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Der Wunschdrache

2022-03-02T05:52:49Z

179.183.65.78:

{{short description|2021 computer-animated family comedy film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Wish Dragon
| image = Wish Dragon.png
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Chris Appelhans]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aron Warner]]
* Chris Bremble
* [[Jackie Chan]]
}}
| writer = Chris Appelhans
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jimmy Wong]]
* [[John Cho]]
* [[Constance Wu]]
* [[Natasha Liu Bordizzo]]
* [[Jimmy O. Yang]]
* [[Aaron Yoo]]
* [[Will Yun Lee]]
* [[Ronny Chieng]]
}}
| music = Philip Klein<ref>{{Cite web|title=PHILIP KLEIN|url=https://www.gsamusic.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Klein_Philip-8.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2022|website=GSA Music}}</ref>
| editing = Michael Andrews
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* [[Columbia Pictures]]
* [[Sony Pictures Animation]]
* [[Tencent Pictures]]
* Beijing Sparkle Roll Media Corporation
* [[Base FX]]
* [[Flagship Entertainment Group]]
* Boss Collaboration
* Cultural Investment Holdings
* [[Industrial Light & Magic]]
}}
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[Sony Pictures Releasing]] (China)
* [[Netflix]] (International)
}}
| released = {{Film date|2021|1|15|China|2021|6|11|International}}
| runtime = 98 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/tag/wish-dragon/|title=Wish Dragon (2021) | ScreenRant}}</ref>
| country = {{Plainlist|
* United States
* China
}}
| language = {{Plainlist|
* Mandarin
* English
}}
| budget = $25 million<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/06/wish-dragon-aladdin-animation-netflix-1234643682/|title=‘Wish Dragon’: How to Bring an Animated ‘Aladdin’ Back to China|last1=Desowitz|first1=Bill|access-date=June 10, 2021|date=October 10, 2021|website=IndieWire}}</ref>
| gross = $25.9 million<ref name="NUM">{{Cite The Numbers |title= Wish Dragon |id=Wish-Dragon |access-date=October 10, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Box Office Mojo|title=Wish Dragon|id=tt5562070|access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
'''''Wish Dragon''''' is a 2021 [[Computer animation|computer-animated]] [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Chris Appelhans]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/netflix-s-wish-dragon-transports-the-aladdin-story-to-2-1847040443|title=Netflix's ''Wish Dragon'' transports the Aladdin story to 21st-century China|last1=Siede|first1=Caroline|access-date=June 17, 2021|date=June 9, 2021|website=AV Club}}</ref> and produced by [[Sony Pictures Animation]] and [[Tencent Pictures]]. The film stars [[Jimmy Wong]], [[John Cho]], [[Constance Wu]], [[Natasha Liu Bordizzo]], [[Jimmy O. Yang]], [[Aaron Yoo]], [[Will Yun Lee]], and [[Ronny Chieng]]. [[Jackie Chan]] produced the film and voiced Cho's role in the Chinese Mandarin version.<ref>{{cite web|last1=N'Duka|first1= Amanda|title=Jackie Chan, Constance Wu & More Join The Sony/China Co-Produced Animated Film 'Wish Dragon'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/jackie-chan-constance-wu-sony-animation-wish-dragon-1202366356/|website=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=April 17, 2018|date=April 17, 2018}}</ref> The characters were voiced in both Chinese and English releases of the film.<ref name="Variety">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/asia/china-wish-dragon-sony-jackie-chan-basefx-1202780374/|title=Jackie Chan, China's BaseFX Making 'Wish Dragon' for Sony Animation|date=April 23, 2018|first=Patrick|last=Frater|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

''Wish Dragon'' was released theatrically in China on January 15, 2021 and on [[Netflix]] internationally on June 11, 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/video/netflix-2021-movie-slate/|title=Netflix Unveils A 2021 Film Slate With Bigger Volume & Star Wattage; Scott Stuber On The Escalating Film Ambition|date=January 12, 2021|first=Mike Jr.|last=Fleming|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112140848/https://deadline.com/video/netflix-2021-movie-slate/|archive-date=January 12, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="netflixdate">{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|title=Netflix Snags Sony's 'Vivo', Previews Summer Animation Slate|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/netflix-snags-sonys-vivo-previews-summer-animation-slate/|website=Animation Magazine|date=April 27, 2021|access-date=April 27, 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==

Din is a working-class college student in [[Shanghai]] who dreams of reuniting with his childhood friend Li Na, who moved away ten years ago from their neighborhood with her father, Mr. Wang, and now lives a lavish life. One day, Din is given a teapot by an elderly man, from which emerges Long, a wish dragon. Long informs Din he will grant three wishes to his master, i.e. whoever holds the teapot. Din will be Long's tenth and final master and will free Long from his servitude, allowing him to enter the Spirit world. Subsequently, Din is chased by a trio of goons led by a man named Pockets, sent by Mr. Wang to recover the teapot in hopes of saving his failing business. Din uses his first wish to fight the goons and escape.

The next day, Din and Long arrive at Li Na's birthday party. Din makes his second wish—to temporarily appear as a wealthy princeling for one day, hoping Li Na will notice him and rekindle their friendship. Li Na is disappointed when she realizes her father will not be attending her birthday party. Din, sticking to his disguise as 'Dan', comforts her and they are asked by Mr. Wang (via a video call) to share a meal together. Long warns Din that Li Na will leave him as soon as she finds out his identity, because of their different socioeconomic status.

During the date, Din asks Long for advice on how to act accordingly to his new status, but ends up upsetting Li Na in the process. They both end up in Din's neighborhood after the goons pursue Din again. Din reveals himself to Li Na, and they spend the rest of the day in the neighborhood reliving their childhood pastimes. However, Li Na finally retreats claiming that she has responsibilities and expectations she needs to meet, hurting Din's feelings. Later that night, Din angrily asks Long to make him rich in a last-ditch effort to be respected. Long reveals to Din that in life he was a wealthy and powerful lord whose reign ended in loneliness and tragedy and was punished by the gods for his selfishness by becoming a wish dragon. Long's servitude as a wish dragon is meant to make him appreciate the [[meaning of life]], something he has failed to accomplish with all of his previous masters.

After tracking down Din, Pockets betrays Mr. Wang by taking the teapot for himself and asks the wish dragon for his first wish [[Midas#Golden Touch|to turn everything he touches to gold]]. He drops Mr. Wang from a large scaffolding, mortally wounding him in front of Li Na. Din chases the goons, and eventually ends up fighting Pockets on Long's back. Pockets corners Din and prepares to hit him with his golden hand, but Long puts himself in the way, causing both him and Pockets to turn into gold statues. Din is unable to stop Long's statue from sinking to the bottom of a river, while Pockets shatters to pieces against the ground.

Long finds his human self at the entrance to the Spirit world. Despite being tempted to go through the gates, he pleads with the guardian of the gate to return to Din because he has not used his third wish. The guardian agrees, on one condition. Din uses his last wish to heal Mr. Wang, and Long disappears.

Sometime later, Mr. Wang starts a restaurant featuring Din's mother's cooking, with both Din and Li Na helping. Din finds a teapot like the one Long resided in and releases him. Long tells Din the sole condition for his return to Earth was to stay and serve ten more masters. After saying goodbye to Long, Din places the teapot on a carriage driven by the elderly man from the beginning, who is actually the guardian of the gate to the Spirit world.

==Voice cast==
* [[Jimmy Wong]] as Din Song, a working-class college student who dreams to reunite with his childhood friend Li Na
** [[Ian Chen (actor)|Ian Chen]] as Young Din
* [[John Cho]] as Long, a cynical but all-powerful [[dragon]] capable of granting wishes
* [[Constance Wu]] as Mrs. Song, Din's strict mother
* [[Natasha Liu Bordizzo]] as Li Na Wang, Din's childhood friend, who moved with her father years ago from the neighborhood where she lived and now lives a lavish life
** Alyssa Abiera as Young Li Na
* [[Jimmy O. Yang]] as Short Goon, one of Pockets' goons; and a security guard
* [[Aaron Yoo]] as Pockets, a henchman hired by Wang to retrieve the teapot that Din has
* [[Will Yun Lee]] as Mr. Wang, Li Na's absent but caring father, whose company business is failing
* [[Ronny Chieng]] as Pipa God, the guardian of the gate to the Spirit world

[[Nico Santos (actor)|Nico Santos]] and [[Bobby Lee]] voices, respectively: Buckley, Mr. Wang's assistant; and Diao (credited as "Tall Goon"), one of Pockets' goons. The film's director [[Chris Appelhans]] voices a hot towel waiter and a Nomani retailer. [[Niu Junfeng]] and [[Jackie Chan]] voice Din and Long, respectively, in the film's Mandarin dub.

==Production==
''Wish Dragon'' is the first [[Sony Pictures Animation]] film to be produced by Base Animation, a new animation studio that is part of the VFX firm Base FX and also the first to feature visual effects and animation provided by [[Industrial Light & Magic]]. The goal of the film and the Base Animation studio is to "make world class animation in China for China… and the world". Director Chris Appelhans "wanted the film made in China, with a strong Mainland China creative team, an international cast of talent, and a focus on the hopes and dreams of contemporary China."<ref name="Variety"/> The film is Appelhans' directorial debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animationforadults.com/2020/06/first-wish-dragon-trailer-appears.html|title=First 'Wish Dragon' Trailer Appears|website=AnimationForAdults.com|first=Chris|last=Perkins|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref>

=== Music ===

* "Endless Sky" by Weilim Lin, Kenton Chen and Katherine Ho
* "Free Smiles" by Tia Ray
*"Bu Liao Qing (Love Without End)" by Koo Mei

== Release ==
''Wish Dragon'' was originally scheduled to be released on July 26, 2019, but at the [[Annecy International Animated Film Festival]] it was confirmed that it was delayed to 2020.<ref name="Variety3">[https://variety.com/2019/film/news/sony-pictures-animation-tencent-boondocks-tartakovsky-annecy-animation-festival-2019-1203240529/ "Sony Pictures Animation Links to Tencent, Sets New ‘Boondocks,’ Tartakovsky Duo"], ''Variety'', John Hopewell, June 12, 2019</ref> In October, it was confirmed by ''[[Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki> creator Radford Sechrist (who served as head of story on the film) that the film would instead be released in 2021.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=RadSechrist|number=1318271677822771201|date = October 19, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021001756/https://twitter.com/radsechrist/status/1318271677822771201|archivedate=October 21, 2020|title=I was head of story on this movie back before Kipo, comes out next year. Love the design of this poster.}}</ref> The film was released in China on January 15, 2021.

The film was released on [[Netflix]] on June 11, 2021, as part of its summer slate.<ref name="netflixdate" />

==Reception==
On review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 65% based on 23 reviews with an average rating of 6.20/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Although its juvenile humor may test some viewers' patience, ''Wish Dragon'' is a colorful and quirky romp that will warm audience's hearts."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wish_dragon|title=Wish Dragon (2020)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=June 17, 2021}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[weighted average]] score of 60 out of 100 based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>{{Citation|title=Wish Dragon (2021) - Critic reviews|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/wish-dragon|language=en|access-date=2021-06-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://www.sonypicturesanimation.com/projects/films/wish-dragon}}
*{{Netflix title}}
*{{IMDb title|5562070}}

{{Sony Pictures Animation}}
{{Jackie Chan}}
{{Netflix original animated series and films}}
{{Aladdin and the Magic Lamp}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 comedy films]]
[[Category:2021 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2020s children's animated films]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy-comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American computer-animated films]]
[[Category:American children's animated comedy films]]
[[Category:American children's animated fantasy films]]
[[Category:Chinese films]]
[[Category:Chinese computer-animated films]]
[[Category:Chinese children's films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Chinese-language films]]
[[Category:Animated films about dragons]]
[[Category:Films about wish fulfillment]]
[[Category:Films produced by Aron Warner]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures Animation films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures animated films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Tencent Pictures films]]

Tom Ackerley

2022-01-01T04:53:20Z

179.183.114.58:

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=May 2021}}

{{short description|British film producer}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tom Ackerley
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Thomas Ackerley
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Surrey]], England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film producer]]|[[assistant director]]}}
| education = [[Godalming College]]
| years_active = 2011–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Margot Robbie]]|2016}}
}}
'''Thomas Ackerley''' (born 1 January 1990)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/celebrity/news/tom-ackerley-margot-robbie-boyfriend-guide/|title=Who Is Tom Ackerley? Everything You Need To Know About Margot Robbie's Husband|work=Graziadaily|date=27 January 2021|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref> is a British film producer and former assistant director. He co-founded the production company [[LuckyChap Entertainment]] with his wife [[Margot Robbie]]. Together they have produced several films and television series, including the [[Academy Award]] nominated films ''[[I, Tonya]]'' (2017) and ''[[Promising Young Woman]]'' (2020).

==Early life==
Ackerley was born on 1 January 1990 in [[Surrey]]. The youngest of three brothers, he grew up in [[Guildford]] and attended [[Godalming College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/12/margot-robbie-wedding|title=Margot Robbie's Weekend Wedding Is No Longer a Secret|work=VanityFair|date=20 December 2016|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/celebrity/news/tom-ackerley-margot-robbie-boyfriend-guide/|title=Who Is Tom Ackerley? Everything You Need To Know About Margot Robbie's Husband|work=Graziadaily|date=27 January 2021|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/celebrity/margot-robbie-husband-tom-ackerley-marriage-relationship-timeline-a4356986.html|title=Who is Margot Robbie's husband Tom Ackerley? Inside the Bombshell star's relationship|work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=20 February 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a30784625/who-is-tom-ackerley-margot-robbie-husband/|title=All About Tom Ackerley, Margot Robbie's Filmmaker Husband|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|date=9 February 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Ackerley began his film career as an extra in the first three instalments of the [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'' film series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://etcanada.com/news/585318/margot-robbie-is-a-massive-nerd-for-harry-potter/|title=Margot Robbie Is A 'Massive Nerd' For 'Harry Potter'|work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|date=20 January 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref> After taking a break from films, Ackerley returned to the industry as a production runner for films such as ''[[Gambit (2012 film)|Gambit]]'' (2012) and ''[[Rush (2013 film)|Rush]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/celebrity/margot-robbie-husband-tom-ackerley-marriage-relationship-timeline-a4356986.html|title=Who is Margot Robbie's husband Tom Ackerley? Inside the Bombshell star's relationship|work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=20 February 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref> From 2012 till 2016, Ackerley also worked as an assistant director for various different television series and films, including ''[[Pride (2014 film)|Pride]]'', ''[[Suite Française (film)|Suite Française]]'', ''[[The Two Faces of January]] (all released in 2014) and ''[[Macbeth (2015 film)|Macbeth]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/50c3074488dfa|title=Tom Ackerley|work=[[British Film Institute|BFI]]|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2014, he and his future wife [[Margot Robbie]], alongside their respective childhood friends, Sophia Kerr and Josey McNamara, co-founded the production company [[LuckyChap Entertainment]]. The company has produced films such as ''[[I, Tonya]]'' (2017) and ''[[Promising Young Woman]]'' (2020).

==Personal life==
Ackerley met Australian actress [[Margot Robbie]] on the set of ''Suite Française'' in 2013 and began dating in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kftv.com/news/2013/05/28/Michelle-Williams-and-Kristin-Scott-Thomas-lead-cast-on-WWII-drama-Suite-Francaise|title=Michelle Williams leads cast on WWII drama|last=Daniels|first=Nia|date=28 May 2013|publisher=[[Kemps Film and TV Production Services Handbook|KFTV.com]]|accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/margot-robbie-cover-july-2019|title=Margot Robbie on Quentin Tarantino, Marriage, and the One Word She Hates Being Called|magazine=Vogue|first=Irina|last=Aleksander|date=6 June 2019|accessdate=5 April 2021}}</ref> They married in a private ceremony in [[Byron Bay, New South Wales]] in December 2016.<ref name="wedding">{{cite news|url=http://people.com/style/margot-robbie-wedding-photos/ |title=Margot Robbie's Wedding Venue and Dress Are a Bohemian Dream (Photos)|last=Kirkpatrick|first=Emily |date=20 December 2015 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|access-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514173409/http://people.com/style/margot-robbie-wedding-photos/ | archive-date=14 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Selleck">{{cite news|url=http://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/entertainment/suicide-squad-star-margot-robbie-and-director-tom-ackerley-marry-in-secret-ceremony-in-byron-bay/news-story/6669944e097c2cfeb406f8d72a6611e7?nk=cfb429b18655ca0e93ccfee99540e4e4-1482197887|title=Suicide Squad star Margot Robbie and director Tom Ackerley marry in secret ceremony in Byron Bay|last1=Selleck|first1=Emily|last2=Simonot|first2=Suzanne|date=19 December 2016|work=[[Gold Coast Bulletin]]|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701222658/https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/entertainment/suicide-squad-star-margot-robbie-and-director-tom-ackerley-marry-in-secret-ceremony-in-byron-bay/news-story/6669944e097c2cfeb406f8d72a6611e7?nk=cfb429b18655ca0e93ccfee99540e4e4-1482197887|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, they live in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chandra|first1=Jessica|title=Who Is Tom Ackerley? What To Know About Margot Robbie's Reported Husband|url=http://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/margot-robbie-reported-husband-tom-ackerley-information-5376|date=19 December 2016|access-date=8 February 2020|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|archive-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520084718/http://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/margot-robbie-reported-husband-tom-ackerley-information-5376|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2001
|''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]''
|Student
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]''
|Student
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]''
|Student
|
|-
|2011
|''[[The Hour (2011 TV series)|The Hour]]''
|Floor runner
|4 episodes
|-
|2011
|''[[Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)|Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy]]''
|Crowdrunner
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Big Fat Gypsy Gangster]]''
|Floor runner
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Now Is Good]]''
|Floor runner
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Playhouse Presents]]''
|Third assistant director
|Episode:"King of the Teds"
|-
|2012
|''[[Gambit (2012 film)|Gambit]]''
|Floor runner
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Trance (2013 film)|Trance]]''
|Set production assistant
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Rush (2013 film)|Rush]]''
|Runner: daily crew
|
|-
|2013
|''[[The Last Days on Mars]]''
|Third assistant director
|
|-
|2013
|''[[The Borderlands (2013 film)|The Borderlands]]''
|First assistant director
|
|-
|2014
|''[[The Two Faces of January]]''
|Third assistant director
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Da Vinci's Demons]]''
|Third assistant director
|2 episodes
|-
|2014
|''[[Pride (2014 film)|Pride]]''
|Third assistant director
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Everly (film)|Everly]]''
|Second assistant director
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Suite Française (film)|Suite Française]]''
|Third assistant director
|
|-
|2015
|''[[American Odyssey]]''
|Third assistant director
|Footage shot in Morroco
|-
|-
|2015
|''Yussef Is Complicated''
|Third assistant director
|Short film
|-
|2015
|''[[Spooks: The Greater Good]]''
|Third assistant director
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Macbeth (2015 film)|Macbeth]]''
|Additional third assistant director
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Grimsby (film)|Grimsby]]''
|Second second assistant director
|
|-
|2017
|''[[I, Tonya]]''
|Producer
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Terminal (2018 film)|Terminal]]''
|Producer
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Dreamland (2019 film)|Dreamland]]''
|Producer
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Promising Young Woman]]''
|Producer
|
|-
| TBA
| ''[[Boston Strangler (film)|Boston Strangler]]''
| Producer
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3943537}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ackerley, Tom}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:English male child actors]]
[[Category:People from Surrey]]
[[Category:English film producers]]
[[Category:People from Guildford]]

Tom Ackerley

2022-01-01T04:52:57Z

179.183.114.58:

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=May 2021}}

{{short description|British film producer}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tom Ackerley
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Thomas Ackerley
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|1|2}}
| birth_place = [[Surrey]], England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film producer]]|[[assistant director]]}}
| education = [[Godalming College]]
| years_active = 2011–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Margot Robbie]]|2016}}
}}
'''Thomas Ackerley''' (born 1 January 1990)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/celebrity/news/tom-ackerley-margot-robbie-boyfriend-guide/|title=Who Is Tom Ackerley? Everything You Need To Know About Margot Robbie's Husband|work=Graziadaily|date=27 January 2021|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref> is a British film producer and former assistant director. He co-founded the production company [[LuckyChap Entertainment]] with his wife [[Margot Robbie]]. Together they have produced several films and television series, including the [[Academy Award]] nominated films ''[[I, Tonya]]'' (2017) and ''[[Promising Young Woman]]'' (2020).

==Early life==
Ackerley was born on 1 January 1990 in [[Surrey]]. The youngest of three brothers, he grew up in [[Guildford]] and attended [[Godalming College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/12/margot-robbie-wedding|title=Margot Robbie's Weekend Wedding Is No Longer a Secret|work=VanityFair|date=20 December 2016|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/celebrity/news/tom-ackerley-margot-robbie-boyfriend-guide/|title=Who Is Tom Ackerley? Everything You Need To Know About Margot Robbie's Husband|work=Graziadaily|date=27 January 2021|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/celebrity/margot-robbie-husband-tom-ackerley-marriage-relationship-timeline-a4356986.html|title=Who is Margot Robbie's husband Tom Ackerley? Inside the Bombshell star's relationship|work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=20 February 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a30784625/who-is-tom-ackerley-margot-robbie-husband/|title=All About Tom Ackerley, Margot Robbie's Filmmaker Husband|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|date=9 February 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Ackerley began his film career as an extra in the first three instalments of the [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'' film series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://etcanada.com/news/585318/margot-robbie-is-a-massive-nerd-for-harry-potter/|title=Margot Robbie Is A 'Massive Nerd' For 'Harry Potter'|work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|date=20 January 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref> After taking a break from films, Ackerley returned to the industry as a production runner for films such as ''[[Gambit (2012 film)|Gambit]]'' (2012) and ''[[Rush (2013 film)|Rush]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/celebrity/margot-robbie-husband-tom-ackerley-marriage-relationship-timeline-a4356986.html|title=Who is Margot Robbie's husband Tom Ackerley? Inside the Bombshell star's relationship|work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=20 February 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref> From 2012 till 2016, Ackerley also worked as an assistant director for various different television series and films, including ''[[Pride (2014 film)|Pride]]'', ''[[Suite Française (film)|Suite Française]]'', ''[[The Two Faces of January]] (all released in 2014) and ''[[Macbeth (2015 film)|Macbeth]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/50c3074488dfa|title=Tom Ackerley|work=[[British Film Institute|BFI]]|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2014, he and his future wife [[Margot Robbie]], alongside their respective childhood friends, Sophia Kerr and Josey McNamara, co-founded the production company [[LuckyChap Entertainment]]. The company has produced films such as ''[[I, Tonya]]'' (2017) and ''[[Promising Young Woman]]'' (2020).

==Personal life==
Ackerley met Australian actress [[Margot Robbie]] on the set of ''Suite Française'' in 2013 and began dating in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kftv.com/news/2013/05/28/Michelle-Williams-and-Kristin-Scott-Thomas-lead-cast-on-WWII-drama-Suite-Francaise|title=Michelle Williams leads cast on WWII drama|last=Daniels|first=Nia|date=28 May 2013|publisher=[[Kemps Film and TV Production Services Handbook|KFTV.com]]|accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/margot-robbie-cover-july-2019|title=Margot Robbie on Quentin Tarantino, Marriage, and the One Word She Hates Being Called|magazine=Vogue|first=Irina|last=Aleksander|date=6 June 2019|accessdate=5 April 2021}}</ref> They married in a private ceremony in [[Byron Bay, New South Wales]] in December 2016.<ref name="wedding">{{cite news|url=http://people.com/style/margot-robbie-wedding-photos/ |title=Margot Robbie's Wedding Venue and Dress Are a Bohemian Dream (Photos)|last=Kirkpatrick|first=Emily |date=20 December 2015 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|access-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514173409/http://people.com/style/margot-robbie-wedding-photos/ | archive-date=14 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Selleck">{{cite news|url=http://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/entertainment/suicide-squad-star-margot-robbie-and-director-tom-ackerley-marry-in-secret-ceremony-in-byron-bay/news-story/6669944e097c2cfeb406f8d72a6611e7?nk=cfb429b18655ca0e93ccfee99540e4e4-1482197887|title=Suicide Squad star Margot Robbie and director Tom Ackerley marry in secret ceremony in Byron Bay|last1=Selleck|first1=Emily|last2=Simonot|first2=Suzanne|date=19 December 2016|work=[[Gold Coast Bulletin]]|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701222658/https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/entertainment/suicide-squad-star-margot-robbie-and-director-tom-ackerley-marry-in-secret-ceremony-in-byron-bay/news-story/6669944e097c2cfeb406f8d72a6611e7?nk=cfb429b18655ca0e93ccfee99540e4e4-1482197887|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, they live in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chandra|first1=Jessica|title=Who Is Tom Ackerley? What To Know About Margot Robbie's Reported Husband|url=http://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/margot-robbie-reported-husband-tom-ackerley-information-5376|date=19 December 2016|access-date=8 February 2020|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|archive-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520084718/http://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/margot-robbie-reported-husband-tom-ackerley-information-5376|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2001
|''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]''
|Student
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]''
|Student
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]''
|Student
|
|-
|2011
|''[[The Hour (2011 TV series)|The Hour]]''
|Floor runner
|4 episodes
|-
|2011
|''[[Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)|Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy]]''
|Crowdrunner
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Big Fat Gypsy Gangster]]''
|Floor runner
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Now Is Good]]''
|Floor runner
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Playhouse Presents]]''
|Third assistant director
|Episode:"King of the Teds"
|-
|2012
|''[[Gambit (2012 film)|Gambit]]''
|Floor runner
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Trance (2013 film)|Trance]]''
|Set production assistant
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Rush (2013 film)|Rush]]''
|Runner: daily crew
|
|-
|2013
|''[[The Last Days on Mars]]''
|Third assistant director
|
|-
|2013
|''[[The Borderlands (2013 film)|The Borderlands]]''
|First assistant director
|
|-
|2014
|''[[The Two Faces of January]]''
|Third assistant director
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Da Vinci's Demons]]''
|Third assistant director
|2 episodes
|-
|2014
|''[[Pride (2014 film)|Pride]]''
|Third assistant director
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Everly (film)|Everly]]''
|Second assistant director
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Suite Française (film)|Suite Française]]''
|Third assistant director
|
|-
|2015
|''[[American Odyssey]]''
|Third assistant director
|Footage shot in Morroco
|-
|-
|2015
|''Yussef Is Complicated''
|Third assistant director
|Short film
|-
|2015
|''[[Spooks: The Greater Good]]''
|Third assistant director
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Macbeth (2015 film)|Macbeth]]''
|Additional third assistant director
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Grimsby (film)|Grimsby]]''
|Second second assistant director
|
|-
|2017
|''[[I, Tonya]]''
|Producer
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Terminal (2018 film)|Terminal]]''
|Producer
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Dreamland (2019 film)|Dreamland]]''
|Producer
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Promising Young Woman]]''
|Producer
|
|-
| TBA
| ''[[Boston Strangler (film)|Boston Strangler]]''
| Producer
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3943537}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ackerley, Tom}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:English male child actors]]
[[Category:People from Surrey]]
[[Category:English film producers]]
[[Category:People from Guildford]]

Gewichtsklassen (Mixed Martial Arts)

2021-11-04T03:57:03Z

179.183.211.78: /* Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts */

{{Short description|Mixed martial arts competition weight classes}}
[[File:ShonieCarter-WeighIn-USMCPhoto.jpg|thumb|[[Shonie Carter]] weighing in for his fight at [[UFC Fight Night 7]]]]
'''Mixed martial arts weight classes''' are [[weight classes]] that pertain to the sport of [[mixed martial arts]].

==Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts==
Prior to state sanctioning, weight classes were not mandatory since the competitions were held without the approval of the athletic commissions. For instance, the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] introduced two weight classes at ''[[UFC 12]]'': heavyweight, which grouped competitors above 200 lb (91 kg), and lightweight, which grouped competitors under 200 lb.

Weight classes underwent many changes in the ensuing years, but the ability of promotions to autonomously decide their own weight classes eventually disappeared after athletic commissions began supervising mixed martial arts.

In 2000, the [[Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts]] were codified by the [[New Jersey State Athletic Commission]]. The [[California State Athletic Commission]] had worked extensively on regulation, but their sanctioning of MMA was not implemented due to state governmental issues surrounding the process.<ref name="origins">[http://www.ivansblog.com/2006/07/mixed-martial-arts-new-jersey.html New Jersey Commission Corrects Mainstream UFC Stories]. Ivan's Blog, formerly posted on MMAWeekly.com. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</ref> California officially sanctioned MMA on December 28, 2005, using the ruleset it helped devise five years previously.<ref name="california">[http://martialarts.about.com/b/a/231320.htm California Legalizes MMA Events] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823002508/http://martialarts.about.com/b/a/231320.htm |date=2006-08-23 }}. martialarts.about.com. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</ref>

Since then, to create uniformity, all state commissions in the United States that regulate mixed martial arts have assimilated these rules into their existing [[unarmed combat]] competition rules and statutes. For a promotion to hold mixed martial arts events in a state-sanctioned venue, the promotion must abide by the state athletic commission's body of rules for weight limits.

The Unified Rules designate limits for fourteen different weight classes in mixed martial arts; all definitions and measurements are in pounds.<ref>[http://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-467.html#NAC467Sec7956 Nevada Administrative Code: Chapter 467 – Unarmed Combat]. Retrieved December 9, 2006.</ref> The strawweight class was added in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mixedmartialarts.com/news/453411/ABC-convention-ends-with-MMA-day/|title=ABC convention ends with MMA day|author=Jenness, Kirik|access-date=December 18, 2015}}</ref> The super lightweight, super welterweight, super middleweight, and cruiserweight classes were added in July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2017/7/26/16037760/abc-approves-adoption-of-four-new-weight-classes-for-mma|title=ABC approves adoption of four new weight classes for mixed martial arts|publisher=}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Weight class!!Upper weight limit
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Strawweight (MMA)|Strawweight]]||{{convert|115|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Flyweight (MMA)|Flyweight]]||{{convert|125|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Bantamweight (MMA)|Bantamweight]]||{{convert|135|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Featherweight (MMA)|Featherweight]]||{{convert|145|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Lightweight (MMA)|Lightweight]]||{{convert|155|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Super lightweight (MMA)|Super lightweight]]||{{convert|163|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Welterweight (MMA)|Welterweight]]||{{convert|170|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Super welterweight (MMA)|Super welterweight]]||{{convert|177|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Middleweight (MMA)|Middleweight]]||{{convert|185|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Super middleweight (MMA)|Super middleweight]]||{{convert|195|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Light heavyweight (MMA)|Light heavyweight]]||{{convert|205|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Cruiserweight (MMA)|Cruiserweight]]||{{convert|225|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Heavyweight (MMA)|Heavyweight]]||{{convert|265|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|{{rh}}|[[Super heavyweight (MMA)|Super heavyweight]]||No limit
|}

==Outside the United States==
With no state or government laws regarding weight class restrictions, organizations in other countries are free to schedule bouts with little regard for weight differential. However, due to the increasingly competitive and international nature of the sport, weight limits have been set by the promotions themselves usually in alignment with the Unified Rules, as maintaining standard weight classes is seen as fair and standard for all competitors.

==Women==
Weight limits in women's MMA mostly follow the Unified Rules' limits, but organizations that recognize women's championships usually only have titles at the lower end of the table. UFC, for example, recognizes women's titles in the [[Strawweight (MMA)|strawweight]], [[Flyweight (MMA)|flyweight]], [[Bantamweight (MMA)|bantamweight]] and [[Featherweight (MMA)|featherweight]] classes. Some organizations that recognize women's championships also sanction a separate [[Atomweight (MMA)|atomweight]] title with a {{convert|105|lb|kg}} limit.

==See also==
*[[Weight class (boxing)]]
*[[Kickboxing weight classes]]
*[[Taekwondo weight classes]]
*[[Wrestling weight classes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{MMA weight classes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mixed Martial Arts Weight Classes}}
[[Category:Mixed martial arts weight classes| ]]

Kroatisch-Orthodoxe Kirche

2021-10-13T05:41:22Z

179.183.42.22:

[[Datei:Pavelić,_Artuković_i_Germogen_1003a.jpg|miniatur|rechts|220px|Die [[Faschist]]en [[Ante Pavelić]] (links) und [[Andrija Artuković]] (Mitte) treffen auf [[Germogen (Maksimov)]].]]
Die '''Kroatisch-Orthodoxe Kirche''' ([[Kroatische Sprache|kroatisch]]: ''Hrvatska pravoslavna crkva'', Abkürzung: ''HPC'') wurde im [[Vasallenstaat]] der [[Achsenmächte]] ''[[Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien]]'' (NDH) während des [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Zweiten Weltkrieges]] gegründet. Sie sollte die [[Autokephalie (Kirche)|autokephale]] nationale Kirche der ''Kroaten orthodoxen Glaubens'' darstellen. Es wurde versucht, so viele Orthodoxe wie möglich zum Übertritt in diese Kirche zu bewegen. Die Mehrheit der orthodoxen Bevölkerung Kroatiens fühlte sich jedoch als [[Serben]] und damit der [[Serbisch-Orthodoxe Kirche|Serbisch-Orthodoxen Kirche]] zugehörig.

== Gründung und Tätigkeit ==
Im Jahr 1941 hob der kroatische Minister für Justiz und Kultus, [[Mirko Puk]], die Serbisch-Orthodoxe Kirche in Kroatien auf. Die weitere Verwendung dieser Bezeichnung für die Orthodoxie wurde verboten, da die orthodoxe Kirche vom Ausland (Serbien) gelenkt werde, was für den Unabhängigen Staat Kroatien inakzeptabel sei. Für die orthodoxe Glaubensrichtung wurde die Bezeichnung „griechisch-östlicher Ritus“ vorgeschrieben.<ref>Ministerverordnung vom 18. Juli 1941. In: ''Narodne Novine'', Nr. 77 vom 7. April 1942.</ref>

Aufgrund von mit Ausschreitungen verbundenen Protesten und der meist erfolglosen und unter Zwang durchgeführten Konvertierung zum römisch-katholischen Glauben, entschloss sich der Staatsführer des Unabhängigen Staates Kroatien, [[Ante Pavelić]], zu „vertrauensbildenden Maßnahmen“ gegenüber der orthodoxen Bevölkerung Kroatiens. Eine sollte die Ernennung von orthodoxen Parlamentsmitgliedern am 25. Februar 1942 sein. Die andere war die Gründung der Kroatisch-Orthodoxen Kirche am 7. Juni 1942 in der Kirche ''Sveto Preobraženije'' (Heilige Verklärung) in Zagreb. Kroatisch-orthodoxer Patriarch wurde der, nach der Oktoberrevolution aus Russland geflüchtete, russisch-orthodoxe Priester [[Germogen (Maksimov)|Germogen]].<ref>Petar Požar: ''Hrvatska pravoslavna crkva u prošlosti i budućnosti''. Naklada Pavičić, Zagreb 1996, S. 86 f., 111 ff.</ref> Die rechtliche Grundlage für die Gründung bildete ein von Pavelić unterzeichnetes und nur vier Paragraphen umfassendes Gesetz vom 3. April 1942.<ref>''Zakonska odredba o Hrvatskoj pravoslavnoj crkvi''. In: ''Narodne novine'', Nr. 77 vom 7. April 1942.</ref>

Die Begründung für die Gründung wurde von Pavelić in einer Rede vor dem kroatischen [[Sabor]] umrissen:
{{Zitat|''[...] Das Prawoslawentum selbst wird von niemand belangt, doch kann es im kroatischen Staate keine serbische prawoslawe Kirche geben! Und warum nicht? Darum, weil überall in der Welt die prawoslawen Kirchen nationale Kirchen vorstellen. Hinsichtlich ihrer Hierarchie untersteht die serbische prawoslawische Kirche der Staatsgewalt Serbiens. Serbien, die Vertreter des serbischen Staates, haben den prawoslawen Patriarchen zu küren oder zum mindesten in überwiegendem Maße an seiner Wahl teilzunehmen. Von diesem hinwieder ist die gesamte Hierarchie vom Seelsorger bis zum Diakonus abhängig. Alles steht somit im Abhängigkeitsverhältnis zur Staatsmacht Serbiens. So kann es wohl in Serbien sein, so konnte es vielleicht auch im ehemaligen unglückseligen Jugoslawien sein, im kroatischen Staate jedoch kann und wird es nicht so sein! [...] Auf keinen Fall werden wir es zugeben, dass irgendeine beliebige Kirche zu einem politischen Werkzeug, zu einem eigens gegen den Bestand des kroatischen Volkes und des kroatischen Staates gerichteten Mittel werde. [...] Darum werden sich vernünftige Leute, denen die Volksinteressen aber auch die Glaubensinteressen am Herzen liegen zurechtfinden, [...] und diese Frage zur Zufriedenheit des Prawoslawentums, zur Zufriedenheit des Volkes und im Interesse des kroatischen Staates durchdenken, durchzuforschen und zu lösen verstehen.''<ref>''Das Prawoslawentum in Kroatien''. In: S. M. Štedimlija: ''Verschwörungen gegen den Frieden''. Verlag Putovi, Zagreb 1944, S. 50–51.</ref>}}

Die Gleichberechtigung gegenüber den anderen Religionen versuchte der Innenminister des Unabhängigen Staates Kroatien, [[Mladen Lorković]], hervorzuheben:
{{Zitat|''[...] Wir haben orthodoxe Minister und Generale, hohe Staatsbeamte, Männer auf den höchsten und verantwortungsvollsten Stellen. Durch die Schaffung der orthodoxen Kirche des Unabhängigen Staates Kroatien wurde grundsätzlich auch der Standpunkt des kroatischen Staates gegenüber der orthodoxen Kirche festgelegt. Sie ist uns lieb wie jede andere anerkannte Konfession, doch muss sie als Nationalkirche ihren Sitz in Kroatien haben und kann keinem fremden Staatsoberhaupt untergeordnet sein.''<ref>Rede des Innenministers Dr. Mladen Lorković vor dem [[Sabor]] vom 14. Januar 1944. In: Mladen Lorković: ''Kroatiens Kampf gegen den Bolschewismus''. Verlagsbuchhandlung Velebit, Zagreb 1944, S. 82.</ref>}}

Als wichtigster Propagandist für die Kroatisch-Orthodoxe Kirche erwies sich der [[Montenegriner|montenegrinische]] Schriftsteller und Publizist [[Savić Marković Štedimlija]], der die Unabhängigkeit Montenegros unter [[Sekula Drljević]] begrüßte und die These vertrat, das montenegrinische Volk sei aus einer „Symbiose der [[Illyrer|illyrischen]] [...] und kroatischen, sowie eines kleinen Restes [[Romanen|romanischer]] Bevölkerung“<ref>''Die heutige Lage Montenegros''. In: S. M. Štedimlija: ''Auf dem Balkan''. Verlag Putovi, Zagreb 1943, S. 110.</ref> entstanden. Zur Kroatisch-Orthodoxen Kirche schrieb Štedimlija u. a.: {{Zitat|''Mit dem Zerfall Jugoslawiens musste auch der Zerfall der prawoslawischen Kirche einhergehen, die den serbischen Namen trug, trotzdem in jenem Staate „offiziell“ kein anderes als das „jugoslawische“ Volkstum anerkannt wurde. Auf dem Gebiete des Unabhängigen Staates Kroatien ist kein Raum mehr für irgendeine serbische Kirchenorganisation vorhanden, weshalb auch der Poglavnik [Ante Pavelić] durch eine Gesetzesverordnung die Gründung der kroatischen prawoslawen Kirche auf dem Gebiet Kroatiens anordnete. Diese Kirche ist gleich jeder anderen prawoslawen Kirche autokephal; sie hält sich in allem an die Dogmen des heiligen Prawoslawentums und unterhält zu anderen prawoslawen Kirchen freundschaftliche Beziehungen. Durch die Gründung der kroatischen prawoslawen Kirche wurden alle drei prawoslawen kirchlichen [[Jurisdiktion (Kirche)|Jurisdiktionen]], die vor dem ersten Weltkriege auf kroatischem Gebiet bestanden hatten, vereinigt.''<ref>''Das Prawoslawentum in Kroatien''. In: S. M. Štedimlija: ''Verschwörungen gegen den Frieden''. Verlag Putovi, Zagreb 1944, S. 50.</ref>}}

Nicht immer waren die kroatischen staatlichen Stellen mit der „Unabhängigkeit“ und Arbeit der Priesterschaft einverstanden. So beschwerte sich der kroatische Generalkonsul in Wien, [[Andrija Karčić]], beim kroatischen Außenminister [[Mehmet Alajbegović]] noch am 12. Februar 1945 über den Vertreter der Kroatischen-Orthodoxen Kirche, den [[Archimandrit]]en Miron Federer, wegen „Vernachlässigung der Arbeit“ und dessen Weigerung, vom Generalkonsul Weisungen entgegenzunehmen mit der Begründung „er sei kein Beamter, sondern Repräsentant der autokephalen Kroatisch-orthodoxen Kirche und daher niemandem unterstellt“. Weiter schrieb der Generalkonsul:
{{Zitat|''[...] die Behörden des Unabhängigen Staates Kroatien erwarten von einem Archimandriten der Kroatisch-orthodoxen Kirche Zusammenarbeit [...] im Sinne religiös-politischen Wirkens, Glaubens- und Politikpropaganda, besonders unter den Serben, um notorisch gefährliche, negative Elemente rechtzeitig zu eliminieren oder wenigstens zu paralysieren.''<ref>Kroatisches Staatsarchiv Zagreb (HDA), Kultussektion (MPB), Odelj bogoštovlja (OB), Fonds 218, Fasz. Nr. 2, Dokument Nr. 812</ref>}}

== Ende ==
Bei der Kroatisch-Orthodoxen Kirche handelte es sich um einen Versuch, den Unabhängigen Staat Kroatien mit der Abkehr von der aggressiven Konversionspolitik zu befrieden und für nichtkatholische Nichtkroaten akzeptabler zu machen. Bereits zum Zeitpunkt der Gründung war die Mehrheit der Orthodoxen Kroatiens geflohen, deportiert, in Lagern interniert oder hatte sich der [[Tschetnik]]- oder [[Volksbefreiungsarmee (Jugoslawien)|Partisanen]]bewegung angeschlossen. Die kroatische Regierung versuchte, die Institution als erfolgreich und beliebt darzustellen, aber den 577 serbisch-orthodoxen Priestern, die es auf dem Gebiet des Unabhängigen Staates Kroatien gegeben hatte, standen Ende 1942 gerade einmal 50 kroatisch-orthodoxe Priester mit 40 Gemeinden gegenüber. Das war auch der Tatsache geschuldet, dass große Teile Kroatiens nicht mehr von der kroatischen Regierung kontrolliert wurden.<ref>Klaus Buchenau: ''Orthodoxie und Katholizismus in Jugoslawien 1945-1991. Ein serbisch-kroatischer Vergleich''. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2004, S. 73</ref>

Patriarch [[Germogen (Maksimov)|Germogen]] wurde im Jahr 1945 in einem kriegsgerichtlichen Schnellverfahren von den kommunistischen [[Jugoslawische Volksbefreiungsarmee|Tito-Partisanen]] zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet.<ref>Ladislaus Hory/Martin Broszat: ''Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat 1941-1945'', 2. Aufl. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1965, S. 173.</ref>

Im Jahr 1979 rechtfertigte eine zentrale Figur der Kroatisch-Orthodoxen Kirche, [[Miloš Obrknežević]], die Kirchengründung als Versuch, eine moderne, von konfessioneller Zugehörigkeit unabhängige kroatische Identität zu schaffen.<ref>Veljko Đurić: ''Ustaše i pravoslavlje : Hrvatska pravoslavna crkva'' (Ustaschen und Orthodoxe : Die Kroatisch-Orthodoxe Kirche). Beletra, Belgrad 1989, S. 173.</ref>

== Gegenwart ==
In Kroatien existiert heute eine ''Hrvatska pravoslavna zajednica'' (Kroatisch-Orthodoxe Gemeinschaft), die sich als Vertreterin der Kroaten orthodoxen Glaubens und Nachfolgerin der Kroatisch-Orthodoxen Kirche ausgibt. Angaben über eine mögliche Mitgliederzahl gibt es keine.<ref>Hrvatska Pravoslavna Zajednica: ''Ideja o ustrojstvu Hrvatske pravoslavne crkve''. URL: http://www.hrvatskipravoslavci.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=554:ideja-o-ustrojstvu-hrvatske-pravoslavne-crkve&catid=2:povijest&Itemid=6 (Abruf am 9. Februar 2012)</ref>

== Literatur ==
* Ante Pavelić: ''Hrvatska pravoslavna crkva'' (Die Kroatisch-Orthodoxe Kirche). Verlag Domovina, Madrid 1984. - ISBN 8-4499-7253-1 (kroatisch)
* Petar Požar: ''Hrvatska pravoslavna crkva u prošlosti i budućnosti'' (Die Kroatisch-Orthodoxe Kirche in der Vergangenheit und Zukunft). Naklada Pavičić, Zagreb 1996. - ISBN 953-6308-03-7 (kroatisch)
* {{Literatur |Autor=Klaus Buchenau |Titel=Orthodoxie und Katholizismus in Jugoslawien 1945–1991 : Ein serbisch-kroatischer Vergleich |Verlag=Harrassowitz Verlag |Ort=Wiesbaden |Datum=2004 |ISBN=3-4470-4847-6}}
* Michail Shkarovskij: ''Die Kirchenpolitik des Dritten Reichs gegenüber den orthodoxen Kirchen in Osteuropa (1939 bis 1945).'' Lit Verlag, Münster 2004, S. 76–105. - ISBN 3-8258-6615-7

== Weblinks ==
* http://www.hrvatskipravoslavci.com
* http://www.njegos.org/past/stedimlija.htm
* http://www.hri.org/news/agencies/serb/1996/96-04-04.serb.html#06
* http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/serbian_digest/77/t77-3.htm

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

[[Kategorie:Orthodoxie in Kroatien]]
[[Kategorie:Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien]]

Guten Abend am Samstag

2020-12-15T21:27:49Z

179.183.38.88: Datum eingefügt

'''Guten Abend am Samstag''' (auch „Guten Abend am Samstag sagt Heinz Conrads“) war eine österreichische Fernsehsendung, die von 1957 an zunächst unter dem Titel ''Was sieht man Neues?'' knapp 30 Jahre lang wöchentlich ausgestrahlt wurde.<ref>[http://www.oepb.at/koepfe/heinz-conrads-2.html]</ref>

[[Heinz Conrads]] moderierte und gestaltete die Unterhaltungssendung bis zwei Monate vor seinem Tod im Jahr 1986. Die legendär gewordene Begrüßungsfloskel „Guten Abend die Damen, Guten Abend die Herren, Griaß euch die Madln, Servus die Buam“ (in diversen Abwandlungen) wurde auch zum Markenzeichen des Moderators.

In die Sendung wurden prominente Gäste geladen, sie bot aber auch dem Nachwuchs aus dem Bereich der Klassik und gehobenen Unterhaltungsmusik eine Plattform.

Nach Conrads Tod wurde das Sendungsformat noch bis 1990 von [[Peter Fröhlich (Schauspieler)|Peter Fröhlich]] weitergeführt.

== Weblinks ==
* [http://wien.orf.at/news/stories/2621655/ Erinnerung an Heinz Conrads] des [[Österreichischer Rundfunk|ORF]]
* {{IMDb|tt1197390}}

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

[[Kategorie:Fernsehsendung (Österreich)]]
[[Kategorie:ORF (Fernsehen)]]
[[Kategorie:Fernsehsendung der 1950er Jahre]]
[[Kategorie:Fernsehsendung der 1960er Jahre]]
[[Kategorie:Fernsehsendung der 1970er Jahre]]
[[Kategorie:Fernsehsendung der 1980er Jahre]]

Marsch der ukrainischen Nationalisten

2020-10-06T06:49:34Z

179.183.147.90:

{{Infobox anthem
| title = Зродились ми великої години
| transcription =
| english_title = We were born in a great hour
| image = Sheet Music - Anthem of the OUN.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = The original sheet music of the anthem.
| prefix =
| type = Anthem
| country = {{flagicon image|OUN-r Flag 1941.svg}}{{flagicon image|OUN-M-03.svg}}[[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]]
| alt_title =
| en_alt_title =
| alt_title_2 =
| en_alt_title_2 =
| author = {{Interlanguage link multi|Oles Babiy|uk|3=Бабій Олесь Йосипович}}
| lyrics_date = 1929
| composer = {{Interlanguage link multi|Omelian Nyzhankivskyi|uk|3=Нижанківський Омелян}}
| music_date = 1929
| adopted = 1932
| readopted =
| published =
| until =
| sound = Zrodylys my velykoyi hodyny.ogg
| sound_title =
}}
The '''March of Ukrainian Nationalists''' is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] patriotic song that was originally the official anthem of the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] and the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]].<ref name="2009 The Day">{{cite news|last1=Lypovetsky|first1=Sviatoslav|title=Eight Decades of Struggle|url=http://www.day.kiev.ua/en/article/history-and-i/eight-decades-struggle|accessdate=26 July 2014|work=[[Den (newspaper)|The Day]]|date=17 February 2009}}</ref> The song is also known by its first line "'''We were born in a great hour'''" ({{lang-uk|Зродились ми великої години}}). The song, written by {{Interlanguage link multi|Oles Babiy|uk|3=Бабій Олесь Йосипович}} to music by {{Interlanguage link multi|Omelian Nyzhankivskyi|uk|3=Нижанківський Омелян}} in 1929, was officially adopted by the leadership of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in 1932.<ref name="ua-orden">[http://ua-orden.org/simvolika-ukra%D1%97nskix-nacionalistiv.html Символіка Українських Націоналістів (Symbols of Ukrainian Nationalists)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208025621/http://ua-orden.org/simvolika-ukra%D1%97nskix-nacionalistiv.html |date=2013-12-08 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150225014911/http://ua-orden.org/simvolika-ukra%d1%97nskix-nacionalistiv.html Archived link] Article on the website of the Virtual Museum of Ukrainian Phaleristics {{in lang|uk}}</ref> The song is often referred to as a patriotic song from the times of the uprising,<ref>[http://umka.com/ukr/catalogue/songbooks-notes-poetry/za-volyu-ukrainy-insurgent-songs-notes-edition-the-second-supplemented-for-freedom-of-ukrain.html List of Uprising Songs] on umka.com {{in lang|uk}}</ref> and a [[Ukrainian folk song]].<ref>[http://gwww.pisni.org.ua/songsfiles/64695.html Зродились ми великої години (We were born in a great hour)] Entry at pisni.org {{in lang|uk}}</ref> It is still commonly performed today, especially at events honoring the Ukrainian Insurgent Army<ref>[http://zaxid.net/news/showNews.do?svyatkove_spivoche_diystvo_zrodilis_mi_velikoyi_godini_z_nagodi_70yi_richnitsi_stvorennya_upa&objectId=1267697 Святкове співоче дійство «Зродились ми великої години» з нагоди 70-ї річниці створення УПА (Festive singing event "We were born in a great hour" on the 70th anniversary of the creation of UPA)] entry at news website Zaxid.net {{in lang|uk}}</ref> and by nationalist organizations and party meetings, such as those of [[VO Svoboda]].<ref>[http://www.ukrnationalism.com/news/culture/294-zrodylys-my-velykoi-hodyny/294-zrodylys-my-velykoi-hodyny.html Зродились ми великої години… (We were born in a great hour...)] Entry at nationalist news website ukrnationalism.com {{in lang|uk}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Map of Ukraine for Paris Peace Conference.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Map of the short-lived [[Ukrainian National Republic]] as it appeared in 1919, stretching from the [[San (river)|San river]] in present-day [[Poland]] to the [[Kuban]] region next to the [[Caucasus mountains]] in present-day Southern [[Russia]] (as referenced in the song).]]
In 1919 with the end of the [[Polish–Ukrainian War]], which resulted in the takeover of [[western Ukraine]] by the [[Second Polish Republic]], many former leaders of the Ukrainian republic were exiled.<ref name="Gilley">Christopher Gilley (2006). [http://www.kices.org/downloads/KICES_WP_04.pdf A Simple Question of 'Pragmatism'? Sovietophilism in the West Ukrainian Emigration in the 1920s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930140122/http://www.kices.org/downloads/KICES_WP_04.pdf |date=2007-09-30 }} Working Paper: Koszalin Institute of Comparative European Studies pp.6-13</ref> As Polish persecution of Ukrainians during the interwar period increased, many Ukrainians (particularly the youth, many of whom felt they had no future) lost faith in traditional legal approaches, in their elders, and in the western democracies who were seen as turning their backs on Ukraine. This period of disillusionment coincided with the increase in support for the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN). By the beginning of the Second World War, the OUN was estimated to have 20,000 active members and many times that number in sympathizers.<ref name="Subtleny">[[Orest Subtelny]]. (1988). ''Ukraine: A History.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.441-446.</ref> The song was written in 1929 during the midst of these political events and adopted by the organization's leadership 3 years later.<ref name="ua-orden"/>

The March of the Ukrainian Nationalists is written and performed as a [[March (music)|military march]] and a [[wikt:call to arms|call to arms]]. The first verse of the song refers to "the pain of losing Ukraine",<ref name="nashe"></ref> referring to the short-lived independence of the [[Ukrainian National Republic]] from 1917-1921. The republic was divided up among the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Second Polish Republic]].<ref name="Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation">[[Serhy Yekelchyk]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=yZLtAAAAMAAJ&q=Ukraine:+Birth+of+a+Modern+Nation&dq=Ukraine:+Birth+of+a+Modern+Nation&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=45ebUcHUNKr20gX2s4HQAw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation], [[Oxford University Press]] (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-530546-3}}</ref> The song also mentions a popular Ukrainian national motto, "A United Ukrainian state... from the San to the Kavkaz".<ref name ="Birth of a country">Kyrylo Halushko, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fko0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT135&lpg=PT135&dq=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4+%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7&source=bl&ots=Risnk4c97_&sig=5XjcAk0LzzC-Qg5A5G_9ll0hfpk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD6-PdtZTKAhUCx2MKHaMJDOgQ6AEILDAC#v=onepage&q=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%20%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7&f=false Birth of a country. From a land to a state.], Family Leisure Club (2015) {{in lang|uk}}, {{ISBN|978-617-12-0208-5}}</ref> This is in line with the [[Greater Ukraine|Ukrainian irredentist]] concept of having Ukraine's western border start at the [[San (river)|San river]] in modern-day in western [[Ukraine]] and southeastern [[Poland]] and its eastern border at the [[Caucasus Mountains]] (pronounced "Kavkaz" in Ukrainian) in modern-day Southern [[Russia]].

