

As for other animals, plants, or other entities, their ability to feel physical pain is at present a question beyond scientific reach, since no mechanism is known by which they could have such a feeling. In particular, there are no apparent [[nociceptor|nociceptors]] in groups such as plants, fungi, and most insects<ref>DeGrazia D, Rowan A (1991) [http://www.springerlink.com/content/p4g44725t17126x0/ Pain, suffering, and anxiety in animals and humans] ''Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics'' Volume 12, Number 3, pages 193-211</ref><ref>Lockwood JA (1987) [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0015-4040%28198703%2970%3A1%3C70%3ATMSOIA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O The Moral Standing of Insects and the Ethics of Extinction] ''The Florida Entomologist'', Volume 70, Number 1, pages 70-89</ref><ref>C. H. Eisemann, W. K. Jorgensen, D. J. Merritt, M. J. Rice, B. W. Cribb, P. D. Webb and M. P. Zalucki (1984) Do insects feel pain? — A biological view. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 40: 1420-1423</ref> (one known exception being the [[Drosophila melanogaster|fruit fly]]).<ref>Tracey, J., W. Daniel, R. I. Wilson, G. Laurent, and S. Benzer. 2003. ''painless'', a ''Drosophila'' gene essential for nociception. Cell 113: 261-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00272-1</ref>

In vertebrates, endogenous [[opioid]]s are neurochemicals that moderate pain by interacting with opiate receptors. Opioid peptides and opiate receptors occur naturally in crustaceans, and although “at present no certain conclusion can be drawn,”<ref name="Sømme" /> some have interpreted their presence as an indication that lobsters may be able to experience pain.<ref name="Sømme">{{cite journal | quotes=no |author=L. Sømme |year=2005 |title=Sentience and pain in invertebrates: Report to Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety |journal=[[Norwegian University of Life Sciences]], [[Oslo]]}}</ref>

Veterinary medicine uses, for actual or potential animal pain, the same analgesics and anesthetics as used in humans.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Viñuela-Fernández I, Jones E, Welsh EM, Fleetwood-Walker SM |title=Pain mechanisms and their implication for the management of pain in farm and companion animals |journal=Vet. J. |volume=174 |issue=2 |pages=227–39 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17553712 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.002 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090-0233(07)00067-6}}</ref>

===Fish===
{{main|Pain in fish}}

Animal protection advocates have raised concerns about the possible [[suffering]] of fish caused by angling. In light of recent research, some countries, like Germany, have banned specific types of fishing, and the British [[RSPCA]] now formally prosecutes individuals who are cruel to fish.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/newspaper/0,,176-1037515,00.html Leake, J. “Anglers to Face RSPCA Check,” The Sunday Times – Britain, 14 March 2004]</ref>

===Crustaceans===
{{main|Pain in crustaceans}}

The question of whether or not [[crustacean]]s can experience pain is unresolved. In [[vertebrates]], endogenous [[opioid]]s are neurochemicals that moderate pain by interacting with opiate receptors. Opioid peptides and opiate receptors occur naturally in crustaceans, and although “at present no certain conclusion can be drawn,”<ref name="Sømme " /> some have interpreted their presence as an indication that crustaceans may be able to experience pain.<ref name="Sømme " /><ref name="afa">{{cite book|name=Advocates for Animals|title=Cephalopods and decapod crustaceans: their capacity to experience pain and suffering |publisher=Advocates for Animals |year=2005 |url=http://www.advocatesforanimals.org.uk/pdf/crustreport.pdf}}</ref> The aforementioned Scottish paper holds that lobsters' opioids may "mediate pain in the same way" as in vertebrates.<ref name="afa" />

==Laboratory animals==
[[Image:Frog vivisection.jpg|thumb|right|Live dissection of a frog]]
{{seealso|Pain and suffering in laboratory animals}}

