Krise in Haiti seit 2018

2021-04-20T00:12:43Z

180.244.170.155:

{{short description|Ongoing protests}}
{{use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2018–2021 Haitian protests
| partof =
| image = {{Photo montage
| photo1a = Port-au-prince protests.jpg
| photo1b = Haitian police and protests.jpg
| position = centre
| size = 300px
| color = #F5F5F5
| border = 0
| color_border = white
| spacing = 2
| foot_montage }}
| caption =
| date = {{start date|2018|07|07|df=y}} – present
| place = [[Haiti]]
| coordinates =
| causes =
* Misuse of loans from Venezuela
* Rising taxes on gasoline, diesel, and kerosene
* [[Corruption in Haiti]]
| goals =
* Resignation of [[President of Haiti|President]] [[Jovenel Moïse]]
* Installation of transitional government
| methods =
| status =
| result =
| side1 = Protesters<br>{{flagicon image|Anarchy-symbol.svg}} Anarchists
| side2 = {{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Government of Haiti]]
| leadfigures1 = {{plainlist|
* [[Jean-Charles Moïse]]
* Schiller Louidor
}}
| leadfigures2 = {{plainlist|
* President [[Jovenel Moïse]]
* Prime Minister [[Fritz William Michel]]
* Former Prime Minister [[Jean-Michel Lapin]]
* Former Prime Minister [[Jean-Henry Céant]]
* Former Prime Minister [[Jack Guy Lafontant]]
}}
| howmany1 = Thousands<ref name="BBChaiti"/>
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| fatalities = 187 protesters, 44 police officers, and 2 journalists (since July 2018)<ref name="Congress" />
| injuries =
| arrests =
| charged =
| fined =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox = {{Campaignbox Crisis and protests in Latin America in 2019}}
}}
Protests began in cities throughout Haiti on 7 July 2018 in response to increased fuel prices. Over time these protests evolved into demands for the resignation of the [[president of Haiti]], [[Jovenel Moïse]]. Led by opposition politician [[Jean-Charles Moïse]] (no relation), protesters state that their goal is to create a [[transitional government]] to provide social programs and to prosecute allegedly corrupt officials.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/haiti-thousands-protest-against-corruption/a-47421473|title=Haiti: Thousands protest against corruption {{!}} DW {{!}} 8 February 2019|date=8 February 2019|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=en-GB|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=":4"/>

== Background and 2018 protests ==
Released in November 2017, a Senate probe of the period 2008-2016 (concerning the [[René Préval]] and [[Michel Martelly]] administrations as well as the chief of staff of then-sitting President Jovenel Moïse) revealed significant corruption had been funded with Venezuelan loans through the [[Petrocaribe]] program.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haiti owes Venezuela $2 billion – and much of it was embezzled, Senate report says|newspaper=Miami Herald|author=Jacqueline Charles|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article184740783.html|date=15 November 2017}}</ref>

When Venezuela stopped shipping oil to Haiti in March 2018, this led to fuel shortages. With the removal of government subsidies in July, kerosene prices went up over 50 percent, with similarly steep hikes on other fossil fuels.<ref>{{cite news|work=Al Jazeera|title=What is really behind the crisis in Haiti?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/crisis-haiti-190927092336787.html|date=30 September 2019|author=Keston K. Perry}}</ref> These rises in taxes on gasoline, diesel, and kerosene that went into effect on 7 July 2018 brought Haitians into the streets. Flights were canceled into and out of Haïti by US airlines.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Miami Herald|author=Jacqueline Charles|date=7 July 2018|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article214490259.html|title=As violent protests continue over gas prices, U.S. airlines cancel all flights to Haiti Saturday}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=The New Yorker|title=Haitians Want to Know What the Government Has Done with Missing Oil Money|date=19 October 2018|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/haitians-want-to-know-what-the-government-has-done-with-missing-oil-money|author=Edwidge Danticat}}</ref> The government backed down on the tax increases, and the President accepted the resignation of the inexperienced [[Jack Guy Lafontant]] as Prime Minister on 14 July 2018, replaced one month later by [[Jean-Henry Céant]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Miami Herald|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article228084084.html|date=15 July 2018|title=Haiti's latest government falls after six months as lawmakers fire prime minister|author=Jacqueline Charles}}</ref><ref name="JCharlesAug18" />
[[File:Petrocaribe_manifestation.jpg|thumb|left|Petrocaribe demonstration in August 2018]]