== Lyrics ==
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
;Ukrainian lyrics
 Зродились ми великої години,
 З пожеж війни, із полум’я вогнів,
 Плекав нас біль по втраті України,
 Кормив нас гнів і злість на ворогів.

 І ось ідемо в бою життєвому,
 Тверді, міцні, незламні мов граніт,
 Бо плач не дав свободи ще нікому,
 А хто борець — той здобуває світ.

 Не хочемо ні слави ні заплати.
 Заплатою нам — розкіш боротьби!
 Солодше нам у бою умирати,
 Ніж жити в путах, мов німі раби.

 Доволі нам руїни і незгоди,
 Не сміє брат на брата йти у бій!
 Під синьо-жовтим прапором свободи
 З'єднаєм весь великий нарід свій.

 Велику правду — для усіх єдину,
 Наш гордий клич народові несе!
 Вітчизні ти будь вірний до загину,
 Нам Україна вище понад усе!

 Веде нас в бій борців упавших слава.
 Для нас закон найвищий і наказ:
 "Соборна Українська держава —
 Вільна й міцна, від Сяну по Кавказ".<ref name="nashe">[http://nashe.com.ua/song.htm?id=16843 Зродились ми великої години (We were born in a great hour)] Lyrics at nashe.com.ua {{in lang|uk}} Accessed 22 July 2014</ref>
{{col-break}}
;English translation

 We were born in a great hour,
 From the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|fires of war, and the flames of gunshots]],
 We were nurtured by the pain of [[Ukrainian-Soviet War|losing Ukraine]],
 We were fed by anger and malice to our [[Soviet Union|ene]][[Second Polish Republic|mies]].

 And here we walk in the battle of life -
 Solid, durable, unbreakable, like granite,
 For crying hasn't given freedom to anyone yet,
 But whoever is a fighter, he conquers the world.

 We don't want neither glory, nor payment.
 Payment for us - is the luxury of fighting!
 It is sweeter for us to die in battle,
 Than to live in bondage, as mute slaves.

 Enough of ruins and disagreements for us,
 A brother will not dare to go to war against a brother!
 Under the [[Flag of Ukraine|blue-yellow flag]] of freedom
 We will unite all of our great people.

 A united nation one for us all is that one truth
 This is our proud call to all people:
 Be faithful to your homeland until death,
 For us, Ukraine is above all else!

 The glory of fallen fighters leads us into battle,
 And the highest order we shall fulfill:
 For a "united Ukrainian nation -
 Free and strong, from the [[San (river)|San]] to the [[Caucasus|Kavkaz]]"!

{{col-end}}

== See also ==
*[[Oh the red viburnum in the meadow]]
*[[Prayer for Ukraine]]
*[[State Anthem of Ukraine]]
*[[Za Ukrainu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ukrainian music]]
[[Category:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]]
[[Category:1929 songs]]
[[Category:Ukrainian folk songs]]
[[Category:Ukrainian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Fascist symbols]]
[[Category:March music]]
[[Category:Military marches]]

Marsch der ukrainischen Nationalisten

2020-10-06T03:57:56Z

179.183.147.90: /* Lyrics */

Königreich Ungarn (1920–1946)

2020-01-04T21:20:16Z

179.183.149.247: Only the Nazi puppet regime was totalitarian, not appropriate to place this category.

{{Expand Spanish|Reino de Hungría (1920-1946)|fa=yes|date=December 2019}}
{{about|the Kingdom of Hungary from 1920 to 1946|the general article|Kingdom of Hungary}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hungary
|native_name = ''Magyar Királyság''
|status =
|p1 = Hungarian Republic (1919–20){{!}}Hungarian Republic
|flag_p1 = Flag of Hungary 1940.svg
|p2 = First Czechoslovak Republic
|flag_p2 = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg
|p3 = Carpatho-Ukraine
|flag_p3 = Flag of Ukraine.svg
|p4 = Slovak Republic (1939–45){{!}}Slovak Republic
|flag_p4 = Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg
|p5 = Kingdom of Romania
|flag_p5 = Flag of Romania.svg
|p6 = Kingdom of Yugoslavia
|flag_p6 = Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg
|s1 = Republic of Hungary (1946–1949){{!}}Second Hungarian Republic
|flag_s1 = Flag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957; 1-2 aspect ratio).svg
|s2 = Third Czechoslovak Republic
|flag_s2 = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg
|s3 = Kingdom of Romania
|flag_s3 = Flag of Romania.svg
|s4 = Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
|flag_s4 = Flag of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.svg
|s5 = Soviet Union
|flag_s5 = Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg
|image_flag = Flag of Hungary 1940.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; angels).svg
|coa_size = 110px
|national_motto = ''[[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae]]'' {{small|([[Latin]])}} {{small|("Kingdom of Mary, the Patron of Hungary")}}
|national_anthem = ''[[Himnusz]]'' {{small|("Hymn")}}
|image_map = Kingdom of Hungary (1942).svg
|image_map_caption = The Kingdom of Hungary in 1942
|capital = [[Budapest]]
|largest_city = Budapest
|official_languages = [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|recognized_regional_languages = [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=|first1=|title=A m. kir. minisztérium 1939. évi 6.200. M. E. számú rendelete, a Magyar Szent Koronához visszatért kárpátaljai terület közigazgatásának ideiglenes rendezéséről.|trans-title=Order No. 6.200/1939. M. E. of the Royal Hungarian Ministry on the provisional administration of the Subcarpathian territory returned to the Hungarian Holy Crown|journal=Magyarországi Rendeletek Tára|date=1939|volume=73|issue=|page=855|publisher=Royal Hungarian Ministry of the Interior|location=Budapest|language=Hungarian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Fedinec|first1=Csilla|title=A kárpátaljai magyarság történeti kronológiája, 1918-1944|trans-title=Historical chronology of the Hungarians in Subcarpathia, 1918-1944|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/01800/01843/01843.pdf|date=2002|publisher=Fórum Intézet - Lilium Aurum Könyvkiadó|location=Galánta - Dunaszerdahely|isbn=80-8062-117-9|page=336|language=Hungarian|chapter=A Kárpátaljai Kormányzóság idõszaka|trans-chapter=The period of the Governorate of Subcarpathia}}</ref> ({{small|in [[Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II|Subcarpathia]]}})
|languages = [[Romanian language|Romanian]]{{*}}[[German language|German]]{{*}}[[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{*}}[[Croatian language|Croatian]]{{*}}[[Serbian language|Serbian]]{{*}}[[Yiddish]]{{*}}[[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]{{*}}[[Romani language|Romani]]<ref name="fogarasi">{{cite journal|last1=Fogarasi|first1=Zoltán|title=A népesség anyanyelvi, nemzetiségi és vallási megoszlása törvényhatóságonkint 1941-ben.|journal=Magyar Statisztikai Szemle|date=1944|volume=22|issue=1–3|pages=4, 13|trans-title=Distribution of the population by mother tongue, ethnicity and religion in the municipalities of Hungary in 1941.|url=http://www.ksh.hu/statszemle_archivum#year=1944/issue=01.-03.|publisher=Royal Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location=Budapest|language=Hungarian}}</ref>
|languages_type = Spoken
|ethnic_groups_year = 1941
|ethnic_groups_ref =<ref name="fogarasi"/>
|ethnic_groups = {{Collapsible list
| [[Hungarians]] (80.9%)
| [[Romanians in Hungary|Romanians]] (7.2%)
| [[Rusyns]] (3.7%)
| [[Germans in Hungary|Germans]] (3.6%)
| [[Slovaks in Hungary|Slovaks]] (1.2%)
| [[Serbs in Hungary|Serbs]] (1.1%)
| [[Jews in Hungary|Jews]] (1%)
| [[Croats in Hungary|Croats]] (0.5%)
| [[Romani people in Hungary|Gypsies]] (0.5%)
| [[Slovenes in Hungary|Slovenes]] (0.1%)
| Others (0.2%)
}}
|religion = {{Collapsible list
| [[Roman Catholicism]] (55%)
| [[Calvinism]] (19%)
| [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] (11.6%)
| [[Lutheranism]] (5%)
| [[Judaism]] (4.9%)
| [[Eastern Catholicism]] (3.8%)
| Others (0.7%)
}}
|religion_year = 1941
|religion_ref = <ref name="fogarasi"/>
|demonym = [[Hungarians|Hungarian]]
|government_type = [[Authoritarianism|Authoritarian]] [[regency]] {{small|(1920–1944)}}<hr/>[[Hungarism|Hungarist]] [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian state]] {{small|(1944–1945)}}<hr/>[[Transitional government|Transitional]] [[coalition government]] {{small|(1945–1946)}}
|title_leader = [[King of Hungary|King]]
|leader1 = ''Vacant''{{nnbsp}}<ref group=note name=A/>
|year_leader1 = 1920–1946
|title_representative = [[Heads of State of Hungary|Head of State]]
|representative1 = [[Miklós Horthy]]<ref group=note name=B/>
|year_representative1 = 1920–1944
|representative2 = [[Ferenc Szálasi]]<ref group=note name=C/>
|year_representative2 = 1944–1945
|representative3 = {{nowrap|[[High National Council]]<ref group=note name=D/>}}
|year_representative3 = 1945–1946
|title_deputy = [[List of Prime Ministers of Hungary|Prime Minister]]
|deputy1 = [[Károly Huszár]]
|year_deputy1 = 1920 {{small|(first)}}
|deputy2 = [[Zoltán Tildy]]
|year_deputy2 = 1945–1946 {{small|(last)}}
|legislature = [[Diet of Hungary|Diet]]
|house1 = [[Diet of Hungary|Felsőház]]
|type_house1 = Upper
|house2 = [[Diet of Hungary|Képviselőház]]
|type_house2 = Representatives
|era = [[Interwar period|Interwar]]{{·}}[[World War II]]
|event_start = [[Hungarian Republic (1919–20)#History|Monarchy restored]]
|date_start = 29 February
|year_start = 1920
|event_end = {{nowrap|[[Second Hungarian Republic|Monarchy abolished]]}}
|date_end = 1 February
|year_end = 1946
|event1 = [[Treaty of Trianon]]
|date_event1 = 4 June 1920
|event2 = [[First Vienna Award|1st Vienna Award]]
|date_event2 = 2 November 1938
|event3 = [[Second Vienna Award|2nd Vienna Award]]
|date_event3 = 30 August 1940
|event4 = [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Hungarist takeover]]
|date_event4 = 16 October 1944
|stat_year1 = 1920<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Kollega Tarsoly, István |encyclopedia=Révai nagy lexikona |title=Magyarország |language=Hungarian |year=1995 |publisher=Hasonmás Kiadó |volume=Volume 20 |location=Budapest |isbn=963-8318-70-8 |pages=595–597}}</ref>
|stat_area1 = 92833
|stat_pop1 = 7,980,143
|stat_year2 = 1930<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Kollega Tarsoly, István |encyclopedia=Révai nagy lexikona |title=Magyarország |language=Hungarian |year=1996 |publisher=Hasonmás Kiadó |volume=Volume 21 |location=Budapest |isbn=963-9015-02-4 |page=572}}</ref>
|stat_area2 = 93073
|stat_pop2 = 8,688,319
|stat_year3 = 1941<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor= Élesztős László|encyclopedia=Révai új lexikona |title=Magyarország |language=Hungarian |year=2004 |publisher=Hasonmás Kiadó |volume=Volume 13 |location=Budapest |isbn=963-9556-13-0 |pages=882, 895|display-editors=etal}}</ref>
|stat_area3 = 172149
|stat_pop3 = 14,669,100
|currency = [[Hungarian korona]] {{small|(1920–1927)}}<hr>[[Hungarian pengő]] {{small|(1927–1946)}}
|drives_on = right {{small|(from 1941)}}
|time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|DST_note=<ref group=note name=E/>
|time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|footnotes = {{reflist|group=note |refs=
<ref name=A>Claimed by former King [[Charles IV of Hungary]] in 1921, who died the following year.</ref>
<ref name=B>Miklós Horthy used the title "[[Regent of Hungary|Regent]]".</ref>
<ref name=C>Ferenc Szálasi used the title "Nation Leader".</ref>
<ref name=D>Ruled as a collective head of state.</ref>
<ref name=E>Observed in 1920 and 1941–1946.</ref>
}}
|today = 
}}

The '''Kingdom of Hungary''' ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''Magyar Királyság''), from 1945 to 1946 known as the '''Hungarian State'''<ref>{{cite journal |title=Az ideiglenes nemzeti kormány 1945. évi 539. M. E. számú rendelete az államhatalom gyakorlásával kapcsolatos egyes kérdések rendezéséről |journal=Magyarországi Rendeletek Tára |date=8 March 1945 |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=53–54 |trans-title=Prime Ministerial Decree No. 539/1945 of the Provisional National Government on the Settlement of Certain Issues relating to the Exercise of State Authority |publisher=Ministry of Interior of Hungary |location=Budapest |language=Hu}}</ref> ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''Magyar Állam''), and sometimes referred to as '''the Regency''' or '''the Horthy era''', existed as a country from 1920 to 1946{{efn|The Allied powers generally did not recognize territorial evolutions of the Axis powers after the outbreak of World War II; however, this was not applied in all the cases after the end of the war. ''De jure'', generally the Axis powers recognized the territorial evolutions of its powers. Special exceptions - also concerning non-belligerent parties - may have been possible.}} under the rule of [[Regent]] [[Miklós Horthy]]. Horthy officially represented the [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Hungarian monarchy]] of [[Charles I of Austria|Charles IV, Apostolic King of Hungary]]. Attempts by Charles IV to return to the throne were prevented by threats of war from [[Little Entente|neighbouring countries]] and by the [[Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne|lack of support from Horthy]]. Charles died in 1922, leaving the throne empty for the remainder of the country's time as a kingdom.

Hungary under Horthy was characterized by its conservative, nationalist and fiercely [[anti-communist]] character. The regency was based on an unstable alliance of conservatives and far-right wingers. Foreign policy was characterized by revisionism - the total or partial revision of the [[Treaty of Trianon]], which had seen Hungary lose over 70% of its territory along with over three million Hungarians, who mostly lived in the border territories outside the new borders of the kingdom. Hungary's interwar politics were dominated with an obsession of the territorial losses suffered in this treaty.

[[Nazi Germany|Germany]]'s influence in Hungary has led some historians to consider that the country increasingly became a [[client state]] of Germany after 1938.<ref>Seamus Dunn, T.G. Fraser. Europe and Ethnicity: The First World War and Contemporary Ethnic Conflict. Routledge, 1996. P97.</ref> The Kingdom of Hungary was an [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis Power]] during World War II and focused to regain Hungarian majority territory which had been lost in the Treaty of Trianon, achieving this goal in early 1941. By 1944, following heavy setbacks for the Axis, Horthy's government negotiated secretly with the Allies, and also considered leaving the war. Because of this [[Operation Margarethe|Hungary was occupied by Germany]] and [[Operation Panzerfaust|Horthy was deposed]]. The extremist [[Arrow Cross Party]]'s leader [[Ferenc Szálasi]] established a new [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Nazi-backed government]], effectively turning Hungary into a German-occupied [[puppet state]].

After World War II, Hungary fell within the [[Soviet Union]]'s sphere of influence and the [[Second Hungarian Republic]] was established in 1946. In 1949, the communist [[Hungarian People's Republic]] was founded.

== Formation ==
{{main|Aftermath of World War I|Red Terror (Hungary)|Hungarian–Romanian War|Treaty of Trianon}}

Upon the dissolution and break-up of [[Austria-Hungary]] after World War I, the [[Hungarian Democratic Republic]] and then the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] were briefly proclaimed in 1918 and 1919, respectively. The short-lived communist government of [[Béla Kun]] launched what was known as the "[[Red Terror (Hungary)|Red Terror]]", involving Hungary in an ill-fated [[Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919|war with Romania]]. In 1920, the country fell into a period of civil conflict, with Hungarian [[anti-communists]] and [[monarchists]] violently purging the nation of communists, leftist intellectuals, and others whom they felt threatened by, especially Jews. This period was known as the "[[White Terror (Hungary)|White Terror]]". In 1920, after the pullout of the last of the [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian]] occupation forces, the Kingdom of Hungary was restored.

[[File:Horthy 1943.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Miklós Horthy]], Regent of Hungary]]
On 29 February 1920, a coalition of right-wing political forces united and returned Hungary to being a [[constitutional monarchy]]. However, it was obvious that the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] would not accept any return of Charles IV. It was thus decided to select a [[Regent of Hungary|regent]] to represent the monarchy. [[Miklós Horthy]], the last commanding [[admiral]] of the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy]], was chosen for this position on 1 March. [[Sándor Simonyi-Semadam]] was the first Prime Minister of Horthy's regency.

In 1921 [[Charles I of Austria|Charles IV]] returned in Hungary and [[Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne|tried to retake its throne]], even trying to march on Budapest with some rebel troops in October 1921; however, his attempts failed as much of the army remained loyal to Horthy and thus Charles was arrested and exiled to [[Madeira]].

On 6 November 1921 the [[Diet of Hungary]] passed a law nullifying the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]], dethroning Charles IV and abolishing the [[House of Habsburg|House of Habsburg's]] rights to the throne of Hungary.

With civil unrest too great to select a new King, it was decided to confirm Horthy as [[Regent of Hungary]].

== Government ==
[[File:Flag of the Supreme Warlord of the Royal Hungarian Defence Forces (1939-1945, on land).svg|left|thumb|200px|Standard of the Regent of Hungary]]

Horthy's rule as [[Regent]] possessed characteristics such that it could be construed a [[dictatorship]]. As a counterpoint, his powers were a continuation of the constitutional powers of the [[King of Hungary]], adopted earlier during the federation with the [[Austrian Empire]].<ref>Sinor, Denis. 1959. ''History of Hungary'', London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. Pp. 289</ref> As Regent, Horthy had the power to adjourn or dissolve the [[Diet of Hungary|Hungarian Diet]] (parliament) at his own discretion; he appointed the [[List of Prime Ministers of Hungary|Hungarian Prime Minister]].<ref>Sinor, p. 289</ref>

The succession after Horthy's death or abdication was never officially established; presumably the Hungarian Parliament would have selected a new regent, or possibly attempted to restore the Habsburgs under [[Otto von Habsburg|Crown Prince Otto]]. In January 1942, Parliament appointed Horthy's eldest son [[István Horthy|István]] as Deputy Regent and expected successor. Whether this represents an attempt to gradually re-establish monarchy in Hungary is unclear; at any rate, István was killed in an airplane crash in August that year, and a new Deputy Regent was not appointed.

During his first ten years, Horthy led increased repression of Hungarian minorities. In 1920, the ''[[numerus clausus]]'' law formally placed limits on the number of minority students at university, and legalized corporal punishment for adults in criminal cases. Although the law seemingly applied in equal measure to all minorities, the ethnicity quota system was never fully introduced and the law acted largely to conceal anti-Jewish action from foreign observers.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Victor|editor1-last= Karady|editor2-first= Peter|editor2-last= Nagy|title= The numerus clausus in Hungary: Studies on the First Anti-Jewish Law and Academic Anti-Semitism in Modern Central Europe|year= 2012|publisher= Centre for Historical Research, History Department|chapter=The Hungarian numerus clausus: ideology, apology and history, 1919-1945|author-first=Mária|author-last=Kovács|location= Budapest|isbn=978-963-88538-6-8 |page=28}}</ref> Limitations were relaxed in 1928. Racial criteria in admitting new students were removed and replaced by social criteria. Five categories were set up: civil servants, war veterans and army officers, small landowners and artisans, industrialists, and the merchant classes.<ref>See: [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_14969.html Numerus Clausus]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://regi.sofar.hu/hu/node/13270 |title=A Numerus Clausus módosítása - The modification of the Numerus Clausus law |author= |website="http://regi.sofar.hu"}}</ref> Under [[István Bethlen]] as Prime Minister the electoral system was changed to reintroduce an open vote system outside Budapest and its vicinity and cities with county municipal rights.<ref name=Romsics>{{cite web |url=http://www.rubicon.hu/magyar/oldalak/nyiltan_vagy_titkosan_a_horthy_rendszer_valasztojoga/ |title=Nyíltan vagy titkosan? A Horthy-rendszer választójoga |last1=Romsics |first1=Ignác |website="www.rubicon.hu" |publisher=RUBICONLINE}}</ref> His political party, the [[Party of Unity (Hungary)|Party of Unity]], won repeated elections. Bethlen pushed for revision of the [[Treaty of Trianon]]. After the collapse of the Hungarian economy from 1929 to 1931, national turmoil pushed Bethlen to resign as Prime Minister. In 1938 the changes to the electoral system were reversed.<ref name="Romsics"/>

Social conditions in the kingdom did not improve as time passed, as a very small proportion of the population continued to control much of the country's wealth. Jews were continually pressured to assimilate into Hungarian mainstream culture. The desperate situation forced the Regent, Horthy, to accept the far-right politician [[Gyula Gömbös]] as Prime Minister. He pledged to retain the existing political system. Gömbös agreed to abandon his extreme anti-Semitism and allow some Jews into the government.

In power, Gömbös moved Hungary towards a one-party government like those of [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Fascist Italy]] and [[Nazi Germany]]. Pressure by Nazi Germany for extreme anti-Semitism forced Gömbös out and Hungary pursued anti-Semitism under its “Jewish Laws”. Initially, the government passed laws restricting Jews to 20 percent in a number of professions. Later it scapegoated the Jews for the country's failing economy.

In 1944, responding to the advancing Soviet forces, the Regent Miklós Horthy deposed the pro-German Prime Minister and installed a more balanced government in an effort to engage with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and avoid occupation by the Soviet Union. Shortly afterward, German forces [[Operation Panzerfaust|invaded Hungary]], deposed Horthy as Regent, and installed a [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|puppet regime]] led by [[Ferenc Szálasi]] of the anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi [[Arrow Cross Party]]. The Arrow Cross Party never abolished the Monarchy as a form of government, and Hungarian newspapers continued to refer to the country as the Kingdom of Hungary (''Magyar Királyság''), although ''Magyarország'' (Hungary) was used as an alternative.<ref>''Budapesti Közlöny'', 17 October 1944</ref><ref>''Hivatalos Közlöny'', 27 January 1945</ref> From May to June 1944, Hungarian authorities rapidly rounded up and transported hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews to Nazi concentration camps, where most died.

After the fall of the Szálasi regime, a Soviet-backed government under [[Béla Miklós]] was nominally left in control of the entire country. A [[High National Council]] was appointed in January to assume the Regency, and included members of the [[Hungarian Communist Party]], like [[Ernő Gerő]], and later [[Mátyás Rákosi]] and [[László Rajk]].

== Economy ==
{{History of Hungary}}

Upon the kingdom's establishment soon after World War I, the country suffered from economic decline, budget deficits, and high inflation as a result of the loss of economically important territories under the [[Treaty of Trianon]], including Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia.<ref name="Signor, pp. 290">Signor, pp. 290</ref> The land losses of the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 caused Hungary to lose agricultural and industrial areas, making it dependent on exporting products from what agricultural land it had left to maintain its economy. Prime Minister [[István Bethlen]]'s government dealt with the economic crisis by seeking large foreign loans, which allowed the country achieve monetary stabilization in the early 1920s. He introduced a new currency in 1927, the ''[[Hungarian pengő|pengő]]''.<ref>Signor, pp. 290.</ref> Industrial and farm production rose rapidly, and the country benefited from flourishing foreign trade during most of the 1920s.<ref name="Signor, pp. 290"/>

Following the start of the [[Great Depression]] in 1929, the prosperity rapidly collapsed in the country, especially in part due to the economic effects of the failure of the ''[[Creditanstalt|Österreichische Creditanstalt]]'' bank in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]].<ref>Signor, pp. 291.</ref> From the mid-1930s to the 1940s, after relations improved with Germany, Hungary's economy benefited from trade. The Hungarian economy became dependent on that of Germany.

== Foreign policy ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-10737, Graf István Bethlen.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[István Bethlen]], Prime Minister of Hungary.]]

Initially, despite a move towards [[Hungarian nationalism|nationalism]], the new state under Horthy, in an effort to prevent further conflicts, signed the [[Treaty of Trianon]] on 4 June 1920, thereby reducing Hungary's size substantially: the whole of [[Transylvania]] was taken by Romania; much of [[Upper Hungary]] became part of Czechoslovakia; [[Vojvodina]] was assigned to the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]] (known after 1929 as Yugoslavia); and the [[Free State of Fiume]] was created.

With a succession of increasingly nationalist Prime Ministers, Hungary steadily came to repent the Treaty of Trianon, and aligned itself with Europe's two fascist states, [[Germany]] and [[Italy]], which both opposed the changes to national borders in Europe at the end of World War I. The Italian [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] sought closer ties with Hungary, beginning with the signing of a treaty of friendship between Hungary and Italy on 5 April 1927.<ref name="Sinor, pp. 291">Sinor, pp. 291.</ref> [[Gyula Gömbös]] was an open admirer of the fascist leaders.<ref name="Sinor pp. 291">Sinor, pp. 291</ref> Gömbös attempted to forge a closer trilateral unity between Germany, Italy and Hungary by acting as an intermediary between Germany and Italy, whose two fascist regimes had nearly come to conflict in 1934 over the issue of Austrian independence. Gömbös eventually persuaded Mussolini to accept Hitler's [[Anschluss|annexation of Austria]] in the late 1930s.<ref name="Sinor, pp. 291"/> Gömbös is said to have coined the phrase "axis", which he applied to his intention to create an alliance with Germany and Italy; those two countries used it to term their alliance as the [[Axis powers|Rome–Berlin axis]].<ref name="Sinor pp. 291"/> Just prior to the Second World War, Hungary benefited from its close ties with Germany and Italy when the Munich Agreement obliged Czechoslovakia and Hungary to settle their territorial disputes by negotiation. Finally, the [[First Vienna Award]] reassigned the southern parts of [[Czechoslovakia]] to Hungary, and shortly after Czechoslovakia was abolished Hungary occupied and annexed the remainder of the [[Carpatho-Ukraine]].

== World War II ==
[[File:Hungary 1941-44 Administrative Map.png|thumb|left|The Kingdom of Hungary in 1941]]
{{Main|Hungary during World War II|Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary (1941-44)|Government of National Unity (Hungary)}}

After the successful revision policy Hungary sought further solutions to the remainder of its former territories and demanded the concession of Transylvanian territory from Romania. The Axis powers were not interested in opening a new conflict in Central Europe; both countries were facing strong diplomatic pressures to avoid any military operations. Finally both parties accepted the arbitration of Germany and Italy, known as the [[Second Vienna Award]], and as a result [[Northern Transylvania]] was assigned to Hungary. Shortly afterward, the Kingdom of Hungary joined the [[Axis powers]]. Hitler demanded that the Hungarian government follow Germany's military and racial agenda to avoid potential conflict in the future. Anti-Semitism was already an established political cause by the far right in Hungary. In 1944, after the ousting of Horthy by Hitler and before the installation of the National-Socialist Arrow Cross Party, the Hungarian government readily aided Nazi Germany in the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Jews to concentration camps during the [[Holocaust]], where most of them died.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

In April 1941, Hungary let the [[Wehrmacht]] into her territory, thus supporting Germany and Italy in the [[invasion of Yugoslavia]]. After the [[Independent State of Croatia]] was proclaimed, Hungary joined the military operations and was allowed to annex the [[Bačka]] (Bácska) region in [[Vojvodina]], which had a relative majority of Hungarians, as well as the region of Muraköz (present-day [[Prekmurje]] and [[Medjimurje]]), which had large [[Slovenes|Slovenian]] and [[Croats|Croatian]] majorities, respectively.

On 27 June 1941, [[László Bárdossy]] declared war on the [[Soviet Union]]. Fearing a potential turn of support to the Romanians, the Hungarian government sent armed forces to support the German war effort during [[Operation Barbarossa]]. This support cost the Hungarians dearly. The entire [[Hungarian Second Army]] was lost during the [[Battle of Stalingrad]].

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-244-2306-15, Ostfront, Rückzug ungarischer Truppen.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Hungarian armor and infantry in retreat, August 1944]]
By early 1944, with [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces fast advancing from the east, Hungary was caught attempting to contact the [[United Kingdom|British]] and the [[United States|Americans]] to secretly escape of the war and establish an armistice with the Allies. On 19 March 1944, the Germans responded by invading Hungary in [[Operation Margarethe]]. German forces occupied key locations to ensure Hungarian loyalty. They placed Horthy under [[house arrest]] and replaced Prime Minister [[Miklós Kállay]] with a more pliable successor. [[Döme Sztójay]], an avid supporter of the Nazis, became the new [[List of Prime Ministers of Hungary|Hungarian Prime Minister]]. Sztójay governed with the aid of a Nazi military governor, [[Edmund Veesenmayer]].

By October of the same year, the Hungarians were again caught trying to quit the war, and the Germans launched [[Operation Panzerfaust]]. They replaced Horthy with [[Arrow Cross Party|Arrow Cross]] leader [[Ferenc Szálasi]]. A new pro-German "[[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Government of National Unity]]" was proclaimed, and it continued the war on the side of the Axis. Szálasi did not replace Horthy as Regent, but was appointed as the "Nationleader" (''Nemzetvezető'') and Prime Minister of the new Hungarian Fascist regime.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} There has been some debate as to what extent the Hungarian state of the 1930s and '40s can be classified as fascist. However, the regime's increasing economic dependence on Germany, its passage of anti-Semitic legislation and its participation in exterminating local Jews all place it within the realm of international fascism.<ref>Richard Griffiths, ''Fascism'', p. 107, 111. London: Continuum, 2005. {{ISBN|0-8264-7856-5}}</ref>

On 21 December 1944, a Hungarian "Interim Assembly" met in [[Debrecen]], with the approval of the [[Soviet Union]]. This assembly elected an interim counter-government headed by [[Béla Miklós]], the former commander of the [[Hungarian First Army]]. At the end of March 1945, Szálasi's regime was driven out of Hungary.<ref>Stanley G. Payne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9wHNrF7nFecC&pg=PA420&dq=szalasi+work+habit+was+poor&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false ''A History of Fascism, 1914-1945''], Routledge, 1996, page 420</ref>

== Dissolution ==
{{main|Soviet occupation of Hungary|Second Hungarian Republic|Hungarian People's Republic}}

Under [[Soviet occupation of Hungary|Soviet occupation]], the fate of the Kingdom of Hungary was already determined. A [[High National Council]] was appointed as the country's collective Head of State until the monarchy was formally dissolved on 1 February 1946. The Regency was replaced by the [[Second Hungarian Republic]]. It was quickly followed by the creation of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]].

== See also ==
*[[Hungary between the World Wars]]
*[[Hungary during World War II]]
*{{section link|International relations (1919–1939)|Hungary}}
*[[Allies of World War II|Allied powers of World War II]]
*[[Axis powers|Axis powers of World War II]]
*[[Hungarian volunteers in the Winter War]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|24em}}

==External links==
* {{Commonscatinline|History of Hungary between the World Wars}}

{{S-start}}
|align="center"| ''Preceded by'' 
{{longlink|[[Austria-Hungary]] 1867–1918}}
{{longlink|[[Hungarian Democratic Republic]] 1918–1919}}
{{longlink|[[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] 1919}}
{{longlink|[[Hungarian Republic (1919–20)|Hungarian Republic]] 1919–1920}}
{{longlink|[[White Terror (Hungary)|White Terror]] 1919–1921}}
|align="center" style="padding:0 1.0em 0;"| '''[[Kingdom of Hungary]]''' also known as the '''Regency''' 1920–1946
|align="center"| {{longlink|''Horthy regime (1920–1944) succeeded by}}
{{longlink|[[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Government of National Unity]] ([[Ferenc Szálasi]]) 1944–1945}}
{{longlink|[[Provisional government|Provisional Government]]s of [[Béla Miklós]] and [[Zoltán Tildy]] 1944–1946}}
{{longlink|[[Second Hungarian Republic]] 1946–1949}}
{{longlink|[[People's Republic of Hungary]] 1949–1989}}
{{S-end}}

{{Hungary topics}}
{{Former Monarchies}}
{{Factions in the Yugoslav Front}}
{{coord|47|29|N|19|02|E|type:country_source:kolossus-eswiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kingdom of Hungary 1920-1946}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)| ]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms|Hungary]]
[[Category:Former polities of the interwar period]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Hungary|.]]
[[Category:Modern history of Hungary]]
[[Category:Territorial evolution of Hungary]]
[[Category:Hungary in World War II]]
[[Category:1920s in Hungary|.]]
[[Category:1930s in Hungary|.]]
[[Category:1940s in Hungary]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1920]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1946]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in Hungary]]
[[Category:1946 disestablishments in Hungary]]
[[Category:20th century in Hungary]]
[[Category:Axis powers]]

Benutzer:Alrael/Koloniales Brasilien

2019-10-07T19:10:27Z

179.183.36.36: /* Administração colonial */

{{Info/Estado extinto
| nome_completo = Brasil Colônia
| nome_comum = Brasil
| estatuto = [[Colónia|colônia]]
| império = [[Reino de Portugal|Portugal]]
| imagem_bandeira = Flag Princes of Brazil.svg
| bandeira = Bandeira do Brasil
| imagem_escudo = Brazil colonial blason.svg
| símbolo = Brasão de armas do Brasil
| p1 =
| bandeira_p1 = Sin bandera.svg
| s1 = Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves
| bandeira_s1 = Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.svg
| s2 = Reino do Brasil
|bandeira_s2 = Flag of Kingdom of Brazil.svg
| mapa = Brazil (1709).svg
| legenda_mapa = Mapa do Brasil Colônia em 1709
| continente = América do Sul
| forma_de_governo = [[colônia]] do [[Império Português]]
| título_líder = [[Lista de reis de Portugal|Rei de Portugal]]
| ano_início = 1500
| ano_fim = 1815
| evento_início = [[Descobrimento do Brasil]]
| data_início = [[22 de abril]]
| evento_fim = [[Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves|Elevação do Brasil a Reino Unido a Portugal e Algarves]]
| data_fim = [[16 de dezembro]]
| capital = [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]] (1549–1624) [[Olinda]] (1624–1625) Salvador (1625–1763) [[Rio de Janeiro (cidade)|Rio de Janeiro]] (1763–1815)
| religião = [[catolicismo]]
| idioma = [[Língua portuguesa|português]]
| moeda = [[réis]]
}}
A '''Colonização do Brasil''', processo também conhecido como '''Brasil Colônia''' ou '''Brasil colonial''', ocorreu no período [[Colonialismo|colonial]] entre os séculos [[Século XVI|XVI]] e [[Século XIX|XIX]], em que o território brasileiro era uma [[colónia|colônia]] do [[Império Português|império ultramarino português]].

Os termos '''Brasil Colônia''' e '''Brasil colonial''' são categorias de análise historiográfica e se baseiam no '''[[Estado do Brasil]],''' referindo-se às [[Colonização portuguesa da América|colônias na América Portuguesa]] que passaram a integrar, em [[1815]], o [[Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves]]. O processo de colonização durou da primeira metade do século XVI até a primeira metade do século XIX,<ref group="nota">Os anos exatos variam de acordo com a [[Periodização da história do Brasil|periodização]], levando em conta fatores como descobrimento, início do povoamento, fim da colônia e independência. Considerando todos os pontos de vista, o período de colonização inicia-se entre 1500 e 1532 e termina entre 1808 e 1815.</ref> tendo variações geográficas ao longo de seus quase três séculos de existência, como a existência do [[Estado do Maranhão]], criado em [[1621]] a partir da repartição norte da América Portuguesa, que foi incorporado ao [[Estado do Brasil]] em [[1775]]. Portanto, o termo "Brasil Colônia" é anacrônico e meramente indicativo do período histórico colonial. Durante este período, nunca o atual território brasileiro teve o título ou designação oficial de "colônia". Igualmente, nunca foram utilizadas outras designações hoje frequentemente usadas como referência do "Brasil colonial", como "[[Principado do Brasil]]", "Vice-Reino do Brasil" ou "Vice-Reinado do Brasil". Durante o processo de colonização, o atual Brasil teve apenas duas designações oficiais: "Estado do Brasil" e "[[Reino do Brasil]]".

Antes da dominação europeia - alcançada por uma [[Descobrimentos portugueses|expedição portuguesa]] -, em 1500, o território que hoje é chamado de [[Brasil]] era habitado por [[povos ameríndios|indígenas]]. Em contraste com as fragmentadas possessões espanholas vizinhas, as possessões portuguesas, construídas na [[América do Sul]], mantiveram a sua unidade e integridade territorial e linguística mesmo após a independência, dando origem ao maior país da região. A grandeza do atual território brasileiro, construída desde o período colonial, foi resultado da interiorização da metrópole portuguesa no território sul-americano, especialmente após o descobrimento de ouro nos sertões.<ref>{{Citar livro|url=https://www.academia.edu/23155128/Um_Governo_de_Engon%25C3%25A7os_Metr%25C3%25B3pole_e_Sertanistas_na_Expans%25C3%25A3o_dos_Dom%25C3%25ADnios_Portugueses_aos_Sert%25C3%25B5es_do_Cuiab%25C3%25A1_1721-1728_|titulo=Um Governo de Engonços: Metrópole e Sertanistas na Expansão dos Domínios Portugueses aos Sertões do Cuiabá (1721-1728)}}</ref>

A economia do período colonial brasileiro foi caracterizada pelo tripé [[monocultura]], [[latifúndio]] e [[escravidão no Brasil|mão de obra escrava]], e, apesar das grandes diferenças regionais, manteve-se, no período colonial, a unidade [[linguagem|linguística]], tendo se formado, nessa época, o [[Brasileiros|povo brasileiro]], junção e miscigenação de [[Europa|europeus]], [[África|africanos]] e [[Povos indígenas do Brasil|indígenas do Brasil]], formando uma [[Cultura do Brasil|cultura autóctone]] característica.

== História ==
{{Mais informações|História do Brasil|Descoberta do Brasil|Exploração do pau-brasil|Capitanias do Brasil|Ciclo do Açúcar}}
O [[História da colonização da América|descobrimento da América]] ([[1492]]) e o [[Tratado de Tordesilhas]] ([[1494]]) consolidaram o domínio espanhol no Atlântico Norte e restava a Portugal explorar o Atlântico Sul (além da costa africana) e encontrar o [[Descoberta do caminho marítimo para a Índia|caminho para as Índias]] pelo sul do [[Bojador]]. A viagem de [[Pedro Álvares Cabral|Cabral]] às Índias de [[1500]] — depois do retorno de Vasco da Gama — tinha a missão de consolidar o domínio português naquela região e os contatos comerciais iniciados por [[Vasco da Gama]] em [[Calecute]]. Como escreve [[C. R. Boxer]]:

{{Quote|É irrelevante saber se o Brasil foi descoberto acidental ou propositadamente, (…) mas a Terra de Vera Cruz, como foi batizada pelos descobridores, não demorou a se chamar Brasil devido à lucrativa [[Caesalpinia echinata|madeira vermelha]] utilizada para tingir, assim chamada, que foi encontrada em quantidade razoável ao longo do litoral. O empenho no comércio com a Índia, no ouro da Guiné ([[Elmina|Mina]]) e nas guerras com o [[Marrocos]] durante muitos anos impediu a Coroa portuguesa de dedicar atenção à região recentemente descoberta, que não parecia possuir nada melhor além da madeira para tingir, papagaios, macacos e selvagens nus, dos mais primitivos.<ref name="boxer">[[Charles Ralph Boxer|BOXER, C. R.]]. ''O Império Marítimo Português''. [[São Paulo (estado)|São Paulo]]: [[Editora Companhia das Letras|Companhia da Letras]], [[2002]]. Pgs. 98-100.</ref>}}
[[Imagem:Desembarque de Pedro Álvares Cabral em Porto Seguro em 1500 by Oscar Pereira da Silva (1865–1939).jpg|direita|thumb|Desembarque de [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] em [[Porto Seguro]] no ano de 1500. Óleo sobre tela de [[Oscar Pereira da Silva]] (1922).]]

Em oposição a este [[pressuposto (filosofia)|pressuposto]] há historiadores que defendem a [[hipótese]] de que os conhecimentos de [[Martin Behaim]] teriam sido decisivos para salvaguardar a "Terra Firma" (os territórios do Brasil) das ambições espanholas, delineando uma estratégia astuciosa de despiste a fim de os dissuadir de tal pretensão: abrindo-lhes as portas à exploração na [[América do Sul]] de espaços de menor interesse do Estado. Estavam cientes de que os territórios do Brasil eram bem mais frutuosos. O negócio da tal madeira vermelha não era, nem de perto nem de longe, o que maior interesse tinha.<ref>[http://www.fcsh.unl.pt/cham/eve/content.php?printconceito=1213 Antropónimos BEHAIM, Martin (Martim/Martinho da Boémia/Bohemia) (1459-1507)]</ref><ref>[http://www.filorbis.pt/colombo/indexPTColomboPort09.html As Provas do Colombo Português] em [http://www.filorbis.pt/ FLIBORIS] (Rede de Sites temáticos desde 1997)</ref><ref>[http://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2016-04-10-No-final-do-seculo-XV-qualquer-aventureiro-quereria-ir-para-Lisboa-por-ser-a-cidade-onde-tudo-estava-a-acontecer "No final do século XV, qualquer aventureiro quereria ir para Lisboa, por ser a cidade onde tudo estava a acontecer"] – entrevista da revista Visão com [[Roger Crowley]], 10 de abril 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/110c4a4c-5565-11e5-9846-de406ccb37f2 ‘Conquerors: How Portugal Seized the Indian Ocean and Forged the First Global Empire], « A vivid history of the explorers who built Portugal’s empire », livro de [Roger Crowley], notícia de [https://www.buckingham.ac.uk/research/hri/fellows/prodger Michael Prodger] sobre a saída do livro, no [[Financial Times]]</ref>

De 1500 a [[1530]], o contato dos portugueses com o Brasil pareceu limitar-se a expedições rápidas para coleta e transporte de [[Caesalpinia echinata|pau-brasil]] e também de patrulha. Já devia ter ocorrido, no entanto, algumas tentativas de [[colonização]], pois em [[15 de julho]] de [[1526]] o rei [[Manuel I de Portugal|Dom Manuel I]] autorizou [[Pero Capico]], "capitão de uma capitania do Brasil", a regressar a Portugal porque "lhe era acabado o tempo de sua capitania". A Capico, que era técnico de administração colonial, tinha sido confiada a [[Feitorias de Igaraçu e na Ilha de Itamaracá|Feitoria de Itamaracá]], no atual estado de [[Pernambuco]].<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.historiahistoria.com.br/materia.cfm?tb=artigos&id=164|título=Primeiros Engenhos do Brasil Colonial e o Engenho São Jorge dos Erasmos: Preliminares de uma Doce Energia|publicado=História e-história|acessodata=29 de outubro de 2016|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018205428/http://www.historiahistoria.com.br/materia.cfm?tb=artigos&id=164|arquivodata=2016-10-18|urlmorta=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=4FAezV2IKwUC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=Pedro+Capico&source=web&ots=DgcaxFSW7c&sig=v8NvQexkqfAcXRyiqdAfYbTeop4&hl=iw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result Google Book Search] PORCHAT, Edith - Informações históricas sobre São Paulo no século de sua fundação. Editora Iluminuras. 1993. p.39</ref>

Em 1531, devido à ameaça francesa, o rei Dom João III designou o fidalgo [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]] para comandar uma expedição ao Brasil. No ano seguinte, é fundada a vila de [[São Vicente (São Paulo)|São Vicente]]. Também em 1532, [[Bertrand d'Ornesan]], o barão de Saint Blanchard, tentou estabelecer um posto de comércio em Pernambuco. Com o navio ''[[Peregrina (navio)|A Peregrina]]'', pertencente ao nobre francês, o capitão Jean Duperet tomou a [[Feitorias de Igaraçu e na Ilha de Itamaracá|Feitoria de Igarassu]] e a fortificou com vários canhões, deixando-a sob o comando de um certo senhor de La Motte. Meses depois, na costa da [[Andaluzia]] na [[Espanha]], os portugueses capturaram a embarcação francesa, que estava atulhada com 15 mil toras de pau-brasil, três mil peles de onça, 600 papagaios e 1,8 tonelada de [[algodão]], além de óleos medicinais, pimenta, sementes de algodão e amostras minerais. E no exato instante em que ''A Peregrina'' era apreendida no [[mar Mediterrâneo]], o capitão português [[Pero Lopes de Sousa]] combatia os franceses em Pernambuco. Retomada a feitoria, os soldados franceses foram presos e La Motte foi enforcado. Após ser informado da missão que ''A Peregrina'' realizara em Pernambuco, Dom João III decidiu começar a colonização do Brasil, dividindo o seu território em [[Capitanias do Brasil|capitanias hereditárias]].<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.esextante.com.br/media/upload/livros/CapitaesdoBrasil_Trecho.pdf|título=Capitães do Brasil: A saga dos primeiros colonizadores|publicado=Editora Sextante|acessodata=5-3-2017}}</ref>

=== Descobrimento e exploração ===
{{Principal|Descoberta do Brasil}}
O litoral norte brasileiro foi visitado por [[Vicente Yáñez Pinzón]] e [[Diego de Lepe]] em janeiro e fevereiro do ano de [[1500]], respectivamente. Pinzón, primeiro europeu a chegar ao território agora chamado de Brasil cuja viagem foi documentada, atingiu o [[Cabo de Santo Agostinho]] no litoral de [[Pernambuco]] em [[26 de janeiro]] de 1500.<ref>{{Citar web|url=https://aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br/noticias/terra-brasilis/nao-foi-cabral.phtml|título=Neste dia, em 1500, o Brasil era descoberto... por espanhóis|publicado=Aventuras na História|acessodata=14-2-2019}}</ref> Apesar das controvérsias acerca dos locais exatos de desembarque dos navegadores espanhóis, os seus contatos com os índios [[Potiguaras|potiguares]] foram violentos. Contudo, a terra que hoje corresponde ao Brasil foi reivindicada pelo [[Império Português]] em [[22 de abril]] de 1500, com a chegada da frota portuguesa comandada por [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] a [[Porto Seguro]].{{HarvRef|Boxer|2002|p=98}}

A primeira expedição com objetivo exclusivo de explorar o território descoberto oficialmente por Cabral foi a frota de três caravelas comandadas por [[Gonçalo Coelho]], que zarpou de Lisboa em 10 de maio de 1501, levando a bordo [[Américo Vespúcio]] (possivelmente por indicação do [[Banco|banqueiro]] [[Florença|florentino]] [[Bartolomeu Marchionni]]), autor do único relato conhecido dessa viagem e que até poucas semanas antes servia os [[Reis Católicos]] da [[Espanha]].<ref name="bueno1">[[Eduardo Bueno|BUENO, E.]]. ''Náufragos, Traficantes e Degredados: as primeiras expedições ao Brasil''. [[Rio de Janeiro (estado)|Rio de Janeiro]]: [[Editora Objetiva|Objetiva]], [[2006]]. pgs. 33-54.</ref>

=== Legado do período ===
Indiretamente, a concorrência entre franceses e portugueses deixou marcas na costa brasileira. Foram construídas fortificações por ambas as facções nos trechos mais ricos e proveitosos para servir de proteção em caso de ataque e para armazenamento do pau-brasil à espera do embarque. As fortificações não duravam muito, apenas alguns meses, o necessário para que se juntasse a madeira e embarcasse. Obrigados a trabalhar como escravos até a morte, os nômades eram feitos reféns de suas próprias armas. A exploração do [[pau-brasil]] era uma atividade que tinha necessariamente de ser nômade, pois a floresta era explorada intensivamente e rapidamente se esgotava, não dando origem a nenhum núcleo de povoamento regular e estável.

E foram justamente a instabilidade e a insegurança do domínio português sobre o atual Brasil que estiveram na origem direta da expedição de [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]], nobre militar lusitano, e a posterior cessão dos direitos régios a doze donatários, sob o sistema das [[Capitanias do Brasil|capitanias hereditárias]].