The extent to which [[animal testing]] causes [[pain]] to laboratory animals is the subject of much debate.<ref>Duncan IJ, Petherick JC. [http://jas.fass.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1808195 "The implications of cognitive processes for animal welfare"], ''J. Anim. Sci''., volume 69, issue 12, 1991, pp. 5017–22. pmid 1808195; Curtis SE, Stricklin WR. [http://jas.fass.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1808193 "The importance of animal cognition in agricultural animal production systems: an overview"], ''J. Anim. Sci.''. volume 69, issue 12, 1991, pp. 5001–7. pmid 1808193</ref>
[[Marian Stamp Dawkins]] defines "suffering" in laboratory animals as the experience of one of "a wide range of extremely unpleasant subjective (mental) states."<ref name=StampDawkins>[[Marian Stamp Dawkins|Stamp Dawkins, Marian]]. "Scientific Basis for Assessing Suffering in Animals," in [[Peter Singer|Singer, Peter]]. ''In Defense of Animals: The Second Wave''. Blackwell, 2006. p. 28.</ref>
The [[United States Department of Agriculture]] defines a "painful procedure" in an animal study as one that would "reasonably be expected to cause more than slight or momentary pain or distress in a human being to which that procedure was applied."<ref name=USDApaindef>[http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v11n1/11n19cfr.htm Animal Welfare; Definitions for and Reporting of Pain and Distress"], Animal Welfare Information Center Bulletin, Summer 2000, Vol. 11 No. 1-2, United States Department of Agriculture.</ref>

{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Moral status of animals in the ancient world]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{animal cognition}}

Flight 93 National Memorial

2008-09-11T13:09:56Z

192.231.40.3: /* Temporary memorial */ grammar/copyedit: "names of passenger or crew" -> "names of passengers and crew"

{{Infobox_protected_area | name = Flight 93 National Memorial
| iucn_category = V
| image = US_Locator_Blank.svg
| caption =
| locator_x = 232
| locator_y = 69
| location = [[Somerset County, Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]]
| nearest_city = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
| lat_degrees = 40
| lat_minutes = 3
| lat_seconds = 3
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 78
| long_minutes = 54
| long_seconds = 13
| long_direction = W
| area = {{convert|2200|acre|km2}}, {{convert|1000|acre|km2}} federal
| established = [[September 24]], [[2002]]
| visitation_num = 125,000
| visitation_year = 2005
| governing_body = [[National Park Service]]
}}
'''Flight 93 National Memorial''' protects the site of the crash of [[United Airlines Flight 93]], which was [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], in [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania]], about {{convert|2|mi|km}} north of [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], and {{convert|60|mi|km}} southeast of [[Pittsburgh]]. A temporary memorial to the 40 victims was established soon after the crash, with a permanent memorial slated to be constructed and completed by 2011. The current design for the memorial is a modified version of the entry ''Crescent of Embrace'' by Paul and Milena Murdoch.

==United Airlines Flight 93==
{{main|United Airlines Flight 93}}

Of the four aircraft [[hijacked]] on September 11, Flight 93 is the only one that did not reach its intended target, presumed to be the [[United States Capitol]] in [[Washington, D.C.]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/09/12/alqaeda.911.claim/index.html |title=Al-Jazeera offers accounts of 9/11 planning |publisher=CNN |date=2002-09-12 |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Several passengers and crew members made telephone calls aboard the flight and learned about the attacks on the [[World Trade Center]] and [[the Pentagon]]. As a result, the passengers decided to mount an assault against the hijackers and wrest control of the aircraft. The plane crashed in a field just outside [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], about 150 miles (240 km) northwest of Washington, D.C., killing all 44 people aboard, including the 4 hijackers.

The crash site is located west of Skyline Road, about {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} south of [[U.S. Route 30]] ([[Lincoln Highway]]), {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} west of [[Indian Lake, Pennsylvania|Indian Lake]], and approximately {{convert|2|mi|km}} north of Shanksville.

==Temporary memorial==

The site of the crash is enclosed by a fence and is closed to the public except for victims' family members. The temporary memorial is located on a hillside {{convert|500|yd}} from the crash site. The memorial includes a 40-foot (to commemorate the 40 passengers) chain-link fence on which visitors can leave flags, hats, rosaries, and other items. The items are collected by the Somerset Historical Center and stored until a permanent memorial is built.<ref name="wt2002">{{Cite news | author = Curl, Joseph | title = Visitors flock to Flight 93 crash site | work = The Washington Times | date = September 10, 2002 |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref>

Next to the fence are several memorials such as a bronze plaque of names, flags, and a large cross. The temporary memorial also includes a row of small wooden angels, one for each passenger or crew member. There are also handwritten messages on the [[guardrail]]s at the memorial.<ref name="wt2002"/> At the memorial site, there is also a small building where visitors can sign a guestbook. The building is staffed by [[National Park Service]] [[volunteers]], called ambassadors, who answer questions. In the years following the attacks, approximately 150,000 visitors each year have come to the memorial site.<ref name="phl-20050908"/>