In mid-August 2018, Gilbert Mirambeau Jr. tweeted a photo of himself blindfolded holding a cardboard sign with "Kot kòb PetwoCaribe a ?" (where did the PetroCaribe money go?) written on it. The hashtag #petrocaribechallenge was soon widely circulated on social media.<ref>{{cite web|last=Délisca|first=Alain|language=fr|title=Les meneurs du dossier PetroCaribe|url=http://www.balistrad.com/dossier-petrocaribe-personnalites-organismes/|website=www.balistrad.com|date=8 June 2019|accessdate=5 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="JCharlesAug18">{{cite news|language=en|title='Where did the money go?' Haitians denounce corruption in social media campaign|newspaper=Miami Herald|author=Jacqueline Charles|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article217110220.html|date=23 August 2018|accessdate=5 October 2019}}</ref>

Anger over the revelations and accusations from the continuing investigation simmered through social media into the autumn and boiled over again, first in October 2018, with tense scenes and violence in [[Les Cayes]], in [[Jacmel]], and in [[Saint-Marc]].<ref>{{cite newspaper|newspaper=Le Nouvelliste|language=fr|title=17 octobre : des dizaines de milliers d'Haïtiens manifestent contre la corruption et pour la démission de Jovenel Moïse|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/193977/17-octobre-des-dizaines-de-milliers-dhaitiens-manifestent-contre-la-corruption-et-pour-la-demission-de-jovenel-moise|author1=Frantz Duval|author2=Roberson Alphonse|author3=Robenson Geffrard|date=18 October 2019}}</ref> Then, a week of protests in November 2018 led to 10 deaths, including several killed when a government car "lost a wheel and plowed into a crowd".<ref name="NYT_231118">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 November 2018|title=Haitians Furious at Their Government Protest in a Week of Unrest|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/23/world/americas/haiti-protests-unrest-instability.html|author=Kirk Semple|quote=It was the latest manifestation of a campaign that has flourished on social media and that focuses on allegations that Haiti’s government misappropriated billions of dollars earmarked for reconstruction after a devastating earthquake in 2010.}}</ref>

== 2019 ==

===February===
Significant protests broke out again in February 2019 following a report from the court investigating the Petrocaribe Senate probe.<ref name="BBChaiti">{{cite news|title=Deadly protests hit Haiti capital|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47193837|accessdate=13 February 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|date=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47220832|title=Inmates escape from Haiti prison|date=12 February 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=13 February 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="MHfeb8" /> Economic problems and the increased cost of living helped fuel the protests.<ref name=MHfeb8>{{cite news |title=As protests and deaths escalate in Haiti, mayors cancel pre-Carnival parties |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article225999135.html |accessdate=13 February 2019 |work=[[The Miami Herald]] |date=8 February 2019 |language=en|author=Jacqueline Charles}}</ref>
[[File:2019 Haitian protests tire fire.png|thumb|Tires on fire in protests in early 2019.]]
On 7 February, protesters targeted and damaged wealthy Haitians' luxury vehicles.<ref name=MHfeb8/> The following day, the mayors of [[Petion-ville]] and [[Port-au-Prince]] announced the cancellation of pre-[[Haitian Carnival|Carnival]] events.<ref name=MHfeb8/> Two days later protestors clashed with police, with demonstrators throwing stones at the home of President Moïse, after one of his allies' security personnel struck a woman's car and began to beat her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/protesters-stone-haitian-president-s-home-battle-police/4780348.html|title=Protesters Stone Haitian President's Home, Battle Police|date=9 February 2019|website=[[Voice of America]]|language=en|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref>

On 12 February, protesters burned down a popular market, looted stores and assisted with a prison break in [[Aquin]] that freed all of the facility's prisoners.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article226176555.html|title=Haiti president recalls top envoy amid ongoing violent protests, calls for resignation|date=13 February 2019|website=[[The Miami Herald]]|language=en|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref> In [[Port-au-Prince]], the building housing the Italian and Peruvian consulates was looted by protesters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-deplores-haiti-violence-/4784892.html|title=US Deplores Haiti Violence|date=12 February 2019|website=[[Voice of America]]|language=en|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Haiti - FLASH : 6th day of paralysis, the country sinks into chaos... |url=https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-26920-haiti-flash-6th-day-of-paralysis-the-country-sinks-into-chaos.html |accessdate=17 February 2019 |publisher=Haiti Libre |date=13 February 2019}}</ref>