=== As capitanias ===
[[Imagem:Frans Post - Engenho de Pernambuco.jpg|thumb|esquerda|Um [[engenho de açúcar]] em [[Pernambuco]] colonial, por [[Frans Post]].]]
A colonização foi efetivamente iniciada em 1534, quando [[João III de Portugal|D. João III]] dividiu o território em [[Capitanias do Brasil|quatorze capitanias hereditárias]], doadas a doze donatários, que podiam explorar os recursos da terra, mas ficavam encarregados de povoar, proteger e estabelecer o cultivo da [[cana-de-açúcar]] — os direitos e deveres dos capitães-donatários eram regulamentados pelas [[Carta de Foral|cartas de foral]], servindo o Foral da [[Capitania de Pernambuco]] (ou Nova Lusitânia) de modelo aos forais das demais capitanias.<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-90742016000100509&lng=en&nrm=iso|título=O estabelecimento do exclusivo comercial metropolitano e a conformação do antigo sistema colonial no Brasil|publicado=SciELO|acessodata=18 de janeiro de 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo01/cap_hereditarias.html|título=O Sistema de Capitanias Hereditárias|publicado=Portal MultiRio|acessodata=18 de janeiro de 2017}}</ref> No entanto esse arranjo se mostrou problemático, uma vez que apenas as capitanias de Pernambuco e [[capitania de São Vicente|São Vicente]] prosperaram. Então, em 1549 o rei atribuiu um [[Lista de governadores do Brasil colonial|governador-geral para administrar toda a América Portuguesa]].{{HarvRef|Skidmore|2003|p=27}}{{HarvRef|Boxer|2002|p=101}} Os [[portugueses]] assimilaram algumas das tribos nativas,{{HarvRef|Boxer|2002|p=108}} enquanto outras foram escravizadas ou exterminadas por doenças [[Europa|europeias]] para as quais não tinham imunidade,{{HarvRef|Boxer|2002|p=102}}{{HarvRef|Skidmore|2003|p=30, 32}} ou em longas guerras travadas nos dois primeiros séculos de colonização, entre os grupos indígenas rivais e seus aliados europeus.{{HarvRef|Amantino|2008|p=47}}{{HarvRef|Soihet|2003|p=29, 2º§}}{{HarvRef|Lopez|2008|p=95-97}}

O [[açúcar]] era um produto de grande aceitação na [[Europa]], onde alcançava grande valor de venda. Após as experiências positivas de cultivo na atual [[região Nordeste do Brasil|região Nordeste]], com a cana adaptando-se bem ao clima e ao solo, teve início o plantio em larga escala. Seria uma forma de Portugal lucrar com o comércio, além de começar o povoamento de sua colônia americana. Em meados do século XVI, quando o açúcar de [[Cana-de-açúcar|cana]] tornou-se o mais importante produto de [[exportação]] da colônia,{{HarvRef|Skidmore|2003|p=36}} os portugueses [[Tráfico de escravos para o Brasil#Os primeiros escravos e a legalização da escravatura|deram início à importação de escravos africanos]], comprados nos mercados escravistas da África ocidental e trazidos, inicialmente, para lidar com a crescente [[demanda]] internacional do produto, durante o chamado [[Ciclo do Açúcar]].{{HarvRef|Cashmore|2000|p=39}}{{HarvRef|Lovejoy|2002|p=51-56}}{{HarvRef|Boxer|2002|p=32–33, 102, 110}}{{HarvRef|Skidmore|2003|p=34}} No início do século XVII, Pernambuco, então a mais próspera das capitanias, era a maior e mais rica área de produção de açúcar do mundo.<ref name="Pernambuco"/>

=== Corsários e piratas ===
A costa brasileira, sem marca de presença portuguesa além de uma ou outra feitoria abandonada, era terra aberta para os navios do corso (os [[corsário]]s) de nações não contempladas na divisão do mundo no [[Tratado de Tordesilhas]]. Há notícias de corsários holandeses e ingleses, mas foram os franceses os mais ativos na costa brasileira. Para tentar evitar estes ataques, [[Portugal]] organizou e enviou ao atual Brasil as chamadas ''expedições guarda-costas'', em 1516 e 1526, com poucos resultados.

De qualquer forma, os franceses se incomodaram com as expedições de [[Cristóvão Jacques]], encarregado das expedições guarda-costas, achando-se prejudicados; e sem que suas reclamações fossem atendidas, [[Francisco I de França|Francisco I]] (1515-1547), então Rei da França, deu a [[Jean Ango]], um corsário, uma ''carta de marca'' que o autorizava a atacar navios portugueses para se indenizar dos prejuízos sofridos. Isso fez com que [[João III de Portugal|D. João III]], rei de Portugal, enviasse a Paris [[António de Ataíde, 1.º Conde da Castanheira|António de Ataíde]], o conselheiro de estado, para obter a revogação da carta, o que foi feito, segundo muitos autores, à custa de presentes e subornos.

Logo recomeçaram as expedições francesas. O rei francês, em guerra contra o [[Lista de imperadores do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico|imperador]] [[Carlos V, Sacro Imperador Romano-Germânico|Carlos V]], do [[Sacro Império Romano-Germânico]] podia moderar os súditos, pois sua burguesia tinha interesses no comércio clandestino e porque o governo dele se beneficiava indiretamente, já que os bens apreendidos pelos corsários eram vendidos por conta da Coroa. As boas relações continuariam entre França e Portugal, e da missão de [[Rui Fernandes]] em 1535 resultou a criação de um tribunal de presas franco-português na cidade de [[Baiona (França)|Baiona]], embora de curta duração, suspenso pelas divergências nele verificadas.

[[Henrique II de França|Henrique II]], rei da França, filho de Francisco I, iria proibir em 1543 expedições a domínios de Portugal. Até que se deixassem outra vez tentar e tenham pensado numa [[França Antártica]], uma efêmera colônia estabelecida no [[Rio de Janeiro (estado)|Rio de Janeiro]], ou numa [[França Equinocial]], quando fundaram no [[Maranhão]] o povoado que deu origem à cidade de [[São Luís do Maranhão|São Luís]].

==== Saque do Recife (1595) ====
{{Artigo principal|prefixo=Veja também|Saque do Recife|Guerra Anglo-Espanhola}}
O [[Saque do Recife]], também conhecido como "Expedição Pernambucana de Lancaster", foi um episódio da [[Guerra Anglo-Espanhola]] ocorrido em 1595 no [[Porto do Recife|porto]] do [[Recife]], em [[Pernambuco]], [[Estado do Brasil]] (estado colonial do [[Império Português]]). Liderada pelo almirante inglês [[James Lancaster]], foi a única expedição de [[Carta de corso|corso]] da [[Inglaterra]] que teve como objetivo principal o Brasil, e representou o mais rico butim da história da navegação de corso do [[período elisabetano]].<ref name="Lancaster">{{citar web|url=https://issuu.com/juliana.st/docs/piratas_no_brasil__as_incriveis_his|título=Piratas no Brasil: As incríveis histórias dos ladrões dos mares que pilharam nosso litoral|página=92|autor=Jean Marcel Carvalho França, Sheila Hue|publicado=Issuu|acessodata=1 de julho de 2016|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816175421/https://issuu.com/juliana.st/docs/piratas_no_brasil__as_incriveis_his|arquivodata=2016-08-16|urlmorta=yes}}</ref>
[[Imagem:Jameslancaster.jpg|thumb|direita|O célebre corsário inglês [[James Lancaster]] arrebatou no Recife o mais rico butim da história da navegação de corso da Inglaterra elisabetana, durante a [[Guerra Anglo-Espanhola]].<ref name="Lancaster"/>]]
A [[União Ibérica]] colocou o Estado do Brasil em conflito com potências europeias que eram amigas de Portugal mas inimigas da Espanha, como a [[Inglaterra]] e a [[Holanda]]. A Capitania de Pernambuco, mais rica de todas as possessões portuguesas, se tornou então um alvo cobiçado.<ref name="Lancaster"/>

Poucos anos após derrotarem a [[Invencível Armada]] espanhola, em 1588, os ingleses tiveram acesso a manuscritos portugueses e espanhóis que detalhavam a costa do Brasil. Um deles, de autoria do mercador português Lopes Vaz, veio a ser publicado em inglês e enfatizava as qualidades da rica vila de Olinda ao dizer que "Pernambuco é a mais importante cidade de toda aquela costa". A opulência pernambucana impressionara o padre [[Fernão Cardim]], que surpreendeu-se com "as fazendas maiores e mais ricas que as da Bahia, os banquetes de extraordinárias iguarias, os leitos de damasco carmesim, franjados de ouro e as ricas colchas da Índia", e resumiu suas impressões numa frase antológica: "Enfim, em Pernambuco acha-se mais vaidade que em Lisboa". Logo a capitania seria vista pelos ingleses como um "macio e suculento" pedaço do Império de [[Filipe II de Espanha|Filipe II]].<ref name="Lancaster"/>

A expedição de James Lancaster saiu de Blackwall, na [[Grande Londres]], em outubro de 1594, e navegou através do [[Oceano Atlântico|Atlântico]] capturando numerosos navios antes de atingir Pernambuco. Ao chegar, Lancaster confrontou a resistência local, mas se deparou na entrada do porto com três urcas holandesas, das quais esperava uma reação negativa, o que não aconteceu: os antes pacíficos holandeses levantaram âncora e deixaram o caminho livre para a invasão inglesa, e além de não terem oposto resistência à ação, terminaram por se associar aos ingleses, fretando seus navios para o transporte dos bens subtraídos em Pernambuco. Lancaster então tomou o Recife e nele permaneceu por quase um mês, espaço de tempo no qual se associou aos franceses que chegaram no porto e derrotou uma série de contra-ataques portugueses. A frota partiu com um montante robusto de [[açúcar]], [[pau-brasil]], [[algodão]] e mercadorias de alto preço. Dos navios que partiram do porto, apenas uma pequena nau não chegou ao seu destino. O lucro dos investidores, entre eles Thomas Cordell, então prefeito de [[Londres]], e o vereador da cidade de Londres John Watts, foi assombroso, estimado em mais de 51 mil libras esterlinas. Do total, 6.100 libras ficaram com Lancaster e 3.050 foram para a [[Isabel I de Inglaterra|Rainha]]. Com tal desfecho, a expedição foi considerada um absoluto sucesso militar e financeiro.<ref name="Lancaster"/>

Após a visita de Lancaster, a Capitania de Pernambuco organizou duas companhias armadas para a defesa da região, cada uma delas com 220 mosqueteiros e arcabuzeiros, uma sediada em Olinda e outra no Recife. Anos depois, até meados de 1626, o então governador [[Matias de Albuquerque, Conde de Alegrete|Matias de Albuquerque]] procurou estabelecer posições fortificadas no porto do Recife a fim de que se pudesse dissuadir a Companhia Holandesa das Índias Ocidentais da ideia empreendida na [[Bahia]] em 1624. Os investimentos, no entanto, não foram suficientes: a nova e poderosa esquadra da [[Holanda]] investiu sobre a Capitania de Pernambuco em 1630, e a conquistou, estabelecendo nela a colônia [[Nova Holanda]], que durou vinte e quatro anos.<ref name="Lancaster"/><ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.dec.ufcg.edu.br/biografias/MatiAlbu.html|título=Mathias de Albuquerque|autor=Universidade Federal de Campina Grande|acessodata=23 de junho de 2012|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103041430/http://www.dec.ufcg.edu.br/biografias/MatiAlbu.html|arquivodata=2012-11-03|urlmorta=yes}}</ref>

=== Expansão territorial e invasões estrangeiras ===
{{Mais informações|Entradas e Bandeiras|Invasões francesas do Brasil|Invasões holandesas no Brasil}}
[[Imagem:Victor Meirelles - 'Battle of Guararapes', 1879, oil on canvas, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro 2.jpg|upright=1.0|esquerda|thumb|As [[Batalha dos Guararapes|Batalhas dos Guararapes]], episódios decisivos na [[Insurreição Pernambucana]], são consideradas a origem do [[Exército Brasileiro]].]]
Ignorando o [[Tratado de Tordesilhas]] de 1494, os portugueses, através de expedições conhecidas como [[Entradas e bandeiras|bandeiras]], paulatinamente avançaram sua fronteira colonial na ''América do Sul'' para onde se situa a maior parte das [[Evolução territorial do Brasil|atuais fronteiras brasileiras]],{{HarvRef|Boxer|2002|p=207}}{{HarvRef|name="don"|Donato|1987|p=71-82}} tendo passado os séculos XVI e XVII defendendo tais conquistas contra potências rivais europeias.<ref name="don"/> Desse período destacam-se os conflitos que rechaçaram as [[Invasões francesas do Brasil|incursões coloniais francesas]] ([[França Antártica|no Rio de Janeiro em 1567]] e [[França Equinocial|no Maranhão em 1615]]) e expulsaram os [[Invasões holandesas no Brasil|holandeses do nordeste]] (ver [[Nova Holanda]]), sendo o conflito com os holandeses parte integrante da [[Guerra Luso-Holandesa]].{{HarvRef|Mello|2007|p=}}<ref name="don"/>

As [[invasões francesas do Brasil]] registram-se desde os primeiros tempos da colonização [[Portugal|portuguesa]], chegando até ao ocaso do século XIX. Inicialmente dentro da contestação de [[Francisco I de França]] ao [[Tratado de Tordesilhas]], ao arguir o paradeiro do ''testamento de Adão'' e incentivar a prática do corso para o [[escambo]] do pau-brasil (''[[Caesalpinia echinata|Cæsalpinia echinata]]''), ainda no século XVI evoluiu para o apoio às tentativas de colonização no litoral do [[Rio de Janeiro (estado)|Rio de Janeiro]] (1555) e na costa do [[Maranhão]] (1594).

Entre os anos de 1630 e 1654, o Nordeste brasileiro foi alvo de ataques e fixação de [[Países Baixos|neerlandeses]]. Interessados no comércio de açúcar, os neerlandeses implantaram um governo no território. Sob o comando de [[João Maurício de Nassau|Maurício de Nassau]], permaneceram lá até serem expulsos em 1654. Nassau desenvolveu diversas obras em [[Pernambuco]], modernizando o território. Durante o seu governo, [[Recife]] foi a mais cosmopolita cidade de toda a [[América]].<ref>{{citar web|url=http://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/aventuras-historia/mauricio-nassau-brasileiro-433685.shtml|título=Maurício de Nassau, o brasileiro|autor=|data=|publicado=Guia do Estudante|acessodata=5 de abril de 2015|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223030413/http://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/aventuras-historia/mauricio-nassau-brasileiro-433685.shtml|arquivodata=2014-12-23|urlmorta=yes}}</ref>

=== Revoltas coloniais e conflitos ===
[[Imagem:Guerra dos Emboabas.jpg|thumb|[[Guerra dos Emboabas]], autor desconhecido ({{séc|XVIII}}).]]
[[Imagem:Antônio Parreiras - Zumbi 2.jpg|thumb|[[Zumbi dos Palmares]], herói da resistência negra contra a [[Escravidão no Brasil|escravidão]].]]
{{Artigo principal|Lutas e revoluções no Brasil}}
Em função da exploração exagerada da metrópole, ocorreram várias revoltas e conflitos neste período:
* [[Entrincheiramento de Iguape]]: A força portuguesa, liderados por [[Pero de Góis]], ao desembarcar na barra de [[Icapara]], em [[Iguape]], foram recebidos sob o fogo da [[artilharia]], sendo desbaratada. Na retirada, os sobreviventes foram surpreendidos pelas forças espanholas emboscadas na foz da barra do Icapara, onde os remanescentes pereceram, sendo gravemente ferido o seu capitão Pero de Góis, por um tiro de [[arcabuz]].
* [[Guerra de Iguape]]: Ocorreu entre os anos de 1534 e 1536, na região de [[São Vicente (São Paulo)|São Vicente]], [[São Paulo (estado)|São Paulo]]. [[Ruy Garcia de Moschera]] e o "[[Bacharel de Cananeia]]", aliados aos espanhóis, embarcaram em um navio francês, capturado em [[Cananeia]] e atacaram a vila de São Vicente, que saquearam e incendiaram, deixando-a praticamente destruída, matando dois terços dos seus habitantes.
* [[Insurreição Pernambucana]]: ocorreu no contexto da ocupação holandesa, culminando com a expulsão dos holandeses da região Nordeste do país.
* [[Guerra dos Emboabas]]: os bandeirantes paulistas queriam exclusividade na exploração do ouro nas minas que encontraram; Entraram em choque com os imigrantes reinóis (ou seja vindos da metrópole portuguesa) que estavam explorando o ouro das minas.
* [[Guerra dos Mascates]]: que se registrou de 1710 a 1711 na então Capitania de Pernambuco.
* [[Guerra Guaranítica]]: espanhóis e portugueses (apoiados pelos ingleses) entram em conflito com os índios [[guaranis]] catequizados pelos [[jesuíta]]s, de 1751 a 1758.
* [[Revolta de Filipe dos Santos]]: ocorrida em Vila Rica, representou a insatisfação dos donos de minas de ouro com a cobrança do quinto e das Casas de Fundição. O líder [[Filipe dos Santos Freire]] foi preso e condenado à morte pela coroa portuguesa.
* [[Revolta de Beckman]]: Ocorreu em fevereiro de 1684, no Estado do Grão-Pará e Maranhão, liderado pelos irmãos Manuel e Tomas Beckman, apenas reivindicando melhorias na administração colonial, o governo português reprimiu violentamente o movimento.
* [[Inconfidência Mineira]] (1789): liderada por [[Tiradentes]], os inconfidentes mineiros eram contra a execução da [[Derrama]] e o domínio português. O movimento foi descoberto pelo Rainha de Portugal (na época [[Maria I de Portugal|D.Maria I]]) e os líderes condenados.
* [[Conjuração Baiana]] (1798): Também conhecida como "Revolta dos Alfaiates". Revolta de caráter emancipacionista ocorrida na então Capitania da Bahia. Foi punida duramente pela Coroa de Portugal.

== Administração colonial ==
{{Mais informações|Capitanias do Brasil|Estado do Brasil|Estado do Maranhão}}
[[Imagem:Largo do Pelourinho.jpg|thumb|esquerda|[[Largo do Pelourinho]] em [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]], capital colonial entre 1549 e 1763.]]
Prevendo a possível invasão do território por potências rivais, a [[Monarcas de Portugal|Coroa portuguesa]] lança mão de um instituto já utilizado no [[Arquipélago da Madeira]]: a [[capitanias do Brasil|capitania]].

A instalação das primeiras capitanias no litoral brasileiro traz consigo uma consequência trágica: os conflitos com os indígenas do litoral que, se até então foram aliados de trabalho, neste momento passam a ser um entrave, uma vez que disputavam com os recém-chegados o acesso às melhores terras. Destes conflitos entre portugueses e ameríndios o saldo é a mortandade indígena causada por confrontos armados ou por epidemias diversas.

Após a tentativa fracassada de estabelecer as capitanias hereditárias, a coroa portuguesa estabeleceu em suas possessões coloniais na América um [[Estado do Brasil|Governo-Geral]] como forma de centralizar a administração, tendo mais controle da colônia.

O primeiro governador-geral foi [[Tomé de Sousa]], que recebeu a missão de combater os indígenas rebeldes, aumentar a produção agrícola na colônia, defender o território e procurar jazidas de [[ouro]] e [[prata]].

Também começavam a existir [[câmara municipal (Brasil)|câmaras municipais]], órgãos políticos compostos pelos "[[homem bom|homens bons]]". Estes eram os ricos proprietários que definiam os rumos políticos das vilas e cidades. O povo não podia participar da vida pública nesta fase.

As instituições municipais eram compostas por um [[alcaide]] que tinha funções administrativas e judiciais, juízes ordinários, vereadores, [[almotacé]]s e os "homens bons". As juntas do povo decidiam sobre diversos assuntos da Capitania.

[[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]], fundada em [[1549]], foi a primeira sede do Estado do Brasil. Situa-se na entrada da [[Baía de Todos-os-Santos]], uma região bastante acidentada do litoral. A escolha do local teve como objetivo criar uma administração centralizada para o estado colonial português, em um ponto mais ou menos equidistante das extremidades do território e com favoráveis condições de assentamento e defesa; e teve também relação com a economia açucareira, uma vez que a [[Capitania de Pernambuco]] era o principal centro produtivo da colônia.<ref name="Pernambuco">[http://wol.jw.org/pt/wol/d/r5/lp-t/102005410 Recife — cidade que surgiu do açúcar]</ref><ref name="Faina">{{citar web|url=https://books.google.com.br/books/about/A_faina_a_festa_e_o_rito.html?hl=pt-BR&id=N-ue_iT-jkQC|título=A Faina, a Festa e o Rito. Uma etnografia histórica sobre as gentes do mar (sécs XVII ao XIX)|página=122|autor=Luiz Geraldo Silva|publicado=Google Books|acessodata=28 de junho de 2016}}</ref> Salvador permaneceu capital colonial por mais de dois séculos, porém, durante a primeira das [[Invasões holandesas no Brasil]], o então Governador de Pernambuco [[Matias de Albuquerque, Conde de Alegrete|Matias de Albuquerque]] foi nomeado Governador-Geral do Estado do Brasil, administrando a colônia a partir de [[Olinda]] entre [[1624]] e [[1625]].<ref>{{Citar web|url=https://www.ebiografia.com/matias_de_albuquerque/|título=Biografia de Matias de Albuquerque|publicado=eBiografia|acessodata=9-6-2017}}</ref> Em [[1763]], a sede do governo colonial foi transferida de Salvador para o [[Rio de Janeiro (cidade)|Rio de Janeiro]]. Ressalte-se que, com a ascensão de outras regiões econômicas, outros estados coloniais foram criados, como o [[Estado do Maranhão e Piauí]] e o [[Estado do Grão-Pará e Rio Negro]], com capitais respectivamente em [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]] e [[Belém (Pará)|Belém]]. Desta forma, administrativamente, o território colonial português no atual Brasil dispôs de cinco sedes até 1775: Salvador, Olinda e Rio de Janeiro no [[Estado do Brasil]]; São Luís no Estado do Maranhão e Piauí; e Belém no Estado do Grão-Pará e Rio Negro. depois tudo acaba{{HarvRef|Vidal|2011|p=}}

'''Evolução territorial do Brasil no período colonial'''
<gallery mode="packed" widths="125" heights="125">
Imagem:Brazil (1534).svg|1534 [[Capitanias do Brasil|Capitanias hereditárias]]
Imagem:Brazil (1572).svg|1621 Dois estados
Imagem:Brazil (1709).svg|1709 Expansão além do [[Tratado de Tordesilhas]]
Imagem:Brazil (1789).svg|1815 Fim do período colonial
</gallery>

== Economia ==
{{VT|Ciclo da pecuária|Tráfico de escravos para o Brasil}}

=== Ciclo do Açúcar ===
{{VT|Ciclo do Açúcar|Escravidão no Brasil|Invasões holandesas no Brasil}}
[[Imagem:Olinda e Recife.PNG|thumb|esquerda|[[Olinda]] foi o local mais rico do Brasil Colonial da sua criação até a [[Invasões holandesas no Brasil|Invasão Holandesa]], quando foi depredada.<ref name="Faina"/>]]
A base da economia colonial era o engenho de açúcar. O senhor de engenho era um fazendeiro proprietário da unidade de produção de açúcar.{{HarvRef|Santana (II)||}} Utilizava a mão de obra [[África|africana]] [[escravatura|escrava]] e tinha como objetivo principal a venda do açúcar para o mercado europeu. Além do açúcar, destacou-se, também, a produção de tabaco e de algodão. As plantações ocorriam no sistema de ''[[plantation]]'', ou seja, eram grandes fazendas produtoras de um único produto, utilizando mão-de-obra escrava e visando o comércio exterior.<ref>{{citar web|url=http://marfaber.vilabol.uol.com.br/brasil/acucar.htm |título=O Ciclo do Açúcar |publicado=Marfaber}}</ref>

O Brasil se tornou o maior produtor mundial de açúcar nos séculos XVI e XVII. As principais regiões açucareiras eram [[Pernambuco]], [[Bahia]] e [[Capitania de São Vicente|São Vicente]] (São Paulo).<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.mundovestibular.com.br/articles/4518/1/CICLO-DO-ACUCAR/Paacutegina1.html |título=Ciclo do açúcar |publicado=Mundo vestibular}}</ref> O [[Pacto Colonial]] imposto pelo Reino de Portugal estabelecia que os estados coloniais localizados no atual Brasil só podiam fazer comércio com a metrópole, não devendo concorrer com produtos produzidos lá. Logo, o Brasil não podia produzir nada que a [[Mercantilismo|metrópole]] produzisse.<ref>{{citar web|url=http://amigonerd.net/trabalho/92-ciclos-economicos-no-brasil |título=Ciclos Econômicos no Brasil |publicado=Portal Amigo Nerd}}</ref>

O monopólio comercial foi, de certa forma, imposto pelo governo da [[Inglaterra]] a Portugal, com o objetivo de garantir mercado aos comerciantes ingleses. A Inglaterra havia feito uma [[Aliança Luso-Britânica|aliança com Portugal]], oferecendo apoio militar em meio a uma guerra pela sucessão da [[Espanha|Coroa Espanhola]] e ajuda diplomática a Portugal e em troca os portugueses abriram seus portos a [[manufatura]]s britânicas, já que Portugal não tinha grandes indústrias. Nessa época, Portugal e suas colônias, inclusive o Brasil, foram abastecidas com tais produtos. Portugal se beneficiava do monopólio, mas o país era dependente comercialmente da Inglaterra.{{HarvRef|Cancian (II)|2005|p=}} O [[Tratado de Methuen]] foi uma das alianças luso-britânicas. A colônia vendia metais, produtos tropicais e subtropicais a preços baixos, estabelecidos pela metrópole, e comprava dela produtos manufaturados e escravos a preços bem mais altos, garantindo assim o lucro de Portugal em qualquer das transações.

=== Ciclo do Ouro ===
[[Imagem:Historical Centre.jpg|thumb|[[Ouro Preto]], uma das principais vilas formadas durante o [[Ciclo do Ouro]]. A cidade preserva sua arquitetura colonial e é [[Património Mundial|Patrimônio Histórico e Cultural da Humanidade]].]]
[[Imagem:Mapa de rendimento do ouro nas Reais Casas de Fundição em Minas Gerais, entre julho e setembro de 1767..tif|miniaturadaimagem|Mapa de rendimento do ouro nas Reais Casas de Fundição em Minas Gerais, entre julho e setembro de 1767. [[Arquivo Nacional (Brasil)|Arquivo Nacional.]]]]
{{VT|Ciclo do Ouro|Escravidão no Brasil|Inconfidência Mineira}}

Foram os [[Bandeirantes (história)|bandeirantes]] os responsáveis pela ampliação do atual território brasileiro além do [[tratado de Tordesilhas]]. Os bandeirantes penetravam além da linha fronteiriça imposta pelo tratado, procurando índios para aprisionar e jazidas de ouro e diamantes. Foram os bandeirantes que encontraram as primeiras minas de ouro nas regiões dos atuais estados de [[Minas Gerais]], [[Goiás]] e [[Mato Grosso]].<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.brasilescola.com/historiab/entradas-bandeiras.htm |título=Entradas e Bandeiras |publicado=Brasil Escola}}</ref>

Ao final do século XVII, as exportações de açúcar brasileiro começaram a declinar, mas a descoberta de [[ouro]] pelos [[bandeirantes]] na década de 1690, abriu um [[Ciclo do Ouro|novo ciclo]] para a economia extrativista da colônia, promovendo uma [[febre do ouro]] no Brasil, que atraiu milhares de novos colonos, vindos não só de Portugal, mas também de outras colônias portuguesas ao redor do mundo, o que por sua vez acabou gerando conflitos (como a [[Guerra dos Emboabas]]), entre os antigos colonos e os recém-chegados.{{HarvRef|Holanda|1963|p=}}

Após a descoberta das primeiras minas de ouro, o rei de Portugal tratou de organizar sua extração. Interessado nesta nova fonte de lucros, já que o comércio de açúcar passava por uma fase de declínio, ele começou a cobrar o [[quinto do ouro]], imposto equivalente a um [[Wikt:quinto|quinto]] (20%) de todo o ouro que fosse encontrado no Brasil. Esse imposto era cobrado nas [[Casa de fundição|casas de fundição]], responsáveis por fundir o ouro; dessa forma, a cobrança dos impostos era mais rigorosa.

A descoberta de ouro e o início da exploração das minas nas regiões auríferas (Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso e Goiás) provocaram uma verdadeira "corrida do ouro" para estas regiões. Procurando trabalho na região, desempregados de várias regiões do Império Português partiram em busca do sonho de ficar rico da noite para o dia. Cidades começaram a surgir e o desenvolvimento urbano e cultural aumentou muito nestas regiões. Foi neste contexto que apareceu um dos mais importantes artistas plásticos do Brasil: o [[Aleijadinho]]. Vários empregos surgiram nestas regiões, diversificando o mercado de trabalho na região aurífera. Para acompanhar o desenvolvimento da [[Região Sudeste do Brasil|região sudeste]] da colônia, e impedir a evasão fiscal e o contrabando de ouro, Portugal transferiu a capital do [[Estado do Brasil]] para o [[Rio de Janeiro (cidade)|Rio de Janeiro]].[[Imagem:Antônio Parreiras - Prisão de Tiradentes, 1914.jpg|thumb|''Prisão de [[Tiradentes]]'', o único condenado à morte pelo envolvimento com a [[Inconfidência Mineira]].]]Para garantir a manutenção da ordem colonial interna, além da defesa do monopólio de exploração econômica do Brasil, o foco da administração colonial portuguesa se concentrou em manter sob controle e erradicar as principais formas de rebelião e resistência dos escravos (a exemplo do [[Quilombo dos Palmares]]);{{HarvRef|Donato|1987|p=82}} e em reprimir todo movimento por [[Autonomia#Autonomia em ci.C3.AAncia pol.C3.ADtica|autonomia]] ou [[independência]] política (como a [[Inconfidência Mineira]]).{{HarvRef|Mello|2009|p=51, 59, 85}}{{HarvRef|Pedroso|2005|p=67, 2º§ (final)}}

No final de 1807, forças espanholas e [[Primeiro Império Francês|francesas]] [[Guerra Peninsular|ameaçaram]] a segurança de [[Portugal Continental]], fazendo com que o Príncipe Regente [[João VI de Portugal|D. João]], em nome da rainha [[Maria I de Portugal|Maria I]], [[Transferência da corte portuguesa para o Brasil|transferisse a corte real]] de [[Lisboa]] para o Brasil.<ref name="Boxer, p. 213">Boxer, p. 213</ref> O estabelecimento da corte portuguesa trouxe o surgimento de algumas das primeiras instituições brasileiras, como [[bolsa de valores|bolsas de valores]] locais{{HarvRef|Barcellos|2011|p=xiv}} e um [[Banco do Brasil|banco nacional]], e acabou com o [[monopólio]] comercial que Portugal mantinha sob o Brasil, liberando as trocas comerciais com outras nações, o que pôs fim ao período colonial brasileiro.{{HarvRef|Bueno|1999p=145}}

== Cultura ==
{{Mais informações|Arte colonial no Brasil}}
[[Imagem:Salvador-SFranciscoChurch2.jpg|thumb|esquerda|Interior da [[Igreja e Convento de São Francisco (Salvador)|Igreja de São Francisco]] em [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]], [[Bahia]], uma das mais ricas expressões do [[barroco brasileiro]].]]
Os naturais do Brasil eram portugueses; diferenciavam-se dos ameríndios e dos escravos que não tinham direitos de cidadania. Nesta época o vocábulo "''brasileiro''" designava apenas o nome dos comerciantes de pau brasil. Só depois da independência do Brasil se pode diferenciar brasileiros e portugueses, visto que é um anacronismo chamar brasileiro a quem morreu português antes da independência. Distinguia-se o cidadão português natural do Brasil dos outros portugueses da metrópole e [[Lista de antigos territórios portugueses|províncias ultramarinas]] (português de Angola, português de Macau, português de Goa, etc) designando-o de ''Português do Brasil'', ''Luso Americano'' ou pelo nome da cidade de nascimento.<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.colegiocursodesafio.com.br/v2/material/APOSTILA%20DE%20ATUALIDADES.pdf |título=Apostila de atualidades |publicado=Colégio/Curso desafio}}</ref> A partir do {{séc|XVII}} o termo "''reinóis''" era usado popularmente no Brasil para designar os portugueses nascidos em Portugal e os distinguir daqueles nascidos no Brasil. Dentro do Brasil podiam-se diferenciar os cidadãos em nível regional, por exemplo os ''pernambucanos'' dos ''baianos'', no entanto a nível nacional e a nível internacional eram todos conhecidos como portugueses. Os escravos davam o nome de "''mazombo''" aos filhos de portugueses nascidos no Brasil, e mais tarde a qualquer europeu.{{HarvRef|Ribeiro|2003|p=}}

A sociedade no período açúcar era marcada pela grande diferenciação social. No topo da sociedade, com poderes políticos e econômicos, estavam os senhores de [[engenho]]. Abaixo, aparecia uma camada média formada por pessoas livres (feitores, capatazes, padres, militares, comerciantes e artesãos) e funcionários públicos. E na base da sociedade estavam os escravos, de origem africana, tratados como simples mercadorias e responsáveis por quase todo trabalho desenvolvido na colônia.<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/brasil-colonia/sociedade-colonial.php |título=Sociedade Colonial |publicado=Portal São Francisco}}</ref>

Era uma sociedade patriarcal, pois o senhor de engenho exercia um grande poder social. As mulheres tinham poucos poderes e nenhuma participação política, deviam apenas cuidar do lar e dos filhos.<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.coladaweb.com/historia-do-brasil/sociedade-colonial-brasileira |título=Sociedade Colonial Brasileira |publicado=Cola da web}}</ref>

A [[casa-grande]] era a residência da família do senhor de engenho. Nela moravam, além da família, alguns agregados. O conforto da casa grande contrastava com a miséria e péssimas condições de higiene das [[senzala]]s (habitações dos escravos).{{HarvRef|Schwartz||p=}}

=== Alimentação ===
{{Mais informações|Culinária do Brasil}}
[[Imagem:Brazilian Fruits.jpg|thumb|direita|''Frutas brasileiras'', por [[Albert Eckhout]] (século XVII)]]
Os portugueses que vieram para o [[Brasil]] tiveram que alterar seus hábitos alimentares. O [[trigo]], por exemplo, foi substituído pela [[farinha]] de [[mandioca]], o mais importante alimento da colônia. A mandioca, de origem indígena, foi adotada no Brasil por africanos e portugueses, sendo usada para fazer bolos, sopas, beijus ou simplesmente para se comer misturada ao [[açúcar]]. Além da farinha, no engenho também se consumiam: carne-seca, [[milho]], [[rapadura]], [[arroz]], [[feijão]] e condimentos como [[pimenta]] e azeite de dendê.<ref>{{citar web|url=http://super.abril.com.br/alimentacao/feijoada-foi-criada-pelos-escravos-622358.shtml |título=A feijoada foi criada pelos escravos |publicado=Super Interessante}}</ref> As verduras, as frutas, a manteiga e os queijos eram raros e só entravam na alimentação dos ricos. Mas não faltavam doces, que eram consumidos em grande quantidade, tanto no campo como nas cidades.

Alimentação diferente experimentaram os moradores de [[Recife]] e [[Olinda]] durante a [[invasão holandesa]] (1624-1625 e 1630-1654), uma vez que vinha da [[Países Baixos|Holanda]] o [[toucinho]], [[manteiga]], [[azeite]], [[vinho]], [[aguardente]], peixe seco, [[bacalhau]], [[trigo]], carne salgada, [[fava]], [[ervilha]], [[cevada]] e [[feijão]]. Tanto nas casas mais humildes como nas dos senhores de engenho, as refeições eram feitas utilizando a mão, devido à ausência de [[garfo]], este só começando a integrar o dia a dia a partir o {{séc|XIX}}. Outro costume de todas as classes era o de comer sentado no chão.{{HarvRef|Lima|1999|p=}}

As bebidas alcoólicas consumidas eram principalmente a [[bagaceira]] e o [[vinho]], trazidos de [[Portugal]]. Nos [[engenhos de açúcar]] logo foi descoberto o vinho de cana, ou seja, o caldo de cana fermentado, muito apreciado pelos escravos. Na primeira metade do {{séc|XVII}} descobriu-se que os subprodutos da produção do [[açúcar]], o [[melaço]] e as espumas, misturados com água fermentavam e podiam ser destilados obtendo-se a [[cachaça]]. Ela também podia ser fabricada com o vinho de cana. Devido ao baixo preço e facilidade de produção, aos poucos foi caindo no gosto da população, ao menos entre os escravos e as pessoas de baixo poder aquisitivo. Com o tempo, as classes abastadas foram paulatinamente também adotando a cachaça.{{HarvRef|Cavalcante|2011|p=}}

== Demografia ==
=== Ocupação pré-cabralina ===
{{VT|História pré-cabralina do Brasil}}
[[Imagem:Guajajaras (mãe e filho).jpg|thumb|direita|Índia [[Guajajaras|guajajara]] e seu filho]]
A tese mais aceita é que os povos indígenas do [[América|continente americano]] são descendentes de [[caça]]dores asiáticos que cruzaram o [[estreito de Bering]] passando da [[Sibéria]] para a [[América do Norte]]. Os mais antigos povoadores do atual território brasileiro chegaram há aproximadamente 12 mil anos. Contudo, foi encontrado em [[Lagoa Santa (Minas Gerais)|Lagoa Santa]] ([[Minas Gerais]]) o [[crânio]] de uma mulher de traços [[negroide]]s, batizada de [[Luzia (fóssil)|Luzia]], que viveu há {{Fmtn|11500}} anos. Deste modo, alguns pesquisadores consideram provável que populações negroides também tenham vivido na América, e que estas foram exterminadas ou assimiladas pelos povos [[mongoloide]]s muitos séculos antes da chegada dos europeus.<ref>[http://www.fafich.ufmg.br/pae/apoio/aspopulacoesindigenasnoterritoriobrasileiro.pdf SOUZA, Wanessa de. As populações indígenas no território brasileiro]</ref>

Estima-se que, no início da colonização portuguesa, cerca de quatro milhões de [[ameríndio]]s viviam no atual território brasileiro.<ref>[http://www.aracruz.com.br/show_arz.do?act=stcNews&lastRoot=63&id=5&lang=1 {{Wayback|url=http://www.aracruz.com.br/show_arz.do?act=stcNews&lastRoot=63&id=5&lang=1 |date=20081113180627 }} Aracruz [Celulose]. A questão indígena no Brasil e no Espírito Santo]</ref> Encontravam-se divididos em diversos grupos étnico-linguísticos: tupi-guaranis (região do litoral), macro-jê ou tapuias (região do Planalto Central), aruaques (Amazônia) e caraíbas (Amazônia).<ref>[http://www.suapesquisa.com/indios/ Índios do Brasil]</ref>

=== A colonização no tempo ===
==== Século XVI ====
O território brasileiro não foi imediatamente ocupado pelos [[portugueses]] a partir do [[Descobrimento do Brasil]] em 1500. A colonização começou somente a partir de 1532. Antes disso, havia apenas [[feitoria]]s nas quais o [[pau-brasil]] era armazenado esperando os navios que vinham da Metrópole. Apenas alguns degredados, desertores e náufragos haviam se estabelecido em definitivo no Brasil, vivendo e se miscigenando com as tribos indígenas.

Ao contrário do que muitos pensam, os primeiros colonos não foram só ladrões, assassinos ou prostitutas mandados para o Brasil. A maioria era composta por camponeses pobres, agregados de um pequeno nobre que vinha estabelecer engenhos e plantações de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. Apenas alguns poucos eram "criminosos", em geral pessoas perseguidas pela [[Igreja Católica|Igreja]] por sua "falta de moral" ou por cometerem pequenos delitos: [[Judaísmo no Brasil|judeus]], [[cristão-novo|cristãos-novos]], bígamos, sodomitas, padres sedutores, feiticeiras, visionários, blasfemadores, impostores de todas as espécies.<ref>[http://geraldo.pieroni.vilabol.uol.com.br/livros.html]</ref><ref>[http://navegandonahistoria.blogspot.com/2006/09/o-povoamento-da-terra-braslica.html Blog: Navegando na História. O Povoamento da Terra Brasílica (visitado em 16/10/2008)]</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 1em 0em 1em 2em"! colspan="5" |Estimativa da imigração portuguesa para o Brasil-Colônia<ref name="IBGE">[[IBGE]] - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística</ref>|- align="center"| align="left"| '''Período''' || 1500-1700||1701-1760||1808-1817|-align="right"|align="left"|'''Quantidade'''||100.000||600.000||24.000|}
A maior parte dos colonos que vieram para o Brasil não foram os degredados. Quem de fato promoveu a colonização inicial foram as famílias ricas de [[Portugal]], todavia não havia uma hegemonia sócio-econômica entre os colonos. Ao mesmo tempo que houve um predomínio de 90% de famílias de classe alta nas zonas mais ricas, como [[Pernambuco]] e [[Bahia]], nas regiões periféricas, como o [[Maranhão]], a esmagadora maioria dos portugueses eram pobres.<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses/imigrestrita.html Brasil: 500 Anos de Povoamento. Imigração Restrita: 1500-1700] (visitado em 16 de outubro de 2008)</ref>

Para efetuar a colonização, o rei de Portugal dividiu a colônia em [[Capitania-geral|capitanias hereditárias]] que foram entregues a [[nobre]]s portugueses, denominados donatários. As tentativas de exploração dos [[ameríndios]] como escravos nas plantações e [[engenho]]s de [[cana-de-açúcar]] levaram a vários conflitos<ref>Bueno, Eduardo. Capitães do Brasil. São Paulo: Editora Objetiva, 2006</ref> de modo que apenas duas Capitanias Hereditárias prosperaram: Pernambuco e [[Capitania de São Vicente|São Vicente]]. Apesar disto, a presença portuguesa se consolidou no século XVI com a criação do [[Governo Geral]] do Brasil. Embora em número bastante reduzido, os colonos portugueses conseguiram ocupar o litoral e os ameríndios, perseguidos ou assolados por epidemias, foram [[migração humana|migrando]] para o [[Sertão brasileiro|sertão]] e para a [[Amazônia]]. Aqueles que restaram foram escravizados, aculturados e se misturaram aos portugueses, formando uma população híbrida, [[mestiço|mestiça]], de [[mameluco]]s.<ref>Site Espaço Acadêmico</ref>

O índio brasileiro não suportava a escravidão. Acostumado a viver durante milênios a um meio de vida livre, nômade, a mortalidade indígena no meio escravocrata era muito alta. O índio brasileiro se negava a trabalhar para o colonizador: muitos fugiam ou se [[suicídio|suicidavam]]. A situação caótica obrigou os colonos a importar mão-de-obra do continente africano. É a partir da década de 1550 que começou a aportar na colônia os primeiros navios com escravos da [[África]]. Além de resolver o problema da mão-de-obra (faltavam índios e portugueses), o [[tráfico negreiro]] era muito rentável.<ref>{{Citar web |url=http://www.universia.com.br/html/materia/materia_cifc.html |titulo=Cópia arquivada |acessodata=2015-08-17 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415015630/http://www.universia.com.br/html/materia/materia_cifc.html |arquivodata=2015-04-15 |urlmorta=yes }}</ref>

No século XVI, desembarcaram no Brasil em torno de 50 mil portugueses e 50 mil africanos.<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/index.html Brasil: 500 Anos de Povoamento. Povoamento 1500-1700] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/index.html |date=20100516074111 }} (visitado em 16 de outubro de 2008)</ref>

==== Século XVII ====
O desenvolvimento da cultura de [[cana-de-açúcar]] faz crescer o número de [[Comércio atlântico de escravos|escravos africanos]] desembarcados nas [[América portuguesa|colônias portuguesas da América]], vindos sobretudo da [[África Ocidental Portuguesa]] (atual [[Angola]]) e da chamada [[Costa da Mina]] para o litoral do atual [[Região Nordeste do Brasil|nordeste brasileiro]]. A imigração portuguesa continuou reduzida, tendo em vista que o [[Reino de Portugal]] não tinha população suficiente para mandar grande número de colonos para ocupar suas possessões na América. A população se concentrou nas regiões litorâneas que formam as atuais regiões nordeste e [[Região Sudeste do Brasil|sudeste]] do [[Brasil]]. O restante das possessões portuguesas na América segue sem ocupação europeia, abrigando povos [[Povos ameríndios|indígenas]] estabelecidos e também aqueles refugiados das regiões litorâneas.

No século XVII desembarcaram 550 mil [[Escravidão no Brasil|africanos]] e 50 mil portugueses.

==== Século XVIII ====
O desenvolvimento da [[mineração]] trouxe para o Brasil centenas de milhares de africanos, que foram escravizados na extração de ouro. Um fato novo foi, pela primeira vez na História da colônia, a vinda de um enorme contingente de colonos portugueses. Tal surto migratório deve-se a alguns fatores: Portugal e, em particular, a região do [[Minho (província)|Minho]], teve uma alta taxa de crescimento populacional e, em consequência, superpopulação. As notícias de que na colônia sul-americana estava ocorrendo a exploração da mineração serviu como esperança para milhares de portugueses que resolveram cruzar o [[Oceano Atlântico]] e se aventurar nas [[Minas Gerais]].<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses/imigtransicao.html]</ref> A imigração de casais [[Açores|açorianos]] para o litoral do Sul do Brasil foi de fundamental importância para a demografia da região.<ref>{{Citar web |url=http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/regioes/7tipos/acores.html |titulo=Cópia arquivada |acessodata=2015-08-17 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231170219/http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/regioes/7tipos/acores.html |arquivodata=2007-12-31 |urlmorta=yes }}</ref>

No século XVIII desembarcaram um milhão e 600 mil africanos e 600 mil portugueses no Brasil. O Brasil passou a possuir a maior população africana fora da África e a maior população lusitana fora de Portugal.

=== Colonização portuguesa ===
{{Mais informações|Colonização portuguesa da América}}
Entre 1500 e 1700, 100 mil portugueses se deslocaram para o Brasil, a maioria dos quais fazia parte da iniciativa privada que colonizou o País: grandes fazendeiros ou empresários falidos em Portugal que, através da distribuição de sesmarias, tentavam se enriquecer facilmente e retornar para Portugal. Dedicaram-se principalmente à agricultura, baseada no trabalho escravo, inicialmente efetuado por indígenas, mas sobretudo por [[escravo]]s [[África|africanos]].

No século XVIII, aportaram no Brasil 600 mil portugueses, atraídos pela exploração de ouro que estava ocorrendo em [[Minas Gerais]]. Já não eram exclusivamente fazendeiros e agricultores, ganharam caráter urbano e se dedicaram principalmente à exploração do ouro e ao comércio.

No século XIX, o Brasil tornou-se independente, dando fim à colonização portuguesa no País, embora a imigração de portugueses continuasse a crescer gradativamente.

=== Colonização africana ===
{{Artigo principal|Afro-brasileiro}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 1em 0em 1em 2em;"
|+ Entrada de escravos africanos no Brasil<ref>IBGE. Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento. Rio de janeiro : IBGE, 2000. Apêndice: Estatísticas de 500 anos de povoamento. p. 223 ''apud'' [http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/tabelas/negros_desesembarques.htm IBGE. Desembarques no Brasil] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/tabelas/negros_desesembarques.htm |date=20020625165628 }} (visitado em 23 de agosto de 2008)</ref>
|-
! Período
| 1500-1700 || 1701-1760 || 1761-1829 || 1830-1855
|-
! Quantidade
| {{fmtn|510000}} || {{fmtn|958000}} || {{fmtn|1720000}} || {{fmtn|618000}}
|}
O tráfico internacional de escravos da [[África subsaariana]] para o Brasil foi um movimento migratório, embora forçado. Seu início ocorreu na segunda metade do [[século XVI]], e desenvolveu-se no [[século XVIII]], atingiu seu ápice por volta de 1845 até ser extinto em 1850.

[[Imagem:Navio negreiro - Rugendas 1830.jpg|thumb|direita|''Escravos em um porão de embarcação'' [[Johann Moritz Rugendas]], ca. 1810]]

O tráfico negreiro foi uma atividade altamente lucrativa e contou, até 1850, com amparo legal. Iniciou oficialmente em 1559, quando a metrópole portuguesa decidiu permitir o ingresso de escravos vindos da África no Brasil. Antes disso, porém, transações envolvendo escravos africanos já ocorriam no Brasil, sendo a escassez de mão-de-obra um dos principais argumentos dos colonos.

A escravidão era utilizada nas mais desenvolvidas sociedades da [[África Subsaariana]] antes mesmo do início do tráfico negreiro para a [[América]] e do envolvimento com as potências europeias. Escravos negros eram comumente transportados através do [[Saara]] e vendidos no norte da [[África]] por mercadores muçulmanos. Estes escravos podiam ser pessoas capturadas nas guerras tribais, escravizadas por dívidas não pagas ou mesmo filhos de outros escravos por várias gerações. A necessidade de trabalhadores escravos na América aumentou a procura de escravos de modo que passaram a ser organizados grupos que entravam pelo interior da África Subsaariana com o único propósito de capturar pessoas de outras nações para serem vendidas como escravos nos portos do litoral.

A maior parte dos escravos africanos provinham de lugares como [[Angola]], [[Guiné (região)|Guiné]], [[Benim]], [[Nigéria]] e [[Moçambique]]. Eram mais valorizados, para os trabalhos na agricultura, os negros [[Bantos]] ou [[Benguela]] ou Bangela ou do [[Congo (região)|Congo]], provenientes do sul da África, especialmente de Angola e Moçambique, e tinham valor os vindo do centro oeste da África, os negros [[Mina (etnia)|Mina]] ou da [[Guiné]], que receberam este nome por serem embarcados no porto de São Jorge de Mina, na atual cidade de [[Elmina]], e eram, por outro lado, mais aptos para a mineração, trabalho o qual já se dedicavam na [[África Ocidental]]. Por ser a Bahia mais próxima da Costa da Guiné (África Ocidental) do que de Angola, a maioria dos negros baianos são Minas.

Os traficantes trocavam os escravos por produtos como [[fumo]], [[arma]]s e [[aguardente]]s. Os escravos comprados eram transportados nos chamados [[navio negreiro|navios negreiros]] principalmente para as cidades do [[Rio de Janeiro (cidade)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]], [[Recife]] e [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]. As péssimas condições sanitárias existentes nas embarcações, que vinham superlotadas, faziam com que muitos escravos morressem, entretanto, a maior parte das mortes ocorria no transporte desde o local de captura até o porto africano de embarque. Quando desembarcavam em solo brasileiro, os escravos africanos ficavam de quarentena enquanto recuperavam a saúde e engordavam para serem vendidos em praça pública. A maior parte ainda viajava a pé para as regiões mais distantes do interior onde havia minas ou plantações.