<gallery>
Image:Flight93nationalmemorial-july2006.jpg|Temporary memorial in July 2006
Image:United93CrashSite May06.jpg|Back of benches at the temporary memorial
Image:Flight93memorial3.jpg|Front of benches showing names of passengers and crew.
Image:20060327 shanksville list.jpg|Bronze plaque of names of passengers and crew.
</gallery>

==Permanent memorial==
On [[March 7]], [[2002]], Congressman [[John Murtha]] (PA-12) introduced a bill in the [[United States House of Representatives]] to establish a [[National Memorial]] to be developed by a commission, and ultimately administered by the [[National Park Service]]. On April 16, 2002, Senator [[Arlen Specter]] (PA) introduced a version of the "Flight 93 National Memorial Act" in the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. On [[September 10]], [[2002]] the bill passed both houses of [[United States Congress|Congress]]. The final bill specifically excluded the four hijackers from the passengers to be memorialized. When signed by President [[George W. Bush]] on [[September 24]], [[2002]], it became Public Law No. 107-226, and the site was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. By September 2005, the commission was required to send to the [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] and Congress recommendations for the planning, design, construction, and long-term management of a permanent memorial.

The proposed boundaries of the National Memorial extend from Lambertsville Road to [[U.S. Highway 30]]. It will be about {{convert|2200|acre|km2}}, of which about 1,000 will be privately held, but protected through partnership agreements. The memorial itself would be a {{convert|400|acre|km2|sing=on}} "bowl" shaped area, with 1,800 surrounding acres as a buffer.<ref name="phl-20060910">{{Cite news | last = Worden | first = Amy | title = Flight 93 memorial gets momentum; The purchase of land near Shanksville, Pa., began with "a first small step" of three acres | work = The Philadelphia Inquirer | date = 2006-09-10 |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> In December 2002, landowner Tim Lambert donated six acres at the crash site, and entered discussions with the [[Conservation Fund]] regarding 160 additional acres.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Levin | first = Steve | title = Flight 93 memorial gets a lift | work = Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date = 2002-12-06 |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Using some funds donated from receipts for the film [[United 93]], the Families of Flight 93 organization purchased three acres in the summer of 2006. The organization is also seeking $10 million in federal funding to use for acquiring land.<ref name="phl-20060910"/> In November 2006, the Conservation Fund acquired {{convert|100|acre|km2}} as buffer land which are to be managed by the [[Pennsylvania Game Commission]].<ref>{{Cite news | title = {{convert|100|acre|km2}} near Flight 93 memorial is acquired | work = The Philadelphia Inquirer | date = 2006-11-02 |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> PBS Coals Inc. sold {{convert|900|acre|km2}} to the the families organization in March 2008.<ref>{{Cite news | issn = 0362-4331 | last = Hamill | first = Sean D. | title = Flight 93 Memorial Effort Gains Over {{convert|900|acre|km2}} | work = The New York Times | date = 2008-03-19 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/19/us/19memorial.html | accessdate = 2008-08-05}}</ref>

===Design competition===
[[Image:UAL Flight 93 ceremony.jpg|thumb|right|Wreath-laying ceremony near the site of the crash of Flight 93 on the first anniversary of its hijacking.]]
====Initial design selection====
The commission decided to select the final design for the memorial through a multi-stage design competition funded by grants from the [[Heinz Foundations]] and the [[John S. and James L. Knight Foundation]]. The competition began on [[September 11]], [[2004]]. More than 1,000 entries were submitted. In February 2005, five finalists were selected for further development and consideration. The 15-member final jury included family members, design and art professionals, and community and national leaders. After three days of review and debate, they announced the winner on [[September 7]], [[2005]]: ''Crescent of Embrace'' by a design team led by Paul and Milena Murdoch of Los Angeles.<ref name="phl-20050908">{{Cite news | author = Goldstein, Steve | title = Memorial to Flight 93 finalized; "The Crescent of Embrace" will honor the passengers and crew who died in Shanksville, Pa., on 9/11. It's "a place to heal." | work = Philadelphia Inquirer | date = September 8, 2005 |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref>

The design featured a "Tower of Voices," containing 40 wind chimes — one for each passenger and crew member who died. A crescent is formed by a circular pathway lined with [[red maple]] trees that follows the natural bowl shape of the land. Forty groves of red and [[sugar maple]]s and eastern [[white oak]] trees were to be planted behind the [[crescent]]. A black [[slate]] wall would mark the edge of the crash site, where the victims are buried.

====Controversy====
This design drew criticism because it was entitled "Crescent of Embrace". The [[crescent]] is a symbol of Islam, and the terrorists who hijacked the aircraft were [[Muslim]] and conducted the attacks in the name of [[Islam]].