President Jovenel Moïse addressed the country on 14 February, saying he would not step down and "give the country up to armed gangs and drug traffickers".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-haiti-protests-idUSKCN1Q40DL|title=Haiti's president defies violent protests, will not step down|date=15 February 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=15 February 2019|language=en}}</ref>

During a funeral procession on 22 February, Haitian police fired tear gas at a crowd of about 200 people carrying the casket of a man killed during protests days earlier.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-haiti-protests-idUSKCN1QC01Y|title=Haiti police fire rubber pellets at mourners as protests resume|date=23 February 2019|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=26 February 2019|language=en}}</ref> Opposition leader Schiller Louidor called for future protests, though the overall size of protests began to subside that day.<ref name=":7" />

=== March ===
Three days after the lower house voted a censure motion against Prime Minister Jean-Henry Céant's government on 18 March 2019,<ref>{{cite news|work=[[EFE]]|title=Haitian lawmakers censure prime minister|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/haitian-lawmakers-censure-prime-minister/50000262-3928630|date=18 March 2019}}</ref> Jovenel Moïse replaced Céant with [[Jean-Michel Lapin]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=France 24|title=En Haïti, Jean-Michel Lapin devient Premier ministre par intérim|date=22 March 2019|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20190322-haiti-jean-michel-lapin-premier-ministre-interim|language=fr}}</ref> As of mid-November 2019, this change had not been ratified by the Haitian Parliament. Lacking a government because of the impasse between the President and the Parliament, Haiti has had hundreds of millions in international aid—for which having a sitting government was a prerequisite—suspended.<ref name="Globe & Mail">{{cite news|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-haitis-president-warns-of-humanitarian-crisis-calls-for-support/|date=17 November 2019|title=Haiti's president warns of humanitarian crisis, calls for support|author1=Sarah Marsh|author2=Andre Paultre}}</ref>

=== June ===

During escalating protests on 10 June, journalist Rospide Petion was shot in a company car on his way home from Radio Sans Fin in Port-au-Prince, where he had criticized the government on air before leaving the station.<ref name="cbc_news_Jun_11_2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/reporter-killed-haiti-journalists-demand-protection-1.5171673 |title=Journalist shot to death in Haiti amid escalating attacks |date=11 June 2019 |website=CBC |publisher=Associated Press |accessdate=22 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="cpj_june_13_2019" />

===October===

On 4 October, thousands protested across Haiti. In Port-au-Prince, the mayor, joined the protestors in calling for Jovenal Moïse to step down. Two days earlier the opposition sent a letter by delegation to the UN Secretary General denouncing the sitting President's role in the [[Petrocaribe]] affair, and the government's role in a massacre in [[La Saline]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Jacqueline Charles|quote=They provided an exhaustive list of issues, from a massacre in La Saline last year, in which two government officials were implicated, to a Haitian court’s audit of misuse of Venezuela’s PetroCaribe oil program, which implicated the president. |newspaper=Miami Herald|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article235807497.html|date=4 October 2019|title=Haiti protesters ask international community to stop supporting their president}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Andre Paultre|newspaper=Reuters|date=4 October 2019|title=Haitian protesters clash with police in new push for president's ouster|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-haiti-protests/haitian-protesters-clash-with-police-in-new-push-for-presidents-ouster-idUSKBN1WJ2DQ}}</ref> [[Lyonel Trouillot]] wrote in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', "Without dipping into conspiracy theory, there is something worrying about the international community's silence about the Haitian situation."<ref>{{cite web|website=France Culture|title=Les manifestations en Haïti, ou la "solitude des morts sans importance"|url=https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/les-enjeux-internationaux/les-manifestations-en-haiti-ou-la-solitude-des-morts-sans-importance|quote=Sans verser dans la théorie du complot" écrit-il, "il y a quelque chose d’inquiétant dans le silence de la communauté internationale sur la situation haïtienne.|date=11 October 2019|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Humanité|language=fr|author=Lyonel Trouillot|title=Lyonel Trouillot. Silence complice sur Haïti : solitude des morts sans importance|url=https://www.humanite.fr/lyonel-trouillot-silence-complice-sur-haiti-solitude-des-morts-sans-importance-678016|date=2 October 2019}}</ref>

On 11 October, a second radio journalist critical of the government, Néhémie Joseph, was found dead in the trunk of his car in [[Mirebalais]].<ref name="RSF" /><ref name="Anderson" />