Os escravos homens, jovens, mais fortes e saudáveis eram os mais valorizados. Havia um grande desequilíbrio demográfico entre homens e mulheres na população de escravos. No período 1837-1840, os homens constituíam 73,7% e as mulheres apenas 26,3% da população escrava. Além disto, os donos de escravos não se preocupavam com a reprodução natural da escravaria, porque era mais barato comprar escravos recém trazidos pelo tráfico internacional do que gastar com a alimentação de crianças.<ref name="pompeu">[http://www.secrel.com.br/jpoesia/pompeu01.html TOLEDO, Renato Pompeu de. À Sombra da Escravidão] {{Wayback|url=http://www.secrel.com.br/jpoesia/pompeu01.html |date=20080607215614 }} (visitada em 22 de agosto de 2008)</ref>

Ao todo, entraram no Brasil aproximadamente quatro milhões de africanos na forma de escravos.<ref>{{Citar web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/index2.html |titulo=Cópia arquivada |acessodata=2015-08-17 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508154311/http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/index2.html |arquivodata=2013-05-08 |urlmorta=yes }}</ref>

=== Colonização por espanhóis, holandeses e franceses ===
{{Mais informações|Nova Holanda|França Antártica|União Ibérica|Sete Povos das Missões}}
Durante a colonização, um número impreciso de pessoas com origens em outras partes do mundo, além de Portugal e do Continente Africano, se fixaram no território que hoje corresponde ao Brasil. Embora a presença espanhola no Brasil durante o período colonial tenha sido importante em algumas regiões específicas, ela foi frequentemente ignorada ou mesmo negada. O historiador [[Capistrano de Abreu]], em seu clássico ''A História do Brasil'', de 1883, chegou mesmo a afirmar que os espanhóis não tiveram nenhuma importância na formação histórica brasileira ou, se a tiveram, ela foi menor do que a dos franceses. O próprio [[IBGE]] afirma que houve um "exagero" da parte do autor. A presença de colonos espanhóis no Sul do Brasil foi "histórica e demograficamente densa", como salienta o IBGE.<ref name="ibge.gov.br">{{Citar web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/index2.html |titulo=Cópia arquivada |acessodata=2015-08-17 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508154311/http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/index2.html |arquivodata=2013-05-08 |urlmorta=yes }}</ref> Isto porque grande parte da região Sul do atual Brasil foi uma zona de disputa entre Portugal e a Espanha e, como não havia barreiras naturais impedindo a movimentação de pessoas (exceto o [[Rio Uruguai]] a oeste), por séculos houve ali uma convivência (frequentemente conflituosa) entre lusos e hispânicos.<ref name=privada>{{citar livro | título = História da Vida Privada no Brasil|autor=Fernando A. Novais|páginas =523–523|ano = 1997|editora = [[Companhia das Letras]]}}</ref> O antropólogo [[Darcy Ribeiro]] escreveu que os [[gaúcho]]s dos [[pampas]] "Surgem da transfiguração étnica das populações mestiças de varões espanhóis e lusitanos com mulheres guarani", demonstrando a importância do elemento espanhol na formação da população na zona fronteiriça entre o Brasil, a Argentina e o Uruguai. Um estudo genético realizado pela [[FAPESP]] chegou mesmo a concluir que os espanhóis tiveram uma maior importância na formação étnica dos gaúchos do Sul do Brasil do que os próprios portugueses.<ref>[http://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/10934/000592555.pdf?sequence=1]</ref>

Outro povo que se estabeleceu no Brasil colonial foi oriundo dos [[Países Baixos]]. Os [[Invasões holandesas no Brasil|neerlandeses]] invadiram diferentes partes do Brasil, a mais duradoura invasão ocorreu em [[Pernambuco]], onde permaneceram por 24 anos (de 1630 a 1654). Existem mitos, especulações e até um certo "romantismo" em relação à presença holandesa no Brasil. Até hoje esse tema levanta discussões, quase sempre suscitando o imaginário de como seria o Brasil atualmente se tivesse sido colonizado pelos holandeses.<ref>[http://educacao.uol.com.br/historia-brasil/holandeses-no-brasil-e-se-o-brasil-tivesse-sido-colonizado-pela-holanda.jhtm]</ref> Em relação a uma possível contribuição holandesa para a formação da população brasileira, não existem dados sobre quantos holandeses permaneceram no Nordeste após a retomada do domínio português na região, tampouco se eram em número suficiente para ter deixado algum legado minimamente importante após apenas 24 anos de presença. Um estudo genético, porém, abre a possibilidade de ter havido alguma contribuição holandesa para a formação da população do Nordeste, com base numa análise do [[cromossomo Y]].<ref>{{Citar web |url=http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/invasoes-holandesas-do-brasil/invasoes-holandesas-do-brasil-3.php |titulo=Cópia arquivada |acessodata=2015-08-17 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204231236/http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/invasoes-holandesas-do-brasil/invasoes-holandesas-do-brasil-3.php |arquivodata=2013-12-04 |urlmorta=yes }}</ref>

Durante o período de dominação holandesa, não foram poucos os casamentos entre holandeses oficiais da [[WIC]] e brasileiras pertencentes a aristocracia açucareira da época,<ref>CALADO, Manuel. O Valeroso Lucideno (2 v.). Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia 1987. (Coleção Reconquista do Brasil) ISBN 1181510007. Original de 1648</ref> e ainda muito mais numerosas as uniões informais entre os praças da WIC com negras, índias, mestiças e brancas pobres.

Autores do período afirmam não terem sido poucos os colonos holandeses livres que se dedicavam à agricultura.<ref>Wätjen, Hermann. O Domínio Colonial Hollandez no Brasil: Um Capítulo da História Colonial do Século XVII. Tradução de Pedro Celso Uchôa Cavalcanti. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1938.</ref><ref>Barléu, Gaspar, O Brasil Holandês sob o Conde João Maurício de Nassau – História dos Feitos Praticados no Brasil, Durante Oito Anos, sob o Governo do Ilustríssimo Conde João Maurício de Nassau, Tradução Cláudio Brandão, Editora: Edições do Senado Federal.</ref>

Os franceses também invadiram as regiões onde atualmente ficam parte do [[Maranhão]] e do [[Rio de Janeiro (estado)|Rio de Janeiro]]. Ficaram muito pouco tempo no Brasil, foram rapidamente expulsos, mas alguns deles deixaram filhos tidos com mulheres indígenas. Porém, assim como no caso dos holandeses, não existe nenhuma comprovação factível que os franceses tenham tido qualquer influência considerável na formação do povo brasileiro.{{Carece de fontes|Brasil=sim|data=abril de 2017}}

Portugal sempre foi muito preocupado em impedir a entrada de europeus de outras nacionalidades no Brasil. Foi só em 1808, com a abertura dos portos, que foi permitida a entrada de cidadãos de outras nacionalidades no país. Até então, somente portugueses e escravos africanos podiam entrar de forma livre na colônia. Com a exceção da região de disputa de fronteira do Sul, onde a presença espanhola foi marcante,<ref name="ibge.gov.br"/> no resto do Brasil a presença de outros povos, além de portugueses e de africanos, foi bastante exígua. Tal fato só se alterou no século XIX, quando permitiu-se a migração de outros grupos para o país. O Brasil se mostrava muito diferente dos [[Estados Unidos]]. A [[Inglaterra]] não se preocupava em limitar a entrada de não ingleses nas suas [[Treze Colônias|colônias da América do Norte]]. Desde os primórdios da colonização do atual Estados Unidos, além dos ingleses, diferentes nacionalidades europeias para lá se deslocaram, como suecos, espanhóis, alemães, irlandeses, escoceses, holandeses, franceses, além de diversas etnias de escravos africanos.<ref name=eua>{{citar livro |título = História dos Estados Unidos: das Origens ao Século XXI|autor=Leandro Karnal, Luiz Estevam Fernandes, Marcus Vinicius de Morais, Sean Purdy |páginas =–|ano=|editora=[[Cotexto]]}}</ref>

No Brasil, as origens da população colonial eram bem menos diversificadas, compostas basicamente de portugueses e de diferentes etnias africanas, além de índios. Todavia, os diferentes "cruzamentos" entre esses povos davam ao Brasil, desde o período colonial, um caráter de sociedade multi-étnica.<ref name=Darcy>{{citar web |URL= http://www.iphi.org.br/sites/filosofia_brasil/Darcy_Ribeiro_-_O_povo_Brasileiro-_a_forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_o_sentido_do_Brasil.pdf|título = O povo brasileiro: a formação e o sentido do Brasil|autor=Darcy Ribeiro |páginas = 477|ano= 1995|publicado= Companhia das Letras|página= 151 - Tabela 1|formato= PDF|wayb= 20150419200522}}</ref> A partir do século XIX, a população do Brasil se diversificou mais, quando para o país passou a se dirigir correntes migratórias de origens relativamente diversificadas. Todavia, mais de 80% do fluxo migratório para o Brasil veio de apenas três países: Portugal, [[Itália]] e [[Espanha]].<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/tabelas/imigracao_nacionalidade_84a33.htmi]</ref> Nos Estados Unidos, por outro lado, os imigrantes vinham de quase todos os cantos da Europa.<ref>[http://www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/0809/sumin/sumin1.html]</ref>

=== Colonização por outras origens ===
{{VT|Imigração suíça no Brasil}}
[[Imagem:Colonizacaonf.jpg|thumb|direita|esquerda|[[Nova Friburgo]] durante sua colonização (1820-1830).]]
Os primeiros grupos de imigrantes não lusos e não africanos chegaram ao Brasil, de forma organizada, somente depois da [[abertura dos portos]] de 1808.

Excetuando os portugueses e alguns poucos estrangeiros que se tornaram súditos de Portugal, os primeiros imigrantes voluntários a vir para o Brasil após a abertura dos portos foram os chineses de [[Macau]] que chegaram ao [[Rio de Janeiro (cidade)|Rio de Janeiro]] em 1808.<ref name="doré">[http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/dore.pdf DORÉ, Andrea. Os Macaenses no Brasil. Lusotopie 2000, pp. 224-225 (visitada em 22 de agosto de 2008)]</ref><ref name="lima">{{Citar web |url=http://catalogos.bn.br/redememoria/chineses.html |titulo=LIMA, Silvio Cezar de Souza. Os filhos do império celeste: a imigração chinesa e sua incorporação à nacionalidade brasileira. Rede de Memória Virtual Brasileira (visitada em 22 de agosto de 2008) |acessodata=2015-08-17 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331092135/http://catalogos.bn.br/redememoria/chineses.html |arquivodata=2009-03-31 |urlmorta=yes }}</ref> Cerca de 300 chineses de [[Macau]] foram trazidos pelo governo do príncipe regente (futuro rei [[D. João VI]]) com o objetivo de introduzir o cultivo de [[chá]] no Brasil. Eles tiveram importante participação na aclimatação de plantas feitas pelo recém-criado [[Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro]]<ref name="doré" /><ref name="lima" />

Entretanto, a mão-de-obra livre de imigrantes estrangeiros ainda era considerada dispensável pelos grandes fazendeiros. Na primeira metade do [[século XIX]] ainda desembarcaram no Brasil cerca de um milhão e 300 mil [[África subsaariana|africanos subsaarianos]], certamente o maior grupo de imigrantes recebido neste período.

O primeiro movimento organizado, contratado pelo governo [[brasileiro]], de imigrantes europeus foi a imigração suíça para a região serrana do [[Rio de Janeiro (estado)|Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>[http://www.colegiosaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/imigracao-no-brasil/migracoes.php Imigração no Brasil]{{Ligação inativa|1={{subst:DATA}} }} Colégio São Francisco</ref>

Em 16 de maio de 1818, o [[João VI de Portugal|príncipe regente]] baixou um decreto autorizando o agente do [[Cantão de Friburgo]], Sebastião Nicolau Gachet, a estabelecer uma colônia de cem famílias de imigrantes [[suíços]]. Entre 1819 e 1820, chegaram ao Brasil 261 famílias de colonos suíços, 161 a mais do que havia sido combinado nos contratos, totalizando 1.686 imigrantes. A sua maioria era composta de suíços de cultura e língua francesa. Os imigrantes estabeleceram-se na fazenda do Morro Queimado, situada na então vila de [[Cantagalo (Rio de Janeiro)|Cantagalo]]. A região era conhecida pelo seu clima ameno e relevo acidentado, o mais semelhante que poderia haver no Rio de Janeiro com a [[Suíça]]. Muitos dos imigrantes suíços logo abandonaram seus lotes e se dispersaram por toda a região serrana e centro-norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, em busca de terras férteis e mais acessíveis.

== Ver também ==
{{Dividir em colunas}}
* [[Império Português]]
* [[Cronologia da colonização portuguesa na América]]
* [[Colonização portuguesa da América]]
* [[Colonização portuguesa da África]]
* [[Estado da Índia]]
* [[Capitanias do Brasil]]
* [[Cronologia da colonização da América]]
* [[Descoberta do Brasil]]
* [[Estado do Brasil]]
* [[Estado do Maranhão]]
* [[História do Brasil]]
{{Dividir em colunas fim}}

{{Notas}}

{{Referências|col=3}}

=== Bibliografia ===
{{Refbegin|2}}
;Livros
* {{citar livro|último=Amantino|primeiro=Marcia|título=O mundo das feras: os moradores do Sertão Oeste de Minas Gerais - Século XVIII|local=São Paulo|editora=[[Annablume Editora|AnnaBlume]]|ano=2008|páginas=260|isbn=9788574198460|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=UmhYH9ZcAJgC|acessodata=27 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último1=Barcellos|primeiro1=Marta|último2=Azevedo|primeiro2= Simone|título=Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil|local=Rio de Janeiro|editora=[[Editora Campus-Elsevier|Campus-Elsevier]]|ano=2011|isbn=9788535244069|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Barreto|primeiro=Aníbal (Cel.)|título=Fortificações no Brasil (Resumo Histórico)|local=Rio de Janeiro|editora=Biblioteca do Exército Editora|ano=1958|páginas=368|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Boxer|primeiro=Charles R|autorlink=C. R. Boxer|título=O império marítimo português 1415–1825|local=São Paulo|editora=[[Companhia das Letras]]|ano=2002|páginas=442|isbn=85-359-0292-9|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Bueno|primeiro=Eduardo|autorlink=Eduardo Bueno|título=Capitães do Brasil: a saga dos primeiros colonizadores|local=Rio de Janeiro|editora=[[Objetiva (editora)|Objetiva]]|ano=1999|páginas=287|isbn=9788573022520|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=ieYrAAAAYAAJ|acessodata=27 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Cashmore|primeiro=Ernest|título=Dicionário de relações étnicas e raciais|local=São Paulo|editora=Summus/Selo Negro|ano=2000|páginas=598|isbn=9788587478061|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=YDCm6WqtFBwC|acessodata=27 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Cavalcante|primeiro=Messias Soares|título=A verdadeira história da cachaça|local=São Paulo|editora=Sá|ano=2011|páginas=606|isbn=9788588193628|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=bz-XZwEACAAJ|acessodata=27 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Donato|primeiro=Hernâni|autorlink=Hernâni Donato|título=Dicionário das batalhas brasileiras|local=São Paulo|editora=Ibrasa|ano=1987|páginas=593|isbn=9788534800341|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=xeyuqtq3ImUC|acessodata=27 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Fausto|primeiro=Boris|autorlink=Boris Fausto|título=História do Brasil|edição=12|local=[[São Paulo (cidade)|São Paulo]]|editora=[[EDUSP|Editora da Universidade de São Paulo]]|ano=2006|isbn=85-314-0240-9|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Furtado|primeiro=Celso|autorlink=Celso Furtado|título=Formação Econômica do Brasil|local=[[São Paulo (cidade)|São Paulo]]|editora=[[Companhia Editora Nacional]]|ano=2005|edição=32|páginas=256|isbn=9788504006100|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=mprsAAAAMAAJ|acessodata=28 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último1=Holanda|primeiro1=Sérgio Buarque|autorlink1=Sérgio Buarque de Holanda|último2=Campos|primeiro2= Pedro Moacyr|último3=Fausto|primeiro3=Fausto|autorlink3=Boris Fausto|título=História geral da civilização brasileira|local=São Paulo|editora=Difusão Europeia do Livro|ano=1963|edição=2|capítulo=3|páginas=|oclc=816953656|isbn=852860506X|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Lima|primeiro=Cláudia|título=Tachos e panelas: historiografia da alimentação brasileira|local=Recife|editora=da autora|ano=1999|edição=2|páginas=309|isbn=9788590103219|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=ejljAAAAMAAJ|acessodata=27 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último1=Lopez|primeiro1=Adriana|último2=Mota|primeiro2=Carlos Guilherme|título=História do Brasil: Uma Interpretação|editora=[[Editora Senac|SENAC]]|local=São Paulo|ano=2008|isbn=9788573597899|páginas=1056|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=oEiBf6M92D0C|acessodata=27 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Lovejoy|primeiro=Paul E|título=A escravidão na África: uma história de suas transformações|local=|editora=[[Grupo Editorial Record|Record]]|ano=2002|páginas=497|isbn=9788520005897|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=824xqUvT9SQC|acessodata=27 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Mello|primeiro=Christiane Figueiredo Pagano de|título=Forças Militares no Brasil Colonial|local=|editora=E-papers|ano=2009|páginas=257|isbn=9788576502050|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=bI9orUveSToC|acessodata=27 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Mello|primeiro=Evaldo Cabral de|autorlink=Evaldo Cabral de Mello|título=Olinda restaurada; Guerra e Açúcar no Nordeste, 1630-1654|editora=[[Editora 34]]|local=São Paulo|ano=2007|páginas=384|isbn=978-8573263749|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Pedroso|primeiro=Regina Célia|título=Estado autoritário e ideologia policial|local=São Paulo|editora=[[Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo|FAPESP]]|ano=2005|páginas=209|isbn=9788598292755|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=UhSVts8DvF4C|acessodata=27 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Skidmore|primeiro=Thomas|autorlink=Thomas Skidmore|título=Uma história do Brasil|local=Rio de Janeiro|editora=Paz e Terra|ano=2003|edição=4|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Schwartz|primeiro=Stuart|título=Burocracia e sociedade no Brasil colonial: O Tribunal Superior da Bahia e seus desembargadores, 1609-1751|local=São Paulo|editora=Companhia das Letras|ano=2011|páginas=424|isbn=9788535919080|url=http://www.companhiadasletras.com.br/trechos/12372.pdf|acessodata=28 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último1=Soihet|primeiro1=Rachel|último2=Abreu|primeiro2= Martha|título=Ensino de história: conceitos, temáticas e metodologia|editora=FAPERJ/Ed. Casa da Palavra|ano=2003|páginas=247|isbn=9788587220646|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=G6zH9nsR7XAC|acessodata=27 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{citar livro|último=Young|primeiro=Ernesto Guilherme|título=Subsídios para a História de Iguape e seus Fundadores|editora=Revista do [[IHGSP]]|volume=VII|local=São Paulo|ano=1902|páginas=286–298|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

; Trabalhos acadêmicos
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Citar periódico|último=Ribeiro|primeiro=Gladys Sabina|ano=2003|título=Desenlaces no Brasil pós-colonial: a construção de uma identidade nacional e a Comissão Mista de Portugal|jornal=Convergência Lusíada|volume=20|número=|páginas=79-95|id=|url=http://brasilindependente.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/7/1/17711783/ribeiro_desenlaces.pdf|acessadoem=28 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{Citar periódico|último=Vidal|primeiro=Laurent|ano=2011|título=Capitais sonhadas, capitais abandonadas Considerações sobre a mobilidade das capitais nas [[América]]s (séculos XVIII - XX)|jornal=História|issn=1980-4369|volume=30|número=1|páginas=3-36|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/his/v30n1/v30n1a02.pdf|acessadoem=28 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

;Páginas web
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Citar web|último=Cancian (I)|primeiro=Renato|url=http://educacao.uol.com.br/historia-brasil/periodo-pre-colonial-pau-brasil-capitanias-hereditarias-e-governo-geral.jhtm|título=Período pré-colonial: Pau-brasil, capitanias hereditárias e Governo-geral|editora=UOL Educação|data=31 de julho de 2005|acessodata=3 de janeiro de 2012|ref=harv}}
* {{Citar web|último=Cancian (II)|primeiro=Renato|url=http://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/historia-brasil/economia-colonial-cana-e-trabalho-escravo-sustentaram-o-brasil-colonia.htm|título=Economia colonial: Cana e trabalho escravo sustentaram o Brasil Colônia|editora=UOL Educação|data=31 de maio de 2005|acessodata=28 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{Citar web|último=Santana (I)|primeiro=Miriam Ilza|url=http://www.infoescola.com/historia/invasoes-holandesas-no-brasil/|título=Invasões Holandesas no Brasil|publicado=InfoEscola|acessodata=28 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{Citar web|último=Santana (II)|primeiro=Miriam Ilza|url=http://www.infoescola.com/historia/ciclo-da-cana-de-acucar/|título=Ciclo da Cana-de-açúcar|publicado=InfoEscola|acessodata=28 de dezembro de 2014|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

== Ligações externas ==
{{Correlatos| commonscat = History of Brazil 1500-1808 Colony}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070110012623/http://www.nossahistoria.net/default.aspx?pagid=LRICVKTI ''A construção do Brasil''. Editora Vera Cruz]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070226092837/http://www2.uol.com.br/linguaportuguesa/valeoescrito/ve_constituicao.htm ''1824 - A Primeira Constituição Brasileira Constituição Política do Império do Brasil'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060703191140/http://www.bibvirt.futuro.usp.br/textos/autores/ambrosiofernandesbrandao/dialogos/dialogos_texto.html''Diálogos das Grandezas do Brasil, de Ambrósio Fernandes Brandão''](Biblioteca Virtual do Estudante de Língua Portuguesa)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070717171955/http://www.almanack.usp.br/PDFS/3/03_artigos_2.pdf Pimenta, João Paulo Garrido. ''Portugueses, americanos, brasileiros: identidades políticas na crise do Antigo Regime luso-americano.'' Almanack braziliense, nº03, 2006]
* [http://www.ambito-juridico.com.br/site/index.php?n_link=revista_artigos_leitura&artigo_id=1060 O município no Brasil-Colônia]
* [http://jusvi.com/artigos/1088 A incidência do ISS no local da prestação]

{{Rebeliões do Brasil Colônia}}
{{Tópicos do Brasil}}
{{Império Português}}
{{Portal3|Brasil|História}}

[[Categoria:Colonização da América]]
[[Categoria:Colonização do Brasil| ]]
[[Categoria:Império Português]]
[[Categoria:Século XVI no Brasil]]
[[Categoria:Século XVII no Brasil]]
[[Categoria:Século XVIII no Brasil]]
[[Categoria:Década de 1800 no Brasil]]
[[Categoria:Década de 1810 no Brasil]]
[[Categoria:Década de 1820 no Brasil]]
[[Categoria:Estados e territórios fundados em 1500]]
[[Categoria:Estados e territórios extintos em 1815]]

Heretic 2

2019-01-05T18:02:35Z

179.183.227.28:

{{Infobox video game
|title = Heretic II
|image = Heretic II Coverart.png
|caption =
|developer = [[Raven Software]] [[Loki Software]] (Linux) [[Hyperion Entertainment]] (Amiga) [[MacPlay]] (Mac OS & OS X)
|publisher = [[Activision]]
|director = Brian Pelletier
|designer = Brian Raffel, Eric C. Biessman
|programmer = Patrick J. Lipo
|composer = [[Kevin Schilder]]
|engine = [[id Tech 2]]
|released = '''Microsoft Windows''' {{vgrelease|NA|October 31, 1998|EU|1998}}'''Linux''' {{vgrelease|NA|November 15, 1999}}'''Amiga''' {{vgrelease|NA|May 8, 2000}}'''Mac OS''' {{vgrelease|NA|January 1, 2002}}
|genre = [[Action game|Action]] [[Third-person shooter|Third person]]
|modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
|platforms = [[AmigaOS]], [[Linux]], [[Classic Mac OS]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[OS X]]
}}

'''''Heretic II''''' is a [[dark fantasy]] [[action-adventure game]] developed by [[Raven Software]] and published by [[Activision]] in 1998 continuing the story of Corvus, the main character from its predecessor, ''[[Heretic (video game)|Heretic]]''.

Using a modified [[Quake II engine]], the game features a mix of a third-person camera with a [[first-person shooter]]'s action, making for a new gaming experience at the time. While progressive, this was a controversial design decision among fans of the original game,<ref name="H2-IGN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/1998/11/26/heretic-ii |title=Heretic II - IGN |last=Blevins |first=Tal |date=November 25, 1998 |work= |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=2014-04-09}}</ref> a well-known first-person shooter built on the [[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]] engine. The music was composed by [[Kevin Schilder]]. [[Gerald Brom]] contributed conceptual work to characters and creatures for the game.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Kenson| first = Stephen| authorlink = Steve Kenson| title = Profiles: Brom| journal = [[Dragon (magazine)|Dragon]]| issue = #264| page = 112| publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]]| location = [[Renton, Washington]]|date=October 1999}}</ref> This is the only ''Heretic''/''[[Hexen: Beyond Heretic|Hexen]]'' video game that is unrelated to [[id Software]], apart from its role as engine licenser.

''Heretic II'' was later ported to [[Linux]] by [[Loki Software]], to the [[Amiga]] by [[Hyperion Entertainment]]<ref>[http://www.hyperion-entertainment.biz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=56&limitstart=1 Heretic II for Amiga - Technical Requirements].</ref>, and [[Classic Mac OS|Macintosh]] by [[MacPlay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.macplay.com/games/heretic2.php |title=Macplay |publisher=Macplay.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030419032243/http://www.macplay.com/games/heretic2.php |archivedate=2003-04-19 |accessdate=2013-02-10}}</ref>

==Plot==
After Corvus returns from his banishment, he finds that a mysterious plague has swept the land of Parthoris, taking the sanity of those it does not kill. Corvus, the protagonist of the first game, is forced to flee his hometown of Silverspring after the infected attack him, but not before he is infected himself. The effects of the disease are held at bay in Corvus’ case because he holds one of the Tomes of Power, but he still must find a cure before he succumbs.

His quest leads him through the city and swamps to a jungle palace, then through a desert canyon and insect hive, followed by a dark network of mines and finally to a castle on a high mountain where he finds an ancient Seraph named Morcalavin. Morcalavin is trying to reach immortality using the seven Tomes of Power, but he uses a false tome, as Corvus has one of them. This has caused Morcalavin to go insane and create the plague. During a battle between Corvus and Morcalavin, Corvus switches the false tome for his real one, curing Morcalavin’s insanity and ending the plague.

==Gameplay==
Unlike previous games in the ''Heretic/Hexen'' series, which were first-person shooters, players control Corvus from a camera fixed behind him in the third-person perspective. Players are able to use a combination of both melee and ranged attacks, similar to its predecessor. While there are still three weapons the player can collect that each use their own ammo, they also have the ability to use several offensive and defensive spells that draw from pools of green and blue mana, respectively. The Tome of Power is no longer an item scattered around the levels, but a defensive spell that still works in the same manner as the other games in the series by improving damage and granting weapons and offensive spells new abilities for a limited time. Melee combat is also more varied, with the ability to perform several attacks using Corvus' bladestaff and cut off the limbs of enemies, rendering them harmless. Players are also able to utilize magical shrines throughout the game that grant a variety of effects upon use, such as silver or gold armor, a temporary boost in health, a permanent enhancement to the bladestaff, etc.

The game consists of a wide variety of high fantasy medieval backdrops to Corvus's adventure. The third-person perspective and three-dimensional game environment allowed developers to introduce a wide variety of gymnastic moves, like climbing up ledges, back-flipping off walls, and pole vaulting, in a much more dynamic environment than the original game's engine could produce.<ref>{{cite web|last=Staff |first=Raven |title=Official Heretic II FAQ |url=http://www.raven-games.com/h2faq.php |accessdate=2014-04-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625040221/http://www.raven-games.com/h2faq.php |archivedate=2014-06-25 |df= }}</ref> Both games invite comparison with their respective game-engine namesake: the original ''Heretic'' was built on the [[Doom engine|''Doom'' engine]], and ''Heretic II'' was built using the ''Quake II'' engine, later known as id Tech 2. ''Heretic II'' was favorably received at release because it took a different approach to its design.<ref name="H2-GSpot">{{cite web |last=Kasavin |first=Greg |date=December 1, 1998 |title=Heretic II Review - GameSpot |url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/heretic-ii-review/1900-2537536/ |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=2014-04-09}}</ref>

==Development==
Inspired by the [[Tomb Raider]] series, Raven Software decided to make use of the Quake II engine to create a third person action game. A major step in the early development was [[Gerald Brom]]'s concept art. In a month, the company had programmed the game's camera system. After Activision's approval of the game's demo, Raven Software aimed to get the full game finished by Christmas. To add to complications, they needed a software renderer to make the game playable to 16-bit users (especially in Europe).

For the animation, the main character Corvus was provided with a backbone for realism and had a total of 1600 frames. Most of the animations were done using [[Autodesk Softimage|Softimage]]. The static world objects and simplified animations were done with [[Autodesk 3ds Max|3D Studio Max]].<ref name="H2-Postmortem">{{cite web |title=Postmortem: Raven Software's Heretic II |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131748/postmortem_raven_softwares_.php |work=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM plc|UBM]] |first=Jake |last=Simpson |date=1999-05-21 |accessdate=2018-03-05}}</ref> The engine was capable of showing up to 4,000 polygons on screen.<ref name="H2-MaxPC">{{Cite magazine |last=Simpson |first=Dan |date=March 1999 |title=Out of Body Experiences - Gaming in Third Person|url=https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=2gEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT86 |magazine=[[Maximum PC]] |page=84}}</ref>

Following [[ZeniMax Media]]'s acquisition of id Software in 2009, the rights to the series have been disputed between both id and Raven Software; Raven holds the development rights, while id holds the publishing rights to ''Heretic II'''s predecessors. Until both companies come to an agreement, neither will be able to release another installment in the series.<ref>https://www.finder.com.au/id-software-talks-heretic-hexen-and-commander-keen</ref>

==Reception==
{{Video game reviews

| GR = 81.50% (Windows)<ref name="H2-GR">{{cite web | title=''Heretic II'' for PC - GameRankings | url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/130984-heretic-ii/index.html | work= | publisher=[[GameRankings]] | date= | accessdate=March 5, 2018}}</ref>

| Edge = 8/10<ref name="Edge review"/>
| GSpot = 8.1/10<ref name="H2-GSpot"/>
| IGN = 7.9/10<ref name="H2-IGN"/>

| award1Pub = [[Computer Gaming World]]
| award1 =1999 Premier Awards<ref name=cgwpremier1998>{{cite journal | author=Staff | journal=[[Computer Gaming World]] | title=''Computer Gaming World''{{'}}s 1999 Premier Awards; ''CGW'' Presents the Best Games of 1998 |date=April 1999 | issue=177 | pages=90, 93, 96-105 }}</ref>
| award2Pub = [[PC Gamer]]
| award2 = Editor's Choice<ref name="H2-Awards">{{cite web|title=Activision - Heretic II Awards|url=http://www.activision.com/games/hereticii/|work=|publisher=|author=|date=|accessdate=March 9, 2018|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815211040/http://www.activision.com/games/hereticii/|archivedate=August 15, 2000|df=}}</ref>
| award3Pub = [[Gamesmania]]
| award3 = 1998 Award of Excellence<ref name="H2-Awards"/>
| award4Pub = [[Loonygames]]
| award4 = 1998 Action game of the year<ref name="H2-Awards"/>
| award5Pub = [[Game Post]]
| award5 = Reviewer's Choice<ref name="H2-Awards"/>
| award6Pub = [[Avault]]
| award6 = Reviewer's Choice<ref name="H2-Awards"/>
| award7Pub = [[Games Domain]]
| award7 = Drool Award<ref name="H2-Awards"/>
}}

''[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]'' praised the game for its mixture of [[Platform game|platform]] and [[shoot 'em up]] action, stating that ''Heretic II'' is different enough to stand out from both first-person and third-person games like [[id Software]]'s [[first-person shooter]]s or [[Core Design]]'s ''[[Tomb Raider]]'' games.<ref name="Edge review">{{Cite magazine |title=Heretic II |magazine=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] |publisher=[[Future Publishing]] |issue=67 |page=92 |date=January 1999}}</ref> ''Heretic II'' was a finalist for ''[[Computer Gaming World]]''{{'}}s 1998 "Best Action" award, which ultimately went to ''[[Battlezone (1998 video game)|Battlezone]]''. The editors wrote that ''Heretic II'' "proved that the ''Quake II'' engine could work in a third-person game ''and'' that a spell-casting, shirtless elf could actually kick ass."<ref name=cgwpremier1998/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19990427203137/http://www.hereticii.com/ Official Website]
*{{moby game|id=/heretic-ii}}

{{Raven Software}}
{{Hyperion Entertainment}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heretic Ii}}
[[Category:1998 video games]]
[[Category:Action-adventure games]]
[[Category:Activision games]]
[[Category:Amiga games]]
[[Category:AmigaOS 4 games]]
[[Category:Cooperative video games]]
[[Category:Dark fantasy video games]]
[[Category:Heretic and Hexen]]
[[Category:Linux games]]
[[Category:MorphOS games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Raven Software games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Loki Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Id Tech games]]
[[Category:MacOS games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]

Perman (Manga)

2018-12-21T03:38:36Z

179.183.65.79:

{{about|the Japanese manga and anime|the Indonesian general|Siswondo Parman}}
{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = Perman
| image = Perman.jpg
| caption = Cover of the second manga volume featuring Booby (left), Mitsuo Suwa (center), and Sumire Hoshino (right) in their Perman personas.
| ja_kanji = パーマン
| ja_romaji = Pāman
| genre = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = manga
| author = [[Fujiko Fujio]]
| publisher = [[Shogakukan]]
| demographic = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
| magazine = [[Weekly Shōnen Sunday]]
| first = 1967
| last = 1968
| volumes = 3
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = tv series
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| music = Hiroshi Tsutsui
| studio = [[Tokyo Movie]]
| network = [[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
| first = April 2, 1967
| last = April 14, 1968
| episodes = 54
| episode_list =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = manga
| author = [[Fujiko F. Fujio]]
| publisher = [[Shogakukan]]
| demographic = [[Children's manga|Children]], [[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]
| magazine = [[CoroCoro Comic]]
| first = 1983
| last = 1986
| volumes = 7
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Other
| title = Anime films
| content =
* Perman: The Birdman Has Arrived!! (1983)
* [[Ninja Hattori-kun]] + Perman: ESP Wars (1984)
* Ninja Hattori-kun + Perman: Ninja Beast Jippō vs. Miracle Egg (1985)
* Pa-Pa-Pa the Movie: Perman (2003)
* Pa-Pa-Pa the Movie: Perman: Tako de Pon! Ashi wa Pon! (2004)
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = tv series
| director = [[Hiroshi Sasagawa]] Sadayoshi Tominaga
| producer =
| writer =
| music = Akihiko Takashima
| studio = [[Shin-Ei Animation]]
| network = [[TV Asahi]]
| network_en = {{English anime network | SEA = [[Disney Channel (Southeast Asia)|Disney Channel]]}}
| first = April 4, 1983
| last = July 2, 1987
| episodes = 526 + 3 specials<ref>http://ktac2.web.fc2.com/story.html</ref>
| episode_list =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Game
| title = Perman: Enban o Torikaese!!
| developer = [[Tamtex]]
| publisher = [[Irem]]
| genre = [[Action game|Action]], [[platform game|platform]]
| platforms = [[Famicom]]
| released = December 14, 1990
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Game
| title = Perman Part 2: Himitsu Kessha Madoodan o Taose!
| developer = [[Irem]]
| publisher = [[Irem]]
| genre = [[Action game|Action]]
| platforms = [[Famicom]]
| released = December 20, 1991
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}

{{nihongo|'''''Perman'''''|パーマン|Pāman|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[manga]] series written and illustrated by the [[manga artist]] duo [[Fujiko Fujio]] about a clumsy boy, Mitsuo Suwa, who is chosen to apprentice to a powerful [[superhero]]. The first manga series was serialized in ''[[Weekly Shōnen Sunday]]'' from 1967 to 1968, and the second was serialized in ''[[CoroCoro Comic]]'' from 1983 to 1986. The first anime series was first produced in black and white in 1967. The second anime series was made in color in 1983 and films were released in 1983, 1984, 1985, 2003 and 2004.

== Plot ==
The story follows a boy named Mitsuo Suwa who meets an alien named Superman, later renamed Birdman. The alien is part of a group that maintains peace in the galaxy and recruits Mitsuo to become a Perman. Mitsuo is given three items, a helmet which multiplies the wearer's physical strength and serves as a mask, a cape that allows the wearer to fly and run with great speed, and a badge which enables the wearer to breathe underwater and to communicate with Permans that he later meets. The alien instructs Mitsuo that if a Perman's identity becomes known to others, their brain will be destroyed—which is reduced to being turned into an animal in later chapters. To help keep Mitsuo's secret identity, the alien gives Mitsuo a doppelganger robot called copy-robot who takes Mitsuo's place when he is Perman.

== Characters ==

=== Main characters ===
; {{nihongo|Mitsuo Suwa|須羽満夫 (ミツ夫みつ夫)|Suwa Mitsuo}} / Perman 1
: Mitsuo is the rebellious 11-year-old boy chosen as the first Perman. He is the leader of the Permans. Of the five known Perman, he has had the most close calls to having his secret identity made known. He hates studying, being grounded, ghosts, and cockroaches. He is not good in studies in general but he can do well if becomes serious. He has a crush on Michiko and often quarrels with Pako. He is a big fan of the singer Sumire Hoshino, who, unbeknownst to anyone, actually is Perman 3. Mitsuo seems to be very lazy sometimes. He is willing to do anything to please others, which often lands him in trouble. At times, he has shown some conflicted feelings towards Pako, unable to express his feelings for her. All his achievements as Perman are acknowledged and he travels to the super star (bird star) as the next Superman (Birdman). He seems to have not been returned to Earth because there is depiction waiting for return in the era of "Doraemon" which later Hoshino Sumire as an older actress is in. However, there is a story saying that "Newly returned Perman" (included in Vol. 2 of Fujiko, F · Fujio Capricorn) （藤子・F・不二雄大全集第2巻に収録）contains a special holiday in New Year, and he returns to Earth only for 2 hours. Although he studies vigorously at the Bird star, he says that his only habit is not healed, and that is he being scolded by his teacher. Mitsuo is voiced by [[Katsue Miwa]] during both anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries1" /><ref name="MADbSeries2" />
; {{nihongo|Booby|ブービー|Būbī}} / Perman 2
: Booby is a chimpanzee referred to as "Perman 2". In the old work, he lives with his mother in a zoo cage, while in the new work he is an old couple's pet. The reason why he is chosen as one of the Permans, is because, according to Birdman, there should be no discrimination between Earth humans and animals. He is highly intelligent, but because he cannot speak human language, he often uses objects and gestures to get his point across. He acts like a human even though he's a chimpanzee. Booby is voiced by [[Hiroshi Ōtake]]during both anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries1" /><ref name="MADbSeries2" />
; {{nihongo|Sumire Hoshino|星野スミレ|Hoshino Sumire}} / Perman 3 / {{nihongo|Pako|パー子|Pāko}}
: Although Sumire is a girl, she is officially addressed as "Perman 3"; however, her teammates often call her called "Pako". Her secret identity, which she never reveals even to her teammates, is a famous child star. She feels freer when she is Pako because, as the child star Sumire, she is always treated as a celebrity everywhere she goes. She has a dual personality; In her superhero guise, she is tomboyish, bossy, brave, bold, hot-headed, and headstrong, quarreling with Mitsuo and sometimes with Michiko. While as Sumire she is very kind and mild. In the original series, she lives in a big mansion along with her parents, while in the Shin-Ee version animation, she lives alone in a condominium. Her parents live in New York. A woman who seems to be a manager frequently goes in and out of a condominium room, and seems to be taking care of her well. She is not good at household stuff such as cooking and sewing in general. She often calls Mitsuo annoying and stupid but inside her heart, she has a soft spot for him. Whenever she is in trouble, she tells about it to Mitsuo first indicating that he indeed is very close to her. She later falls in love with him reavealing her identity aka Sumire only to him in the final chapter of the manga series (volume 7). Sumire, as an older actress, also makes significant cameo appearances in two chapters of ''[[Doraemon]]'', telling Nobita about a faraway lover whose return she is waiting for (aka Perman/ Mitsuo) who has gone to another planet to perform his duties as Birdman (in volume 19 and 24 of ''Doraemon'') (In another episode, Sumire was visited by Nobita and Shizuka, who used Almighty Pass to enter her house and spent time chatting with her. However, the gadget's effect wore off at 6pm and the angry Sumire chased them out of her house.) Sumire is voiced by [[Yōko Kuri]] during the first anime television series<ref name="MADbSeries1" /> and [[Eiko Masuyama]] during the second anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries2" />
; {{nihongo|Hōzen Ōyama|大山法善|Ōyama Hōzen}} / Perman 4 / {{nihongo|Paryan|パーやん|Pāyan}}
: He is oldest among all the other Permans (14 years). He is a Buddhist monk who lives in Osaka. He is very pragmatic and this sometimes pits him against the other Permen. His pragmatic attitude saves the Permen from many of their tribulations. But his sense of responsibility is strong and his mental power is also tough. He often contributes in solving difficult cases by planning out excellent or unusual strategies, and excels in the most intelligence and ability among the five Permen (four in the new version) He is also known for solving quarrels between Perman and Pako which tend to happen very easily. He is sometimes greedy to other Pāmen but sometimes can help them in whatever problem they have. His dream is becoming the owner of a big company and earn a lot of money. Hōzen is voiced by [[Yoshihisa Kamo]] in the first anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries1" />
; {{nihongo|Kōichi Yamada|山田浩一|Yamada Kōichi}} / Perman 5 / {{nihongo|Pabo|パー坊|Pābō}}
: Nicknamed Kō-chan, he is the fifth and youngest member of the team. He saw Mitsuo as Perman 1 on one occasion, and was made a Perman to preserve Mitsuo's secret identity. The first anime and manga series had several appearances by Kōichi, but he is nonexistent in the second version of either series. In addition, all but one chapter in the current manga volumes with an appearance by him has been omitted. Kōichi is voiced by [[Fuyumi Shiraishi]] in the first anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries1" />
; {{nihongo|Superman|スーパーマン|Sūpāman}} / Birdman
: One of the supermen, the guardians of the universe. His name is Superman in early series, but he is renamed [[Bird-Man|Birdman]] in later series to avoid violating the copyright of [[DC Comics|DC]].{{fact|date=June 2018}} He is the one who made the characters superheroes known as Permen. He always has a single passenger UFO disk. He has been to various stars to find candidates for Superman (bird man in new work) from Super star (Bird star in new work, which is supposed to be Alpha star in solar system), to give a perman set as an apprentice and try out skill. At that time, it seems that he was checking his / her mind beforehand whether they are qualified to become a perman. Although he can be very strict when it comes to the Permans identity, he can also be calm and make sure that they don’t take decisions in hurry such as quitting being Perman. He can sometimes be very clumsy when it comes to operating his UFO and handling situations in general. He is having a variety of super powers. In addition to Mitsuo who was selected as a candidate in the last round, many of the permans were selected from around the world to go to the super star (Bird star), so it seems that he was not alone who came to the earth. In the second work of the anime, "The Little Perman's Mystery", Birdman's true face is revealed, but it is not certain whether it is really a face. Superman is voiced by [[Akira Shimada]] in the first anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries1" />
; Copy-robots
: Androids which are given to Permen from Superman to help keep their secret. Each one transforms into a clone of the person who pushes a button on its nose. The memories of that copy robot can also be transferred to the original person by placing both foreheads against each other. In the first series, the robot had a red nose that remained visible even after the transformation, and they often were deactivated by well-meaning people trying to wipe their noses clean. The duplication procedure also copies whatever clothing or items that are on the activator's person, which landed Mitsuo in trouble on a few occasions for abusing this property. These made a cameo in the ''Doraemon'' series as one of his many gadgets from the future.

=== Supporting characters ===
; {{nihongo|Michiko "Mitchan" Sawada|沢田ミチ子|Sawada Michiko}}
: Mitsuo's classmate who has a crush on Pāman, she often puts together newspaper articles that have been active. Mitsuo admires her unexpectedly. She is beautiful and outstanding in grades, but with a strong temperament character. She treats Mitsuo just as a good friend. In the animated version, she talked about future dreams as "astronaut." She views Pāko as a rival, and at times clashes with her (with Mitsuo in the middle). She also knows how to play piano and violin very well. Michiko is voiced by [[Kyōko Emi]] in the first anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries1" />
; {{nihongo|Sabu|サブ}}
: Mitsuo's short-statured classmate often seen with Kabao. He also has a very weak personality. In the second work it is seen that his father owns a restaurant named "Taverna" (タベルナ). Sabu is voiced by [[Michiko Nomura]] in the first anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries1" />
; {{nihongo|Kabao|カバ夫}}
: Another of Mitsuo's classmates. He is a neighborhood bully. He often picks on Mitsuo, but is a big fan of Pāman, often begging him to make him the next member. Together with Sabu, he was tricked by a foreign scientist into stealing Mitsuo's Pāman equipment. His father owns a fruit and vegetable shop. At the school he is a generic captain. At times he does have a friendly and gentle personality. His parents have exactly the same face as him, and his father works not only for fruit and vegetable but also for Little League supervisor and trainer. Also, in the second animation film, his father often loses dentures. Kabaois is voiced by [[Kaneta Kimotsuki]] in the first anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries1" />
; {{nihongo|Haruzō Mie|三重晴三|Mie Haruzō}}
: Another of Mitsuo's classmates who boastfully proud about his wealth. His room is filled with manga comics and remote controlled toys. In one episode, he borrows the Pāman items from Mitsuo, only to have them stolen by a dangerous criminal.
; {{nihongo|Mantarō Suwa|須羽満太郎|Suwa Mantarō}}
: He is Mitsuo's dad. Mantarō is often seen as easygoing, but will discipline his son responsibly. He is a typical office worker, the position in the company is the section chief. Mantarō is voiced by [[Hisashi Katsuta]] in the first anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries1" />
; Mrs. Suwa
: She is Mitsuo's mother and is unnamed in the series. She is a typical housewife and a very beautiful mother. She does not feel comfortable with the fact that Perman and his colleagues often come to their home, and when the criminal who kidnaps Ganko requested a perman set instead of ransom, she gets very angry. Many people around the Permans often see the perman as a hero of respect, but she often touches with a very strong attitude towards the perman that comes to their house. She often scolds Mitsuo because of Ganko's complains. Mrs. Suwa is voiced by [[Kondō Takako]] in the first anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries1" />
; {{nihongo|Ganko Suwa|須羽がん子|Suwa Ganko}}
: Ganko is Mitsuo's younger sister who is headstrong and obstinate, although she is more known for tattling on Mitsuo to their mother. She is an elementary school first grader in the setting of the second TV work. But she is a kindergarten child in the movie version. She often tells Mitsuo that his sloppy behavior is very annoying. In the second TV work, she has a boyfriend named Itimomagejima (イツモマジメ). She also appeared in Doraemon; in the episode "[[The Cursing Camera]]". Ganko is voiced by [[Masako Sugaya]] in the first anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries1" />
; {{nihongo|Professor Oyama|大山（おおやま）先生}}
: He is Mitsuo's teacher. A young athlete who is fat and seems to be taking all the subjects. He often scolds Mitsuo for not completing his homework and sleeping in class and ends up giving him a punishment of standing out of the class. The nickname is "Higendaruma." Oyama is voiced by [[Masashi Amamori]] in the first anime television series.<ref name="MADbSeries1" />
; {{nihongo|Sharoko|社六(しゃろく}}
: He is another classmate of Mitsuo. As the name implies Sherlock Holmes, he is a kid who loves finding out things and acts like a young detective. He is very smart. He has a doubt that the identity of Perman 1 is Mitsuo. He tries to grab the evidence many times, but ends up failing each time. In the second work, it is revealed that his father is a detective.
; {{nihongo|Yamagishi Yuki|山岸ユキ（やまぎしゆき)}}
: She was introduced in the second animated work. She is originally a transfer student who came to the class next to Mitsuo. She met his copy and became his friend. Since then it has continued to be a good relationship with copy. But after all it is a relationship with copy, and often there is sadness when she talks with Mitsuo himself.

=== Antagonists ===
; {{nihongo|Senmensō|怪盗千面相|Kaitō Senmensō}}
: A gentleman-thief who is an expert in disguise and jailbreak, and arguably Pāman's most cunning opponent. His skill in escaping is due to his love of the thrill of breaking out of prison, and a chapter in the early manga demonstrates that he can't stand the ease of escaping from minimum security. In his first appearance, he was ruthless enough to try to kill Mitsuo, however he later helped Pāman capture the man behind a rash of purse-snatchings, because the thief had robbed the owner of his favorite [[ramen]] restaurant. He is a lover of fine art, which Pāyan uses to his advantage in a museum heist.
; {{nihongo|Japanese League of Evildoers|全日本悪者連盟|Zen Nippon Akusha Renmei}} (a.k.a. {{nihongo|ZenAkuRen|全悪連}} {{nihongo|ZenGyadoRen|全ギャド連}})
: The Japanese 'bad-man league', the guild which organizes thieves and burglars in Japan. Despite their schemes to destroy Pāman, they are always defeated.
:; {{nihongo|Don Ishikawa|ドン石川}}
:: The leader of the ZenGyadoRen.
:; {{nihongo|Saien Mado|魔土災炎|Mado Saien}}
:: An evil genius who is the science adviser of ZenGyadoRen and offers them many unusual technologies. As with Haruzō and Ganko, his name can be read in a different way; in his case, it sounds very similar to "mad scientist".

==Media==
===Manga===
{{empty section|date=June 2018}}

===Anime===
Two anime television series based on the manga were produced. The first television series, consisting of 54 two-part episodes, was produced by [[Tokyo Movie]] with music composed by [[Hiroshi Tsutsui]]. It was broadcast on [[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]] from April 2, 1967 to April 14, 1968.<ref name="MADbSeries1">{{cite web |url=https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/an/anime_series/369? |title=パーマン |language=Japanese |website=Media Arts Database |publisher=[[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref> Certain episodes are lost and some episodes have lost their audio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/lost-tv-anime/|title=Lost TV Anime |website=cartoonresearch.com|access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref> This version was dubbed into [[Mexican Spanish]], and it is unknown if the dub has any of the lost episodes.