Jury member Tom Burnett Sr., whose son was killed in the crash, said he made an impassioned speech to his fellow jurors about what he felt the crescent represented, "I explained this goes back centuries as an old-time Islamic symbol," Burnett said. "I told them we'd be a laughing stock if we did this."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05259/572574.stm |title=Designer of Flight 93 memorial receptive to changes |author=Paula Reed Ward |date=September 16, 2005 |publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Representative [[Tom Tancredo]] of Colorado has opposed the design's shape "because of the crescent's prominent use as a symbol in Islam." Mike Rosen of the [[Rocky Mountain News]] wrote: "On the anniversaries of 9/11, it's not hard to visualize al-Qaeda celebrating the crescent of maple trees, turning red in the fall, "embracing" the Flight 93 crash site. To them, it would be a memorial to their fallen martyrs. Why invite that? Just come up with a different design that eliminates the double meaning and the dispute."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/news_columnists/article/0,1299,DRMN_86_4102007,00.html |title=Let's roll, sans crescent |date=September 22, 2005 |author=Mike Rosen |publisher=Rock Mountain News |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051214163041/http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/news_columnists/article/0,1299,DRMN_86_4102007,00.html |archivedate=2005-12-14|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> It has also been pointed out that the design's crescent is oriented toward [[Mecca]].

The architect asserts that this is coincidental and that there was no intent to refer to Muslim symbols. Several victims' families agreed, including the family of [[Edward P. Felt]].<ref>{{Cite news | author = Hamill, Sean D. | title = Design of a memorial to Flight 93 keeps families sparring | work = The International Herald Tribune | date = 2008-05-05 |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> The [[Council on American-Islamic Relations]] has denounced criticism as [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cair.com/default.asp?Page=articleView&id=1746&theType=NR |title=The Council on American-Islamic Relations |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060512002408/http://www.cair.com/default.asp?Page=articleView&id=1746&theType=NR|archivedate=2006-05-12|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref>

Others criticized the design as too non-representational. "We don't need giant statues of the guys ramming the drink cart into the door. But pedantic though such a monument might be, future generations would infer the plot. All you get from a ''Crescent of Embrace'' is a sorrowful sigh of all-encompassing grief and absolution, as if the lives of all who died on that spot were equal in tragedy. They were not," wrote [[James Lileks]], a journalist and architectural commentator.<ref>[http://www.newhousenews.com/archive/lileks091405.html]{{Dead link|date=August 2008}}</ref>

====Design modifications====
In response to criticism, the designer has agreed to modify the plan. The architect believes that the central elements can be maintained to satisfy criticism. "It's a disappointment there is a misinterpretation and a simplistic distortion of this, but if that is a public concern, then that is something we will look to resolve in a way that keeps the essential qualities," Murdoch, 48, said in a telephone interview to the [[Associated Press]].<ref>[http://www.phillyburbs.com/pb-dyn/news/103-09142005-541451.html]{{Dead link|date=August 2008}}</ref>

The redesigned memorial has the plain shape of a circle (as opposed to a crescent) bisected by the flight's trajectory. "The circle enhances the earlier design by putting more emphasis on the crash site, officials said in the newsletter. A break in the trees will symbolize the path the plane took as it crashed."<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20051130/ap_on_re_us/flight93_memorial]{{Dead link|date=August 2008}}</ref> There is criticism that the redesign does not address any of the issues with the original design.{{who?}}

===Construction===
The cost of the permanent memorial is estimated at $57 million, and will be covered by $30 million in private donations, plus federal and state funds.<ref name="dallas">{{cite news |title=Monuments in the making Across the nation, tributes big, small are under way |publisher=The Dallas Morning News |date=2006-09-11 |author=Smith, Sonia}}</ref> The permanent memorial is planned to be dedicated on [[September 11]], [[2011]].<ref name="dallas"/> As of April 2007, only $11 million had been raised, falling short of the fundraising goal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/28/AR2007042800240.html |title=Flight 93 Fundraising Short of Goal |publisher=AP / The Washington Post |author=Lovering, Daniel |date=2007-04-28 |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pentagon Memorial]] (under construction)
* [[World Trade Center Memorial]] (under construction)
* [[9/11 Memorial (Arizona)]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] (under construction)
* [[U.S. Route 219]], the newly-dedicated "[[Flight 93 Memorial Highway]]"