On 22 October, thousands of Catholics demonstrated in the capital. Archbishop {{ill|Max Leroy Mésidor|ht|Max Leroy Mésidor|fr|Max Leroy Mésidor|pl|Max Leroy Mésidor|de|Max Leroy Mésidor}} asked Haitian leaders to heed the people who "cannot go on any longer. We are fed up." Energy crises, road blockages, and widespread unrest have led to massive drops in tourism, causing the closure of hotels in [[Petion-ville]], where the Best Western Premier closed permanently,<ref name="Erikson" /> and in [[Cap-Haïtien]], where Mont Joli was closed.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Miami Herald|author=Jacqueline Charles|title=Aftershock of Haiti protests: Best Western shutting down, other hotels temporarily closing|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article236506783.html|date=22 October 2019}}</ref> Two people were killed in protests in Port-au-Prince on 27 October. Masked police officers were themselves out on the streets demonstrating that day because of low salaries and lack of health insurance.<ref>{{cite web|author=Amélie Baron|website=RFI|title=Haïti: la colère ne faiblit pas, la police défile à son tour|url=http://www.rfi.fr/ameriques/20191028-haiti-colere-jovenel-moise-police|date=28 October 2019|language=fr}}</ref>

Though the Haitian constitution calls for legislative elections in October, none were held in October 2019.<ref name="Globe & Mail" /> The United Nations announced they had counted 42 deaths and 86 injuries since mid-September.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Le Monde|title=En Haïti, au moins 42 personnes sont mortes depuis la nouvelle vague de contestation mi-septembre|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/11/01/en-haiti-au-moins-42-personnes-sont-mortes-depuis-la-nouvelle-vague-de-contestation-mi-septembre_6017757_3210.html|date=1 November 2019|language=fr}}</ref>

=== November ===
"Peyi lok" ("country lockdown")<ref name="Erikson" /> is how the situation was described in [[Haitian Creole]] in November 2019 after two and a half months with schools, courts, businesses, public services, and economic production largely shut down.<ref name="Bourcier">{{cite news|newspaper=Le Monde|title=" La vie nous a quittés " : Haïti paralysé par la contestation|date=18 November 2019|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/11/19/a-haiti-la-vie-nous-a-quittes_6019710_3210.html|author= Nicolas Bourcier}}</ref><ref name="Erikson">{{cite web|website=The Dialogue|date=11 December 2019|author=Daniel P. Erikson|title=Congressional Testimony: Haiti on the Brink – Assessing US Policy Toward a Country in Crisis|url=https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/congressional-testimony-haiti-on-the-brink-assessing-us-policy-toward-a-country-in-crisis/}}</ref>

=== December ===

Though parents and school directors still felt uneasy about it amidst barricades and gunfire, schools across the country began to reopen in December.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Reuters|title=In Haiti, Protests Wane, Some Schools Open but Crisis Far From Over|date=4 December 2019|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/12/04/world/americas/04reuters-haiti-politics.htm|author=Andre Paultre|author2=Sarah Marsh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Global Sisters Report|date=2 December 2019|author=Chris Herlinger|title=Haiti's civil unrest reaches chaotic, disruptive point|url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/world/ministry/news/haitis-civil-unrest-reaches-chaotic-disruptive-point}}</ref>

The US Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs ([[David Hale (diplomat)|David Hale]]) visited Haiti on 6 December, following up on [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|US Ambassador to the UN]] [[Kelly Craft]]'s November visit.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Le Nouvelliste|title=Les diplomates américains se bousculent à Port-au-Prince|date=5 December 2019|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/209897/les-diplomates-americains-se-bousculent-a-port-au-prince|author=Jean Daniel Sénat|language=fr|quote=il y aura le 10 décembre 2019 à Washington une audition au Congrès des Etats-Unis sur la situation en Haïti.}}</ref> During the visit, he met with the administration and with leaders from several opposing political parties, some of whom, including [[Fanmi Lavalas]] and [[Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats|Fusion]]-[[Mache Kontre]], refused any collaboration with the sitting president.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Le Nouvelliste|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/209940/david-hale-a-rencontre-jovenel-moise-et-lopposition-les-lignes-nont-toujours-pas-bouge|date=6 December 2019|title=David Hale a rencontré Jovenel Moïse et l'opposition, les lignes n'ont toujours pas bougé... |author=Robensen Geffrard|language=fr}}</ref> On 10 December, the US House Foreign Affairs Committee began hearings on the situation in Haiti, which [[Frederica Wilson]] had pushed for. At the hearing, [[Maxine Waters]] was sharply critical of US support for the sitting president. Neither the State Department nor [[USAID]] was present at the hearings.<ref name="Congress">{{cite news|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=10 December 2019|author1=Alex Daugherty|author2=Jacqueline Charles|title=Congress holds first hearing on Haiti in 20 years amid political|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article238204744.html}}</ref>