The second anime television series was produced by [[Shin-Ei Animation]] under the direction [[Hiroshi Sasagawa]] and [[Sadayoshi Tominaga]] with [[Akihiko Takashima]] composing the music. The series was first broadcast every Monday through Saturday on [[TV Asahi]] from April 4, 1983 to March 30, 1985. Starting on April 2, 1985, the series switched to a weekly broadcast and concluded on July 2, 1987 for a total of 526 episodes.<ref name="MADbSeries2">{{cite web |url=https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/an/anime_series/1554 |title=パーマン(新) |language=Japanese |website=Media Arts Database |publisher=[[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref> In Southeast Asia it aired on [[Disney Channel (Southeast Asia)|Disney Channel]] in English.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130802004118/http://www.disneychannel-asia.com/tv/</ref>

===Films===
{{empty section|date=June 2018}}

===Other media===
{{empty section|date=June 2018}}

==Reception==
{{empty section|date=June 2018}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official|https://www.shogakukan.co.jp/pr/tencomi/perman/}}
* {{ann|manga|20370|Perman}}

{{Fujiko Fujio}}
{{TMS Entertainment}}{{Shin-Ei Animation}}

[[Category:1967 anime television series]]
[[Category:1967 manga]]
[[Category:1983 anime films]]
[[Category:1983 anime television series]]
[[Category:1983 manga]]
[[Category:1984 anime films]]
[[Category:1985 anime films]]
[[Category:2003 anime films]]
[[Category:Japanese films]]
[[Category:2004 anime films]]
[[Category:Children's manga]]
[[Category:CoroCoro Comic]]
[[Category:Fujiko Fujio]]
[[Category:Shin-Ei Animation]]
[[Category:Shogakukan manga]]
[[Category:Shogakukan franchises]]
[[Category:Shōnen manga]]
[[Category:TMS Entertainment]]
[[Category:Tokyo Broadcasting System shows]]
[[Category:TV Asahi shows]]

Ninja Hattori-kun

2018-12-21T03:15:34Z

179.183.65.79:

{{About|the manga and anime|the video game|Ninja Hattori-kun (video game)}}
{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = Ninja Hattori-kun
| image = Ninjahattorikun.jpg
| caption = Ninja Hattori-kun CD cover
| ja_kanji = 忍者ハットリくん
| ja_romaji =
| genre = [[Adventure fiction|Adventure]], [[comedy]], [[martial arts]]
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = manga
| author = [[Fujiko Fujio|Fujiko A. Fujio]]
| publisher = [[Shogakukan]]
| demographic = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
| magazine = Shōnen
| first = 1964
| last = 1968
| volumes = 16
| volume_list =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = drama
| title = Ninja Hattori-kun Ninja Hattori-kun + Ninja Monster Jippou
| director = Shoichi Shimazu
| writer = [[Hisashi Inoue]]
| music =
| studio = Hiroki Ogawa (1st season) Akira Yuyama (2nd season)
| network = [[TV Asahi]]
| first = 1966
| last = 1968
| episodes =
| episode_list =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = tv series
| director = Fumio Ikeno, [[Hiroshi Sasagawa]]
| writer =
| music =
| studio = [[Shin-Ei Animation]]
| network = [[TV Asahi]]
| network_en = {{English anime networks
| SEA = [[Disney Channel (Southeast Asia)|Disney Channel]]
}}
| first = September 28, 1981
| last = December 25, 1987
| episodes = 694 + 11 special episodes
| episode_list = List of Ninja Hattori-kun episodes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = film
| title = Ninja Hattori-kun: Nin Nin Ninpo Enikki no Maki
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| music =
| studio = [[Shin-Ei Animation]]
| released = March 13, 1982
| runtime = 35 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = film
| title = Ninja Hattori-kun: Nin Nin Furusato Daisakusen no Maki
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| music =
| studio = [[Shin-Ei Animation]]
| released = March 12, 1983
| runtime = 53 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Game
| title = [[Ninja Hattori-kun (video game)|Ninja Hattori-kun]]
| developer = [[Hudson Soft]]
| publisher =
| genre =
| platforms = [[NES]]
| released = March 5, 1986<ref>[http://www.uvlist.net/game-170710-Ninja+Hattori+Kun:+Ninja+wa+Shuugyou+Degogiru+no+Maki ''Ninja Hattori Kun: Ninja wa Shuugyou Degogiru no Maki'' game info]</ref>
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = live film
| title = [[Nin x Nin: Ninja Hattori-kun, the Movie]]
| director = Masayuki Suzuki
| producer = Ryoichi Fukuyama Toru Miyazawa Madoka Takiyama Ko Wada Kazutoshi Wadakura
| writer = [[Fujiko Fujio|Fujiko A. Fujio]]
| music = [[Takayuki Hattori]]
| studio = [[Fuji TV]]
| released = August 28, 2004
| runtime = 118 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = TV series
| title = Ninja Hattori-kun Returns
| director = Tetsuo Yasumi
| producer = Takahiro Kishimoto Satoshi Kaishō Kei Mizutani Motomichi Araki
| writer = Tetsuo Yasumi
| music = Rahul Bhatt
| studio = [[Shin-Ei Animation]] [[Reliance MediaWorks]]
| network = [[TV Asahi]]
| network_en = {{English anime networks
| SEA = [[Disney Channel (Southeast Asia)|Disney Channel]]
}}
| first = May 13, 2013
| last =
| episodes = 104
| episode_list = List of Ninja Hattori-kun episodes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}

{{nihongo|'''''Ninja Hattori-kun'''''|忍者ハットリくん}}, known as '''''Ninja Hattori''''' in some countries, is a [[manga]] series created by [[Fujiko Fujio|Fujiko A. Fujio]], later adapted into a television drama, a 1981 [[anime]] series, a video game and a live-action movie. It was remade as a 2012 anime series as a joint venture between [[India]] and [[Japan]] and is currently airing in several [[Asia]]n countries including in India itself in English.

== Plot ==
11-year-old Kenichi Mitsuba is an average kid who goes to secondary school and struggles with his studies, he is very stubborn and is very lazy and therefore always ends up frustrating his parents and teacher. He loves to find an easy way of things much to the annoyance of Hattori.

Meanwhile, a little [[ninja]] named Hattori Kanzo befriends Kenichi. Hattori is now a part of the Mitsuba family along with his brother Shinzo, and his ninja dog, Shishimaru. Hattori helps Kenichi with his problems, and constantly keeps an eye on him, as a good friend. Yumeko is portrayed as Kenichi's love interest.

The main antagonist Kemumaki, a [[Kōga-ryū|Koga Ninja]] and his ninja cat Kagechiyo. Kemumaki always troubles Kenichi. Kenichi asks Hattori to take revenge as a recurring storyline in many episodes. Although Hattori is a good friend, Kenichi sometimes fights with Hattori due to misunderstandings created by Kemumaki. Sometimes Jippou, Togejirou and Tsubame help him.

There are five main locations in the series: Tokyo City, Shinto Temple, Iga Province, Iga Mountains, Kōga Valley.

== Characters ==
*'''{{nihongo|Kanzo Hattori|ハットリカンゾウ or 服部貫蔵|Hattori Kanzō}}'''
:(voice: [[Junko Hori]], drama actor: Kōtoku Nomura, drama voice: Kazuo Imakura, live-action film actor: [[Shingo Katori]])
A.k.a. '''Hattori-kun''', is the protagonist of the series, a little ninja named after [[Hattori Hanzō]]. He is 11 years old and 40 kg and is 140 centimeters tall. He is the boy who usually contests Kemumaki when he performs mischief. Hattori's main weakness is that he is afraid of frogs and lizards; this often leads him into trouble and becoming helpless around a frog environment. He wears blue coloured ninja robes, with a red belt. He always explains what a good ninja does and what others should also do. His powers can be compared to a master ninja. He also has a strange habit of saying ~''degozaru'' or ''nin nin'' (''ding ding'') after almost every sentence. His girlfriend seems to be Tsubame.
:In the Indian (Tamil, Telugu, Hindi and English) versions, Hattori is sometimes his first name and sometimes his last name (along with Shinzo's) it changes between episodes, an inconsistency.

*'''{{nihongo|Shinzō Hattori|ハットリシンゾウ or 服部心蔵|Hattori Shinzō}}'''
:(voice: [[Yūko Mita]], drama actor: Shigeki Nakajō)
A.k.a. '''Shin-chan''' (not to be confused with ''[[Crayon Shin-chan]]''), is Kanzo's younger brother. He uses weapons made from wood. He is a ninja-in-training who learns to be a good ninja, like Kanzo. He wears red coloured ninja robes. Shinzo seems to have a good heart and sticks to being loyal to his brother and sometimes gets excited when others are excited. Some of the times, Shinzo tricks Hattori to giving him things. He is also known to cry very loudly, disturbing people and even fainting them. He is also very powerful for his age, at 7 years old. He helps Kanzo fight Kemumaki, with his real weapons and control his loud crying (which immobilizes opponents from attacking) and bites the head of the opponents.
:While Kanzo is referred to as "Hattori", Shinzo is usually called by his first name, where his surname is inconsistent in the Indian (Tamil, Telugu, Hindi and English) versions.

*'''{{nihongo|Shishimaru|獅子丸}}'''
:(voice: [[Kenichi Ogata (voice actor)|Kenichi Ogata]])
Is a ninja dog living with Ken'ichi, who came along with Kanzo Hattori and Shinzo Hattori. He is a casual behaving dog who at times becomes lazy and stubborn. Along with Shinzo, the two of them wind up doing mischief and creating trouble. He has an attack of turning in a fireball when provoked. He also has the ability to change form into any other animal. His fur color is yellow. His ninja mark on his forehead is very important for him as it is an identification of him as a ninja. He loves to eat all kinds of delicious treats, especially a fish sausage, or chocolate roll.

*'''{{nihongo|Kenichi Mitsuba|三葉ケン一|Mitsuba Ken'ichi}}'''
:(voice: [[Masako Sugaya]], drama actor: Katsumi Takamiya, live-action film actor: [[Yuri Chinen]])
Is a 10-year-old boy who goes to middle school and is poor in his studies. He likes Yumeko, however also Kemumaki is always after her. He also tricks Hattori to help him in any situation, even in extreme ones (e.g. in one episode, he wanted training to become a full-fledged ninja). He also does not follow his mother's instructions properly and often gets a severe scolding from his mother. Though he doesn't study well, he has a good habit of helping others. He is always the victim of Kemumaki's mischievous plans.

*'''{{nihongo|Tsubame|ツバメ}} '''
:(voice: [[Fuyumi Shiraishi]])
A.k.a. '''Tsubame-ko''', is a [[kunoichi]] and classmate of Hattori-kun. She likes Hattori and always wishes to marry him. She has a dislike for Kemumaki and Kagechiyo. She wears pink coloured ninja robes. She seems to own a [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]], a [[clarinet]], a [[flute]], a [[piccolo]] and a [[bassoon]], five woodwind instruments.
:She is called '''Sonam''' in the Hindi version.

*'''{{nihongo|Kemuzo Kemumaki|ケムマキ・ケムゾウ|Kemumaki Kemuzō}}'''
:(voice: [[Kaneta Kimotsuki]], live-action film actor: [[Gorie]])
Is the antagonist of ''Ninja Hattori-kun''. He, along with his cat Kagechiyo (Kemuzo), always are the ones who cause trouble. Strength-wise, he has competition with Hattori and Shinzo. He is 11 years old and is shorter than Kenichi but a lot more fitter and stronger than him. He competes with Kenichi for Yumeko-chan; however when he uses one of his ninja techniques in order to win, Hattori usually steps in to save the day. He wears green colored ninja robes. Only Kagechiyo, Kenichi and the Kanzo family know about his dual life that he's a ninja like Hattori while he joined Kenichi's school as a normal boy in the middle of the series. His parents' whereabouts are unknown, but his mother is noted several times in the series.
:He is called '''{{nihongo|Amara}}''' in the Hindi dub, but retains his name in the Indian English dub.

*'''{{nihongo|Kagechiyo|影千代}}'''
:(voice: [[Eiko Yamada]])
Is a talking animal-ninja of the [[Kōga-ryū]], Kagechiyo is the helping antagonist in the series. Usually Kemumaki gives a big task in his plans for Kagechiyo to carry out, which he often does not succeed in. This is because he doesn't get enough training from Kemumaki and is seen sleeping on the streets. He is noticed by Hattori several times. He is seen to have a rivalry with Shishimaru. His fur color is black and white. He normally hides in the Mitsuba house to hear Kenichi and his friends' plans and afterwards informs Kemumaki about them, acting more like a communication device. Sometimes he hates Kemumaki for his strictness and imagines living a life of luxury as a normal cat in some episodes. He enjoys eating fish. He obtains an attack of static electricity on rubbing a shining metal plate against his back. If he uses this attack too much then it will drain his energy, and he will feel weak.
:He is called '''Kiy'yo''' or '''Keo''' in the Indian versions (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and English).

*'''{{nihongo|Yumeko Kawai|河合夢子|Kawai Yumeko}}'''
:(voice: [[Runa Akiyama]])
A.k.a. '''Yumeko-chan''', is the girl who usually causes disputes between Kemumaki Kemuzo and Kenichi Mitsuba. She also attends the same middle school as the two, and she is also the one who causes most of the problems of the plot as both Kemumaki and Kenichi fall in love with her and want to attract Yumeko. Most of the time she appears to be confused. Yumeko seems to be in touch with Hattori sometimes. Yumeko sees Hattori as a big brother and Shinzo as a little brother. She is also seen to like Kenichi. And sometimes people mistake her relationship with Hattori as a romantic one, though in some episodes they are seen to show romance. She is also known to play piano fairly well and hates [[bell pepper]]s.

*'''{{nihongo|Aiko-Sensei|愛子先生}}'''
:(voice: Yōko Kawanami)
One of Kenichi's teachers. Koike-sensei has a crush on her. The subject she teaches is unknown. Though in many episodes she is shown teaching the class music.

*'''{{nihongo|Jinzo Hattori|ハットリジンゾウ}}'''
:(voice: Tadao Futami)
Hattori-kun and Shinzo's father. He also appear in [[Perman]], when he fights with Perman.

*'''{{nihongo|Jippo|忍者怪獣ジッポウ|Ninja Kaijū Jippō}}'''
:(voice: [[Junpei Takiguchi]], drama voice: Hiroko Maruyama)
A giant turtle monster ninja. He and Hattori are ninja partners.

*'''{{nihongo|Koike-Sensei|小池先生}}'''
:(voice: [[Issei Futamata]])
Kenichi's teacher, also appears as a ramen chef in [[Obake no Q-tarō]] and sometimes appear as a cameo in [[Doraemon]] where he eats ramen. He frequently scolds Kenichi similar to when Nobita is scolded by his teacher in [[Doraemon]]. He is caricatured after animator Shin'ichi Suzuki. He also appears in the cartoon "Biriken" and "Ultra B" as Michio's father.

*'''{{nihongo|Kentaro Mitsuba|三葉健太郎}}'''
:(voice: [[Yuzuru Fujimoto]], drama actor: Teizō Muta)
Kenichi's father. He usually smokes and comes from his office late in the evening. He likes eating and golf a lot. Though a rather plump man, in some of the episodes, his size seems to change, going from stouter to slimmer.

*'''{{nihongo|Ama Mitsuba}}'''
:(voice: Yukiko Nashiwa, drama actor: Chiharu Kuri)
The mother of Kenichi. She likes Tsubame and thinks that Kemumaki is a good boy (she has no idea about his dual life). She also appears in an episode of [[Doraemon]], in one of Doraemon's dreams.

*'''{{nihongo|Professor Shinobino|シノビノ博士|Shinobino Hakase}}'''
:(voice: [[Reizō Nomoto]])
A professor who lives in the United States and invented Togejiro.

*'''{{nihongo|Togejirou|トゲ次郎|Togejirō}}'''
:(voice: Hiroko Maruyama)
A cactus having supernatural powers is sent by Professor Shinobino from the United States. Shisimaru does not like Cacto-chan and loves to compete with him.
:He is called '''Cactochan''' in the English and Hindi version.

== Media ==
=== Manga ===
The first manga series started in 1964 and ended in 1968.

=== Anime ===
{{Main article|List of Ninja Hattori-kun episodes}}
The first anime series aired on [[TV Asahi]] in Japan from September 28, 1981 to December 25, 1987 for a total of 694 episodes. Reruns used to air on [[TV Asahi]] Channel 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/ch/contents/anime/0016/|title=忍者ハットリくん|language=Japanese|publisher=[[TV Asahi]]|accessdate=March 10, 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331001641/http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/ch/contents/anime/0016/|archivedate=March 31, 2013|df=}}</ref>

In January 2012, [[Nihon Keizai Shimbun|Nikkei]] announced on its website that a remake of the anime series under production by Indian production company [[Reliance MediaWorks]] and [[Shin-Ei Animation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASDD29035_U2A110C1MM0000/?dg=1 |script-title=ja:：日本経済新聞 |language=Japanese |publisher=Nikkei.com |date=2011-10-14 |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref> The announcement was part of a move to produce several remakes of popular anime television series to be broadcast across television stations in the Asian market to counteract Japan's stagnating domestic anime marketplace due to its declining birthrate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-01-14/ninja-hattori-kun-comedy-anime-gets-remake-in-india |title=Ninja Hattori-kun Comedy Anime Gets Remake in India |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2012-01-14 |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref> The new series began airing in India and Indonesia on May of the same year, as well as in China (unknown month). Four seasons of the new series have been produced to date, totaling 104 episodes. A Japanese dub premiered on [[Animax]] in June 2013 in Japan, this dub also airs on TV Asahi Channel 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/ch/contents/anime/0184/|title=忍者ハットリくん(HD)|language=Japanese|publisher=[[TV Asahi]]|accessdate=March 10, 2017}}</ref>

Ninja Hattori airs in English on [[Disney Channel Asia]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130925151930/http://www.disneychannel-asia.com/tv</ref> Ninja Hattori is available on [[Amazon Prime Video]] India in English, Tamil, Telugu and Hindi since December 2016.<ref>http://www.ciol.com/amazon-prime-video-partners-japan-based-tv-asahi-corp-for-exclusive-anime-content-streaming/</ref> The same dubs air on [[Nickelodeon India]] since August 2006.<ref>http://www.nickindia.com/ninja-hattori/</ref><ref>http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2012/02/ninja-hattori-to-be-produced-in-india-reliance-mediaworks-wins-mandate/</ref>

==== Home media ====
The first anime series was released on two, nine-disc DVD box sets by [[Columbia Music Entertainment]] in Japan. The first box set was released on August 31, 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B0009W5MS4/ |title=忍者ハットリくん DVD-BOX 上巻|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon]]|accessdate=March 10, 2017}}</ref> while the second box set was released on November 2 the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B000AP3VYC/ |title=忍者ハットリくん DVD-BOX下巻|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon]]|accessdate=March 10, 2017}}</ref>

The Japanese dub of the 2012 reboot was released on a five-disc DVD box set, under the title ''Ninja Hattori-kun Returns'' (忍者ハットリくんリターンズ), by TC Entertainment, Inc. on July 11, 2014 in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc-ent.co.jp/products/detail/TCED-2241?prev=daily|title=忍者ハットリくんリターンズ|language=Japanese|publisher=TC Entertainment, Inc.|accessdate=March 10, 2017}}</ref> The box set also includes a special booklet

=== Live-action drama ===

=== Live-action film ===
A live-action film named "[[Nin x Nin: Ninja Hattori-kun, the Movie]]" was released in 2004.

==See also==
*[[Ninja Hattori-kun (video game)]]
*[[Doraemon]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{ann|manga|4314}}
* [http://www.nickindia.com/ninja-hattori/ Ninja Hattori] at [[Nick India]]
* [http://www.lukinternacional.com/en/catalogue/ninja-hattori.html Ninja Hattori] at [[LUK Internacional]]
* [http://www.shin-ei-animation.jp/hattori/ Ninja Hattori-kun] at [[Shin-Ei Animation]]
* [http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/hattori/ Ninja Hattori-kun] at [[TV Asahi]]
* [http://www.animax.co.jp/programs/NN10001465 Ninja Hattori-kun] at [[Animax Japan]]

{{Fujiko Fujio}}
{{Shin-Ei Animation}}

[[Category:Ninja Hattori-kun| ]]
[[Category:Shōnen manga]]

Talarico

2018-10-05T19:38:00Z

179.183.92.61:

'''Talarico''' ist der Familienname folgender Personen: denominada '''Italo'''

* [[Rita Talarico]] (geb. 1941), italienische Opernsängerin (Sopran)
* [[Vincenzo Talarico]] (1909–1972), italienischer Drehbuchautor und Schauspieler

{{Begriffsklärung}}

Saweetie

2018-08-12T18:26:44Z

179.183.51.226: /* As lead artist */

{{peacock|date=May 2018}}

{{Use American English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Saweetie
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Diamonté Harper
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|07|02}}
| birth_place =
| residence = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| nationality = American
| other_names = Icy Girl
| education = {{plainlist|
* [[San Diego State University]]
* [[University of Southern California]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* [[Rapping|Rapper]]
* [[songwriter]]
}}
| relatives = [[Zaytoven]] (cousin)
| website = {{URL|http://saweetieofficial.com}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| years_active = 2017–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* Icy
* [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
* Artistry
}}
| associated_acts =
}}
}}

'''Diamonté Harper''' (born July 2, 1993),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/Saweetie/status/1012155937300230145?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet|title=Twitter|website=mobile.twitter.com|access-date=2018-06-28}}</ref> known professionally as '''Saweetie''', is an American [[Rapping|rapper]] and [[songwriter]] from [[Hayward, California|Hayward]], [[California]]. After the success of her debut single, "Icy Grl", she was signed to [[Warner Bros. Records]] in partnership with Artistry Worldwide. She released her first major label [[Extended play|EP]], ''High Maintenance'', in March 2018.

== Life and career ==
=== Early life and education ===
Saweetie was born Diamonté Harper<ref name="TIDAL">{{cite web|last=Platon|first=Adelle|title=TIDAL Rising Artist of the Week: Saweetie|url=http://read.tidal.com/article/tidal-rising-artist-of-the-week-saweetie|publisher=[[Tidal (service)|Tidal]]|date=January 22, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref> on July 2, 1993, to a [[Filipinos|Filipino]] mother and African-American father.<ref>{{cite web|title=19 Facts You Need To Know About 'ICY GRL' Rapper Saweetie|url=http://www.capitalxtra.com/features/facts/facts-about-saweetie/real-name/|publisher=[[Capital XTRA]]|accessdate=March 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>Saweetie tells that her mother is of a [[Filipinos|Filipino]] descent in her freestyle rap, "High Maintenance".</ref> She grew up largely in [[Hayward, California|Hayward]], [[California]] and spent much of her life in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] but finished high school in [[Sacramento]] attending [[Monterey Trail High School]]<ref name="VIBE-I">{{cite web|last=Fresh|first=Mikey|title=Interview: Saweetie Turned Her "Icy Girl" Video Into A Career Springboard|url=https://www.vibe.com/2017/11/interview-saweetie-icy-girl-video/|website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]|date=November 8, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="HIPHOPDX">{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Marcel|title=Bay Area MC Saweetie Talks "Icy Grl" & Social Media Fame|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.45182/title.bay-area-mc-saweetie-talks-icy-grl-social-media-fame#|publisher=[[HipHopDX]]|date=November 13, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXL">{{cite web|last=C.M.|first=Emmanuel|title=The Break Presents: Saweetie|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/12/saweetie-interview-the-break/|website=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]|date=December 1, 2017|accessdate=March 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Diamonte |title=Monterey Trail High School Varsity Volleyball |url=http://www.maxpreps.com/athlete/diamonte-harper/pQ7SmfTlEeKZ5AAmVebBJg/default.htm}}</ref> She began writing music at age 14. After high school, she went on to attend [[San Diego State University]] before transferring to the [[University of Southern California]] where she studied communications and business. After graduating, she began to focus on her rap career.<ref name="BILLBOARD">{{cite web|last=Lyle|first=Ashley|title=Rising MC Saweetie Talks Viral Hit 'Icy Grl,' Signing With Warner Bros. Records & the Value of Education|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8099115/saweetie-interview-icy-grl-warner-bros-deal|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 14, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="HUFFPOST">{{cite web|last=Aynalem|first=Tali|title=If You Haven’t Heard These Songs, You’re Sleeping|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/if-you-havent-heard-these-songs-youre-sleeping_us_5a128361e4b023121e0e9479|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=November 26, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXL" />

=== Breakthrough and ''High Maintenance'' ===
Saweetie began posting short raps on her [[Instagram]] account in 2016. One video featured her rapping over the beat from [[Khia]]'s classic "[[My Neck, My Back (Lick It)]]", which would eventually turn into "Icy Grl".<ref name="VIBE-I" /><ref name="XXL" /> She first released the song on her [[SoundCloud]] in the summer of 2017 and later released a music video for it in October of the same year.<ref name="VIBE-II">{{cite web|last=Fresh|first=Mikey|title=Saweetie Is "High Maintenance" And She’s An "Icy Girl"|url=https://www.vibe.com/2017/10/saweetie-icy-girl-high-maintenance/|website=Vibe|date=October 17, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXL" /> The visual, which went viral on the Internet, would go on to accrue ten million views on [[YouTube]] as of March 2017.<ref name="BILLBOARD" /><ref name="XXL" />

To follow that up, Saweetie released in that same month a freestyle rap called "High Maintenance" accompanied by a short clip of herself rapping a verse to the song, all while chilling in her kitchen. It would go viral on Instagram and [[Twitter]] as well.<ref name="VIBE-II" /><ref name="XXL" /> In October 2017, she released a video for her song, "Focus", which samples [[DRAM (rapper)|DRAM]]'s "Gilligan".<ref name="XXL-II">{{cite web|last=Pile|first=Tatiana|title=Saweetie Doesn’t Let Anything Distract Her in "Focus" Video|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/12/saweetie-focus-video/|website=XXL|date=December 21, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref>

In January 2018, she was named [[Tidal (service)|Tidal]]'s Artist of the Week<ref name="TIDAL" /> and one of ''[[Pigeons & Planes]]''{{'}} Best New Artists of the Month.<ref name="P&P">{{cite web|last1=Odedina|first1=Michelle|last2=Corrigan|first2=Graham|last3=Moore|first3=Jacob|last4=Gardner|first4=Alex|title=Best New Artists of the Month|url=http://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2018/01/best-new-artists-january-2018/saweetie|website=Pigeons & Planes|date=January 31, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref> During [[Super Bowl LII]] in February 2018, she was featured in an ad for [[Rihanna]]'s cosmetic company, Fenty Beauty.<ref name="HNHH">{{cite web|last=Goddard|first=Kevin|title=Rihanna Shares New Fenty Beauty Super Bowl Ad Starring Saweetie|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/rihanna-shares-new-fenty-beauty-super-bowl-ad-starring-saweetie-news.43293.html|publisher=HotNewHip Hop|date=February 2, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref> That month, she signed to [[Warner Bros. Records]] in partnership with Artistry Worldwide and her own label, Icy Records.<ref name="BILLBOARD" /><ref name="LAT">{{cite news | last=Kennedy| first=Gerrick D.| title =Rising rapper Saweetie is one to watch this year| newspaper =Los Angeles Times| publisher =| date =April 10, 2018 | url =http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-saweetie-20180410-story.html| accessdate =June 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name="RU">{{cite news | last=| first=| title =Saweetie Signs With Warner Bros. Records| publisher =Rap-Up| date =February 14, 2018 | url =http://www.rap-up.com/2018/02/14/saweetie-signs-with-warner-bros-records/| accessdate =June 28, 2018}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=''I do a lot of covers but this is the first time I'm actually doing original content. I leave the studio and I come home wanting to listen to really myself.''|source=Saweetie for ''[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]'' in October 2017.<ref name="XXL" />}}

Saweetie released her major label debut [[Extended play|EP]], ''High Maintenance'', on March 16, 2018. It is composed of nine tracks and was produced by CashMoneyAP, Nyrell, and Saweetie's cousin, [[Zaytoven]].<ref name="XXL-III">{{cite web|last=India|first=Lindsey|title=Saweetie Shares ‘High Maintenance’ EP Tracklist and Release Date|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2018/03/saweetie-high-maintenance-ep-tracklist-release-date/|website=XXL|date=March 7, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="VIBE-III">{{cite web|last=Fresh|first=Mikey|title=Premiere: Saweetie Reveals Tracklist For Debut EP ‘High Maintenance’|url=https://www.vibe.com/2018/03/saweetie-high-maintenance-ep-tracklist/|website=Vibe|date=March 5, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Saponara|first=Michael|title=Stream Saweetie's Debut Project 'High Maintenance': Listen|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8248776/saweetie-high-maintenance-stream|website=Billboard|date=March 16, 2018|accessdate=March 19, 2018}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Extended plays ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of extended plays, with selected details and chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em"| Details
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B/HH Sales]] <ref name="HMSales">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-03-31/randb-hip-hop-album-sales|title=R&B/Hip-Hop Album Sales : March 31, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018|subscription=yes}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Top Heatseekers|US Heat]] <ref name="HMHeat">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-03-31/heatseekers|title=Heatseeker Albums : March 31, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018|subscription=yes}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''High Maintenance''
|
* Released: March 16, 2018 (US)
* Label: Icy, Artistry/[[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]<ref name="BILLBOARD" /><ref name="LAT"/>
* Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]]
| 32 || 20
|-
|}

=== Singles ===
==== As lead artist ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of singles showing year released, chart positions and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peaks
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Album
|-
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles|US Bub.]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-04-14/bubbling-under-hot-100-singles|title=Bubbling Under Hot 100: April 14, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018|subscription=yes}}</ref>
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Rhythmic (chart)|US Rhy.]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/rhythmic-40/2018-05-19|title=Rhythmic Songs|work=Billboard|accessdate=May 15, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Icy Grl"
| 2017
| 6 || 16
|
* RIAA: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/saweeties-icy-grl-earns-gold-certification-news.54021.html|title=Saweetie's "ICY GRL" Earns Gold Certification|date=July 01, 2018}}</ref>
| High Maintenance
|-
|}

=== Guest appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of guest appearances as featured artist, with the respective artists and albums
|-
! scope="col" style="width:14em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Artist
! scope="col" style="width:13em;"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "Expensive"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/expensive/1318084919?i=1318085467|title=Zaytown Sorority, Vol. 2 by Zaytoven on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
| 2017
| [[Zaytoven]]
| ''Zaytown Sorority, Vol. 2''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[IDGAF (Dua Lipa song)|IDGAF]]" (Remix)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2018/05/05/new-music-dua-lipa-saweetie-idgaf-remix/|title=New Music: Dua Lipa feat. Saweetie - 'IDGAF (Remix)'|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
| 2018
| [[Dua Lipa]]
| ''IDGAF (Remixes II)''
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of music videos, with selected details
! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Title
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Director(s)
|-
! scope="row"| "Icy Grl"
| rowspan="2"| 2017
| Bana Bongolan & Soben Phy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wji4b2jjYOk|title=SAWEETIE - ICY GRL (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Focus"
| Adam Small & Aramis Duran<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wASFCad7aPQ|title=SAWEETIE - FOCUS (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Anti"
| rowspan="5"| 2018
| Bana Bongolan & Soben Phy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_KrEFaZ_Pk|title=Saweetie - "ANTI" (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "B.A.N." {{small|(Vertical Video)}}
| rowspan="2"| Stephen Garnett<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_Rfr-XNo9Q|title=Saweetie - B.A.N. (Official Vertical Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8m2uosFEjY4|title=Saweetie - ICY GRL (feat. Kehlani) [Bae Mix] (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Icy Grl (Bae Mix)" {{small|(featuring [[Kehlani]])}}
|-
! scope="row"| "B.A.N."
| Sasha Samsonova<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCT0EI2itmc|title=Saweetie - B.A.N. (Official Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Good Good"
| Bana Bongolan & Soben Phy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5B_tT5ld9E|title=Saweetie - Good Good (Official Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://saweetieofficial.com}}
* {{URL|https://soundcloud.com/saweetie|Saweetie}} on [[SoundCloud]]
* {{URL|https://www.instagram.com/saweetie/?hl=en|Saweetie}} on [[Instagram]]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hayward, California]]
[[Category:Filipino people of African-American descent]]
[[Category:San Diego State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from San Francisco]]
[[Category:African-American female rappers]]
[[Category:Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:West Coast hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American musicians]]
[[Category:American hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Records artists]]

Saweetie

2018-08-12T18:24:40Z

179.183.51.226: /* As lead artist */

{{peacock|date=May 2018}}

{{Use American English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Saweetie
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Diamonté Harper
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|07|02}}
| birth_place =
| residence = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| nationality = American
| other_names = Icy Girl
| education = {{plainlist|
* [[San Diego State University]]
* [[University of Southern California]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* [[Rapping|Rapper]]
* [[songwriter]]
}}
| relatives = [[Zaytoven]] (cousin)
| website = {{URL|http://saweetieofficial.com}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| years_active = 2017–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* Icy
* [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
* Artistry
}}
| associated_acts =
}}
}}

'''Diamonté Harper''' (born July 2, 1993),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/Saweetie/status/1012155937300230145?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet|title=Twitter|website=mobile.twitter.com|access-date=2018-06-28}}</ref> known professionally as '''Saweetie''', is an American [[Rapping|rapper]] and [[songwriter]] from [[Hayward, California|Hayward]], [[California]]. After the success of her debut single, "Icy Grl", she was signed to [[Warner Bros. Records]] in partnership with Artistry Worldwide. She released her first major label [[Extended play|EP]], ''High Maintenance'', in March 2018.

== Life and career ==
=== Early life and education ===
Saweetie was born Diamonté Harper<ref name="TIDAL">{{cite web|last=Platon|first=Adelle|title=TIDAL Rising Artist of the Week: Saweetie|url=http://read.tidal.com/article/tidal-rising-artist-of-the-week-saweetie|publisher=[[Tidal (service)|Tidal]]|date=January 22, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref> on July 2, 1993, to a [[Filipinos|Filipino]] mother and African-American father.<ref>{{cite web|title=19 Facts You Need To Know About 'ICY GRL' Rapper Saweetie|url=http://www.capitalxtra.com/features/facts/facts-about-saweetie/real-name/|publisher=[[Capital XTRA]]|accessdate=March 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>Saweetie tells that her mother is of a [[Filipinos|Filipino]] descent in her freestyle rap, "High Maintenance".</ref> She grew up largely in [[Hayward, California|Hayward]], [[California]] and spent much of her life in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] but finished high school in [[Sacramento]] attending [[Monterey Trail High School]]<ref name="VIBE-I">{{cite web|last=Fresh|first=Mikey|title=Interview: Saweetie Turned Her "Icy Girl" Video Into A Career Springboard|url=https://www.vibe.com/2017/11/interview-saweetie-icy-girl-video/|website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]|date=November 8, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="HIPHOPDX">{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Marcel|title=Bay Area MC Saweetie Talks "Icy Grl" & Social Media Fame|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.45182/title.bay-area-mc-saweetie-talks-icy-grl-social-media-fame#|publisher=[[HipHopDX]]|date=November 13, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXL">{{cite web|last=C.M.|first=Emmanuel|title=The Break Presents: Saweetie|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/12/saweetie-interview-the-break/|website=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]|date=December 1, 2017|accessdate=March 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Diamonte |title=Monterey Trail High School Varsity Volleyball |url=http://www.maxpreps.com/athlete/diamonte-harper/pQ7SmfTlEeKZ5AAmVebBJg/default.htm}}</ref> She began writing music at age 14. After high school, she went on to attend [[San Diego State University]] before transferring to the [[University of Southern California]] where she studied communications and business. After graduating, she began to focus on her rap career.<ref name="BILLBOARD">{{cite web|last=Lyle|first=Ashley|title=Rising MC Saweetie Talks Viral Hit 'Icy Grl,' Signing With Warner Bros. Records & the Value of Education|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8099115/saweetie-interview-icy-grl-warner-bros-deal|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 14, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="HUFFPOST">{{cite web|last=Aynalem|first=Tali|title=If You Haven’t Heard These Songs, You’re Sleeping|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/if-you-havent-heard-these-songs-youre-sleeping_us_5a128361e4b023121e0e9479|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=November 26, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXL" />

=== Breakthrough and ''High Maintenance'' ===
Saweetie began posting short raps on her [[Instagram]] account in 2016. One video featured her rapping over the beat from [[Khia]]'s classic "[[My Neck, My Back (Lick It)]]", which would eventually turn into "Icy Grl".<ref name="VIBE-I" /><ref name="XXL" /> She first released the song on her [[SoundCloud]] in the summer of 2017 and later released a music video for it in October of the same year.<ref name="VIBE-II">{{cite web|last=Fresh|first=Mikey|title=Saweetie Is "High Maintenance" And She’s An "Icy Girl"|url=https://www.vibe.com/2017/10/saweetie-icy-girl-high-maintenance/|website=Vibe|date=October 17, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXL" /> The visual, which went viral on the Internet, would go on to accrue ten million views on [[YouTube]] as of March 2017.<ref name="BILLBOARD" /><ref name="XXL" />

To follow that up, Saweetie released in that same month a freestyle rap called "High Maintenance" accompanied by a short clip of herself rapping a verse to the song, all while chilling in her kitchen. It would go viral on Instagram and [[Twitter]] as well.<ref name="VIBE-II" /><ref name="XXL" /> In October 2017, she released a video for her song, "Focus", which samples [[DRAM (rapper)|DRAM]]'s "Gilligan".<ref name="XXL-II">{{cite web|last=Pile|first=Tatiana|title=Saweetie Doesn’t Let Anything Distract Her in "Focus" Video|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/12/saweetie-focus-video/|website=XXL|date=December 21, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref>

In January 2018, she was named [[Tidal (service)|Tidal]]'s Artist of the Week<ref name="TIDAL" /> and one of ''[[Pigeons & Planes]]''{{'}} Best New Artists of the Month.<ref name="P&P">{{cite web|last1=Odedina|first1=Michelle|last2=Corrigan|first2=Graham|last3=Moore|first3=Jacob|last4=Gardner|first4=Alex|title=Best New Artists of the Month|url=http://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2018/01/best-new-artists-january-2018/saweetie|website=Pigeons & Planes|date=January 31, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref> During [[Super Bowl LII]] in February 2018, she was featured in an ad for [[Rihanna]]'s cosmetic company, Fenty Beauty.<ref name="HNHH">{{cite web|last=Goddard|first=Kevin|title=Rihanna Shares New Fenty Beauty Super Bowl Ad Starring Saweetie|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/rihanna-shares-new-fenty-beauty-super-bowl-ad-starring-saweetie-news.43293.html|publisher=HotNewHip Hop|date=February 2, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref> That month, she signed to [[Warner Bros. Records]] in partnership with Artistry Worldwide and her own label, Icy Records.<ref name="BILLBOARD" /><ref name="LAT">{{cite news | last=Kennedy| first=Gerrick D.| title =Rising rapper Saweetie is one to watch this year| newspaper =Los Angeles Times| publisher =| date =April 10, 2018 | url =http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-saweetie-20180410-story.html| accessdate =June 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name="RU">{{cite news | last=| first=| title =Saweetie Signs With Warner Bros. Records| publisher =Rap-Up| date =February 14, 2018 | url =http://www.rap-up.com/2018/02/14/saweetie-signs-with-warner-bros-records/| accessdate =June 28, 2018}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=''I do a lot of covers but this is the first time I'm actually doing original content. I leave the studio and I come home wanting to listen to really myself.''|source=Saweetie for ''[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]'' in October 2017.<ref name="XXL" />}}

Saweetie released her major label debut [[Extended play|EP]], ''High Maintenance'', on March 16, 2018. It is composed of nine tracks and was produced by CashMoneyAP, Nyrell, and Saweetie's cousin, [[Zaytoven]].<ref name="XXL-III">{{cite web|last=India|first=Lindsey|title=Saweetie Shares ‘High Maintenance’ EP Tracklist and Release Date|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2018/03/saweetie-high-maintenance-ep-tracklist-release-date/|website=XXL|date=March 7, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="VIBE-III">{{cite web|last=Fresh|first=Mikey|title=Premiere: Saweetie Reveals Tracklist For Debut EP ‘High Maintenance’|url=https://www.vibe.com/2018/03/saweetie-high-maintenance-ep-tracklist/|website=Vibe|date=March 5, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Saponara|first=Michael|title=Stream Saweetie's Debut Project 'High Maintenance': Listen|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8248776/saweetie-high-maintenance-stream|website=Billboard|date=March 16, 2018|accessdate=March 19, 2018}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Extended plays ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of extended plays, with selected details and chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em"| Details
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B/HH Sales]] <ref name="HMSales">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-03-31/randb-hip-hop-album-sales|title=R&B/Hip-Hop Album Sales : March 31, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018|subscription=yes}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Top Heatseekers|US Heat]] <ref name="HMHeat">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-03-31/heatseekers|title=Heatseeker Albums : March 31, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018|subscription=yes}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''High Maintenance''
|
* Released: March 16, 2018 (US)
* Label: Icy, Artistry/[[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]<ref name="BILLBOARD" /><ref name="LAT"/>
* Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]]
| 32 || 20
|-
|}

=== Singles ===
==== As lead artist ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of singles showing year released, chart positions and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peaks
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Album
|-
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles|US Bub.]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-04-14/bubbling-under-hot-100-singles|title=Bubbling Under Hot 100: April 14, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018|subscription=yes}}</ref>
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Rhythmic (chart)|US Rhy.]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/rhythmic-40/2018-05-19|title=Rhythmic Songs|work=Billboard|accessdate=May 15, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Icy Grl"
| 2017
| 6 || 16
| RIAA: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/saweeties-icy-grl-earns-gold-certification-news.54021.html|title=Saweetie's "ICY GRL" Earns Gold Certification|date=July 01, 2018}}</ref>
| High Maintenance
|-
|}

=== Guest appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of guest appearances as featured artist, with the respective artists and albums
|-
! scope="col" style="width:14em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Artist
! scope="col" style="width:13em;"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "Expensive"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/expensive/1318084919?i=1318085467|title=Zaytown Sorority, Vol. 2 by Zaytoven on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
| 2017
| [[Zaytoven]]
| ''Zaytown Sorority, Vol. 2''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[IDGAF (Dua Lipa song)|IDGAF]]" (Remix)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2018/05/05/new-music-dua-lipa-saweetie-idgaf-remix/|title=New Music: Dua Lipa feat. Saweetie - 'IDGAF (Remix)'|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
| 2018
| [[Dua Lipa]]
| ''IDGAF (Remixes II)''
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of music videos, with selected details
! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Title
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Director(s)
|-
! scope="row"| "Icy Grl"
| rowspan="2"| 2017
| Bana Bongolan & Soben Phy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wji4b2jjYOk|title=SAWEETIE - ICY GRL (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Focus"
| Adam Small & Aramis Duran<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wASFCad7aPQ|title=SAWEETIE - FOCUS (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Anti"
| rowspan="5"| 2018
| Bana Bongolan & Soben Phy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_KrEFaZ_Pk|title=Saweetie - "ANTI" (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "B.A.N." {{small|(Vertical Video)}}
| rowspan="2"| Stephen Garnett<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_Rfr-XNo9Q|title=Saweetie - B.A.N. (Official Vertical Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8m2uosFEjY4|title=Saweetie - ICY GRL (feat. Kehlani) [Bae Mix] (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Icy Grl (Bae Mix)" {{small|(featuring [[Kehlani]])}}
|-
! scope="row"| "B.A.N."
| Sasha Samsonova<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCT0EI2itmc|title=Saweetie - B.A.N. (Official Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Good Good"
| Bana Bongolan & Soben Phy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5B_tT5ld9E|title=Saweetie - Good Good (Official Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://saweetieofficial.com}}
* {{URL|https://soundcloud.com/saweetie|Saweetie}} on [[SoundCloud]]
* {{URL|https://www.instagram.com/saweetie/?hl=en|Saweetie}} on [[Instagram]]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hayward, California]]
[[Category:Filipino people of African-American descent]]
[[Category:San Diego State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from San Francisco]]
[[Category:African-American female rappers]]
[[Category:Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:West Coast hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American musicians]]
[[Category:American hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Records artists]]

Palmeiras São Paulo

2018-07-19T17:34:19Z

179.183.147.215: /* Aktueller Kader */

{{Infobox Fußballklub
| kurzname = Palmeiras São Paulo
| ort = [[São Paulo]]
| stadion = [[Allianz Parque]]
| plätze = 43.713
| langname = Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
| image = [[Datei:SEPalmeiras.svg|150px]]
| gegründet = 26. August 1914
| vereinsfarben = Weiß und Grün
| präsident = Maurício Galiotte
| vorstand =
| trainer = [[Roger Machado Marques|Roger Machado]]
| homepage = [http://www.palmeiras.com.br/ palmeiras.com.br]
| liga = [[Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol|Série A]]
| saison = [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 2017|2017]]
| rang = 2. Platz
| pattern_b1 = _palmeiras1819h
| pattern_la1 = _palmeiras1819h
| pattern_ra1 = _palmeiras1819h
| pattern_sh1 = _palmeiras1819h
| pattern_so1 = _palmeiras1819h
| leftarm1 = 173F0C
| body1 = 173F0C
| rightarm1 = 173F0C
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = 173F0C
| pattern_b2 = _palmeiras1819a
| pattern_la2 =
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| pattern_sh2 = _adidaswhite
| pattern_so2 = _palmeiras1819a
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
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}}
Die '''Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras''', im deutschsprachigen Raum allgemein bekannt als '''Palmeiras São Paulo''' oder einfach nur '''Palmeiras''', ist ein Fußballklub aus [[São Paulo]] und zählt zu den größten und traditionsreichsten Vereinen des [[Fußball in Brasilien|brasilianischen Fußballs]]. Die Vereinsfarben sind Grün und Weiß.

== Geschichte ==
[[Datei:Società Palestra Italia.svg|mini|hochkant|links|Das Vereinsabzeichen bis 1942]]
Der Verein wurde am 26. August 1914 von italienischen Einwanderern als ''Società Palestra Italia'' gegründet. Der Begriff ''Palestra'' (von {{grcS|''palaistra'' παλαίστρα}} ‚Ringerschule‘) beschreibt im italienischen Sprachgebrauch eine Turnhalle. Die ursprünglichen Vereinsfarben waren die Farben Italiens: Rot, Weiß und Grün. Aufgrund des [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Kriegseintritts]] Brasiliens im Jahre 1942 wurde der Gebrauch von Begriffen gegnerischer Nationen verboten, und der Verein musste seinen Namen ändern. Der neue Vereinsname ''Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras'' wurde in Erinnerung an den historischen Fußballklub [[Associação Atlética das Palmeiras]] (1902–1929) gewählt, bei dem einige Spieler der Palestra aktiv gewesen waren.

Palmeiras konnte bisher neun brasilianische Meistertitel (1960, 1967, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1993, 1994 und 2016) erringen, hinzu kommen noch drei brasilianische Pokalsiege (1998, 2012 und 2015).

Im Jahre 1999 gewann Palmeiras außerdem die [[Copa Libertadores]], das südamerikanische Gegenstück zur europäischen [[UEFA Champions League]] sowie ein Jahr zuvor, 1998, die [[Copa Mercosur|Copa Mercosul]] (dem europäischen UEFA-Cup vergleichbar). Palmeiras ist der brasilianische Klub mit den meisten Teilnahmen an der Copa Libertadores (13). 4-mal wurde dabei das Finale erreicht: Neben dem Finalsieg 1999 noch in den Jahren 1961, 1968 und 2000. Im Jahr 1951 gewann Palmeiras den World Club Championship Copa Rio.

Als 2000 der später in Konkurs gegangene italienische [[Parmalat]]-Konzern als Sponsor von Palmeiras ausstieg geriet auch der in den 1990er-Jahren reichste Klub Brasiliens in Schwierigkeiten. 2001 konnte Palmeiras noch das Semifinale der Copa Libertadores erreicht werden, im Jahre 2002 folgte allerdings die schlechteste Saison des Vereins und Palmeiras musste in die zweite Liga absteigen.

Jedoch gewann man bereits im nächsten Jahr überlegen die Meisterschaft der 2. Spielklasse, mit 16 Punkten Vorsprung auf den zweitplatzierten Verein [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]] und spielt seither wieder in der höchsten Liga und konnte wieder an die alten Leistungen anknüpfen und sich zwei Jahre hintereinander für die Copa Libertadores qualifizieren.

Im November 2012 unterlag Palmeiras in einem in [[Presidente Prudente]], einer Stadt etwa 800 Kilometer von São Paulo im Hinterland des Bundesstaates, ausgetragenen Heimspiel gegen den [[Fluminense FC]] mit 2:3 und stand damit drei Tage vor Abschluss der Meisterschaft als Absteiger fest. In diesem Spiel sicherte sich Fluminense gleichzeitig die vierte Meisterschaft der Vereinsgeschichte. In der darauffolgenden Saison erreichte der Verein allerdings den ersten Platz der [[Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol – Série B|Série B]] und stieg damit umgehend wieder in die erste brasilianische Fußballliga auf.

== Der Erzrivale ==
{{Hauptartikel|Derby Paulista}}
Inspiriert durch den Besuch zweier italienischer Fußballvereine beschlossen einige Anhänger des [[Corinthians São Paulo|SC Corinthians Paulista]], die italienischer Abstammung waren, 1914 ihren eigenen Klub zu gründen, die Palestra Itália (heute Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras). Die großteils aus Einwanderern bestehende Anhängerschaft der Corinthians teilte sich in der Folge zwischen den beiden Vereinen auf. Die ehemaligen Corinthians-Fans wurden als "Verräter" bezeichnet, und bis heute sind die beiden Klubs die erbittertsten Rivalen in São Paulo.

== Stadion ==
Die Heimstätte des grün-weißen Vereins war bis 2010 das [[Estádio Palestra Itália]] (Fassungsvermögen: 28.600 Plätze), auch bekannt als ''Parque Antárctica'', welches am 13. August 1933 mit einem 6:0-Erfolg über Bangu eingeweiht wurde. Im Palestra Itália wurden viele bedeutende Spiele ausgetragen, unter anderem das Finale der Copa Libertadores 1999, der Copa Mercosur 1998, 1999 und 2000, und der Copa do Brasil 1996. Wegen der guten Lage in São Paulo fanden auch öfter Musikveranstaltungen im Stadion statt.

Das Stadion wurde für einen Neubau im Jahr 2010 abgerissen. Palmeiras wich in der Übergangszeit in das [[Estádio do Pacaembu]], das Platz bietet für 38.000 Zuschauer, aus.