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Other references===
* [http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ226.107 Public Law No. 107-226] ''Flight 93 * [http://michellemalkin.com/2005/09/10/flight-93-memorial-seeing-is-believing/ Michelle Malkin: ''Flight 93 Memorial: Seeing is Believing'']
* [http://michellemalkin.com/2005/09/14/flight-93-memorial-design-will-be-altered/ Michelle Malkin: ''Flight 93 Memorial: Design will be Altered'']

==External links==
{{commonscat|Flight 93 National Memorial}}

* Official Flight 93 National Memorial website: [http://www.honorflight93.org/ Flight 93 National Memorial]
* Official NPS website: [http://www.nps.gov/flni/ Flight 93 National Memorial]
* [http://www.flight93memorialproject.org/ Flight 93 Memorial Project]
* [http://www.flt93memorialchapel.org/ Flight 93 memorial chapel]

{{Registered Historic Places}}
{{Protected Areas of Pennsylvania}}

[[Category:2002 establishments]]
[[Category:National Memorials of the United States]]
[[Category:September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:Somerset County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Registered Historic Places in Pennsylvania]]

Neue Frau (Feminismus)

2007-06-07T22:50:20Z

192.231.40.3: /* Further reading */

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2006}}

The '''New Woman''' was a [[feminism|feminist]] ideal that emerged in the final decades of the [[19th century]] in [[Europe]] and [[North America]].

==Definition==

It was a reaction to the [[gender role]], as characterized by the so-called [[Cult of Domesticity]], ascribed to women in the [[Victorian era]]. Advocates of the New Woman ideal were found among novelists, playwrights, journalists, pamphleteers, political thinkers and [[suffragette]]s. Men and women who favoured the new cause gathered, for example, in the [[Fabian Society]] in the United Kingdom, a precursor of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]. The supporters' aim was to encourage women to liberate themselves from male domination, manage their lives and leave behind anything that might restrict their pursuit of happiness and self-realization. Heavily opposed by [[conservatism|conservative]]s, the New Woman movement started to fade away in the course of the [[World War I|First World War]] when, due to a shortage of "manpower", many women took on jobs and when, shortly after the war, [[universal suffrage]] was achieved.

Certain characteristics were seen as pertinent to the new ideal. By general consent, a "New Woman" was supposed

*to have received an adequate education ([[primary education|primary]], [[secondary education|secondary]] and preferably also [[tertiary education|tertiary]]) and to be able to use her knowledge wisely;
*to earn money and thus be 'financially independent';
*to participate in political discussion and decision-making;
*to decide herself if, when and whom she wants to marry and how many children she wants to have;
*to show outward signs of being different by wearing more comfortable clothes, see [[rational dress]];
*and, generally, to defy [[Convention (norm)|convention]] and social [[norm]]s in order to create a better world for women.

Not all proponents of the New Woman went equally far in their demands. For example, while it was generally acknowledged that the Victorian moral code and in particular [[double standards]] of morality must be abandoned, the concept of [[free love]] was by no means universally advocated.

In fiction, [[H. G. Wells]]'s ''[[Ann Veronica]]'' ([[1909 in literature|1909]]) ("this poisonous book", according to ''[[The Spectator (1828)|The Spectator]]'') is one of the classic New Woman novels, whereas [[Grant Allen]]'s ''[[The Woman Who Did]]'' ([[1895 in literature|1895]]) was a controversial contribution. In [[drama]], [[Henry Arthur Jones]]'s play ''[[The Case of Rebellious Susan]]'' ([[1894 in literature|1894]]) deserves mentioning in this context. [[Kate Chopin]]'s ''The Awakening'' also deserves mention.

== Quotation ==


<blockquote>
[…] The finest achievement of the new woman has been personal [[liberty]]. This is the foundation of [[civilization]]; and as long as any one class is watched suspiciously, even fondly guarded, and protected, so long will that class not only be weak, and treacherous, individually, but parasitic, and a collective danger to the community. Who has not heard wives commended for wheedling their husbands out of money, or joked because they are hopelessly extravagant? As long as caprice and scheming are considered feminine [[virtue]]s, as long as man is the only wage-earner, doling out sums of money, or scattering lavishly, so long will women be degraded, even if they are perfectly contented, and men are willing to labor to keep them in idleness!
</blockquote><blockquote>