== 2020 ==
In September and October 2020, more protests occurred throughout the country. The protesters criticise the government’s response to the coronavirus pandemic, alleging it did not provide enough to those who lost their jobs because of the virus.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=In Pictures: Rubber bullets, tear gas at Haiti protests|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2020/10/18/haiti-protests-bullets-tear-gas/|access-date=2020-11-20|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>

Police also held protests demanding better pay and working conditions. The police exchanged fire with Haitian soldiers outside the national palace where police were protesting working conditions, in February. In early 2020, a United Nations report said the Haitian police was corrupt and failing to protect the population.<ref name=":8" />

== 2021 ==
The protests continue into 2021, with violence and repression becoming common, according to the UN.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title=Spectre of unrest, violent repression looming over Haiti, warns UN rights office|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/01/1082462|access-date=2021-01-31|website=UN News|language=en}}</ref>

== Actions ==
=== Jovenel Moïse government ===
President Jovenel Moïse has called for his opposition to participate in peaceful dialogue stating "the country’s problems aren’t solely political. The country’s problems are social, economic and political".<ref name="MHfeb8" /> The national police has stated that there are "malicious individuals" who had interrupted peaceful protests in the country.<ref name=":5" />

=== Opposition ===
The opposition has been led by [[Jean-Charles Moïse]].<ref name=":3" /> This opposition has declined offers for dialogue, demanded Jovenel Moïse's resignation,<ref name="MHfeb8" /> and organized a nationwide [[general strike]] to force him to resign from office.<ref name=":1" /> Alongside opposition lawmakers, he called for a transitional government to replace Jovenel Moïse: "If Jovenel Moïse does not want to step down from power, we are going to name an interim president in the coming days".<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/angry-haitians-demand-regime-change/4782379.html|author1=Sandra Lemaire|author2=Matiado Vilme|title=Angry Haitians Demand Regime Change|date=12 February 2019|website=[[Voice of America]]|language=en|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Arrest of foreign mercenaries ===
The Port-au-Prince newspaper ''[[Le Nouvelliste (Haiti)|Le Nouvelliste]]'' reported on 18 February 2019 that a Haitian citizen and seven non-Haitians were arrested in the city. At the time of their arrest, they were carrying rifles, pistols, drones and satellite phones in their vehicle, which had no license plates.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-haiti-protests-americans-idUSKCN1Q71I9|title=Americans arrested in Haiti with weapons: media|last=Daniel|first=Frank Jack|date=18 February 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=18 February 2019|language=en}}</ref> The Haitian Foreign Minister [[Bocchit Edmond]] confirmed that among them were five Americans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/18/americas/americans-arrested-in-haiti/index.html|title=5 Americans arrested in Haiti|last=Marquez|first=Miguel|date=18 February 2019|website=CNN|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> According to the editor of ''[[Haïti Liberté]]'', the group included two former Navy SEALS, a former [[Academi|Blackwater]] employee, and two Serbian mercenaries living in the US. They were tasked with protecting the former head of the National Lottery, who intended to transfer US$80 million from a PetroCaribe bank account—controlled jointly by the President, the Prime Minister, and the President of the Central Bank—to a bank account solely controlled by President [[Jovenel Moïse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/03/20/haiti-president-mercenary-operation/|title=U.S. Mercenaries Arrested in Haiti Were Part of a Half-Baked Scheme to Move $80 Million For Embattled President|author1=Matthew Cole|author2=Kim Ives (ed. ''Haiti Libre'')|website=[[The Intercept]]|date=20 March 2019|accessdate=22 March 2019|quote=A Haitian Senate investigation found that the fund’s nearly $2 billion had been largely misappropriated, embezzled, and stolen, primarily under Haitian President Michel Martelly’s leadership between 2011 and 2016.}}</ref>

== Violence towards the press ==
According to the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]], some reporters have been targeted by protesters.<ref name=":5"/> One [[Reuters]] journalist, Robenson Sanon, was wounded during the protests in February 2019, but believes that it was coincidental because he was caught in-between clashes.<ref name=":5"/>