Auf dem Grund des alten Stadions wurde die vereinseigene Multifunktionsarena [[Allianz Parque]] mit 43.600 Plätzen errichtet, die am 20. November 2014 mit dem Spiel Palmeiras gegen [[Sport Recife]] eröffnet wurde.<ref>stadiumdb.com: [http://stadiumdb.com/news/2014/10/sao_paulo_allianz_parque_opening_on_nov_20 Sao Paulo: Allianz Parque opening on November 20] Artikel vom 30. Oktober 2014 (englisch)</ref>

== Titel ==

* [[Copa Rio]]: 1951
* [[Copa Libertadores]]: 1999
* [[Copa Mercosur|Copa Mercosul]]: 1998

* [[Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol|Brasilianischer Meister]] [[Taça Brasil 1960|1960]], [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1967|1967]], [[Taça Brasil 1967|1967]], [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1969|1969]], [[Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1972|1972]], [[Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1973|1973]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1993|1993]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1994|1994]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 2016|2016]]
** [[Taça Brasil]]: [[Taça Brasil 1960|1960]], [[Taça Brasil 1967|1967]]
** [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa]]: [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1967|1967]], [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1969|1969]]
** [[Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol|Série A]]: [[Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1972|1972]], [[Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1973|1973]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1993|1993]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1994|1994]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 2016|2016]]
* Meister [[Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol – Série B|Série B]]: 2003, 2013
* [[Copa do Brasil|Brasilianischer Pokalsieger]]: [[Copa do Brasil 1998|1998]], [[Copa do Brasil 2012|2012]], [[Copa do Brasil 2015|2015]]
* [[Copa dos Campeões]]: 2000

* [[Torneio Rio-São Paulo]]: 1933, 1951, 1965, 1993, 2000
* [[Staatsmeisterschaft von São Paulo]]: (24 ×) 1920, 1926, 1927, 1928 (extra), 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1938 (extra), 1940, 1942, 1944, 1947, 1950, 1959, 1963, 1966, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2008

'''Einladungsturniere:'''
* [[Trofeo Guanany]]: 1922
* [[Atílio Narancio Cup]]: 1923
* [[Copa Brasil-Peñarol]]: 1951
* [[Trofeo México]]: 1951
* [[Trofeo Valentín Suarez]]: 1956
* [[Ciudad de manizales]]: 1962
* [[Ciudad de Lima]]: 1962
* [[Ciudad Guadalajara]]: 1963
* [[Tornei de Firenze]]: 1963
* [[Trofeo Rio de Janeiro]]: 1965
* [[Torneo Japon]]: 1967
* [[Trofeo Ciudad de Barcelona]]: 1969
* [[Trofeo Ramón de Carranza]] (Spanien): 1969, 1974, 1975
* [[Greek Cup]]: 1970
* [[Tornei del Mar del Plata]]: 1972
* [[Tornei del Juventus ITA]]: 1975
* [[Kirin Cup]]: 1978
* [[Tornei Euro-América]]: 1991,1996
* [[Levin-Yashin Cup]]: 1994
* [[Friendship Cup]]: 1997
* [[Trofeo Naranja]]: 1997
* [[Torneo Centenario del Estudiantes Arg]]: 2005
* [[Copa Euro Americana]]: 2014
* [[Tornei Julinho Botelho]]:2014

== Aktueller Kader ==
Stand 19. Juli 2018<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.palmeiras.com.br/futebol/elenco |titel=Elenco adulto |werk=palmeiras.com.br |hrsg=Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras |zugriff=2017-07-16 |sprache=pt-br}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable zebra" style="text-align:center"
! data-sort-type="number"| Nr.
! Nat.
! Name
! data-sort-type="date"| Geburtstag
! im Verein seit
! Vertrag bis
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0E0E0;" colspan="6"| '''Tor'''
|-
| 1 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Prass, Fernando"| [[Fernando Prass]] || style="text-align:right"| 09. Juli 1978 || 2012 || 2018
|-
| 21 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Weverton"| [[Wéverton|Weverton]] || style="text-align:right"| 13. Dezember 1987 || 2018 || 2022
|-
| 42 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Jailson"| [[Jailson Marcelino dos Santos|Jailson]] || style="text-align:right"| 20. Juli 1981 || 2014 || 2018
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0E0E0;" colspan="6"| '''Abwehr'''
|-
| 2 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Rocha, Marcos"| [[Marcos Rocha]] || style="text-align:right"| 11. Dezember 1988 || 2018 || 2018
|-
| 3 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Dracena, Edu"| [[Eduardo Luís Abonízio de Souza|Edu Dracena]] || style="text-align:right"| 18. Mai 1981 || 2016 || 2018
|-
| 4 || {{ARG|#|3=Argentinier}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Freire, Nicolás"| [[Nicolás Freire]] || style="text-align:right"| 18. Februar 1994 || 2018 || 2019
|-
| 6 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Barbosa, Diogo"| [[Diogo Barbosa Mendanha|Diogo Barbosa]] || style="text-align:right"| 17. August 1992 || 2018 || 2023
|-
| 12 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Mayke"| [[Mayke Rocha Oliveira|Mayke]] || style="text-align:right"| 10. November 1992 || 2017 || 2018
|-
| 13 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Garcia, Luan"| [[Luan Garcia Teixeira|Luan]] || style="text-align:right"| 10. Mai 1993 || 2017 || 2022
|-
| 25 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Carlos, Antônio"| [[Antônio Carlos Cunha Capocasali Júnior|Antônio Carlos]] || style="text-align:right"| 7. März 1993 || 2017 || 2018
|-
| 26 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Luis, Victor"| [[Victor Luis Chuab Zamblauskas|Victor Luis]] || style="text-align:right"| 23. Juni 1993 || -- || 2019
|-
| 31 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Martins, Thiago"| [[Thiago Martins Bueno|Thiago Martins]] || style="text-align:right"| 17. März 1995 || -- || 2020
|-
| 44 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Pedrão"| Pedrão || style="text-align:right"| 3. Mai 1997 || -- || --
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0E0E0;" colspan="6"| '''Mittelfeld'''
|-
| 5 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Santos, Thiago"| [[Thiago dos Santos|Thiago Santos]] || style="text-align:right"| 5. September 1989 || 2015 || 2019
|-
| 10 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Moisés"| [[Moisés Lima Magalhães|Moisés]] || style="text-align:right"| 17. März 1988 || 2016 || 2020
|-
| 14 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Scarpa, Gustavo"| [[Gustavo Scarpa]] || style="text-align:right"| 5. Januar 1994 || 2018 || 2022
|-
| 17 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Jean"| [[Jean Raphael Vanderlei Moreira|Jean]] || style="text-align:right"| 24. Juni 1986 || 2016 || 2019
|-
| 18 || {{VEN|#|3=Venezuela}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Guerra, Alejandro"| [[Alejandro Abraham Guerra Morales|Alejandro Guerra]] || style="text-align:right"| 9. Juli 1985 || 2017 || 2020
|-
| 19 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Henrique, Bruno"| [[Bruno Henrique Corsini|Bruno Henrique]] || style="text-align:right"| 21. Oktober 1989 || 2017 || 2021
|-
| 20 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Lima, Lucas"| [[Lucas Rafael Araújo Lima|Lucas Lima]] || style="text-align:right"| 9. Juli 1990 || 2018 || 2022
|-
| 28 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Hyoran"| [[Hyoran Kauê Dalmoro|Hyroan]] || style="text-align:right"| 25. Mai 1993 || 2017 || 2020
|-
| 30 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Melo, Felipe"| [[Felipe Melo de Carvalho|Felipe Melo]] || style="text-align:right"| 26. Juni 1983 || 2017 || 2019
|-
| 39 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Vitinho"| [[Victor Hugo Santana Carvalho|Vitinho]] || style="text-align:right"| 24. März 1998 || -- || 2021
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0E0E0;" colspan="6" align="links"| '''Sturm'''
|-
| 7 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Dudu"| [[Eduardo Pereira Rodrigues|Dudu]] {{Kapitän}} || style="text-align:right"| 7. Januar 1992 || 2015 || 2020
|-
| 9 || {{COL|#|3=Kolumbianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Borja, Miguel"| [[Miguel Ángel Borja Hernández|Miguel Borja]] || style="text-align:right"| 26. Januar 1993 || 2017 || 2019
|-
| 16 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Deyverson"| [[Deyverson Brum Silva|Deyverson]] || style="text-align:right"| 8. Mai 1991 || 2017 || 2022
|-
| 29 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Willian"| [[Willian Gomes de Siqueira|Willian]] || style="text-align:right"| 19. November 1986 || 2017 || 2019
|-
| 37 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Artur"| [[Artur Victor Guimarães|Artur]] || style="text-align:right"| 15. Februar 1998 || -- || 2020
|-
|}

=== Transfers zur Saison 2018/19 ===
Stand: 01. Juli 2018
{| class="wikitable" style="min-width:50%"
! colspan="3" style="background:#CCFFCC;"| '''Zugänge'''
|-
! Nat. !! Name !! abgebender Verein
|-
| align="center"| {{ARG|#}} || [[Nicolás Freire]] || {{NED|#}} [[PEC Zwolle]] ''Geliehen''
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[Gustavo Scarpa]] || {{BRA|#}} [[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]] ''reaktiviert''
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[Victor Hugo Santana Carvalho|Vitinho]] || {{BRA|#}} [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] ''reaktiviert''
|-

! colspan="3" style="background:#FFCCCC"| '''Abgänge'''
|-
! Nat. !! Name !! aufnehmender Verein
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[Tchê Tchê]] || {{BRA|#}} [[Dynamo Kiew]]
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[Fernando Dos Santos Pedro|Fernando]] || {{UKR|#}} [[Schachtar Donezk]]
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[João Pedro Maturano dos Santos|João Pedro]] || {{POR|#}} [[FC Porto|Porto]]
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[Marcos da Silva França|Keno]] || {{EGY|#}} [[Al Ahram Football Club|Al Ahram Pyramids]]
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[Emerson Raymundo Santos|Emerson Santos]] || {{BRA|#}} [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]] ''Geliehen''
|}

== Trainer ==
* {{URU|#}} [[Ondino Viera]] (1953)
== Spieler ==
{|
|----- valign=top
|
* [[Ademir da Guia]]
* [[Alexsandro de Souza|Alex]]
* [[Alexandre da Silva Mariano|Amaral]]
* [[Cafu]]
* [[Carlos Gamarra]]
* [[César Sampaio]]
* [[Chinesinho]]
* [[Denílson de Oliveira|Denílson]]
* [[Diego Cavalieri]]
* [[Djalma Santos]]
* [[Djalminha]]
* [[Edmundo Alves de Souza Neto|Edmundo]]
* [[Emerson Leão]]
* [[Fábio Crippa]]
* [[Faustino Asprilla]]
* [[Flávio Conceição]]
|
* [[Francisco Arce]]
* [[Freddy Rincón]]

* [[Hernán Barcos]]
* [[Humberto Tozzi]]
* [[Jair da Rosa Pinto]]
* [[Jorge Pinto Mendonça]]
* [[Jorge Valdivia]]
* [[José Altafini]]
* [[Júlio Botelho]]
* [[Juninho Paulista]]
* [[Júnior Baiano]]
* [[Luis Artime]]
* [[Lúcio]]
* [[Marcos Roberto Silveira Reis|Marcos]]
* [[Mazinho]]
* [[Luís Antônio Corrêa da Costa|Müller]]
|
* [[Pablo Armero]]
* [[Pedro Luís Vicençote|Pedrinho]]
* [[Pietro Sernagiotto]]
* [[Rivaldo]]
* [[Roberto Carlos da Silva|Roberto Carlos]]
* [[Rodrigo Taddei]]
* [[Roque Júnior]]
* [[Vágner Love]]
* [[Vavá]]

* [[Crizam César de Oliveira Filho|Zinho]]
|}

== Frauenfußball ==
{{Hauptartikel|Palmeiras São Paulo (Frauenfußball)}}
Die Frauenfußballabteilung von Palmeiras wurde 1997 gegründet und gewann 2001 die Staatsmeisterschaft. Sie ist derzeit inaktiv.

== Andere Sportarten ==

Neben Fußball bietet der Verein unter anderem auch die Sportarten [[Basketball]], [[Judo]], [[Karate]], [[Tennis]] und [[Hockey]] an.

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.palmeiras.com.br Offizielle Vereinswebseite]
* [http://www.palmeirasonline.com Fanseite]
* [http://mavalem.sites.uol.com.br/sp/SaoPaulo0.htm Bilder des Stadions]
* [http://memoria.alviverde.sites.uol.com.br/ Memória Alviverde]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

{{Navigationsleiste Vereine der brasilianischen Fußballliga Série A}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Palmeiras, SE}}
[[Kategorie:Brasilianischer Fußballverein]]
[[Kategorie:Fußballverein aus São Paulo]]
[[Kategorie:Sport (São Paulo)]]
[[Kategorie:Gegründet 1914]]

Palmeiras São Paulo

2018-07-19T17:32:52Z

179.183.147.215: /* Aktueller Kader */

{{Infobox Fußballklub
| kurzname = Palmeiras São Paulo
| ort = [[São Paulo]]
| stadion = [[Allianz Parque]]
| plätze = 43.713
| langname = Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
| image = [[Datei:SEPalmeiras.svg|150px]]
| gegründet = 26. August 1914
| vereinsfarben = Weiß und Grün
| präsident = Maurício Galiotte
| vorstand =
| trainer = [[Roger Machado Marques|Roger Machado]]
| homepage = [http://www.palmeiras.com.br/ palmeiras.com.br]
| liga = [[Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol|Série A]]
| saison = [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 2017|2017]]
| rang = 2. Platz
| pattern_b1 = _palmeiras1819h
| pattern_la1 = _palmeiras1819h
| pattern_ra1 = _palmeiras1819h
| pattern_sh1 = _palmeiras1819h
| pattern_so1 = _palmeiras1819h
| leftarm1 = 173F0C
| body1 = 173F0C
| rightarm1 = 173F0C
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = 173F0C
| pattern_b2 = _palmeiras1819a
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 = _adidaswhite
| pattern_so2 = _palmeiras1819a
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
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| socks2 = FFFFFF
}}
Die '''Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras''', im deutschsprachigen Raum allgemein bekannt als '''Palmeiras São Paulo''' oder einfach nur '''Palmeiras''', ist ein Fußballklub aus [[São Paulo]] und zählt zu den größten und traditionsreichsten Vereinen des [[Fußball in Brasilien|brasilianischen Fußballs]]. Die Vereinsfarben sind Grün und Weiß.

== Geschichte ==
[[Datei:Società Palestra Italia.svg|mini|hochkant|links|Das Vereinsabzeichen bis 1942]]
Der Verein wurde am 26. August 1914 von italienischen Einwanderern als ''Società Palestra Italia'' gegründet. Der Begriff ''Palestra'' (von {{grcS|''palaistra'' παλαίστρα}} ‚Ringerschule‘) beschreibt im italienischen Sprachgebrauch eine Turnhalle. Die ursprünglichen Vereinsfarben waren die Farben Italiens: Rot, Weiß und Grün. Aufgrund des [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Kriegseintritts]] Brasiliens im Jahre 1942 wurde der Gebrauch von Begriffen gegnerischer Nationen verboten, und der Verein musste seinen Namen ändern. Der neue Vereinsname ''Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras'' wurde in Erinnerung an den historischen Fußballklub [[Associação Atlética das Palmeiras]] (1902–1929) gewählt, bei dem einige Spieler der Palestra aktiv gewesen waren.

Palmeiras konnte bisher neun brasilianische Meistertitel (1960, 1967, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1993, 1994 und 2016) erringen, hinzu kommen noch drei brasilianische Pokalsiege (1998, 2012 und 2015).

Im Jahre 1999 gewann Palmeiras außerdem die [[Copa Libertadores]], das südamerikanische Gegenstück zur europäischen [[UEFA Champions League]] sowie ein Jahr zuvor, 1998, die [[Copa Mercosur|Copa Mercosul]] (dem europäischen UEFA-Cup vergleichbar). Palmeiras ist der brasilianische Klub mit den meisten Teilnahmen an der Copa Libertadores (13). 4-mal wurde dabei das Finale erreicht: Neben dem Finalsieg 1999 noch in den Jahren 1961, 1968 und 2000. Im Jahr 1951 gewann Palmeiras den World Club Championship Copa Rio.

Als 2000 der später in Konkurs gegangene italienische [[Parmalat]]-Konzern als Sponsor von Palmeiras ausstieg geriet auch der in den 1990er-Jahren reichste Klub Brasiliens in Schwierigkeiten. 2001 konnte Palmeiras noch das Semifinale der Copa Libertadores erreicht werden, im Jahre 2002 folgte allerdings die schlechteste Saison des Vereins und Palmeiras musste in die zweite Liga absteigen.

Jedoch gewann man bereits im nächsten Jahr überlegen die Meisterschaft der 2. Spielklasse, mit 16 Punkten Vorsprung auf den zweitplatzierten Verein [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]] und spielt seither wieder in der höchsten Liga und konnte wieder an die alten Leistungen anknüpfen und sich zwei Jahre hintereinander für die Copa Libertadores qualifizieren.

Im November 2012 unterlag Palmeiras in einem in [[Presidente Prudente]], einer Stadt etwa 800 Kilometer von São Paulo im Hinterland des Bundesstaates, ausgetragenen Heimspiel gegen den [[Fluminense FC]] mit 2:3 und stand damit drei Tage vor Abschluss der Meisterschaft als Absteiger fest. In diesem Spiel sicherte sich Fluminense gleichzeitig die vierte Meisterschaft der Vereinsgeschichte. In der darauffolgenden Saison erreichte der Verein allerdings den ersten Platz der [[Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol – Série B|Série B]] und stieg damit umgehend wieder in die erste brasilianische Fußballliga auf.

== Der Erzrivale ==
{{Hauptartikel|Derby Paulista}}
Inspiriert durch den Besuch zweier italienischer Fußballvereine beschlossen einige Anhänger des [[Corinthians São Paulo|SC Corinthians Paulista]], die italienischer Abstammung waren, 1914 ihren eigenen Klub zu gründen, die Palestra Itália (heute Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras). Die großteils aus Einwanderern bestehende Anhängerschaft der Corinthians teilte sich in der Folge zwischen den beiden Vereinen auf. Die ehemaligen Corinthians-Fans wurden als "Verräter" bezeichnet, und bis heute sind die beiden Klubs die erbittertsten Rivalen in São Paulo.

== Stadion ==
Die Heimstätte des grün-weißen Vereins war bis 2010 das [[Estádio Palestra Itália]] (Fassungsvermögen: 28.600 Plätze), auch bekannt als ''Parque Antárctica'', welches am 13. August 1933 mit einem 6:0-Erfolg über Bangu eingeweiht wurde. Im Palestra Itália wurden viele bedeutende Spiele ausgetragen, unter anderem das Finale der Copa Libertadores 1999, der Copa Mercosur 1998, 1999 und 2000, und der Copa do Brasil 1996. Wegen der guten Lage in São Paulo fanden auch öfter Musikveranstaltungen im Stadion statt.

Das Stadion wurde für einen Neubau im Jahr 2010 abgerissen. Palmeiras wich in der Übergangszeit in das [[Estádio do Pacaembu]], das Platz bietet für 38.000 Zuschauer, aus.

Auf dem Grund des alten Stadions wurde die vereinseigene Multifunktionsarena [[Allianz Parque]] mit 43.600 Plätzen errichtet, die am 20. November 2014 mit dem Spiel Palmeiras gegen [[Sport Recife]] eröffnet wurde.<ref>stadiumdb.com: [http://stadiumdb.com/news/2014/10/sao_paulo_allianz_parque_opening_on_nov_20 Sao Paulo: Allianz Parque opening on November 20] Artikel vom 30. Oktober 2014 (englisch)</ref>

== Titel ==

* [[Copa Rio]]: 1951
* [[Copa Libertadores]]: 1999
* [[Copa Mercosur|Copa Mercosul]]: 1998

* [[Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol|Brasilianischer Meister]] [[Taça Brasil 1960|1960]], [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1967|1967]], [[Taça Brasil 1967|1967]], [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1969|1969]], [[Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1972|1972]], [[Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1973|1973]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1993|1993]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1994|1994]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 2016|2016]]
** [[Taça Brasil]]: [[Taça Brasil 1960|1960]], [[Taça Brasil 1967|1967]]
** [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa]]: [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1967|1967]], [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1969|1969]]
** [[Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol|Série A]]: [[Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1972|1972]], [[Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1973|1973]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1993|1993]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1994|1994]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 2016|2016]]
* Meister [[Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol – Série B|Série B]]: 2003, 2013
* [[Copa do Brasil|Brasilianischer Pokalsieger]]: [[Copa do Brasil 1998|1998]], [[Copa do Brasil 2012|2012]], [[Copa do Brasil 2015|2015]]
* [[Copa dos Campeões]]: 2000

* [[Torneio Rio-São Paulo]]: 1933, 1951, 1965, 1993, 2000
* [[Staatsmeisterschaft von São Paulo]]: (24 ×) 1920, 1926, 1927, 1928 (extra), 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1938 (extra), 1940, 1942, 1944, 1947, 1950, 1959, 1963, 1966, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2008

'''Einladungsturniere:'''
* [[Trofeo Guanany]]: 1922
* [[Atílio Narancio Cup]]: 1923
* [[Copa Brasil-Peñarol]]: 1951
* [[Trofeo México]]: 1951
* [[Trofeo Valentín Suarez]]: 1956
* [[Ciudad de manizales]]: 1962
* [[Ciudad de Lima]]: 1962
* [[Ciudad Guadalajara]]: 1963
* [[Tornei de Firenze]]: 1963
* [[Trofeo Rio de Janeiro]]: 1965
* [[Torneo Japon]]: 1967
* [[Trofeo Ciudad de Barcelona]]: 1969
* [[Trofeo Ramón de Carranza]] (Spanien): 1969, 1974, 1975
* [[Greek Cup]]: 1970
* [[Tornei del Mar del Plata]]: 1972
* [[Tornei del Juventus ITA]]: 1975
* [[Kirin Cup]]: 1978
* [[Tornei Euro-América]]: 1991,1996
* [[Levin-Yashin Cup]]: 1994
* [[Friendship Cup]]: 1997
* [[Trofeo Naranja]]: 1997
* [[Torneo Centenario del Estudiantes Arg]]: 2005
* [[Copa Euro Americana]]: 2014
* [[Tornei Julinho Botelho]]:2014

== Aktueller Kader ==
Stand 04. Juli 2018<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.palmeiras.com.br/futebol/elenco |titel=Elenco adulto |werk=palmeiras.com.br |hrsg=Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras |zugriff=2017-07-16 |sprache=pt-br}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable zebra" style="text-align:center"
! data-sort-type="number"| Nr.
! Nat.
! Name
! data-sort-type="date"| Geburtstag
! im Verein seit
! Vertrag bis
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0E0E0;" colspan="6"| '''Tor'''
|-
| 1 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Prass, Fernando"| [[Fernando Prass]] || style="text-align:right"| 09. Juli 1978 || 2012 || 2018
|-
| 21 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Weverton"| [[Wéverton|Weverton]] || style="text-align:right"| 13. Dezember 1987 || 2018 || 2022
|-
| 42 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Jailson"| [[Jailson Marcelino dos Santos|Jailson]] || style="text-align:right"| 20. Juli 1981 || 2014 || 2018
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0E0E0;" colspan="6"| '''Abwehr'''
|-
| 2 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Rocha, Marcos"| [[Marcos Rocha]] || style="text-align:right"| 11. Dezember 1988 || 2018 || 2018
|-
| 3 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Dracena, Edu"| [[Eduardo Luís Abonízio de Souza|Edu Dracena]] || style="text-align:right"| 18. Mai 1981 || 2016 || 2018
|-
| 4 || {{ARG|#|3=Argentinier}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Freire, Nicolás"| [[Nicolás Freire]] || style="text-align:right"| 18. Februar 1994 || 2018 || 2019
|-
| 6 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Barbosa, Diogo"| [[Diogo Barbosa Mendanha|Diogo Barbosa]] || style="text-align:right"| 17. August 1992 || 2018 || 2023
|-
| 12 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Mayke"| [[Mayke Rocha Oliveira|Mayke]] || style="text-align:right"| 10. November 1992 || 2017 || 2018
|-
| 13 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Garcia, Luan"| [[Luan Garcia Teixeira|Luan]] || style="text-align:right"| 10. Mai 1993 || 2017 || 2022
|-
| 25 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Carlos, Antônio"| [[Antônio Carlos Cunha Capocasali Júnior|Antônio Carlos]] || style="text-align:right"| 7. März 1993 || 2017 || 2018
|-
| 26 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Luis, Victor"| [[Victor Luis Chuab Zamblauskas|Victor Luis]] || style="text-align:right"| 23. Juni 1993 || -- || 2019
|-
| 31 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Martins, Thiago"| [[Thiago Martins Bueno|Thiago Martins]] || style="text-align:right"| 17. März 1995 || -- || 2020
|-
| 44 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Pedrão"| Pedrão || style="text-align:right"| 3. Mai 1997 || -- || --
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0E0E0;" colspan="6"| '''Mittelfeld'''
|-
| 5 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Santos, Thiago"| [[Thiago dos Santos|Thiago Santos]] || style="text-align:right"| 5. September 1989 || 2015 || 2019
|-
| 10 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Moisés"| [[Moisés Lima Magalhães|Moisés]] || style="text-align:right"| 17. März 1988 || 2016 || 2020
|-
| 14 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Scarpa, Gustavo"| [[Gustavo Scarpa]] || style="text-align:right"| 5. Januar 1994 || 2018 || 2022
|-
| 17 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Jean"| [[Jean Raphael Vanderlei Moreira|Jean]] || style="text-align:right"| 24. Juni 1995 || 2016 || 2019
|-
| 18 || {{VEN|#|3=Venezuela}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Guerra, Alejandro"| [[Alejandro Abraham Guerra Morales|Alejandro Guerra]] || style="text-align:right"| 9. Juli 1985 || 2017 || 2020
|-
| 19 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Henrique, Bruno"| [[Bruno Henrique Corsini|Bruno Henrique]] || style="text-align:right"| 21. Oktober 1989 || 2017 || 2021
|-
| 20 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Lima, Lucas"| [[Lucas Rafael Araújo Lima|Lucas Lima]] || style="text-align:right"| 9. Juli 1990 || 2018 || 2022
|-
| 28 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Hyoran"| [[Hyoran Kauê Dalmoro|Hyroan]] || style="text-align:right"| 25. Mai 1993 || 2017 || 2020
|-
| 30 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Melo, Felipe"| [[Felipe Melo de Carvalho|Felipe Melo]] || style="text-align:right"| 26. Juni 1983 || 2017 || 2019
|-
| 39 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Vitinho"| [[Victor Hugo Santana Carvalho|Vitinho]] || style="text-align:right"| 24. März 1998 || -- || 2021
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0E0E0;" colspan="6" align="links"| '''Sturm'''
|-
| 7 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Dudu"| [[Eduardo Pereira Rodrigues|Dudu]] {{Kapitän}} || style="text-align:right"| 7. Januar 1992 || 2015 || 2020
|-
| 9 || {{COL|#|3=Kolumbianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Borja, Miguel"| [[Miguel Ángel Borja Hernández|Miguel Borja]] || style="text-align:right"| 26. Januar 1993 || 2017 || 2019
|-
| 16 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Deyverson"| [[Deyverson Brum Silva|Deyverson]] || style="text-align:right"| 8. Mai 1991 || 2017 || 2022
|-
| 29 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Willian"| [[Willian Gomes de Siqueira|Willian]] || style="text-align:right"| 19. November 1986 || 2017 || 2019
|-
| 37 || {{BRA|#|3=Brasilianisch}} || style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Artur"| [[Artur Victor Guimarães|Artur]] || style="text-align:right"| 15. Februar 1998 || -- || 2020
|-
|}

=== Transfers zur Saison 2018/19 ===
Stand: 01. Juli 2018
{| class="wikitable" style="min-width:50%"
! colspan="3" style="background:#CCFFCC;"| '''Zugänge'''
|-
! Nat. !! Name !! abgebender Verein
|-
| align="center"| {{ARG|#}} || [[Nicolás Freire]] || {{NED|#}} [[PEC Zwolle]] ''Geliehen''
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[Gustavo Scarpa]] || {{BRA|#}} [[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]] ''reaktiviert''
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[Victor Hugo Santana Carvalho|Vitinho]] || {{BRA|#}} [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] ''reaktiviert''
|-

! colspan="3" style="background:#FFCCCC"| '''Abgänge'''
|-
! Nat. !! Name !! aufnehmender Verein
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[Tchê Tchê]] || {{BRA|#}} [[Dynamo Kiew]]
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[Fernando Dos Santos Pedro|Fernando]] || {{UKR|#}} [[Schachtar Donezk]]
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[João Pedro Maturano dos Santos|João Pedro]] || {{POR|#}} [[FC Porto|Porto]]
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[Marcos da Silva França|Keno]] || {{EGY|#}} [[Al Ahram Football Club|Al Ahram Pyramids]]
|-
| align="center"| {{BRA|#}} || [[Emerson Raymundo Santos|Emerson Santos]] || {{BRA|#}} [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]] ''Geliehen''
|}

== Trainer ==
* {{URU|#}} [[Ondino Viera]] (1953)
== Spieler ==
{|
|----- valign=top
|
* [[Ademir da Guia]]
* [[Alexsandro de Souza|Alex]]
* [[Alexandre da Silva Mariano|Amaral]]
* [[Cafu]]
* [[Carlos Gamarra]]
* [[César Sampaio]]
* [[Chinesinho]]
* [[Denílson de Oliveira|Denílson]]
* [[Diego Cavalieri]]
* [[Djalma Santos]]
* [[Djalminha]]
* [[Edmundo Alves de Souza Neto|Edmundo]]
* [[Emerson Leão]]
* [[Fábio Crippa]]
* [[Faustino Asprilla]]
* [[Flávio Conceição]]
|
* [[Francisco Arce]]
* [[Freddy Rincón]]

* [[Hernán Barcos]]
* [[Humberto Tozzi]]
* [[Jair da Rosa Pinto]]
* [[Jorge Pinto Mendonça]]
* [[Jorge Valdivia]]
* [[José Altafini]]
* [[Júlio Botelho]]
* [[Juninho Paulista]]
* [[Júnior Baiano]]
* [[Luis Artime]]
* [[Lúcio]]
* [[Marcos Roberto Silveira Reis|Marcos]]
* [[Mazinho]]
* [[Luís Antônio Corrêa da Costa|Müller]]
|
* [[Pablo Armero]]
* [[Pedro Luís Vicençote|Pedrinho]]
* [[Pietro Sernagiotto]]
* [[Rivaldo]]
* [[Roberto Carlos da Silva|Roberto Carlos]]
* [[Rodrigo Taddei]]
* [[Roque Júnior]]
* [[Vágner Love]]
* [[Vavá]]

* [[Crizam César de Oliveira Filho|Zinho]]
|}

== Frauenfußball ==
{{Hauptartikel|Palmeiras São Paulo (Frauenfußball)}}
Die Frauenfußballabteilung von Palmeiras wurde 1997 gegründet und gewann 2001 die Staatsmeisterschaft. Sie ist derzeit inaktiv.

== Andere Sportarten ==

Neben Fußball bietet der Verein unter anderem auch die Sportarten [[Basketball]], [[Judo]], [[Karate]], [[Tennis]] und [[Hockey]] an.

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.palmeiras.com.br Offizielle Vereinswebseite]
* [http://www.palmeirasonline.com Fanseite]
* [http://mavalem.sites.uol.com.br/sp/SaoPaulo0.htm Bilder des Stadions]
* [http://memoria.alviverde.sites.uol.com.br/ Memória Alviverde]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

{{Navigationsleiste Vereine der brasilianischen Fußballliga Série A}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Palmeiras, SE}}
[[Kategorie:Brasilianischer Fußballverein]]
[[Kategorie:Fußballverein aus São Paulo]]
[[Kategorie:Sport (São Paulo)]]
[[Kategorie:Gegründet 1914]]

Benutzer:MissingMemberException/Massenmorde unter kommunistischen Regimen

2018-06-22T23:36:41Z

179.183.231.189: /* See also */

<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Mass killings under communist governments|2=Talk:Mass killings under communist regimes#Requested move 21 June 2018 }}
</noinclude>{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Communism sidebar}}

{{POV|date=May 2018}}

[[Mass killing]]s occurred under several twentieth-century [[Communist]] regimes. Death estimates vary widely, depending on the definitions of deaths included. The higher estimates of mass killings account for crimes against civilians by governments, including executions, destruction of population through man-made hunger and deaths during forced deportations, imprisonment and through forced labor. Terms used to define these killings include "mass killing", "[[democide]]", "[[politicide]]", "classicide" and a broad definition of "[[genocide]]". The estimates by [[Stéphane Courtois|Stéphane Courtois's]] introduction<ref>{{cite book |last=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|date=2017 |title=Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|location= |publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|page=140 |isbn=978-0822369493|author-link=Kristen R. Ghodsee}}</ref> to [[The_Black_Book_of_Communism#Introduction:_The_Crimes_of_Communism |''The Black Book of Communism'']] and by [[Martin Malia]] suggested a total death toll of between 85 and 100 million people.<ref name="Pipes2001Communismp158">[[#Pipes2001Communism|Pipes (2001) "Communism,"]] p. 158.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|"...with a grand total of victims variously estimated by contributors to the volume at between 85 million and 100 million."<ref name="Malia 1999">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Malia|first=Martin|authorlink=Martin Malia|editor-first1=Stéphane Courtois|editor-last1=Courtois|editor-first2=Mark|editor-last2=Kramer|encyclopedia=The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression|title=Foreword|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC|accessdate=24 August 2015|year=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674076082|pages=ix-xx}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|USSR: 20 million deaths; China: 65 million deaths; Vietnam: 1 million deaths; North Korea: 2 million deaths; Cambodia: 2 million deaths; Eastern Europe: 1 million deaths; Latin America: 150,000 deaths; Africa: 1.7 million deaths; Afghanistan: 1.5 million deaths; the international Communist movement and Communist parties not in power: about 10,000 deaths.<ref name="Courtois1999Introduction1">[[#Courtois1999Introduction|Courtois (1999) "Introduction"]] p. x</ref>}}

== Terminology ==
Several different terms are used to describe the intentional killing of large numbers of noncombatants.{{refn|group=nb|"Mass killing and Genocide. No generally accepted terminology exists to describe the intentional killing of large numbers of noncombatants."<ref>[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] p. 9</ref>}}<ref name="wheat_scale"/> The following terminology has been used to describe separate mass killings of unarmed civilians by [[communist state|Communist governments]]:

*[[Genocide]] – under the [[Genocide Convention]], the [[Genocide#Genocide as a crime|crime of genocide]] generally applies to mass murder of [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] rather than political or social groups. Protection of political groups was eliminated from the UN resolution after a second vote, because many states, including Stalin's USSR,<ref>[[#Jones2010Genocide|Jones (2010) ''Genocide'']] p. 137.</ref> anticipated that clause to apply unneeded limitations to their right to suppress internal disturbances.<ref>Beth van Schaack. The Crime of Political Genocide: Repairing the Genocide Convention's Blind Spot. ''The Yale Law Journal'', Vol. 106, No. 7 (May 1997), pp. 2259‒2291.</ref> ''Genocide'' is also a popular term for mass political killing, which is studied academically as ''democide'' and ''politicide''.<ref name="Tago"/> Killing by the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia has been labeled ''genocide'' or ''auto-genocide'' and, more controversially, the deaths under Leninism and Stalinism in the USSR and Maoism in China have been investigated as possible cases. In particular, the famines in the USSR in the 1930s and during the Great Leap Forward in China have been "depicted as mass killing underpinned by genocidal intent."<ref name="Williams">Williams, Paul (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=G06Op3vrfs0C&dq Security Studies: An Introduction]. Taylor & Francis. p. 190 {{ISBN|978-0-415-42561-2}}.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|"...the majority of deaths resulted not from direct execution, but from the infliction of 'conditions of life calculated to bring about [the] physical destruction' of a group, in the language of Article II(c) of the Genocide Convention."<ref name=Williams/>}} According to Alexandra Laignel-Lavastine, "historians and philosophers close to politically liberal groups" in Europe, especially in Romania, have made the term ''Communist Genocide'' a part of the vocabulary.<ref name="Rousso">Rousso, Henry & Goslan, Richard Joseph (Eds.) (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=CIt7fMp30sAC&dq Stalinism and Nazism: History and Memory Compared]. U of Nebraska Press. {{ISBN|978-0-803-29000-6}}.</ref>
*[[Politicide]] – the term "politicide" is used to describe the killing of political or economic groups that would otherwise be covered by the Genocide Convention.<ref name="harffgurr">{{Cite journal|last=Harff|first=Barbara|first2=Ted R.|year=1988|title=Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases since 1945|volume=32|pages=359–371|journal=|last2=Gurr}}</ref> Manus I. Midlarsky uses the term "politicide" to describe an arc of mass killings from the western parts of the Soviet Union to China and Cambodia.{{refn|group=nb|"Indeed, an arc of Communist politicide can be traced from the western portions of the Soviet Union to China and on to Cambodia."<ref>[[#Midlarsky2005Killingtrap|Midlarsky (2005) ''Killing trap'']] p. 310</ref>}} In his book ''The killing trap: genocide in the twentieth century'' Midlarsky raises similarities between the killings of Stalin and [[Pol Pot]].<ref>[[#Midlarsky2005Killingtrap|Midlarsky (2005) ''Killing trap'']] p. 321.</ref>
*[[Democide]] – [[R. J. Rummel]] defines democide as "''the intentional killing of an unarmed or disarmed person by government agents acting in their authoritative capacity and pursuant to government policy or high command''".<ref name="harff@rummel2"/> According to him, this definition covers a wide range of deaths, including forced labor and concentration camp victims; killings by "unofficial" private groups; extrajudicial summary killings; and mass deaths due to the governmental acts of criminal omission and neglect, such as in deliberate famines, as well as killings by ''de facto'' governments, i.e. civil war killings.<ref name="harff@rummel2"/> This definition covers any murder of any number of persons by any government,<ref name="harff@rummel2"/> and it is equally applicable to mass killings perpetrated by communist regimes.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Genocide: a sociological perspective; Contextual and Comparative Studies I: Ideological Genocides; |last=Fein |first=Helen |authorlink=Helen Fein |year=1993 |publisher=[[Sage Publications]] |location= |isbn=978-0-8039-8829-3 |page=75 |pages= |url= |chapter=Soviet and Communist genocides and 'Democide'|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4TaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Soviet+and+Communist+Genocides%22&dq=%22Soviet+and+Communist+Genocides%22|accessdate=}}</ref> <ref name="Harff@Rummel">Barbara Harff. Death by Government by R. J. Rummel. ''The Journal of Interdisciplinary History'', Vol. 27, No. 1 (Summer, 1996), pp. 117‒119. Published by: The MIT Press. Stable URL: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/206491]</ref>
*[[Crime against humanity]] – [[Klas-Göran Karlsson]] uses the term ''crimes against humanity'', which includes "the direct mass killings of politically undesirable elements, as well as forced deportations and forced labour". He acknowledges that the term may be misleading in the sense that the regimes targeted groups of their own citizens, but considers it useful as a broad legal term which emphasizes attacks on civilian populations and because the offenses demean humanity as a whole.<ref name="Karlsson">{{Cite book|last =Karlsson|first =Klas-Göran|authorlink = |last2 =Schoenhals|first2 =Michael|title =Crimes against humanity under communist regimes – Research review|publisher =Forum for Living History|year =2008|location = |pages =111|url =http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/forskningsinventering_EN.pdf|doi = |isbn =978-91-977487-2-8}}</ref> Jacques Semelin and [[Michael Mann (sociologist)|Michael Mann]]<ref>[[#Semelin2009PurifyandDestroy|Semelin (2009) ''Purify and Destroy'']] p. 344.</ref> believe that "crime against humanity" is more appropriate than "genocide" or "politicide" when speaking of violence by Communist regimes.<ref>[[#Semelin2009PurifyandDestroy|Semelin (2009) ''Purify and Destroy'']] p. 318.</ref>
*[[Classicide]] – Michael Mann has proposed the term "classicide" to mean the "intended mass killing of entire social classes".<ref>[[#Mann2005DarkSideofDemocracy|Mann (2005) ''Dark Side of Democracy'']] p. 17.</ref>
*[[Political repression|Repression]] – [[Stephen Wheatcroft]] notes that, in the case of the Soviet Union, terms such as "[[Terror (politics)|the terror]]", "the purges", and "repression" are used to refer to the same events. He believes the most neutral terms are ''repression'' and ''mass killings'', although in Russian the broad concept of ''repression'' is commonly held to include ''mass killings'' and is sometimes assumed to be synonymous with it, which is not the case in other languages.<ref name="wheat_scale">Stephen Wheatcroft. [http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-German_Soviet.pdf The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45]. ''[[Europe-Asia Studies]]'', Vol. 48, No. 8 (Dec. 1996), pp. 1319‒1353.</ref>
*[[Mass murder|Mass killing]] – [[Ervin Staub]] defined ''mass killing'' as "killing members of a group without the intention to eliminate the whole group or killing large numbers of people without a precise definition of group membership. In a mass killing the number of people killed is usually smaller than in genocide." Referencing earlier definitions{{refn|group=nb|In the Encyclopedia of Genocide (1999), Israel Charny defined generic genocide as "the mass killing of substantial numbers of human beings, when not in the course of military action against the military forces of an avowed enemy, under conditions of the essential defenselessness and helplessness of the victims."<ref name="Charny">Charny, Israel (ed). (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Encyclopedia of Genocide], Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio.</ref> In the 2006 article "Development, democracy, and mass killings", William Easterly, Roberta Gatti and Sergio Kurlat adopted Charny's definition of generic genocide for their use of "mass killing" and "massacre" to avoid the politics of the term "genocide" altogether.<ref name="Easterly">Easterly, William, Roberta Gatti and Sergio Kurlat. (2006). [http://williameasterly.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/46_easterly_gatti_kurlat_developmentdemocracymasskillings_prp.pdf "Development, democracy, and mass killings"], Journal of Economic Growth 11: 129-56.</ref>}}, Joan Esteban, Massimo Morelli and Dominic Rohner have defined ''mass killings'' as "the killings of substantial numbers of human beings, when not in the course of military action against the military forces of an avowed enemy, under the conditions of the essential defenselessness and helplessness of the victims".<ref name="Esteban">Esteban, Joan Maria, Morelli, Massimo and Rohner, Dominic, Strategic Mass Killings (May 11, 2010). Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich Working Paper No. 486. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1615375</ref> The term has been defined by Benjamin Valentino as "the intentional killing of a massive number of noncombatants", where a "massive number" is defined as at least 50,000 intentional deaths over the course of five years or less.<ref>Benjamin Valentino, Paul Huth, Dylan Bach-Lindsay, (2004), "Draining the Sea: mass killing and guerrilla warfare," ''International Organization'' 58,2 (375–407): p. 387.</ref> This is the most accepted quantitative minimum threshold for the term.<ref name="Esteban"/> He applies this definition to the cases of Stalin's USSR, the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]] under Mao, and Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, while admitting that mass killings on a smaller scale also appear to have been carried out by regimes in [[North Korea]], [[Vietnam]], [[Eastern Europe]], and [[Africa]].<ref>[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] p. 91.</ref>
[[File:Red Holocaust (Jimmy Fell).JPG|thumb|A pile of stones in Germany placed as a memorial to people killed by communist governments]]
*Holocaust – the [[United States Congress]] has referred to the mass killings collectively as "an unprecedented imperial communist holocaust"<ref>Congress (US), (1993), [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-103hr3000enr/pdf/BILLS-103hr3000enr.pdf ''Friendship Act'' (HR3000)] p. 15 at §905a1.</ref><ref name="Rauch">{{Cite news| last1 = Rauch | first1 = Jonathan | title = The Forgotten Millions: Communism is the deadliest fantasy in human history (but does anyone care?) | newspaper = The Atlantic Monthly |date = December 2003| url = https://www.theatlantic.com/past/issues/2003/12/rauch.htm | accessdate = April 24, 2010 | postscript =  }}</ref> while the [[Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation]] established by the United States Congress refers to this subject as the "Communist holocaust".<ref>Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, (n.d.), "[http://www.victimsofcommunism.org/history_communism.php History of Communism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131150410/http://www.victimsofcommunism.org/history_communism.php |date=January 31, 2010 }}," online: Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, §"A Moral Blind Spot".</ref> The term "Red Holocaust" has been used by German historian [[Horst Möller]]; [[Steven Rosefielde]] has published a book on this subject titled ''[[Red Holocaust (2009 book)|Red Holocaust]]''.<ref name="Rosefielde">[[#Rosefielde2009RedHolocaust|Rosefielde (2009) ''Red Holocaust'']]</ref><ref name="Moeller">{{Cite book|title= Der rote Holocaust und die Deutschen. Die Debatte um das 'Schwarzbuch des Kommunismus' |trans-title = The red Holocaust and the Germans. The debates on the 'Black Book of Communism' |last= Möller |first= Horst |authorlink= Horst Möller |year= 1999 |publisher= [[Piper Verlag]] |location= |isbn= 978-3-492-04119-5 |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> According to Alexandra Laignel-Lavastine, "historians and philosophers close to politically liberal groups" in Europe, especially in Romania, have made the term "Red Holocaust" a part of the vocabulary.<ref name="Rousso"/> The usage of this metaphor is condemned as an attempt to usurp and undermine the history of European Jews.<ref>Alexandru Florian. Holocaust Public Memory in Postcommunist Romania. Studies in Antisemitism. Alexandru Florian, ed. Indiana University Press, 2018. {{ISBN|0253032741}}, 9780253032744 p. 46.</ref>

==Estimates==
Discussion of the number of victims of Communist regimes has been "extremely extensive and ideologically biased".<ref name="Karlsson"/>

Modern historical studies estimate a total number of Stalinism repression deaths during the [[Great Purge]] (1937–38) as 950,000 - 1,200,000. These figures take into account incompleteness of official archival data and include both execution deaths and [[Gulag]] deaths during that period.{{refn|group=nb|"The best estimate that can currently be made of the number of repression deaths in 1937–38 is the range 950,000–1.2 million, i.e . about a million. This is the estimate which should be used by historians, teachers and journalists concerned with twentieth century Russian—and world—history".<ref name="EllmanComment">Michael Ellman (2002) Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments, ''Europe-Asia Studies'', 54:7, 1151-1172, DOI: 10.1080/0966813022000017177. [https://doi.org/10.1080/0966813022000017177]</ref>}} Modern data for the whole Stalin's rule were summarised by [[Timothy Snyder]], who concludes that Stalinism caused 6 million direct deaths and nine millions in total, including the deaths from deportation, hunger, and Gulag deaths.{{refn|group=nb|"''All in all, the Germans deliberately killed about 11 million noncombatants, a figure that rises to more than 12 million if foreseeable deaths from deportation, hunger, and sentences in concentration camps are included. For the Soviets during the Stalin period, the analogous figures are approximately six million and nine million. ''"<ref name="SnyderHvsS">Timothy Snyder. Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse? New York review of Books. January 27, 2011, 3:30 pm. [http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/01/27/hitler-vs-stalin-who-was-worse/]</ref>}}

The results of demographic study of the [[Cambodian genocide]] demonstrate that the nationwide death toll in 1975-1979 amounted to 1,843,000-1,871,000, or 21 to 24 percent of Cambodian population before [[Khmer Rouge]]. <ref name = "Kiernan2003">Ben Kiernan. THE DEMOGRAPHY OF GENOCIDE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975-79, and East Timor, 1975-80. ''Critical Asian Studies'' 35:4 (2003)</ref> According to [[Ben Kiernan]], the amount of deaths caused by executions us still unknown, because many victims died because of starvation, disease and overwork.<ref name = "Kiernan2003"/>

Although any attempt to estimate a total number of victims of communism depends greatly on definition,<ref name="Dallin">Alexander Dallin. Reviewed Work(s): The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression by Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth, Jean-Louis Panné, Andrzej Paczkowski, Karel Bartošek,Jean-Louis Margolin, Jonathan Murphy and Mark Kramer. ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 59, No. 4 (Winter, 2000), pp. 882‒883. Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2697429]</ref> several attempt to compile on previously published data have been made.