Although ''individual'' women from pre-historic times have accomplished much, as a class they have been set aside to minister to men's comfort. But when once the higher has been tried, civilization repudiates the lower. Men have come to see that no advance can be made with one half-humanity set apart merely for the functions of sex; that [[child|children]] are quite liable to inherit from the mother, and should have opportunities to inherit the accumulated ability and culture and character that is produced only by intellectual and civil activity. The world has tried to move with men for dynamos, and "clinging" women impeding every step of progress, in arts, science, industry, professions, they have been a thousand years behind men because forced into seclusion. They have been ''over-sexed''. They have naturally not been impressed with their duties to society, in its myriad needs, or with their own value as individuals.
</blockquote><blockquote>

The new woman, in the sense of the best woman, the flower of all the womanhood of past ages, has come to stay — if civilization is to endure. The sufferings of the past have but strengthened her, maternity has deepened her, education is broadening her — and she now knows that she must perfect herself if she would perfect the race, and leave her imprint upon immortality, through her offspring or her works.
</blockquote>
::::::[[Winnifred Harper Cooley]]: ''The New Womanhood'' ([[New York, New York|New York]], [[1904]]) 31f.

== See also ==

*[[Gibson Girl]]
*[[Flapper]]
*[[History of feminism]]

== External link ==

*[http://history.osu.edu/Projects/Clash/NewWoman/newwomen-page1.htm "The New Woman"], from an [[Ohio State University]] project

== Source ==

[http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/386/newwoman.html]

== Other meanings of the phrase "new woman" ==
*'''''New Woman''''' is also a fashion magazine. '''See''' http://www.nwdaily.co.uk/ .

*'''New Woman''' is an international group of men and women who "seek to create and promote a positive current of thought and action in favor of women". '''See''' http://www.newoman.org/principal.phtml

[[Category:Feminism and society]]

William-Herschel-Teleskop

2007-05-31T18:45:26Z

192.231.40.3:

{{Infobox Telescope
| bgcolour =
| name = William Herschel Telescope
| image = [[Image:Moonrise_over_the_William_Herschel_Telescope.jpg|240px]]
| caption = Moonrise over the William Herschel Telescope
| organization = [[Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes]]
| location = [[Roque de los Muchachos Observatory]], [[La Palma]], [[Canary Islands]]
| coords =
| altitude =
| weather =
| wavelength = Optical / infrared
| built = Completed [[June 1]] [[1987]]
| website = [http://www.ing.iac.es/Astronomy/telescopes/wht/ WHT Homepage]
| style = [[Cassegrain]]-[[Nasmyth]] Reflector
| diameter = 4.2m
| angular_resolution =
| area = 13.8m2
| focal_length =
| mounting = [[Altazimuth mount|Alt-azimuth]]
| dome =
}}
{{otheruses4|the telescope on the [[Canary Islands]]| the future [[ESA]] [[space telescope]]|Herschel Space Observatory}}

{{redirect|WHT|the cable TV company|Wometco Home Theater}}

The '''William Herschel Telescope''' or '''WHT''' was first conceived in the late [[1960s]], when the [[Anglo-Australian Observatory]] was being designed. The British astronomical community saw the need for telescopes of comparable power in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Planning began in [[1974]], but by [[1979]] the project was on the verge of being scrapped due to a ballooning budget. A re-design cut the price-tag substantially, and Dutch astronomers took a 20% stake in the project, allowing the project to be given the go-ahead in [[1981]]. That year was the 200th anniversary of the discovery of [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]] by [[William Herschel]], and it was decided to name the telescope in his honour. The telescope is a member of the [[Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes]].

Construction began in [[1983]], and the telescope was shipped to [[La Palma]] in [[1985]]. It saw [[first light]] in [[1987]]. The telescope has an [[altazimuth mount]]. The mirror is maintained so that its theoretical maximum [[Angular resolution|resolution]] is less than 0.2 [[arcsecond]]s. The typical [[Astronomical seeing|seeing]] at La Palma is of the order of one arcsecond, so the telescope is limited by that.

As a competitive research telescope, the WHT is heavily over-subscribed, and typically three times more applications for telescope time are received than can be accommodated. Notable discoveries made using the WHT include that of a hot bubble of expanding gas at the centre of the [[galaxy]], suggestive of the presence of a supermassive [[black hole]]; the first observation of the optical counterpart of a [[gamma-ray burst]]; and recently, the discovery of a [[Wolf-Rayet star]] with the fastest-known [[stellar wind]].

== See also ==
* [[List of largest optical reflecting telescopes]]

==External links==
*[http://www.ing.iac.es/Astronomy/telescopes/wht/ WHT Homepage]
*[http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=28760361&x=-17881408&z=18&l=0&m=a WHT on Wikimapia]

[[Category:Telescopes]]