Journalist Rospide Petion was killed on his way home from the ''Radio Sans Fin'' in Port-au-Prince on 10 June 2019 by an unknown gunman. Some correspondents filming protests on 9–10 June were targeted by both police and the crowds.<ref name="cbc_news_Jun_11_2019" /><ref name="cpj_june_13_2019">{{cite web |title=Radio Sans Fin host Pétion Rospide killed in Port-au-Prince, Haiti |url=https://cpj.org/2019/06/radio-sans-fin-petion-rospide-killed-haiti.php |date=13 June 2019|website=CPJ |accessdate=23 June 2019}}</ref> On 11 October, another radio journalist critical of the government, Néhémie Joseph, was found dead in [[Mirebalais]] after complaining about receiving death threats.<ref name="RSF">{{cite web|website=Reporters sans frontières|date=11 October 2019|title=Nouvel assassinat de journaliste en Haïti|url=https://rsf.org/fr/actualites/nouvel-assassinat-de-journaliste-en-haiti|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Anderson">{{cite web|website=The New Yorker|date=24 October 2019|author=Jon Lee Anderson|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/as-protests-again-sweep-haiti-how-can-the-nation-move-forward|title=As Protests Again Sweep Haiti, How Can the Nation Move Forward?}}</ref> Vladjimir Legagneur, a freelance journalist, is presumed to have been killed in March 2018 while reporting on gang activity in [[Grande Ravine]].<ref>{{cite web|website=cpj.org|url=https://cpj.org/data/people/vladjimir-legagneur/index.php|title=Vladjimir Legagneur}}</ref>

== Response ==
=== Governments ===
* {{flag|United States}}: The United States Department of State spokesperson for Western Hemisphere Affairs stated, "We support the right of all people to demand a democratic and transparent government and to hold their government leaders accountable...but there is no excuse for violence. Violence leads to instability, less investment, and fewer jobs".<ref name=":2" /> The United States has prepared humanitarian assistance to ensure food security in Haiti and called for those responsible for corruption to be held accountable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article226350490.html|title=U.S. looks to send food aid to Haiti as violence brews humanitarian crisis|date=15 February 2019|website=[[The Miami Herald]]|language=en|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Intergovernmental organizations ===
* {{flag|CARICOM}}: The body stated that it "is deeply concerned about the continuing violent protests in Haiti, which have resulted in the loss of life, property, destruction of infrastructure and caused grave distress" and "calls for calm and a cessation of the violence, appealing to all involved to engage in constructive dialogue and to respect the constitution, the rule of law and democratic processes so that issues can be resolved in a peaceful atmosphere and allow for the return to a state of normalcy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/238451/caricom-head-condemns-violence-haiti|title=CARICOM head condemns violence in Haiti|website=Nation News|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|Organization of American States}}: Secretary General [[Luis Almagro]] stated "We call upon all actors to fully participate in the dialogue process, to respect the democratic process, and to resort to peaceful ways to solve conflicts".<ref name=":5">{{cite news |title=Haiti President Jovenel Moise defiant amid deadly protests and calls for his resignation |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/15/americas/haiti-protests-against-jovenel-moise/index.html |accessdate=16 February 2019 |work=[[CNN]] |date=15 February 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Nations}}: The [[United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti]] in a statement said the group "deplores the loss of life and property damage caused by the unacceptable acts of violence that took place on the margins of the rallies, while acknowledging the professionalism demonstrated by the Haitian National Police as a whole" and called "on the Haitian society actors, and primarily the country's leaders, to engage in a constructive and inclusive dialogue in order to identify and implement realistic and lasting solutions to the political and economic crisis currently occurring in Haiti".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minujusth.unmissions.org/en/press-release-core-group-%E2%80%93-10-february-2019|title=Press Release of the Core Group – 10 February 2019|date=10 February 2019|website=[[United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti]]|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2018-2019 Haitian protests}}
[[Category:2018 in Haiti]]
[[Category:2018 protests|Haiti]]
[[Category:2019 in Haiti]]
[[Category:2019 protests|Haiti]]
[[Category:2020 in Haiti]]
[[Category:2020 protests|Haiti]]
[[Category:February 2019 events in North America]]
[[Category:Protest marches]]
[[Category:Protests in Haiti]]

Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Krise in Haiti seit 2018