*In his introduction to the ''[[Black Book of Communism]]'' (1999), [[Stéphane Courtois]] gives a "rough approximation, based on unofficial estimates" approaching 100 million killed.{{refn|group=nb|USSR: 20 million deaths; China: 65 million deaths; Vietnam: 1 million deaths; North Korea: 2 million deaths; Cambodia: 2 million deaths; Eastern Europe: 1 million deaths; Latin America: 150,000 deaths; Africa: 1.7 million deaths; Afghanistan: 1.5 million deaths; the international Communist movement and Communist parties not in power: about 10,000 deaths.<ref name="Courtois1999Introduction">[[#Courtois1999Introduction|Courtois]] (1999) "Introduction" p. 4</ref>}} In his foreword to the book, Martin Malia notes "a grand total of victims variously estimated by contributors to the volume at between 85 million and 100 million."
*According to Benjamin Valentino in 2005, the estimates of the number of non-combatants killed by Communist regimes in the Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, and Cambodia alone range from a low of 21 million to a high of 70 million.<ref name="Valentino"/>

*In 2005, [[R. J. Rummel]] revised his estimate of total Communist [[democide]] between 1900 and 1999 upward by 38 million to "about 148,000,000", due to recent publications about Mao's role in China's Great Famine.<ref name="RummelBlogMao"> [[#RummelBlogMao|Rummel]] (2005)</ref>

*According to [[Steven Rosefielde]]'s book ''[[Red Holocaust (2009 book)|Red Holocaust]]'' (2005), "approximately 60 million people and perhaps tens of millions more" were killed.<ref name="Rosefielde120121"/>

The criticisms of some of the estimates were mostly focused on three aspects: (i) the estimates were based on sparse and incomplete data, when significant errors are inevitable<ref name="Harff@Rummel"/><ref name="dulic">Tomislav Dulić. Tito's Slaughterhouse: A Critical Analysis of Rummel's Work on Democide, ''Journal of Peace Research'', Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 85‒102. Published by: Sage Publications, Ltd. Stable URL: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149657]</ref><ref name="harff@rummel2">Barbara Harff. The Comparative Analysis of Mass Atrocities and Genocide. Chapter 12. p. 112-115. in N.P. Gleditsch (ed.), R.J. Rummel: An Assessment of His Many Contributions, SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice 37, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2. [http://afes-press-books.de/html/SpringerBriefs_PSP_Rummel.htm]</ref>, (ii) some critics said the figures were skewed to higher possible values, but did not provided alternative estimates<ref name="weiner">Amir Weiner, ''The Journal of Interdisciplinary History'', Vol. 32, No. 3 (Winter, 2002), pp. 450‒452. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3656222]</ref>{{refn|group=nb|''"But most of these problems pale in significance opening and closing chapters, which caused occasioned a break among the ''Black Book'' authors.(...) Courtois's figures for the Soviet Union, Vietnam, and Latin America go far beyond the estimates of the authors themselves, as does Courtois's final body count. (...) But two other theses created considerable consternation and have come to be associated with The Black Book: the figure of 100 million deaths and the parallel with Nazism. They became central in the debate that followed. (...) In articles and interviews Werth and Margolin pointed out how, in the service of this goal, Courtois distorted and exaggerated: Werth's total, including the Civil War and the famine of 1932-1933 had been five million less than Courtois's "mythical number," while Margolin denied having spoken of the Vietnamese Communists being responsible for one million deaths.52 Interviewed in ''Le Monde'', Margolin likened Courtois's effort to "militant political activity, indeed, that of a prosecutor amassing charges in the service of a cause, that of a global condemnation of the Communist phenomenon as an essentially criminal phenomenon." Both rejected the comparison between Communism and Nazism''.<ref name="Aronson">Ronald Aronson. Review: Communism's Posthumous Trial. Reviewed Work(s): The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression byStéphane Courtois; The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the TwentiethCentury by François Furet; The Burden of Responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron, and theFrench Twentieth Century by Tony Judt; Le Siècle des communismes by Michel Dreyfus. ''History and Theory'', Vol. 42, No. 2 (May, 2003), pp. 222‒245. Published by: Wiley for Wesleyan University. Stable URL: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3590882]</ref>}}<ref name="Harff@Rummel"/>, and (iii) some critics argued that victims of [[Holodomor]] and other man-made famines created by communist governments should not be counted.<ref>Andrzej Paczkowski. The Strom over the Black Book. ''The Wilson Quarterly'' (1976-), Vol. 25, No. 2 (Spring, 2001), pp. 28‒34. Published by: Wilson Quarterly. Stable URL: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40260182]</ref><ref name="Harff@Rummel"/><ref name="kuromiya">Hiroaki Kuromiya. Review Article: Communism and Terror. Reviewed Work(s): The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, and Repression by Stephane Courtois; Reflections on a Ravaged Century by Robert Conquest. ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 36, No. 1 (Jan., 2001), pp. 191‒201. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/261138]</ref>

==Proposed causes==

===Political system and ideology===
Many scholars, such as [[R. J. Rummel]], [[Daniel Goldhagen]],<ref>[[#Goldhagen2009WorsethanWar|Goldhagen (2009) ''Worse than War'']] p. 206.</ref> [[Richard Pipes]],<ref>[[#Pipes2001Communism|Pipes (2001) ''Communism'']] p. 147.</ref> and [[John N. Gray]]<ref name="Gray">{{Cite book|last=Gray|first=John|title=Totalitarianism at the crossroads|chapter=Totalitarianism, civil society and reform|editor=Ellen Frankel Paul|publisher=Transaction Publisher|year=1990|page=116|isbn=978-0-88738-850-7}}</ref> consider communism as a significant causative factor in mass killings.<ref name="harff">
{{Cite journal
|first=Barbara
|last=Harff
|title=Death by Government
|publisher=MIT Press Journals
|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
|date=Summer 1996
}}
</ref> Klas-Göran Karlsson writes that "Ideologies are systems of ideas, which cannot commit crimes independently. However, individuals, collectives and states that have defined themselves as communist have committed crimes in the name of communist ideology, or without naming communism as the direct source of motivation for their crimes."<ref>{{ cite book | last=Karlsson | isbn=978-91-977487-2-8 | first=Klas-Göran | doi= | url=http://www.levandehistoria.se/sites/default/files/material_file/research-review-crimes-against-humanity.pdf | author2=Schoenhals, Michael | publisher=Forum for Living History | title=Crimes against humanity under communist regimes – Research review | year=2008 | location= | pages=111 | authorlink= }}</ref>

According to [[Rudolph Joseph Rummel]], the killings committed by communist regimes can best be explained as the result of the marriage between absolute power and an absolutist ideology – [[Marxism]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pioneers of genocide studies |last=Totten |first=Samuel |authorlink= |author2=Steven L. Jacobs |year=2002 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |location= |isbn=0-7658-0151-5 |page=168 |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=g26NmNNWK1QC&pg=PA168&dq |accessdate=}}</ref> "Of all religions, secular and otherwise," Rummel positions Marxism as "by far the bloodiest – bloodier than the [[Inquisition|Catholic Inquisition]], the various [[Crusades|Catholic crusades]], and the [[Thirty Years War]] between [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] and [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. In practice, Marxism has meant bloody [[terrorism]], deadly [[purge]]s, lethal prison camps and murderous [[Unfree labour|forced labor]], fatal [[deportation]]s, man-made [[famine]]s, [[Extrajudicial killing|extrajudicial executions]] and fraudulent [[show trial]]s, outright [[mass murder]] and [[genocide]]."<ref name = "Killing Machine">{{Cite web|last1=Rummel|first1=RJ|url=http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=41944|title=The killing machine that is Marxism|publisher=[[WorldNetDaily]]|date=December 15, 2004|accessdate=May 19, 2010}}</ref> He writes that in practice the Marxists saw the construction of their [[utopia]] as "a war on poverty, exploitation, imperialism and inequality – and, as in a real war, noncombatants would unfortunately get caught in the battle. There would be necessary enemy casualties: the clergy, bourgeoisie, capitalists, 'wreckers', intellectuals, counterrevolutionaries, rightists, tyrants, the rich and landlords. As in a war, millions might die, but these deaths would be justified by the end, as in the defeat of Hitler in World War II. To the ruling Marxists, the goal of a communist utopia was enough to justify all the deaths."<ref name = "Killing Machine"/>

In his book [[Red Holocaust (2009 book)|''Red Holocaust'']], [[Steven Rosefielde]] says that communism's internal contradictions "caused to be killed" approximately 60 million people and perhaps tens of millions more, and that this "Red Holocaust" – the peacetime mass killings and other related crimes against humanity perpetrated by Communist leaders such as [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Kim Il Sung]], [[Mao Zedong]], [[Ho Chi Minh]] and [[Pol Pot]]—should be the centerpiece of any net assessment of communism. He states that the aforementioned leaders are "collectively guilty of holocaust-scale felonious homicides."<ref>[[#Rosefielde2009RedHolocaust|Rosefielde (2009) ''Red Holocaust'']] pp. 1, 7.</ref>

[[File:Radek's action.jpg|thumb|Prosecutor General [[Andrey Vyshinsky]] (centre), reading the 1937 indictment against [[Karl Radek]] during the 2nd [[Moscow Trials|Moscow Trial]]]]
[[Robert Conquest]] stressed that Stalin's purges were not contrary to the principles of [[Leninism]], but rather a natural consequence of the system established by [[Vladimir Lenin]], who personally ordered the killing of local groups of class enemy hostages.<ref>[[#Conquest2007GreatTerror|Conquest (2007) ''Great Terror'']] p. xxiii.</ref> [[Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev|Alexander Yakovlev]], architect of [[perestroika]] and [[glasnost]] and later head of the Presidential Commission for the Victims of Political Repression, elaborates on this point, stating that "The truth is that in punitive operations Stalin did not think up anything that was not there under Lenin: executions, hostage taking, concentration camps, and all the rest."<ref>[[#Yakovlev2002CenturyofViolence|Yakovlev (2002) ''Century of Violence'']] p. 20.</ref> Historian [[Robert Gellately]] concurs, saying: "To put it another way, Stalin initiated very little that Lenin had not already introduced or previewed."<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Barry|last1=Ray|url=http://www.fsu.edu/news/2007/09/11/gellately.book/|title=FSU professor's 'Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler' sheds new light on three of the 20th century's bloodiest rulers|publisher=[[Florida State University]]|year=2007}}</ref> Said Lenin to his colleagues in the Bolshevik government: "If we are not ready to shoot a saboteur and [[White movement|White Guardist]], what sort of revolution is that?"<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Sheila|last1=Fitzpatrick|title=The Russian Revolution|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=0-19-923767-0|page=77}}</ref>

[[Anne Applebaum]] asserts that, "without exception, the [[Leninist]] belief in the [[one-party state]] was and is characteristic of every communist regime," and "the [[Bolshevik]] use of violence was repeated in every Communist revolution." Phrases said by Lenin and [[Cheka]] founder [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] were deployed all over the world. She notes that as late as 1976, [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] unleashed a "[[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|Red Terror" in Ethiopia]].<ref>{{ cite book | editor-link=Paul Hollander | others=[[Anne Applebaum|Applebaum, Anne]] (foreword) and Hollander, Paul ([http://www.isi.org/books/content/384intro.pdf introduction]) | isbn=1-932236-78-3 | page=xiv | editor=Hollander, Paul | publisher=Intercollegiate Studies Institute | title=From the Gulag to the Killing Fields: Personal Accounts of Political Violence and Repression in Communist States | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyaDAAAAMAAJ&dq=isbn=1932236783 }}</ref>

In ''The Lost Literature of Socialism'', literary historian [[George G. Watson]] saw socialism as [[conservative]], a reaction against [[liberalism]]. He states that the writings of [[Friedrich Engels]] and others show that "the [[Marxist theory of history]] required and demanded genocide for reasons implicit in its claim that feudalism, which in advanced nations was already giving place to capitalism, must in its turn be superseded by socialism. Entire nations would be left behind after a workers' revolution, feudal remnants in a socialist age, and since they could not advance two steps at a time, they would have to be killed. They were racial trash, as Engels called them, and fit only for the dung-heap of history."<ref name="Watson1998Lost_77">{{Cite book|first=George|last=Watson|title=The Lost Literature of Socialism|publisher=Lutterworth press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=F3EmtyNuKfQC&pg=PA77|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7188-2986-5|page=77}}</ref> Watson's claims have been criticised by Robert Grant for "dubious evidence", arguing that "what Marx and Engels are calling for is ... at the very least a kind of cultural genocide; but it is not obvious, at least from Watson's citations, that actual mass killing, rather than (to use their phraseology) mere 'absorption' or 'assimilation', is in question."<ref name="Grant1999Review">{{Cite journal| first=Robert |last=Grant |title=Review: The Lost Literature of Socialism |journal=The Review of English Studies | publisher=New Series |volume=50 |issue=200 |date=November 1999 |pages=557–559 }}</ref>

Benjamin Valentino writes that mass killings strategies are chosen by Communists to economically dispossess large numbers of people.<ref>[[#Valentino2005|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] pp. 34‒37.</ref> "Social transformations of this speed and magnitude have been associated with mass killing for two primary reasons. First, the massive social dislocations produced by such changes have often led to economic collapse, epidemics, and, most important, widespread famines. ... The second reason that communist regimes bent on the radical transformation of society have been linked to mass killing is that the revolutionary changes they have pursued have clashed inexorably with the fundamental interests of large segments of their populations. Few people have proved willing to accept such far-reaching sacrifices without intense levels of coersion."<ref>[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] pp. 93‒94.</ref>

According to Jacques Semelin, "communist systems emerging in the twentieth century ended up destroying their own populations, not because they planned to annihilate them as such, but because they aimed to restructure the 'social body' from top to bottom, even if that meant purging it and recarving it to suit their new Promethean political ''imaginaire''."<ref>[[#Semelin2009PurifyandDestroy|Semelin (2009) ''Purify and Destroy']]' p. 331.</ref>

===Failure of the rule of law===
Eric D. Weitz says that the mass killing in communist states are a natural consequence of the failure of the rule of law, seen commonly during periods of social upheaval in the 20th century. For both communist and non-communist mass killings, "genocides occurred at moments of extreme social crisis, often generated by the very policies of the regimes."<ref name="Weitz, 251–252">{{Cite book
| last =Weitz | first =Eric D. | title =A century of genocide: utopias of race and nation
| publisher =Princeton University Press | year =2003 | pages =251–252
| url =https://books.google.com/?id=lg1rlqM9nRMC | doi = | isbn =978-0-691-00913-1 }}</ref> They are not inevitable but are political decisions.<ref name="Weitz, 251–252"/>

[[Stephen Hicks]] of [[Rockford College]] ascribes the violence characteristic of twentieth-century [[Socialism|socialist]] rule to these collectivist regimes' abandonment of protections of [[civil rights]] and rejection of the values of [[civil society]]. Hicks writes that whereas "in practice every liberal capitalist country has a solid record for being humane, for by and large respecting rights and freedoms, and for making it possible for people to put together fruitful and meaningful lives", in socialism "practice has time and again proved itself more brutal than the worst dictatorships prior to the twentieth century. Each socialist regime has collapsed into dictatorship and begun killing people on a huge scale."<ref name="SRC Hicks">{{Cite book|last=Hicks|first=Stephen R. C.|title=Explaining Postmodernism: Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault|publisher=Scholarly Publishing|year=2009|pages=87–88|isbn=1-59247-646-5|id={{ISBN|1-59247-642-2}}}}</ref>

''[[The Black Book of Communism]]'', a book on the subject of mass killings under Communist regimes<ref>[[#Courtois1999Introduction|Courtois (1999) "Introduction"]] p. x. {{Failed verification|date=June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Courtois1999Conclusion">{{Cite book|first1=Stéphane|last1=Courtois|chapter=Conclusion: Why?|editor1-first=Stéphane|editor1-last=Courtois|editor2-first=Mark|editor2-last=Kramer|title=The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1999|pages=727–758|isbn=0-674-07608-7}} at p. 727.</ref> claims an association between communism and [[criminality]]—"Communist regimes ... turned mass crime into a full-blown system of government"<ref>[[#Courtois1999Introduction|Courtois (1999) "Introduction"]] p. 4.</ref>—and says that this criminality lies at the level of ideology rather than state practice.<ref>[[#Courtois1999Introduction|Courtois (1999) "Introduction"]] p. 2.</ref>

===Other claims===

[[Martin Malia]] called Russian [[exceptionalism]] and the [[First World War|War Experience]] general reasons for barbarity.<ref name="Malia1999Uses">Martin Malia "Foreword: Uses of Atrocity" in ''[[#Courtois1999BlackBook|The Black Book]]'' pp. xvii‒xviii.</ref> The [[University of Oklahoma]] political scientist Allen D. Hertzke zooms in on the ideas of British Catholic writer and historian [[Paul Johnson (writer)|Paul Johnson]]. According to him, "the attempt to live without [[God]] made idols of politics and produced the century's 'gangster statesmen'{{spaced ndash}}Stalin, Hitler, Mao, Pol Pot{{spaced ndash}}whose 'unappeasable appetite for controlling mankind' unleashed unimaginable horrors. Or as [[T.S. Eliot]] puts it, 'If you will not have God (and he is a jealous God) you should pay your respects to Hitler or Stalin.'"<ref name = "Hertzke 2006, p. 24">{{Cite book|last1=Hertzke|first=Allen D.|year=2006|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EkIvbxefBNsC&pg=PA24&dq=Stalin+Mao+Pol+Pot&q=unappeasable%20appetite%20for%20controlling%20mankind|page=24|isbn=978-0-7425-4732-2|work=Freeing God's Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights|title=Freeing God's Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights}}</ref>

The [[Russian history|Russian]] and [[world history]] scholar John M. Thompson places personal responsibility directly on [[Joseph Stalin]]. According to him, "much of what occurred only makes sense if it stemmed in part from the disturbed mentality, pathological cruelty, and extreme paranoia of Stalin himself. Insecure, despite having established a dictatorship over the party and country, hostile and defensive when confronted with criticism of the excesses of collectivization and the sacrifices required by high-tempo industrialization, and deeply suspicious that past, present, and even yet unknown future opponents were plotting against him, Stalin began to act as a person beleaguered. He soon struck back at enemies, real or imaginary.<ref name = "John H. Thompson 2008, 254–255">{{Cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=John H.|year=2008|title=Russia and the Soviet Union: An Historical Introduction from the Kievan State to the Present|edition=6|location=New Haven, Connecticut|publisher=Westview Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hlNlhPf2fwcC&pg=PA255&dq=Stalin+pathological+murderer&q=Attempts%20to%20explain%20this%20nightmarish|pages=254–255|isbn=978-0-8133-4395-2}}</ref>" Historian [[Helen Rappaport]] describes [[Nikolay Yezhov]], the bureaucrat in charge of the NKVD during the Great Purge, as a physically diminutive figure of "limited intelligence" and "narrow political understanding.... Like other instigators of mass murder throughout history, [he] compensated for his lack of physical stature with a pathological cruelty and the use of brute terror."<ref name = "Rappaport 1999">{{Cite book|last1=Rappaport|first1=Helen|year=1999|title=Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|pages=82–83|isbn=978-1-57607-208-0}}</ref>

==States where mass killings have occurred==

=== Soviet Union ===
{{See also|Number of deaths in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin}}
[[File:Memorial Moscow(5).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Sign for the [[Solovetsky Stone|Memorial about Repression in USSR]] at [[Lubyanka Square]]. The memorial was erected by the human rights group [[Memorial (society)|Memorial]] in the USSR in 1990 in remembrance of the more than 40,000 innocent people shot in Moscow during the "years of terror".]]
After the Soviet Union dissolved, evidence from the Soviet archives became available, containing official records of the execution of approximately 800,000 prisoners under Stalin for either political or criminal offenses, around 1.7 million deaths in the [[Gulag]]s and some 390,000 deaths during kulak [[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|forced resettlement]]{{spaced ndash}} for a total of about 3 million officially recorded victims in these categories.{{refn|group=nb|Stephen G. Wheatcroft gives the following numbers: During 1921–53, the number of sentences was (political convictions): sentences, 4,060,306; death penalties, 799,473; camps and prisons, 2,634397; exile, 413,512; other, 215,942. In addition, during 1937‒52 there were 14,269,753 non-political sentences, among them 34,228 death penalties, 2,066,637 sentences for 0–1 year, 4,362,973 for 2–5 years, 1,611,293 for 6–10 years, and 286,795 for more than 10 years. Other sentences were non-custodial.<ref>Stephen G. Wheatcroft, "[http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-Secret_Police.pdf Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word]", ''Europe-Asia Studies'', Vol. 51, No. 2 (Mar. 1999), pp. 315‒345</ref>}}

Estimates on the number of deaths brought about by Stalin's rule are hotly debated by scholars in the field of [[Soviet and Communist studies|Soviet and communist studies]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=John Earl |last1=Haynes |authorlink1=John Earl Haynes |first2=Harvey |last2=Klehr |authorlink2=Harvey Klehr |title=In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage |publisher=[[Encounter Books]] |year=2003 |location=San Francisco, California |isbn=1-893554-72-4 |pages=14‒27}}</ref><ref>John Keep. [http://chs.revues.org/index1014.html Recent Writing on Stalin's Gulag: An Overview]. 1997</ref> The published results vary depending on the time when the estimate was made, on the criteria and methods used for the estimates, and sources available for estimates. Some historians attempt to make separate estimates for different periods of the Soviet history, with casualties for the [[Stalinist]] period varying from 8 to 61 million.<ref name="blackbook">{{cite book | title=Livre Noir Du Communisme: Crimes, Terreur, Répression | publisher=Harvard University Press | author=Courtois, Stéphane | author2=Kramer, Mark| year=1999 | pages=4 | isbn=0-674-07608-7}}</ref><ref name="NoveStalin">Nove, Alec. ''Victims of Stalinism: How Many?'', in ''Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives'' (edited by [[J. Arch Getty]] and Roberta T. Manning), [[Cambridge University Press]], 1993. pp. 260‒274. {{ISBN|0-521-44670-8}}.</ref><ref name="dbg">{{cite book | title=Death by Government | publisher=Transaction Publishers | author=R. J. Rummel | authorlink=R. J. Rummel | year=1997 | pages=10, 15, 25 | isbn=1-56000-927-6}}</ref> Several scholars, among them Stalin biographer [[Simon Sebag Montefiore]], former [[Politburo]] member [[Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev]] and the director of [[Yale]]'s "Annals of Communism" series Jonathan Brent, put the death toll at about 20 million.{{refn|group=nb|"Perhaps 20 million had been killed; 28 million deported, of whom 18 million had slaved in the Gulags."<ref>[[#Montefiore2005CourtoftheRedTsar|Montefiore (2005) ''Court of the Red Tsar'']] p. 649</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|''"Between 1929 and 1953 the state created by Lenin and set in motion by Stalin deprived 21.5 million Soviet citizens of their lives."''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Dmitri Volkogonov|authorlink=Dmitri Volkogonov|title=Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime|pages=139}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|"My own many years and experience in the rehabilitation of victims of political terror allow me to assert that the number of people in the USSR who were killed for political motives or who died in prisons and camps during the entire period of Soviet power totaled 20 to 25 million. And unquestionably one must add those who died of famine—more than 5.5 million during the civil war and more than 5 million during the 1930s."<ref>[[#Yakovlev2002CenturyofViolence|Yakovlev (2002) ''Century of Violence'']] p. 234</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|"More recent estimations of the Soviet-on-Soviet killing have been more 'modest' and range between ten and twenty million."<ref>[[#Gellately2007LeninStalinandHitler|Gellately (2007) ''Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler'']] p. 584</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|"U.S.S.R.: 20 million deaths."<ref>[[#Courtois1999Introduction|Courtois (1999) "Introduction"]] p. 4</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|"Estimations on the number of Stalin's victims over his twenty-five year reign, from 1928 to 1953, vary widely, but 20 million is now considered the minimum."<ref>Jonathan Brent, ''Inside the Stalin Archives: Discovering the New Russia''. Atlas & Co., 2008 ({{ISBN|0-9777433-3-0}}) [http://atlasandco.com/images/uploads/samples/pdf/InsideStalinArchives-web.pdf Introduction online] ([[PDF]] file)</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|''"We now know as well beyond a reasonable doubt that there were more than 13 million Red Holocaust victims 1929–53, and this figure could rise above 20 million."''<ref>[[#Rosefielde2009RedHolocaust|Rosefielde (2009) ''Red Holocaust'']] p. 17</ref>}} [[Robert Conquest]], in the latest revision (2007) of his book ''[[The Great Terror]],'' estimates that while exact numbers will never be certain, the communist leaders of the USSR were responsible for no fewer than 15 million deaths.{{refn|group=nb|"Exact numbers may never be known with complete certainty, but the total of deaths caused by the whole range of Soviet regime's terrors can hardly be lower than some fifteen million."<ref name="Conquest2007Reassessment">[[#Conquest2007GreatTerror|Conquest (2007) ''Great Terror'']] p. xvi</ref>}}

According to [[Stephen G. Wheatcroft]], Stalin's regime can be charged with causing the "purposive deaths" of about a million people, although the number of deaths caused by the regime's "criminal neglect" and "ruthlessness" was considerably higher, and perhaps exceed Hitler's.<ref name="wheat_scale"/> Wheatcroft excludes all famine deaths as "purposive deaths," and claims those that do qualify fit more closely the category of "execution" rather than "murder."<ref name="wheat_scale"/> However, some of the actions of Stalin's regime, not only those during the [[Holodomor]] but also [[Dekulakization]] and [[Polish operation of the NKVD|targeted campaigns]] against particular ethnic groups, can be considered as genocide,
<ref>{{Cite book
| last =Naimark | first =Norman M. | authorlink =Norman Naimark | title =Stalin's Genocides (Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity)
| publisher =[[Princeton University Press]]
| year =2010 | location = |pages= 133–135
| url =https://books.google.com/?id=7Zn1RAAACAAJ&dq=stalin%27s+genocides
| doi = | isbn =0-691-14784-1}}</ref>
<ref>[[Anne Applebaum]]. [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/nov/11/worst-madness/?pagination=false The Worst of the Madness] [[The New York Review of Books]], November 11, 2010.</ref> at least in its loose definition.<ref name="Ellman"/>

Genocide scholar [[Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)|Adam Jones]] claims that "there is very little in the record of human experience to match the violence unleashed between 1917, when the [[Bolsheviks]] took power, and 1953, when Joseph Stalin died and the Soviet Union moved to adopt a more restrained and largely non-murderous domestic policy." He notes the exceptions being the Khmer Rouge (in relative terms) and Mao's rule in China (in absolute terms).<ref>[[#Jones2010Genocide|Jones (2010) ''Genocide'']] p. 124.</ref>

====Red Terror====
{{Main article|Red Terror|Decossackization|Lenin's Hanging Order}}

[[Red Terror]] was a period of political repression and executions carried out by [[Bolshevik]]s after the beginning of the [[Russian Civil War]] in 1918. During this period, the political police, the [[Cheka]] had conducted [[summary execution]]s of tens of thousands of "[[enemies of the people]]".<ref name="Melgunov">[[Sergei Melgunov|Sergei Petrovich Melgunov]], ''The Red Terror in Russia'', Hyperion Pr (1975), {{ISBN|0-88355-187-X}}.; See also: S. Melgunoff (1927) "[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/redterror.pdf The Record of the Red Terror]"</ref><ref>[[W. Bruce Lincoln|Lincoln, W. Bruce]], ''Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War'' (1999) [[Da Capo Press]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=R6HAJIJhNp4C&pg=PA383 pp. 383‒385.] {{ISBN|0-306-80909-5}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Leggett |first=George |title=The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1987 |pages=197–198 |isbn=0-19-822862-7}}</ref><ref>[[#Figes1997PeoplesTragedy|Figes (1997) ''A People's Tragedy'']] p. 647.</ref> Many victims were '[[bourgeois]] hostages' rounded up and held in readiness for [[summary execution]] in reprisal for any alleged [[counter-revolutionary]] provocation.<ref>[[#Figes1997PeoplesTragedy|Figes (1997) ''A People's Tragedy'']] p. 643.</ref> Many were put to death during and after the suppression of revolts, such as the [[Kronstadt rebellion]] and the [[Tambov Rebellion]]. Professor [[Donald Rayfield]] claims that "the repression that followed the rebellions in Kronstadt and Tambov alone resulted in tens of thousands of executions."<ref>[[Donald Rayfield]]. ''[[Stalin and His Hangmen]]: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him.'' [[Random House]], 2004. {{ISBN|0-375-50632-2}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi3ow3TU8-4C&pg=RA2-PA1915&lpg=RA2-PA1915&dq=the+repression+that+followed+the+rebellions+in+Kronstadt+and+Tambov+alone+resulted+in+tens+of+thousands+of+executions&source=bl&ots=ybz-v9e9rM&sig=KiiC5ploofzkKkiE_Z1pfmWg72g&hl=en&ei=EN4rS5uMBJKXtgevxtT_CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20repression%20that%20followed%20the%20rebellions%20in%20Kronstadt%20and%20Tambov%20alone%20resulted%20in%20tens%20of%20thousands%20of%20executions&f=false p. 85.]</ref> A large number of Orthodox clergymen were also killed.<ref name="Yakovlev">[[#Yakovlev2002CenturyofViolence|Yakovlev (2002) ''Century of Violence'']] p. 156.</ref><ref name="Pipes">[[Richard Pipes]]. ''Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime.'' [[Vintage Books]], 1994 {{ISBN|0-679-76184-5}}. pg 356</ref>

The policy of decossackization amounted to an attempt by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leaders to "eliminate, [[genocide|exterminate]], and deport the population of a whole territory," according to Nicolas Werth.<ref>Nicolas Werth "A State against its People: violence, repression, and terror in the Soviet Union" in ''[[#Courtois1999BlackBook|The Black Book]]'' p. 98.</ref> In the early months of 1919, some 10,000 to 12,000 [[Cossacks]] were executed<ref name="mass terror">Peter Holquist. "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/cmr_1252-6576_1997_num_38_1_2486 Conduct merciless mass terror": decossackization on the Don, 1919]"</ref><ref>[[Mass killings under Communist regimes#Figes1997PeoplesTragedy|Figes (1997) ''A People's Tragedy'']] p. 660.{{Verify source|date=June 2011}} 
</ref>{{Verify source|date=June 2011}} and many more deported after their villages were razed to the ground.<ref name="Gellately">[[#Gellately2007LeninStalinandHitler|Gellately (2007) ''Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler'']] pp. 70‒71.</ref> According to historian Michael Kort, "During 1919 and 1920, out of a population of approximately 1.5 million [[Don Cossacks]], the Bolshevik regime killed or deported an estimated 300,000 to 500,000".<ref>Kort, Michael (2001). ''The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath'', p. 133. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. {{ISBN|978-0-7656-0396-8}}.</ref>

====Soviet famine of 1932–1933====
{{Main article|Soviet famine of 1932–1933|Holodomor|Holodomor genocide question|Dekulakization}}
[[File:Famine en URSS 1933.jpg|thumb|right|[[Soviet famine of 1932–33]]. Areas of most disastrous famine marked with black.]]
Within the Soviet Union, forced changes in agricultural policies ([[collectivization]]), confiscations of grain and droughts caused the [[Soviet famine of 1932–1933]].<ref name="KulchFeb2007">[[Stanislav Kulchytsky]], "Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide: the gaps in the proof", ''[[Den (newspaper)|Den]]'', February 17, 2007, [http://www.day.kiev.ua/177442/ in Russian], [http://www.day.kiev.ua/177403/ in Ukrainian]</ref><ref name=Tragediya>С. Уиткрофт ([[Stephen G. Wheatcroft]]), [http://lj.streamclub.ru/history/tragedy.html#add2 "О демографических свидетельствах трагедии советской деревни в 1931—1933 гг."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010655/http://lj.streamclub.ru/history/tragedy.html |date=March 20, 2008 }} (On demographic evidence of the tragedy of the Soviet village in 1931–1933), "Трагедия советской деревни: Коллективизация и раскулачивание 1927–1939 гг.: Документы и материалы. Том 3. Конец 1930–1933 гг.", Российская политическая энциклопедия, 2001, {{ISBN|5-8243-0225-1}}, с. 885, Приложение № 2</ref><ref name=Kremlin>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030429084514/http://www.unimelb.edu.au/ExtRels/Media/UN/archive/1998/319/stalinismwasacollective.html 'Stalinism' was a collective responsibility – Kremlin papers], ''The News in Brief'', [[University of Melbourne]], June 19, 1998, Vol 7 No 22</ref> The famine was most severe in the [[Ukrainian SSR]], where it is often referenced as the [[Holodomor]]. A significant portion of the famine victims (3.3 to 7.5 million) were Ukrainians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-275913/Ukraine |title=Ukraine – The famine of 1932–33 |accessdate=June 26, 2008 |work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>R.W. Davies and S.G. Wheatcroft, (2004) ''The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia,''volume 5. ''The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 401. For a review, see {{Cite web| format = [[PDF]] | url = http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/faculty/harrison/reviews/davies-wheatcroft2004.pdf | publisher = Warwick | title = Davies & Wheatcroft, 2004}}</ref><ref name="Ellman2005">{{Cite journal| last = Ellman| first = Michael | title = The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934 | journal = Europe-Asia Studies | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | pages = 823–41 | publisher = Routledge |date=September 2005 | url = http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman.pdf | format = [[PDF]] | accessdate = July 4, 2008| doi = 10.1080/09668130500199392}}</ref> Another part of the famine was known as [[Kazakh catastrophe]], when more than 1.3 million [[Kazakhs|ethnic Kazakhs]] (38% of all indigenous population) died.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=41036834|title=The Collectivization Famine in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933|author=NICCOLÒ PIANCIOLA|journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies|volume=25|issue=3–4|date=2001|pages=237–251|publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute|pmid=20034146}}</ref><ref name=Volkava>{{cite web|last=Volkava |first=Elena |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-kazakh-famine-1930-33-and-the-politics-history-the-post-soviet-space |title=The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33 and the Politics of History in the Post-Soviet Space |publisher=Wilson Center |date=2012-03-26 |accessdate=2015-07-09}}</ref> Many scholars say that the Stalinist policies that caused the famine may have been designed as an attack on the rise of [[Ukrainian nationalism]],<ref name="Mark R. Amstutz">{{cite book|last=Amstutz|first=Mark R. |title=International ethics: concepts, theories, and cases in global politics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qTYko_PygLYC&pg=PA96&dq=mass+killing+communism#v=onepage&q=starvation%20of%205%20million%20Ukrainian%20peasants&f=false|edition=2nd|date=January 28, 2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3583-1|page=96}}</ref> and thus may fall under the [[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide|legal definition of genocide]] (see [[Holodomor genocide question]]).<ref name="KulchFeb2007"/><ref name=finn>Peter Finn, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html?sub=new Aftermath of a Soviet Famine], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', April 27, 2008</ref><ref name="Bilin99">{{Cite journal| author=Yaroslav Bilinsky| title= Was the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 Genocide?| journal= Journal of Genocide Research | year= 1999| volume= 1| issue= 2| pages= 147–156 | url=http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/bilinsky.html | doi=10.1080/14623529908413948 }}</ref><ref>[[Timothy Snyder|Snyder, Timothy]]. ''Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin.'' [[Basic Books]], 2010. {{ISBN|0-465-00239-0}}. p. vii.</ref>

The famine was officially recognized as a genocide by the Ukraine and other governments<ref>Jan Maksymiuk, [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/11/03ac02a4-6e3a-481b-8932-fafd4c13abab.html "Ukraine: Parliament Recognizes Soviet-Era Famine As Genocide"], ''[[Radio Free Europe|RFE/RL]]'', November 29, 2006</ref>{{refn|group=nb|19 (according to Ukrainian BBC: "Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом"), 16 (according to Korrespondent, Russian edition: "После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев"), "more than 10" (according to Korrespondent, Ukrainian edition: "Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців")}} In a draft resolution, the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] declared the famine was caused by the "cruel and deliberate actions and policies of the Soviet regime" and was responsible for the deaths of "millions of innocent people" in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Russia. Relative to its population, Kazakhstan is believed to have been the most adversely affected.<ref>''[http://en.rian.ru/world/20100428/158792272.html PACE finds Stalin regime guilty of Holodomor, does not recognize it as genocide].'' RIA Novosti, April 28, 2010.</ref> Regarding the [[Kazakh catastrophe]], Michael Ellman states that it "seems to be an example of ‘negligent genocide’ which falls outside the scope of the UN Convention of [[genocide]]."<ref name="Ellman"/>

====Great Purge (Yezhovshchina)====
{{Main article|Great Purge}}

Stalin's attempts to solidify his position as leader of the Soviet Union lead to an escalation in detentions and executions of various people, climaxing in 1937–38 (a period sometimes referred to as the "Yezhovshchina," or [[Yezhov]] era), and continuing until Stalin's death in 1953. Around 700,000 of these were executed by a gunshot to the back of the head,<ref>Barry McLoughlin (2002) "Mass Operations of the NKVD, 1937–1938: a survey." in ''Stalin's Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union'' eds. Barry McLoughlin, Kevin McDermott [?]: Palgrave Macmillan, [https://books.google.com/?id=8yorTJl1QEoC&pg=PA141 p. 141]. {{ISBN|1-4039-0119-8}}.</ref> others perished from beatings and torture while in "investigative custody"<ref>[[#Gellately2007LeninStalinandHitler|Gellately (2007) ''Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler'']] p. 256.</ref> and in the [[Gulag]] due to starvation, disease, exposure and overwork.{{refn|group=nb|"The best estimate that can currently be made of the number of repression deaths in 1937–38 is the range 950,000–1.2 million, i.e., about a million. This estimate should be used by historians, teachers, and journalists concerned with twentieth century Russian—and world—history."<ref name="Ellman2">{{Cite journal|last=Ellman|first=Michael|title=Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments|journal=Europea-Asia Studies|volume=34|issue=7|year=2002|pages=1151–1172}}</ref>}}

[[File:Vinnycia16.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.23|[[Vinnytsia massacre|Vynnytsa]], Ukraine, June 1943. [[Mass graves in the Soviet Union|Mass graves]] dating from 1937–38 opened up and hundreds of bodies exhumed for identification by family members.<ref>[[#Courtois1999BlackBook|Courtois (1999) ''The Black Book'']] photographic insert following p. 202.</ref>]]

Arrests were typically made citing [[Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)|counter-revolutionary laws]], which included failure to report treasonous actions and, in an amendment added in 1937, failing to fulfill one's appointed duties. In the cases investigated by the State Security Department of the NKVD (GUGB NKVD) October 1936 – November 1938, at least 1,710,000 people were arrested and 724,000 people executed.<ref>[http://www.memo.ru/history/y1937/hronika1936_1939/xronika.html N.G. Okhotin, A.B. Roginsky ''"Great Terror": Brief Chronology] [[Memorial (society)|Memorial]], 2007</ref>

Regarding the persecution of clergy, [[Michael Ellman]] has stated that "...the 1937–38 terror against the clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church and of other religions (Binner & Junge 2004) might also qualify as genocide".<ref name="Ellman"/> Citing church documents, [[Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev]] has estimated that over 100,000 priests, monks and nuns were executed during this time.<ref>[[#Yakovlev2002CenturyofViolence|Yakovlev (2002) ''Century of Violence'']] p. 165; [[#Pipes2001Communism|Pipes (2001) ''Communism'']] p. 66.</ref>

Former "[[kulaks]]" and their families made up the majority of victims, with 669,929 people arrested and 376,202 executed.<ref name="FigesWhisperers2007p.240">[[Orlando Figes]]. ''The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia.'' Metropolitan Books, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-8050-7461-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sge44FaZDREC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA240#v=onepage&q&f=false page 240]</ref>

=====National operations of the NKVD=====
{{Main article|National operations of the NKVD}}

In 1930s, the [[NKVD]] conducted a series of national operations, which targeted some "national contingents" suspected in counter-revolutionary activity.<ref name="Ellman">[http://www1.fee.uva.nl/pp/mjellman/ Michael Ellman] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014232729/http://www1.fee.uva.nl/pp/mjellman/ |date=October 14, 2007 }}, [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman1933.pdf Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited] ''Europe-Asia Studies'', [[Routledge]]. Vol. 59, No. 4, June 2007, 663–693. [[PDF]] file</ref> A total of 350,000 were arrested and 247,157 were executed.<ref name="Montefiore229">[[#Montefiore2005CourtoftheRedTsar|Montefiore (2005) ''Court of the Red Tsar'']] p. 229.</ref> Of these, the [[Polish operation of the NKVD|Polish operation]], which targeted the members of already non-existing ''[[Polska Organizacja Wojskowa]]'' appears to have been the largest, with 140,000 arrests and 111,000 executions.<ref name="Ellman"/> Although these operation might well constitute genocide as defined by the UN convention,<ref name="Ellman"/> or "a mini-genocide" according to [[Simon Sebag Montefiore|Montefiore]],<ref name="Montefiore229"/> there is as yet no authoritative ruling on the legal characterisation of these events.<ref name="Ellman"/>

=====Great purge in Mongolia=====
{{Main article|Stalinist repressions in Mongolia}}

In the summer and autumn of 1937, [[Joseph Stalin]] sent NKVD agents to the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] and engineered a [[Stalinist repressions in Mongolia|Mongolian Great Terror]]<ref name="Kuromiya pg2">Hiroaki Kuromiya, ''The Voices of the Dead: Stalin's Great Terror in the 1930s.'' [[Yale University Press]], December 24, 2007. {{ISBN|0-300-12389-2}}. p. 2.</ref> in which some 22,000<ref name="Thirty thousand">[http://www.chriskaplonski.com/downloads/bullets.pdf Christopher Kaplonski, ''Thirty thousand bullets'', in: ''Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe'', London 2002, pp. 155‒168.]</ref> and 35,000<ref name="Death Tolls">[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat5.htm#Mong2 Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls]</ref> people were executed. Around 18,000 victims were Buddhist [[lama]]s.<ref name="Thirty thousand"/>

====Soviet killings during World War II====
{{Main article|Katyn Massacre|NKVD prisoner massacres|Soviet war crimes}}
[[File:Victims of Soviet NKVD in Lvov ,June 1941.jpg|upright=1.36364|right|thumb|Victims of Soviet [[NKVD]] in [[Lviv]], June 1941.]]

In September 1939, following the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]], NKVD task forces started removing "Soviet-hostile elements" from the conquered territories.<ref name="Tomasz Strzembosz">[http://www.dpg-brandenburg.de/nr23/die_verschwiegene_kollaboration_strzembosz.pdf Interview] with [[Tomasz Strzembosz]]: ''Die verschwiegene Kollaboration'' Transodra, 23. Dezember 2001, p. 2. {{de icon}}</ref> The NKVD systematically practiced torture, which often resulted in death.<ref name="JanTGross">[[Jan T. Gross]]. ''Revolution From Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia.'' [[Princeton University Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|0-691-09603-1}}. pp. 181‒182.</ref><ref>Paul, Allen. ''Katyn: Stalin's Massacre and the Seeds of Polish Resurrection''. Naval Institute Press, 1996. {{ISBN|1-55750-670-1}}. p. 155.</ref>

The most notorious killings occurred in the spring of 1940, when the NKVD executed some 21,857 Polish POWs and intellectual leaders in what has become known as the [[Katyn massacre]].<ref>[[Benjamin B. Fischer|Fischer, Benjamin B.]], "[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field]". "Studies in Intelligence", Winter 1999–2000. Retrieved on December 10, 2005.</ref><ref>[[#Parrish1996LesserTerror|Parrish (1996) ''Lesser Terror'']] pp. 324, 325.</ref><ref>[[#Montefiore2005CourtoftheRedTsar|Montefiore (2005) ''Court of the Red Tsar'']] pp. 197‒198, 332, 334.</ref> According to the [[Polish Institute of National Remembrance]], 150,000 Polish citizens perished due to [[Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)|Soviet repression]] during the war.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll |url=http://www.expatica.com/de/news/german-news/Polish-experts-lower-nation_s-WWII-death-toll--_55843.html |accessdate=November 4, 2009 |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=AFP/Expatica}}</ref><ref>Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 {{ISBN|978-83-7629-067-6}}.</ref>

[[File:PlaqueMemorizingEstonianGovernment.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Plaque on the building of [[Government of Estonia]], [[Toompea]], commemorating government members killed by communist terror]]

Executions were also carried out after the [[Occupation of the Baltic states#Soviet invasion and occupation, 1940–1941|annexation of the Baltic states]].<ref>[[#Montefiore2005CourtoftheRedTsar|Montefiore (2005) ''Court of the Red Tsar'']] p. 334.</ref> During the initial phases of [[Operation Barbarossa]], the NKVD and attached units of the Red Army [[NKVD massacres of prisoners|massacred prisoners and political opponents]] by the tens of thousands before fleeing from the advancing Axis forces.<ref name="Social Catastrophe">[[#Gellately2007LeninStalinandHitler|Gellately (2007) ''Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler'']] p. 391.</ref>

====Mass deportations of ethnic minorities====
{{Main article|Population transfer in the Soviet Union}}
[[File:Lavrenti Beria Stalins family.jpg|thumb|Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Lavrenti Beria]] (in foreground). As head of the [[NKVD]], Beria was responsible for mass deportations of ethnic minorities.]]
The Soviet government during [[Joseph Stalin]]'s rule conducted a series of deportations on an enormous scale that significantly affected the ethnic map of the USSR. Deportations took place under extremely harsh conditions, often in cattle carriages, with hundreds of thousands of deportees dying en route.<ref name="Boobbyer">Boobbyer, Phillip (2000), The Stalin Era, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-7679-0056-1}}, p. 130.</ref> Some experts estimate that the number of deaths from the deportations could be as high as one in three in certain cases.{{refn|group=nb|In one estimate, based on a report by [[Lavrenti Beria]] to Stalin, 150,000 of 478,479 deported Ingush and Chechen people (or 31.3 percent) died within the first four years of the resettlement. See: Kleveman, Lutz. ''The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia.'' Jackson, Tenn.: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-87113-906-5}}. Another scholar puts the number of deaths at 22.7 percent: Extrapolating from [[NKVD]] records, 113,000 Ingush and Chechens died (3,000 before deportation, 10,000 during deportation, and 100,000 after resettlement) in the first three years of the resettlement out of 496,460 total deportees. See: Naimark, Norman M. ''Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe.'' Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-674-00994-0}}. A third source says a quarter of the 650,000 deported Chechens, Ingush, Karachais and Kalmyks died within four years of resettlement. See: Mawdsley, Evan. ''The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union 1929–1953.'' Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7190-6377-9}}. However, estimates of the number of deportees sometimes varies widely. Two scholars estimated the number of Chechen and Ingush deportees at 700,000, which would have the percentage estimates of deaths. See: Fischer, Ruth and Leggett, John C. ''Stalin and German Communism: A Study in the Origins of the State Party.'' Edison, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2006. {{ISBN|0-87855-822-5}}.}}<ref>Conquest, Robert. ''The Nation Killers.'' New York: Macmillan, 1970. {{ISBN|0-333-10575-3}}.</ref> Regarding the fate of the [[Crimean Tatars]], Amir Weiner of Stanford University writes that the policy could be classified as "[[ethnic cleansing]]". In the book ''Century of Genocide'', Lyman H Legters writes "We cannot properly speak of a completed genocide, only of a process that was genocidal in its potentiality."<ref>Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny. ''Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views.'' Garland, 1997 {{ISBN|0-8153-2353-0}}. p. 120.</ref>

=== People's Republic of China ===
{{Main article|History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)}}

The [[Chinese Communist Party]] came to power in China in 1949, when Chinese communist revolution ended a long and bloody [[Chinese Civil War|civil war]] between communists and nationalists. There is a general consensus among historians that after [[Mao Zedong]] seized power, his policies and political purges caused directly or indirectly the deaths of tens of millions of people.<ref>[[Mass killings under Communist regimes#Short2001Mao|Short (2001) ''Mao'']] p. 631; [[Jung Chang|Chang, Jung]] and [[Jon Halliday|Halliday, Jon]]. ''[[Mao: The Unknown Story]]'.' [[Jonathan Cape]], London, 2005. {{ISBN|0-224-07126-2}}. p. 3; [[R. J. Rummel|Rummel, R. J.]] ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE2.HTM China’s Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900]'' [[Transaction Publishers]], 1991. {{ISBN|0-88738-417-X}}. p. 205; In light of recent evidence, Rummel has increased Mao's [[democide]] toll to 77 million (No author, 2009-09-17, No title. ''Hawaiireporter'' [http://hawaiireporter.com/story.aspx?1c1d76bb-290c-447b-82dd-e295ff0d3d59] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917001933/http://hawaiireporter.com/story.aspx?1c1d76bb-290c-447b-82dd-e295ff0d3d59|date=September 17, 2009}}.''</ref>{{refn|group=nb|"Mao’s responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] or Stalin, his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking."<ref name="Fenby">[[Jonathan Fenby|Fenby, Jonathan]]. ''Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present.'' Ecco, 2008. {{ISBN|0-06-166116-3}}. p. 351</ref>}} Based on the Soviets' experience, Mao considered violence necessary to achieve an ideal society derived from Marxism and planned and executed violence on a grand scale.<ref name="Rummel223" /><ref name="Goldhagen">[[#Goldhagen2009WorsethanWar|Goldhagen (2009) ''Worse than War'']] p. 344.</ref>

The first large-scale killings under Mao took place during [[Land reform#Asia|land reform]] and the [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries|counterrevolutionary campaign]]. In official study materials published in 1948, Mao envisaged that "one-tenth of the peasants" (or about 50,000,000) "would have to be destroyed" to facilitate agrarian reform.<ref name="Goldhagen"/> Actual numbers killed in land reform are believed to have been lower, but at least one million.<ref name="Rummel223">{{Cite book|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|title=China's bloody century: genocide and mass murder since 1900|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2007|page=223|isbn=978-1-4128-0670-1}}</ref><ref>[[#Short2001Mao|Short (2001) ''Mao'']] pp. 436‒437.</ref> The suppression of counterrevolutionaries targeted mainly former [[Kuomintang]] officials and intellectuals suspected of disloyalty.<ref>Steven W. Mosher. ''China Misperceived: American Illusions and Chinese Reality.'' [[Basic Books]], 1992. {{ISBN|0-465-09813-4}}. pp 72, 73.</ref> At least 712,000 people were executed, while 1,290,000 were imprisoned in [[Laogai|labor camps]].<ref name="Yang Kuisong">Yang Kuisong. [http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=1809180 Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries] ''The China Quarterly'', 193, March 2008, pp. 102‒121. [[PDF]] file.</ref>
[[File:Tiananmen Mao.jpg|thumb|200px|A large portrait of [[Mao Zedong]] at [[Tiananmen]]]]

Benjamin Valentino says that the [[Great Leap Forward]] was a cause of the [[Great Chinese Famine]], and that the worst effects of the famine were steered towards the regime's enemies.<ref name="Valentino_a">[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] p. 128.</ref> Those labeled as "black elements" (religious leaders, rightists, rich peasants, etc.) in any earlier campaign died in the greatest numbers, as they were given the lowest priority in the allocation of food.<ref name="Valentino_a" /> In ''[[Mao's Great Famine]]'', historian Frank Dikötter writes that "coercion, terror, and systematic violence were the very foundation of the Great Leap Forward" and it "motivated one of the most deadly mass killings of human history."<ref>Dikötter, Frank. ''[[Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62]].'' Walker & Company, 2010. pp. x, xi. {{ISBN|0-8027-7768-6}}.</ref> His research in local and provincial Chinese archives indicates the death toll was at least 45 million, and that "In most cases the party knew very well that it was starving its own people to death."<ref name="Dikotter">[http://web.mac.com/dikotter/Dikotter/Famine_2.html Frank Dikötter, Mao’s Great Famine, Key Arguments] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809001243/http://web.mac.com/dikotter/Dikotter/Famine_2.html |date=August 9, 2011 }}</ref> In a secret meeting at [[Shanghai]] in 1959, Mao issued the order to procure one third of all grain from the countryside. He said: “When there is not enough to eat people starve to death. It is better to let half of the people die so that the other half can eat their fill.”<ref name="Dikotter"/> Dikötter estimates that at least 2.5 million people were summarily killed or tortured to death during this period.<ref>Issac Stone Fish. [http://www.newsweek.com/2010/09/26/mao-s-great-famine.html Greeting Misery With Violence]. [[Newsweek]]. September 26, 2010.</ref>

Sinologists [[Roderick MacFarquhar]] and [[Michael Schoenhals]] estimate that between 750,000 and 1.5 million people were killed in the violence of the [[Cultural Revolution]], in rural China alone.<ref>[[#MacFarquhar2006MaosLastRevolution|MacFarquhar and Schoenhals (2006) ''Mao's Last Revolution'']] p. 262.</ref> Mao's [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guards]] were given carte blanche to abuse and kill the revolution's enemies.<ref>[[#MacFarquhar2006MaosLastRevolution|MacFarquhar and Schoenhals (2006) ''Mao's Last Revolution'']] p. 125.</ref> For example, in August 1966, over 100 teachers were murdered by their students in western Beijing.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,483023,00.html ''The Chinese Cultural Revolution: Remembering Mao's Victims''] by Andreas Lorenz in Beijing, [[Der Spiegel]] Online. May 15, 2007</ref>

According to Jean-Louis Margolin, writing in ''[[The Black Book of Communism]]'', the Chinese Communists carried out a [[cultural genocide]] against the Tibetans. Margolin states that the killings were proportionally larger in Tibet than China proper, and that "one can legitimately speak of genocidal massacres because of the numbers involved."<ref name="Margolin">Jean-Louis Margolin "China: a long march into night" in ''[[#Courtois1999BlackBook|The Black Book]]'' pp. 545‒546.</ref> According to the [[Dalai Lama]] and the [[Central Tibetan Administration]], "Tibetans were not only shot, but also were beaten to death, crucified, burned alive, drowned, mutilated, starved, strangled, hanged, boiled alive, buried alive, drawn and quartered, and beheaded."<ref name="Margolin"/> [[Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)|Adam Jones]], a scholar specializing in genocide, notes that after the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], the Chinese authorized [[struggle session]]s against reactionaries, during which "...communist cadres denounced, tortured, and frequently executed [[enemies of the people]]." These sessions resulted in 92,000 deaths out of a population of about 6 million. These deaths, Jones stresses, may be seen not only as a genocide but also as 'eliticide' – "targeting the better educated and leadership oriented elements among the Tibetan population."<ref>[[#Jones2010Genocide|Jones (2010) ''Genocide'']] pp. 95‒96.</ref>

=== Cambodia (Democratic Kampuchea) ===
{{See also|Cambodian genocide|Khmer Rouge Killing Fields|Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia}}

[[File:Choeungek2.JPG|thumb|right|Skulls of victims of the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime in Cambodia.]]

[[The Killing Fields]] were a number of sites in [[Cambodia]] where large numbers of people were killed and buried by the communist [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the [[Vietnam War]]. Researcher Craig Etcheson of the Documentation Center of Cambodia suggests that the death toll was between 2 and 2.5 million, with a "most likely" figure of 2.2 million. After 5 years of researching some 20,000 grave sites, he concludes that "these mass graves contain the remains of 1,112,829 victims of execution."<ref name="Bruce Sharp">{{Cite web
| last = Sharp
| first = Bruce
| title = Counting Hell: The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia
|date= April 1, 2005
| url = http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/deaths.htm
| accessdate = July 5, 2006 }}</ref> The number of suspected victims of execution found across 23,745 mass graves is estimated at 1.3 million according to a 2009 academic source; execution is believed to account for roughly 60% of the full death toll during the genocide, with other victims succumbing to starvation or disease.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Seybolt|first1=Taylor B.|last2=Aronson|first2=Jay D.|last3=Fischoff|first3=Baruch|title=Counting Civilian Casualties: An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Nonmilitary Deaths in Conflict|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=9780199977314|p=238}}</ref> A study by French demographer Marek Sliwinski calculated slightly fewer than 2 million unnatural deaths under the Khmer Rouge out of a 1975 Cambodian population of 7.8 million; 33.5% of Cambodian men died under the Khmer Rouge compared to 15.7% of Cambodian women.<ref name="Locard">{{cite journal|last=Locard|first=Henri|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13507480500047811|title=State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)|journal=[[European Review of History]]|volume=12|issue=1|date=March 2005|pp=121, 134}}</ref>

Helen Fein, a genocide scholar, notes that, although Cambodian leaders declared adherence to an exotic version of agrarian communist doctrine, the xenophobic ideology of the Khmer Rouge regime resembles more a phenomenon of [[national socialism]], or fascism.<ref>Helen Fein. Revolutionary and Antirevolutionary Genocides: A Comparison of State Murders in Democratic Kampuchea, 1975 to 1979, and in Indonesia, 1965 to 1966. ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Oct. 1993), pp. 796‒823.</ref> Henri Locard argues that the "fascist" label was applied to the Khmer Rouge by their enemy, the Vietnamese communists, as a form of "revisionism," but that repression under the Khmer Rouge was "similar (if significantly more lethal) to the repression in all communist regimes."<ref name="Locard"/> Daniel Goldhagen explains that the Khmer Rouge were xenophobic because they believed the [[Khmer people|Khmer]] were "the one authentic people capable of building true communism."<ref name="Goldhagen207">[[#Goldhagen2009WorsethanWar|Goldhagen (2009) ''Worse than War'']] p. 207.</ref> Sociologist [[Martin Shaw (sociologist)|Martin Shaw]] described the Cambodian genocide as "the purest genocide of the [[Cold War]] era".<ref>''Theory of the Global State: Globality as Unfinished Revolution'' by [[Martin Shaw (sociologist)|Martin Shaw]], [[Cambridge University Press]], 2000, pp 141, {{ISBN|978-0-521-59730-2}}.</ref> [[Steven Rosefielde]] claims that Democratic Kampuchea was the deadliest of all communist regimes on a per capita basis, primarily because it "lacked a viable productive core" and "failed to set boundaries on mass murder."<ref name="Rosefielde120121">[[#Rosefielde2009RedHolocaust|Rosefielde (2009) ''Red Holocaust'']] pp. 120‒121.</ref>

In 1997 the Cambodian Government asked the [[United Nations]] assistance in setting up a [[Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia|genocide tribunal]].<ref name=KD-Time>Doyle, Kevin. [http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1647257,00.html Putting the Khmer Rouge on Trial], [[Time (magazine)|Time]], July 26, 2007</ref><ref>MacKinnon, Ian [http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,2028421,00.html Crisis talks to save Khmer Rouge trial], [[The Guardian]], March 7, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/krt/english/ The Khmer Rouge Trial Task Forc] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317105511/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/krt/english/ |date=March 17, 2009 }}, Royal Cambodian Government</ref> The investigating judges were presented with the names of five possible suspects by the prosecution on July 18, 2007.<ref name=KD-Time/> On September 19, 2007 [[Nuon Chea]], second in command of the Khmer Rouge and its most senior surviving member, was charged with [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]], but not charged with genocide. He will face Cambodian and foreign judges at the special genocide tribunal.<ref name="BBC2007SeniorKhmerRougeleadercharged"/>

[[File:ChoeungEk-Darter-7.jpg|thumb|left| Infants were fatally smashed against the [[Chankiri Tree]] (Killing Tree) at [[Choeung Ek]], Cambodia.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1191601/Khmer-Rouge-torturer-describes-killing-babies-smashing-trees.html Khmer Rouge torturer describes killing babies by 'smashing them into trees'] [[Mail Online]], June 9, 2009.</ref>]]

=== Others ===
Mass killings have also occurred in [[Vietnam]]<ref name="Arthur Asa Berger">{{cite book|last=Berger|first=Arthur Asa |title=Television in society |date=January 31, 1987|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-88738-109-6|page=262}}</ref> and [[North Korea]]<ref>[[#Jones2010Genocide|Jones (2010) ''Genocide'']] pp. 215‒216.</ref>. It has been suggested that there may also have been other mass killings (on a smaller scale) in communist states such as [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]] and [[East Germany]], although lack of documentation prevents definitive judgement about the scale of these events and the motives of the perpetrators.<ref name="Valentino table">[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] Table 2 found at p. 75.</ref>

According to Benjamin Valentino, most regimes that described themselves as Communist did not commit mass killings.<ref name="Valentino">[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] p. 91.</ref> However, some mass killings may have occurred in some Eastern European countries, although insufficient documentary evidence makes it impossible to make a definitive judgement about the scale, intentionality and the causes of those events.<ref>[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] p. 75.</ref>

====Yugoslavia====
{{Main article|List of mass executions and massacres in Yugoslavia during World War II|Communist purges in Serbia in 1944-45||Foibe massacres|Danube Swabians#World War II, expulsion, and post-war}}

====Bulgaria====
According to Benjamin Valentino, available evidence suggests that between 50,000 and 100,000 people may have been killed in Bulgaria beginning in 1944 as part of agricultural collectivization and political repression, although there is insufficient documentation to make a definitive judgement.<ref name="Valentino table" /> Dinyu Sharlanov, in his book ''History of Communism in Bulgaria'', accounts for about 31,000 people killed under the regime between 1944 and 1989.<ref name="Шарланов">Шарланов, Диню. [https://books.google.bg/books?ei=2BHZUaMQw7s98LSB-Ag&hl=bg&id=nEgsAQAAIAAJ&dq=%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9&q=%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9#search_anchor ''История на комунизма в Булгария: Комунизирането на Булгариия'']. Сиела, 2009. {{ISBN|978-954-28-0543-4}}.</ref><ref name="Hanna Arendt Center">Hanna Arendt Center in Sofia, with Dinyu Sharlanov and Venelin I. Ganev. [http://www.ustrcr.cz/data/pdf/konference/zlociny-komunismu/COUNTRY%20REPORT%20BULGARIA.pdf Crimes Committed by the Communist Regime in Bulgaria]. Country report. "Crimes of the Communist Regimes" Conference. February 24–26, 2010, Prague.</ref>

====East Germany====
{{Further|NKVD special camps in Germany 1945–49}}

Immediately after World War II was won, a [[denazification]] commenced in [[Nazi Germany|occupied Germany]] specifically, including the regions the Nazis had annexed. In the Soviet occupation zone, [[NKVD]] established prison camps, usually in abandoned concentration camps, and interned alleged Nazis and Nazi German officials, but also some landlords and [[Junker (Prussia)|Prussian Junker]]s. According to files and data released by the Soviet Ministry for the Interior in 1990, all in all, 123,000 Germans and 35,000 citizens of other nations were detained. Of these prisoners, a total of 786 people were shot and 43,035 died of various causes. Most of the deaths were not direct killings, but caused by outbreaks of [[dysentry]] and [[tuberculosis]]. Death to starvation did also occur on a notable scale, in particular from late 1946 to early 1947, but these deaths does not appear to be deliberate killings, as food shortages were widespread in the Soviet occupation zone. The prisoners of the "silence camps", as the NKVD special camps were called, did not have access to the black market and was unable to get food other than what they were handed by authorities. Some prisoners also died because of execution and perhaps torture. In this context, it is unclear if the prisoner deaths in the silence camps can be categorized as mass killings. It is also unclear how many of the dead were Germans, or East Germans, or of other nationalities.<ref>Alexander von Plato. ''Sowjetische Speziallager in Deutschland 1945 bis 1950: Ergebnisse eines deutsch-russischen Kooperationsprojektes''. In: Peter Reif-Spirek et al. (ed.): ''Speziallager in der SBZ. Gedenkstätten mit "doppelter Vergangenheit"''. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 1999.{{ISBN|3-86153-193-3}}.</ref><ref>Merten, Ulrich, ''The Gulag in East Germany: Soviet Special Camps 1945-1950'',Teneo Press, Amherst, New York, Page 7, {{ISBN|978-1-93484-432-8}}</ref>

According to Valentino, between 80,000 and 100,000 people may have been killed in East Germany beginning in 1945 as part of [[Denazification#Soviet zone|denazification]] by the Soviet Union, but many other scholars agrees that these figures are inflated.<ref name="Valentino table" /><ref>Alexander von Plato. ''Sowjetische Speziallager in Deutschland 1945 bis 1950: Ergebnisse eines deutsch-russischen Kooperationsprojektes''. In: Peter Reif-Spirek et al. (ed.): ''Speziallager in der SBZ. Gedenkstätten mit "doppelter Vergangenheit"''. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 1999, p. 141; Jörg Morré: ''Einleitung. – Sowjetische Internierungslager in der SBZ''. In: Jörg Morré: [https://www.politische-bildung-brandenburg.de/publikationen/pdf/nkwd.pdf ''Speziallager des NKWD. Sowjetische Internierungslager in Brandenburg 1945–1950'']. Potsdam: Brandenburgische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, 1997, p. 9.</ref>

In 1961, the East German [[GDR]] erected the [[Berlin Wall]], following the [[Berlin Crisis of 1961|Berlin crisis]]. Even though crossing and visits to both East Germany and West Germany was possible for motivated and approved travellers, thousands of East Germans tried to defect by crossing the wall illegally. Until the wall's demolition in 1990, and the [[reunification of Germany]], as much as 5,000 East Germans succeeded in that attempt, while [[List of deaths at the Berlin Wall|an estimated 239 people died]], most of which were shot by East German guards.

====Romania====
{{Further information|Danube-Black Sea Canal#Construction of the canal in 1949-1953}}
According to Valentino, between 60,000 and 300,000 people may have been killed in Romania beginning in 1945 as part of agricultural collectivization and political repression.<ref name="Valentino table" />

====Democratic People's Republic of Korea====
{{Further information|Human Rights in North Korea|Prisons in North Korea|Kwalliso|North Korean famine}}
According to [[R.J. Rummel]], forced labor, executions, and concentration camps were responsible for over one million deaths in the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] from 1948 to 1987;<ref>Rummel, R.J. (1997), [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP10.HTM Statistics Of North Korean Democide: Estimates, Calculations, And Sources], ''Statistics of Democide'', Transaction.</ref> others have estimated 400,000 deaths in concentration camps alone.<ref>Omestad, Thomas, [https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/030623/23gulag.htm "Gulag Nation"], [[U.S. News & World Report]], June 23, 2003.</ref> [[Pierre Rigoulot]] estimates 100,000 executions, 1.5 million deaths through concentration camps and slave labor, 500,000 deaths from famine, and 1.3 million killed in the [[Korean War]].<ref>''Black Book of Communism,'' pg. 564.</ref> Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the [[North Korean famine|1990s famine]] and there were 600,000 to 850,000 excess deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008.<ref name="Spoorenberg, Thomas pp. 133‒158">Spoorenberg, Thomas and Schwekendiek, Daniel (2012). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00475.x/pdf "Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993–2008"], ''Population and Development Review'', 38(1), pp. 133‒158.</ref> The famine, which claimed as many as one million lives, has been described as the result of the economic policies of the North Korean government,<ref>Stephan Haggard, Marcus Noland, and Amartya Sen (2009), ''Famine in North Korea'', Columbia University Press, p. 209.</ref> and deliberate "terror-starvation".<ref>Rosefielde, Stephen (2009), ''Red Holocaust,'' Routledge, p. 109.</ref> In 2009, Steven Rosefielde stated that the "Red Holocaust" "still persists in North Korea" as [[Kim Jong Il]] "refuses to abandon mass killing."<ref>Rosefielde, Stephen (2009), ''Red Holocaust,'' Routledge, pp. 228, 243.</ref>

====Democratic Republic of Vietnam====
{{Main|Land reform in North Vietnam|Land reform in Vietnam}}
{{See also|Boat People|Persecution of Degar Peoples in Vietnam|Reeducation camp|Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure#VC/NVA use of terror}}
According to recent scholarship based on Vietnamese and Hungarian archival evidence, approximately 15,000 suspected landlords were executed during [[North Vietnam]]'s [[Land reform in North Vietnam|land reform]] from 1953 to 1956.{{refn|group=nb|"Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China. ... Yet the Vietnamese 'land reform' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades elsewhere."<ref name="Vu Tuong 103">{{cite book|last=Vu|first=Tuong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZbr9iD1HZ8C&q=15%2C000#v=snippet&q=15%2C000&f=false|title=Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2010 |isbn=9781139489010|p=103}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Szalontai|first=Balazs|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14682740500284630?src=recsys&journalCode=fcwh20|title=Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam, 1955–56|journal=[[Cold War History (journal)|Cold War History]]|volume=5|number=4|date=November 2005|pages=395–426}}</ref> The North Vietnamese leadership planned in advance to execute 0.1% of North Vietnam's population (estimated at 13.5 million in 1955) as "reactionary or evil landlords," although this ratio could vary in practice;<ref name="Vu Tuong 103"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Vu|first=Tuong|url=http://vs.ucpress.edu/content/5/2/243|title=Politburo's Directive Issued on May 4, 1953, on some Special Issues regarding Mass Mobilization|journal=[[Journal of Vietnamese Studies]]|volume=5|issue=2|date=Summer 2010|p=243–247|doi=10.1525/vs.2010.5.2.243}}</ref> dramatic errors were committed in the course of the land reform campaign.<ref name="Vo">{{Cite journal|last=Vo|first=Alex-Thai D.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277659858_Nguyen_Thi_Nam_and_the_Land_Reform_in_North_Vietnam_1953|title=Nguyễn Thị Năm and the Land Reform in North Vietnam, 1953|date=Winter 2015|journal=[[Journal of Vietnamese Studies]]|volume=10|issue=1|p=36|doi=10.1525/vs.2015.10.1.1}}</ref> Vu Tuong states that the number of executions during North Vietnam's land reform was proportionally comparable to executions during Chinese land reform from 1949 to 1952.<ref name="Vu Tuong 103"/>

Valentino attributes 80,000–200,000 deaths to "communist mass killings" in North and [[South Vietnam|South]] Vietnam, compared to 110,000–310,000 "counterguerrilla mass killings" committed by the U.S. and South Vietnam during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Valentino|first=Benjamin|title=Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=9780801472732|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LQfeXVU_EvgC&q=vietnam#v=snippet&q=80%2C000-200%2C000&f=false 75,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=LQfeXVU_EvgC&q=vietnam#v=onepage&q=110%2C000&f=false 84]}}</ref>

====Laos====
The communist [[Pathet Lao]] overthrew the royalist government of Laos in December 1975, establishing the [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]]. The conflict between [[Hmong people|Hmong]] rebels and the Pathet Lao [[Insurgency in Laos|continued]] in isolated pockets. The government of Laos has been accused of committing genocide against the Hmong,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.unpo.org/article/5095| author=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization| accessdate=20 April 2011|title=WGIP: Side event on the Hmong Lao, at the United Nations}}</ref><ref>Jane Hamilton-Merritt, ''Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos'', 1942-1992 (Indiana University Press, 1999), pp337-460</ref> with up to 100,000 killed out of a population of 400,000.<ref>''Forced Back and Forgotten'' (Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights, 1989), p8.</ref>

====Democratic Republic of Afghanistan====
{{Main article|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan}}

Although it is frequently considered as an example of communist genocide, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan represents a borderline case, according to Frank Wayman and Atsushi Tago.<ref name="Tago">{{Cite journal|first1=FW|last1=Wayman|first2=A|last2=Tago|title=Explaining the onset of mass killing, 1949–87|journal=Journal of Peace Research Online|year=2009|pages=1–17}}</ref> Prior to the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan|Soviet invasion]], the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|PDPA]] executed between 10,000 and 27,000 people, mostly at [[Pul-e-Charkhi prison]].<ref>[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] p. 219.</ref><ref>Kaplan, Robert D., ''Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan,'' New York, Vintage Departures, (2001), p. 115</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4756480.stm Kabul's prison of death] [[BBC]], February 27, 2006</ref> After the invasion in 1979, the Soviets installed the puppet government of [[Babrak Karmal]], but it was never clearly stabilized as a communist regime and was in a constant state of war. By 1987, about 80% of the country's territory was permanently controlled by neither the pro-Communist government (and supporting Soviet troops) nor by the armed opposition. To tip the balance, the Soviet Union used a tactic that was a combination of "scorched earth" policy and "migratory genocide": by systematically burning the crops and destroying villages in rebel provinces, as well as by reprisal bombing of entire villages suspected of harbouring or supporting the resistance, the Soviets tried to force the local population to move to the Soviet controlled territory, thereby depriving the armed opposition of their support.<ref>Joseph Collins. Soviet Policy toward Afghanistan. ''Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science'', Vol. 36, No. 4, Soviet Foreign Policy. (1987), pp. 198‒210.</ref> By the time the Soviets withdrew in 1988, 1 to 1.5 million people had been killed, mostly Afghan civilians, and one-third of Afghanistan's population had been displaced.<ref>[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] pp. 91‒151.  {{Failed verification|date=June 2011}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2011}} M. Hassan Kakar says that "the Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower."<ref name=HassanKakar-Index>M. Hassan Kakar ''[http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982] [[University of California]] press © 1995 The Regents of the University of California.</ref> [[Mass grave]]s of executed prisoners have been exhumed dating back to the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] era.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6274302.stm In pictures: Afghan mass grave] [[BBC]], July 5, 2007</ref>

====People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia====
{{Main article|Qey Shibir|1983-1985 famine in Ethiopia}}
[[File:Mengistu Haile Mariam 3.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]], the former communist leader of Ethiopia]]
[[Amnesty International]] estimates that a total of half a million people were killed during the Red Terror of 1977 and 1978.<ref name="Vasili Mitrokhin">[https://books.google.com/books?id=4eSR1rHg5_YC&pg=PA457&dq=half+a+million+Red+Terror+of+1977+and+1978&ei=4pvqRqCkDo3eoALaiuiFAw&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=Ba_dV32N_Z1dqTfznGjiZuUcx8o ''The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World''] by Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, pg 457</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575405.stm US admits helping Mengistu escape] [[BBC]], December 22, 1999</ref><ref>''Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators'' by Riccardo Orizio, pg 151</ref> During the terror groups of people were herded into churches that were then burned down, and women were subjected to systematic rape by soldiers.<ref>Yves Santamaria "Afrocommunism: Ethiopia, Angola, and Mozambique" in ''[[#Courtois1999BlackBook|The Black Book]]'' p. 692.</ref> The [[Save the Children Fund]] reported that the victims of the Red Terror included not only adults, but 1,000 or more children, mostly aged between eleven and thirteen, whose corpses were left in the streets of Addis Ababa.<ref name="Vasili Mitrokhin"/> [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] himself is alleged to have killed political opponents with his bare hands.<ref name="Red Terror">[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article752604.ece Guilty of genocide: the leader who unleashed a 'Red Terror' on Africa] by Jonathan Clayton, [[The Times|The Times Online]], December 13, 2006</ref>

== Legal prosecution for genocide and genocide denial ==
[[File:Katyń, ekshumacja ofiar.jpg|thumb|[[Katyn massacre|Katyn]] 1943 exhumation. Photo by [[International Red Cross]] delegation.]]

Ethiopia's former ruler [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] has been convicted of [[genocide]], [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] and sentenced to death by an Ethiopian court for his role in the [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|Red Terror]], and the highest ranking surviving member of the [[Khmer Rouge]] has been charged with those crimes.<ref name=BBC2007SeniorKhmerRougeleadercharged>Staff, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7002053.stm Senior Khmer Rouge leader charged], BBC September 19, 2007</ref><ref name="Mengistu found guilty">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6171429.stm|title=BBC, "Mengistu found guilty of genocide," 12 December 2006 | date=December 12, 2006 | accessdate=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="HRW">[http://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/11/29/ethiop5495.htm Backgrounders: Ethiopian Dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam] [[Human Rights Watch]], 1999</ref><ref>Tsegaye Tadesse. [http://www.redorbit.com/news/international/512182/verdict_due_for_ethiopias_exdictator_mengistu/ Verdict due for Ethiopia's ex-dictator Mengistu] [[Reuters]], 2006</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7420212.stm Court Sentences Mengistu to Death] [[BBC]], May 26, 2008.</ref> However, no communist country or governing body has ever been convicted of genocide. Ethiopian law is distinct from the UN and other definitions in that it defines genocide as intent to wipe out political and not just ethnic groups. In this respect it closely resembles the distinction of politicide.<ref name=RGP>Barbara Harff, "Recognizing Genocides and Politicides", in ''Genocide Watch'' 27 (Helen Fein ed., 1992) pp. 37, 38</ref>

According to the laws of the [[Czech Republic]], the person who publicly denies, puts in doubt, approves or tries to justify Nazi or Communist genocide or other crimes of Nazis or Communists will be punished by prison of 6 months to 3 years.<ref name="czech">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=5&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=2202&TTL=Expanding_Holocaust_Denial_and_Legislation_Against_It |title=Expanding Holocaust Denial and Legislation}}</ref> On November 26, 2010, the Russian [[State Duma]] issued a declaration acknowledging Stalin's responsibility for the [[Katyn massacre]], the execution of over 21,000 Polish POW's and intellectual leaders by Stalin's [[NKVD]]. The declaration stated that archival material “not only unveils the scale of his horrific tragedy but also provides evidence that the Katyn crime was committed on direct orders from Stalin and other Soviet leaders."<ref>{{cite news|first=Ellen|last=Barry|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/27/world/europe/27briefs-katyn.html|title=Russia: Stalin Called Responsible for Katyn Killings|work=The New York Times|date=November 26, 2010}}</ref>

In August 2007, [[Arnold Meri]], an [[Estonia]]n [[Red Army]] veteran and cousin of former Estonian president [[Lennart Meri]], faced charges of genocide by Estonian authorities for participating in the [[Soviet deportations from Estonia|deportations of Estonians]] in [[Hiiumaa]] in 1949.<ref>[http://www.balticguide.ee/index.php/a641 Entisen presidentin serkkua syytetään neuvostoajan kyydityksistä] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402154538/http://www.balticguide.ee/index.php/a641 |date=April 2, 2009 }} – ''[[Baltic Guide]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.b92.net/eng/news/globe-article.php?yyyy=2007&mm=08&dd=23&nav_category=117&version=print Estonian charged with Communist genocide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607181514/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/globe-article.php?yyyy=2007&mm=08&dd=23&nav_category=117&version=print |date=June 7, 2011 }} ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', August 23, 2007</ref> The trial was halted when Meri died March 27, 2009, at the age of 89. Meri denied the accusation, characterizing them as politically motivated defamation: "I do not consider myself guilty of genocide," he said.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7978111.stm | work=BBC News | title=Estonian war figure laid to rest | date=April 2, 2009 | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref>

On July 26, 2010, [[Kang Kek Iew]] (aka Comrade Duch), director of the [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum|S-21 prison camp]] in [[Democratic Kampuchea]] where more than 14,000 people were tortured and then murdered (mostly at nearby [[Choeung Ek]]), was convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to 35 years. His sentence was reduced to 19 years in part because he had been behind bars for 11 years.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-cambodia-khmer-rouge-20100727,0,4747344.story Sentence reduced for former Khmer Rouge prison chief]. [[The Los Angeles Times]], July 27, 2010</ref>

==Debate on famines==

Authors including [[Seumas Milne]] and [[Jon Wiener]] have criticized the emphasis on communism and the exclusion of [[colonialism]] when assigning blame for famines. Milne argues that if the Soviets are considered responsible for deaths caused by famine in the 1920s and 30s, then Britain would be responsible for as many as 30 million deaths in [[British Raj|India]] from famine during the 19th century, and he laments that "There is a much-lauded Black Book of Communism, but no such comprehensive indictment of the colonial record".<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2002/sep/12/highereducation.historyandhistoryofart | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=The battle for history | first=Seumas | last=Milne | date=September 12, 2002 | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref> Weiner makes a similar assertion while comparing the Ukrainian famine and the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], stating that "Churchill's role in the Bengal famine seems similar to Stalin's role in the Ukrainian famine."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Sa-F8DXhgC|title=How We Forgot the Cold War: A Historical Journey Across America|last=Wiener|first=Jon|date=2012-10-15|publisher=University of California Press|year=|isbn=9780520271418|location=|pages=37-39|language=en}}</ref> The scholars [[Stephen G. Wheatcroft]], [[R. W. Davies]] and Mark Tauger reject the idea that the Ukrainian famine was an act of genocide or intentionally inflicted by the Soviet government.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Robert|authorlink1=Robert William Davies|last2=Wheatcroft|first2=Stephen|authorlink2=Stephen G. Wheatcroft|title=The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s1lCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14|year=2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-27397-9|page=xiv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tauger |first=Mark B. |url=https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/download/89/90 |title=Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933 |journal=The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies |issue=1506 |year=2001 |pages=1–65 |issn=2163-839X |doi=10.5195/CBP.2001.89 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612213128/https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/download/89/90 |archivedate=12 June 2017}}</ref>

Benjamin Valentino writes that, "Although not all the deaths due to famine in these cases were intentional, communist leaders directed the worst effects of famine against their suspected enemies and used hunger as a weapon to force millions of people to conform to the directives of the state."<ref>[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] p. 93–94.</ref> [[Daniel Goldhagen]] says that in some cases, deaths from famine should not be distinguished from mass murder: "Whenever governments have not alleviated famine conditions, political leaders decided ''not to say no'' to mass death – in other words, they said ''yes''." He claims that famine was either used or deliberately tolerated by the Soviets, the Germans, the communist Chinese, the [[United Kingdom|British]] in [[Kenya]], the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] against the [[Ibo people|Ibo]] in Nigeria, Khmer Rouge, communist North Koreans, Ethiopeans in [[Eritrea]], [[Zimbabwe]] against regions of political opposition, and Political Islamists in southern [[Sudan]] and [[Darfur]].<ref name="Gladhagenfamine">[[#Goldhagen2009WorsethanWar|Goldhagen (2009) ''Worse than War'']] pp. 29‒30.</ref>

[[Pankaj Mishra]] questions Mao's direct responsibility for famine noting that "A great many premature deaths also occurred in newly independent nations not ruled by erratic tyrants." Mishra cites Nobel laureate [[Amartya Sen]]'s research demonstrating that democratic India suffered more excess mortality from starvation and disease in the second half of the 20th century than China did. Sen wrote that “India seems to manage to fill its cupboard with more skeletons every eight years than China put there in its years of shame.” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/12/20/staying-power-3|title=Staying Power|last=Mishra|first=Pankaj|date=2010-12-13|work=The New Yorker|access-date=2018-05-22|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olyyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=more+skeletons+every+eight+years+than+China+put+there+in+its+years+of+shame.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqhKr6oZjbAhWhzlkKHd_gATQQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=more%20skeletons%20every%20eight%20years%20than%20China%20put%20there%20in%20its%20years%20of%20shame.&f=false|title=Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union|last=Wemheuer|first=Felix|date=2014-06-24|publisher=Yale University Press|year=|isbn=9780300195811|location=|pages=3-4|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Anti-communist mass killings]]
*[[Communist terrorism]]
*[[Crimes against humanity under Communist regimes]]
*[[Criticisms of Communist party rule]]
*[[Dekulakization]]
*[[Gulag]]
*[[Great Leap Forward]]
*[[Great Chinese Famine]]
*[[Land reform in North Vietnam]]
*[[Laogai]]
*[[Mass graves in the Soviet Union]]
*[[Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union]]
*[[Revolutionary terror]]
*[[Soviet war crimes]]
*[[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum]]
*[[Victims of Communism Memorial]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
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{{Refend}}

==Further reading==

*{{Cite book
| last =Barron | first =John | authorlink =
| author2 =Paul, Anthony
| title =Murder of A Gentle Land, The Untold Story of Communist Genocide in Cambodia
| publisher =Reader's Digest Press
| year =1977 | location = | pages =240
| url =https://books.google.com/?id=GYZuAAAAMAAJ
| doi = | isbn =0-88349-129-X}}
*{{Cite book|title=Genocide in the USSR: studies in group destruction |last=Deker |first=Nikolai |authorlink= |author2=Institute for the study of the U.S.S.R. Munich |year=1958 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=S9NoAAAAMAAJ&q |accessdate=}}
*Lanning, Michael Lee, Cragg, Dan. Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces. 1st edition. Texas A & M University Press August 15, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-60344-059-2}}.
*{{Cite web
| last =Sarup | first =Kamala | authorlink =
| title =Communist Genocide In Cambodia | work =
| publisher =Genocide Watch
| date =September 5, 2005
| url =http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Cambodia5Sep05CommunistGenocideInCambodia.pdf
| format = | doi = | accessdate =September 30, 2009 }}
*{{Cite book
| last =Totten | first =Samuel | authorlink =Samuel Totten | author2 =Paul Robert Bartrop| author3 =Steven L. Jacobs | chapter =Communism | title =Dictionary of genocide, Volume 1 | publisher =Greenwood Publishing Group
| year =2008 | page =106 | url =https://books.google.com/?id=xWKjSc0ql3cC&dq=Lenin+genocide | doi = | isbn =978-0-313-34642-2 | id ={{ISBN|0-313-34642-9}} }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Weiss-Wendt |first=Anton |authorlink= |date=December 2005 |title=Hostage of Politics Raphael Lemkin on "Soviet Genocide" |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=551–559 |url=http://www.inogs.com/JGRFullText/WeissWendt.pdf |accessdate= |quote= |doi=10.1080/14623520500350017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610031348/http://www.inogs.com/JGRFullText/WeissWendt.pdf |archivedate=June 10, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}

==External links==
*[http://www.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/ The Global Museum on Communism]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mass Killings Under Communist Regimes}}
[[Category:Genocides]]
[[Category:Communist states]]
[[Category:Communism]]
[[Category:Communist repression]]

Callista Chimombo

2018-05-12T19:04:22Z

179.183.115.76:

{{BLP sources|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox First Lady
| name = Madame Callista Mutharika
| nickname =
| image =
| caption =
| order1 = [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of Malawi|First Lady of Malawi]]
| term_start1 = 1 May 2010
| term_end1 = 5 April 2012
| predecessor1 = [[Ethel Mutharika]]
| successor1 = [[Richard Banda]]
| party = [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]]
| spouse = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] (2010-2012)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|5|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Zomba, Malawi|Zomba]], [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] {{small|(now [[Malawi]])}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| religion =
| children =
| residence =
| relations =
| signature =
}}

Madame '''Callista Chapola-Chimombo''' (Callista Mutharika) (born 24 May 1959)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malawidemocrat.com/politics/profile-of-first-lady-callista-mutharika/|title=Profile of First Lady Callista Mutharika|publisher=Malawidemocrat.com|date=2011-08-22|accessdate=2012-04-16}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is a [[Malawi]]an politician and the [[widow]] of [[President of Malawi|President]] [[Bingu wa Mutharika]]. She served as the [[First Lady]] of the [[Republic of Malawi]] from 2010 to 2012. Chimombo is a current member of the [[Cabinet of Malawi]] as a National Coordinator of Maternal, Infant and Child Health and HIV/Nutrition/Malaria and Tuberculosis. She has also previously served as a member of the [[Pan-African Parliament]], and as the Malawi Minister of Tourism, Wildlife and Culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland-malawipartnership.org/news.html?newsid=34 |title=Malawi Announces Cabinet Reshuffle |date=2007-05-11 |accessdate=2007-09-09 |work=Scotland-MalawiPartnership.org |publisher=Scotland Malawi Partnership |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103133842/http://www.scotland-malawipartnership.org/news.html?newsid=34 |archivedate=2011-01-03 |df= }}</ref> As of 2005, she was Secretary of the [[Malawi Women’s Caucus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parlcent.ca/africa/Gender/Malawi_e.php |title= Parliamentary Centre Hosts A Southern Africa Regional Workshop On Micro Finance as Strategy for Poverty Reduction |accessdate=2007-09-09 |work=ParlCent.ca|publisher=Parliamentary Centre of Canada }}</ref> Chimombo is a member of the [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]] and a former member of the [[United Democratic Front (Malawi)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africa-union.org/organs/pan%20african%20parliament/List%20of%20Members%20pap.pdf |title=List of Members of the Pan African Parliament |accessdate=2007-09-09 |work=Africa-Union.org |publisher=[[African Union]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5u8wKxuJ7?url=http://www.africa-union.org/organs/pan%20african%20parliament/List%20of%20Members%20pap.pdf |archivedate=2010-11-10 |df= }}</ref>

==Personal==
In January 2010, following a period of intense speculation, it was announced that Chimombo and President Mutharika were engaged to be married and would marry on 1 May 2010. They got engaged on Valentine's Day 2010 in a traditional ceremony that was broadcast on the news.<ref name="africanews.com">[http://www.africanews.com/site/Mutharika_Till_death_do_us_part/list_messages/30048 ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218172140/http://www.africanews.com/site/Mutharika_Till_death_do_us_part/list_messages/30048 |date=February 18, 2010 }}</ref> At one point, Mutharika and Callista displayed their joy by taking it to the dance floor where his children, family members and guests spent almost 20 minutes dancing to an interlude of music that turned the whole event into a frenzy of excitement and jubilation.<ref name="africanews.com"/> They were married in a [[Roman Catholicism in Malawi|Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8471751.stm Malawi's President Mutharika to marry ex-minister] BBC News, 24 January
2010</ref>

==Career==
She has worked for [[Joyce Banda]]'s Hunger Project before being involved in politics.<ref name="afriquejet.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/malawi-first-lady-weighs-in-on-sacked-vp-vilification-campaign-2010121864612.html |accessdate=December 18, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220022458/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/malawi-first-lady-weighs-in-on-sacked-vp-vilification-campaign-2010121864612.html |archivedate=December 20, 2010 }}</ref>

===Political career===
As of 2005, she was Secretary of the Malawi Women’s Caucus.
She served as a member of Parliament for Likangala Constituency in the district of Zomba.<ref name="afriquejet.com"/> She also was a member of the [[Pan-African Parliament]] and was Minister of Tourism and Culture in Malawi. She became First Lady of Malawi after marrying [[Bingu wa Mutharika]].

==First Lady of Malawi==
After her marriage to Bingu Wa Mutharika, she was the first lady of Malawi until the death of [[Mutharika]] on 5 April 2012. Mutharika was a politically vocal first lady. She publicly weighed in on the decision by the DPP to fire the first and second vice-president by stating that [[Joyce Banda]] (who had not publicly expressed an interest to run as President) was not qualified to run as president.<ref name="afriquejet.com"/> She stated that Banda's supporters were tantalizing themselves by drawing parallels with Liberian first female President [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]].<ref name="afriquejet.com"/> Some analysts have suggested that she may bid to run for Presidency in 2014.<ref name="afriquejet.com"/>

===Safe Motherhood role===
In August 2010, late president [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] appointed her as African Union Goodwill Ambassador for Safe Motherhood, replacing Vice President [[Joyce Banda]].<ref name="nationmw.net"/> The concept of a National Coordinator for safe Motherhood in Malawi was drawn from that of the national Goodwill Ambassador for Safe Motherhood initiated by the [[Africa Union]] Conference of Ministers of Health in 2005. She was also in charge of the Safe Motherhood Foundation.<ref name="nationmw.net"/> The First Lady's Foundation sought to promote the advancement of women and vulnerable populations in all sectors of our rapidly changing and developing society.<ref>[http://cmsafemotherhood.org/] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123093512/http://cmsafemotherhood.org/ |date=November 23, 2010 }}</ref>

===Malaria program===
Mutharika, was also in charge of the country's Malaria program.<ref name="nationmw.net"/> This was made an official cabinet role on September 8, 2011.

===Official duties and cabinet role===
After coming to power, the former First Lady was increasingly given the roles of the official Vice-President, now President [[Joyce Banda]] and Banda's name was omitted from the official [[Cabinet of Malawi|Malawi cabinet]] list.<ref name="malawidemocrat.com">[http://www.malawidemocrat.com/politics/first-lady-is-not-vice-president-malawi-government/] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326072617/http://www.malawidemocrat.com/politics/first-lady-is-not-vice-president-malawi-government/ |date=March 26, 2012 }}</ref> She has also been appointed to the [[Cabinet of Malawi|Malawi Cabinet]] as of September 8, 2011 as the National Coordinator of Maternal, Infant and Child Health and HIV/Nutrition/Malaria and Tuberculosis. Her work, including charity work has been considered as a salaried position by the Mutharika administration and she a monthly sum of over $7,000 for doing charity work as a coordinator of safe motherhood.<ref name="malawidemocrat.com"/> On September8th, 2011, an online newspaper, [[Maravi post]] and the [[Nyasatimes]] Newspapers reported that Callista Mutharika had been either accidentally or purposefully listed as Vice President of Malawi on the official Malawi government website and included [[screenshots]].<ref name="malawidemocrat.com"/> This information was corrected on the government site. The Mutharika administration though has denied that she is the nation's Vice President.

===Castigation of NGO's and civil society===
Callista Mutharika created tension over a speech in which she criticized local NGO's that, "supported homosexuality and disturbed peace". She asserted that the NGO's were being given money to disturb the peace and to spread homosexuality in the country. She also castigated the civil rights groups for organizing the July, 20 [[2011 Malawi protests]] and encouraged rural dwellers not to protest.<ref name="nationmw.net">[http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23717:malawi-first-lady-bashes-local-ngos&catid=1:national-news&Itemid=3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717015257/http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23717%3Amalawi-first-lady-bashes-local-ngos&catid=1%3Anational-news&Itemid=3 |date=2014-07-17 }}</ref> She receive much criticism for her statements regarding the protest and civil society. Eight organizations signed an official response, acknowledging her right to free speech but questioning her role as the spokesperson for the party because her role as a spokesperson was not mandated in the constitution at that time. They accused her of spreading propaganda and stated that her comments were 'reckless and unacceptable'.<ref>[http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/ngo%E2%80%99s-hit-back-at-%E2%80%98reckless%E2%80%99-first-lady/ ]{{dead link|date=October 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chimombo, Callista}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Malawi]]
[[Category:Malawian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi) politicians]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Malawi]]
[[Category:United Democratic Front (Malawi) politicians]]
[[Category:First Ladies and Gentlemen of Malawi]]
[[Category:Women government ministers of Malawi]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Pan-African Parliament]]

Renzo Gracie

2018-02-17T11:05:32Z

179.183.210.238:

{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Renzo Gracie
| other_names =
| image = RenzoCropped.jpg
| image_size = 200x
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|3|11}}
| birth_place = [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence = [[Holmdel Township, New Jersey]], [[United States|US]]
| nationality = [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]]
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=10 }}
| weight_lb = 171
| weight_class = [[Welterweight (MMA)|Welterweight (170 lb)]] [[Middleweight (MMA)|Middleweight (185lb)]]
| reach =
| style = [[BJJ]], [[GJJ]], [[Judo]], [[Submission Wrestling]], [[Kickboxing]]
| stance =
| fighting_out_of = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States
| team = Renzo Gracie Combat Team
|| rank = {{color box|black}} 6th Degree Black Belt in [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]]''<ref>[https://www.instagram.com/p/BQ8ZtQshKpY/] URL accessed July 9, 2016.</ref> ''Black belt in [[Judo]]'' {{citation needed|date=June 2014}}
| years_active = 1992-2010
| mma_kowin = 1
| mma_subwin = 8
| mma_decwin = 3
| mma_dqwin = 1
| mma_koloss = 2
| mma_subloss = 1
| mma_decloss = 4
| mma_draw = 1
| mma_nc = 1
| occupation =
| university =
| spouse = Cristina Gracie
| children = Catarina Gracie, Cora Gracie, Ruran Gracie
| relatives = [[Gracie family]]
| students = [[Matt Serra]], Nick Serra,
[[Ricardo Almeida]], Shawn Williams,[http://www.bjjheroes.com/bjj-fighters/shawn-williams], [[Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], [[Georges St-Pierre]], [[Rolles Gracie]], [[Chris Weidman]], [[Kyra Gracie]], [[Frankie Edgar]], [[Roy Nelson (fighter)|Roy Nelson]], [[Neiman Gracie]], [[Gunnar Nelson (fighter)|Gunnar Nelson]], Joe D'Arce, Vinicius de Jesus, John Danaher, [[Harley Flanagan]]
| club =
| school =
| url = http://www.renzogracie.com/
| sherdog = 290
| footnotes =
| updated =
}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport | [[Submission Wrestling]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship|ADCC World Championship]]}}
{{MedalGold | 2000 | -77kg }}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adcombat.com/adcc-results?year=2000&weight=-77kg |title=ADCC Results |work=Official 2000 ADCC results |accessdate=May 13, 2012}}</ref>
{{MedalGold | 1998 | -77kg }}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adcombat.com/adcc-results?year=1998&weight=-77kg |title=ADCC Results |work=Official 1998 ADCC results |accessdate=May 13, 2012}}</ref>
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Renzo Gracie''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|n|z|oʊ|_|ˈ|ɡ|r|æ|s|iː}}; {{IPA-pt|ˈɦẽzu ˈɡɾejsi|br}}; born March 11, 1967) is a [[Brazil]]ian [[mixed martial arts|mixed martial artist]] and [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] practitioner. A member of the [[Gracie family]] of Brazil, Renzo is a [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system|6th Degree]] Black in [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] under [[Carlos Gracie Jr.]]. He is the son of [[Robson Gracie]], grandson of [[Carlos Gracie]], nephew of [[Carlos Gracie, Jr.]] grandnephew of [[Helio Gracie]],<ref>[http://evolve-mma.com/index.php/instructors#ins2 Renzo Gracie Bio at Evolve MMA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420130747/http://evolve-mma.com/index.php/instructors#ins2 |date=April 20, 2009 }}</ref> and the 1st cousin once removed of [[Royce Gracie]]. In mixed martial arts, Renzo has competed in the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]], [[Pride Fighting Championships]], [[K-1]], [[RINGS]], and [[International Fight League]] (head-coaching the [[New York Pitbulls]]). He holds notable victories over five former [[List of UFC champions|UFC Champions]]: [[Frank Shamrock]] ([[UFC Light Heavyweight Championship|UFC Light Heavyweight Champion]]), [[Carlos Newton]] ([[UFC Welterweight Championship|UFC Welterweight Champion]]), [[Pat Miletich]] ([[UFC Welterweight Championship|UFC Welterweight Champion]]), [[Maurice Smith (kickboxer)|Maurice Smith]] ([[UFC Heavyweight Championship|UFC Heavyweight Champion]]), and [[Oleg Taktarov]] ([[List of UFC champions#UFC Tournaments|UFC 6 Tournament Winner]])

A world famous Jiu-Jitsu coach, Gracie has helped train a number of professional fighters such as: [[Georges St-Pierre]], [[Frankie Edgar]], [[Chris Weidman]], [[Matt Serra]], [[Ricardo Almeida]], [[Roy Nelson (fighter)|Roy Nelson]], [[Rodrigo Gracie]] and [[Paul Creighton]]. His brothers [[Ralph Gracie]] and the late [[Ryan Gracie]] were also famous fighters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifl.tv/Team-Pitbulls-Renzo-Gracie.html|title=Ifl.tv - Ready For Development|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20070123133302/http://www.ifl.tv/Team-Pitbulls-Renzo-Gracie.html|archivedate=2007-01-23|df=}}</ref> ''[[Renzo Gracie: Legacy]]'', a [[2008 in film|2008]] [[documentary film]] follows Renzo's influence on [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] and [[Mixed martial arts]] over a ten-year period, showing the origins of the sport from its bare knuckle days to the explosion of the sport in both [[Japan]] and [[United States|America]].

== Mixed martial arts career ==
Renzo debuted in the Brazilian [[vale tudo]] circuit. He had his first match against [[kickboxer]] Luiz Augusto Alvareda, whom he dominated with his grappling ability and submitted by [[rear naked choke]]. After the match, he moved to United States to teach [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]].

=== World Combat Championships ===
In October 1995, Gracie was called to fight in World Combat Championships, a no holds barred event created by [[Jon Peters]]'s son Christopher. The event hosted two separated tournaments for strikers and grapplers whose winners would meet at the finals, and Gracie was put on the latter due to his Brazilian jiu-jitsu background.<ref name=Combat>[https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2014/4/4/5577986/mma-origins-world-combat-championships-Renzo-Gracie-Erik-Paulson MMA Origins: World Combat Championships]</ref> His first match was against Dutch judoka [[Ben Spijkers]], who had taunted Gracie in the press conference and pranked him on his hotel room the previous night.<ref>[http://www.cagepotato.com/poor-sportsmanship-display-day-renzo-gracie-vs-ben-spijkers/ Poor Sportsmanship Display of the Day: Renzo Gracie vs Ben Spijkers]</ref> Spijkers scored the first takedown, but Renzo answered with another, took his back through headbutts and elbow strikes and finally choked him for the win. After the bout, Gracie intentionally stepped on Spijkers's head as he walked away as an act of revenge for the pranking, an act he later apologized for.<ref name=Combat/><ref name=magaz>Jim Coleman, ''World Combat - We're here, deal with it!'', Black Belt Magazine, February 1997</ref> Gracie fought next striker Phil Benedict, and although he received a hard right punch in the first seconds, he executed a takedown and defeated Benedict by [[ground and pound]] from the [[Mount (grappling)|mount]].<ref name=magaz/> At the finals, Gracie then faced [[kickboxer]] James Warring, winning by [[neck crank]] in similar time.<ref name=magaz/>

Gracie had originally entered WCC with the idea of fighting [[Bart Vale]], who would compete as well, as Vale had boasted that smaller opponents like Renzo were afraid of facing him. However, Vale would forfeit his place in the tournament after his first match, so the bout didn't happen.<ref name=magaz/> Producer Peters had the intention to host a second event where Gracie and Vale would fight in a"superfight" format, but these plans were abandoned.<ref name=magaz/>

=== Pentagon Combat ===
On September 22, 1997, Gracie partaked in Pentagon Combat, a MMA event founded by future [[ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship|ADCC]] backer Sheikh Tahnoon bin Zayed. The then-undisputed Gracie was pitted against [[Eugenio Tadeu]], a fighter whose style, [[luta livre]], was in a huge rivalry with Brazilian jiu-jitsu at the time, which guaranteed the match was received with heat. Promoters of the event hired little security for the match, and although the luta livre supporters got less tickets than their jiu-jitsu homologues, they sneaked into the arena earlier in the event.<ref name=Heard>[https://www.mmafighting.com/2013/9/29/4742074/renzo-gracie-eugenio-tadeu-and-the-riot-that-got-mma-banned-in-rio-de Renzo Gracie, Eugenio Tadeu and the riot that got MMA banned in Rio de Janeiro]</ref> The first minutes of the match were uneventful, with Gracie claiming years later Tadeu had greased up his body to difficult his grip, but he eventually managed to mount Tadeu.<ref name=RenTa>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2013/5/8/4309600/the-riot-over-renzo-gracie-vs-eugenio-tadeu|title=The riot over Renzo Gracie vs Eugenio Tadeu|year=2013-03-08|accessdate=2018-02-01|publisher=Bloody Elbow}}</ref> However, Gracie got tired, and Tadeu started to take control of the action.<ref name=Heard/>

When the fight became stalled against the cage wall, audience members pushed their way through security staff and grabbed the very cage, screaming insults to the fighters and even attacking them through the netting whenever they came near. Some spectators climbed up the fence while others pulled them down, leading the match to be briefly stopped in order to clear them out,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2011/8/23/2379841/ufc-134-rio-mma-history-renzo-gracie-vs-eugenio-tadeu-riot|title=Renzo Gracie vs. Eugenio Tadeu and the Show Ending Riot|year=2011-08-23|accessdate=2018-02-01|publisher=Bloody Elbow}}</ref> while Gracie received both punches and kicks by luta livre supporters without the referee noticing.<ref name=Heard/><ref name=RenTa/> The situation finally exploded when Gracie fought back one of his attackers, causing a massive brawl to erupt among the over 400 spectators. Audience members threw chairs and seats to each other, the lights were turned off, and gunshots were heard.<ref name=Heard/> The event caused mixed martial arts to be banned in Rio de Janeiro for ten years.<ref name=Heard/>

=== Pride Fighting Championships ===
Gracie debuted in the first event of [[Pride Fighting Championships]], [[Pride 1]], where he was pitted against Japanese [[judo]]-based fighter [[Akira Shoji]]. The Brazilian dominated the match, at several points threatening Shoji with [[armbar]]s, [[rear naked choke]]s and [[omoplata]]s, all while receiving only superficial damage from kicks and knees, but he failed at finishing Shoji, and thus the match went to a draw after thirty minutes.

His first victory in Pride was at the very next event, [[Pride 2]], against judoka and [[Catch wrestling|catch wrestler]] [[Sanae Kikuta]]. The match was fought under special rules by Gracie's demand, which included an unlimited number of ten-minute rounds. However, this had the effect to lenghten the match to almost a hour, as both fighters remained largely inactive in the [[Clinch (grappling)|clinch]] and Renzo's [[Guard (grappling)|guard]]. Only in the sixth round Renzo managed to lock a [[guillotine choke]] and submit Kikuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-oratory.com/mma-review-409-pride-2/|title=MMA Review: #409: PRIDE 2|work=The Oratory|author=Scott Newman|date=2013-09-07|accessdate=2018-02-08}}</ref> In 2014, Gracie claimed to have been drugged by PRIDE promoters before the fight to explain his peformance.<ref name=sabotage>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2014/9/30/6874535/renzo-gracie-says-pride-promoters-sabotaged-him-before-sanae-kikuta|title=Renzo Gracie says PRIDE promoters sabotaged him before Sanae Kikuta fight|work=MMA Fighting|author=Guilherme Cruz|date=2014-09-30|accessdate=2018-02-08}}</ref>

Gracie returned in Pride 8, where he fought [[professional wrestler]] [[Alexander Otsuka]]. The latter, who came to the match bandaged due to a pro wrestling match the same day, scored a takedown and passed Gracie's guard for a moment, but the Brazilian regained his defense. Gracie came back with hard upkicks and multiple submission attempts, like a [[triangle choke]] and a guillotine choke, being answered with short hammerfists by the Japanese. After the match was restarted, Renzo seemed to secure an armbar from the bottom, only for Otsuka to escape and defend until the end. Even although Gracie next landed a [[German suplex]]-like takedown, the match ended with both Otsuka and Gracie pursuing a submission each.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-oratory.com/mma-review-438-pride-8/|title=MMA Review: #438: PRIDE 8 review|work=The Oratory|author=Scott Newman|date=2013-03-24|accessdate=2018-02-08}}</ref>

In 2000, Gracie returned from a tenure in [[Fighting Network Rings]] to fight [[Kazushi Sakuraba]], who had been nicknamed "The Gracie Hunter" for his victories against Renzo's relatives [[Royler Gracie|Royler]] and [[Royce Gracie|Royce]]. During the first round, they fought evenly, mainly exchanging strikes and takedown attempts. At the second, the Japanese wrestler took Gracie down, but he was unable to pass his guard despite his many techniques and tricks. The match finally came to its peak when Renzo executed a [[Guard (grappling)#De la Riva guard|De la Riva]] reversal and captured Sakuraba's back against the corner. At that moment, the Japanese got hold of Gracie's arm and spun around with a [[Kimura lock]], dislocating his arm before hitting the mat and prompting the referee to stop the fight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsoratory.com/?id=126|title=Pride 10: Return Of The Warriors review|work=Sports Oratory|author=Scott Newman|date=2006-11-30|accessdate=2018-02-08}}</ref> Uncharacteristically for the Gracie side during their rivalry with Sakuraba, Renzo took the mic after the match and declared Sakuraba was the better man. Similarly, years later Gracie called Sakuraba "his hero" and remembered their match as "one of the biggest lessons he learned in his life".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Renzo-Gracie-Sakuraba-Is-a-Hero-to-Me-77679|title=Renzo Gracie: 'Sakuraba is a hero to me'|work=[[Sherdog]]|author=C.J. Tuttle|date=2014-11-23|accessdate=2018-02-08}}</ref><ref name=Reflect>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2015/3/8/8160649/renzo-gracie-reflects-on-the-sakuraba-fight-and-his-life-changing|title=Renzo Gracie reflects on the Kazushi Sakuraba fight, life-changing move to New York|work=MMA Fighting|author=[[Dave Meltzer]]|date=2015-08-30|accessdate=2018-02-08}}</ref>

Gracie next fought American wrestler [[Dan Henderson]] at Pride 13. The match was short, as Henderson used his wrestling superiority to keep the fight on their feet and land punches and knees. After one minute, Gracie tried a takedown, but Henderson landed two heavy punches and knocked him out. The American became the first fighter ever to knock out a Gracie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-oratory.com/mma-review-358/|title=MMA Review: #15: Pride 13: Collision Course|work=The Oratory|author=Scott Newman|date=2004-05-31|accessdate=2018-02-08}}</ref> Renzo bounced back with a victory over professional wrestler [[Michiyoshi Ohara]], who resorted to clinching defensively for most of the match.

In 2002, Gracie fought against [[Shungo Oyama]] in Pride 21. Oyama taunted Renzo unceasantly through the match and imitated Sakuraba's offensive moves, getting some measure of success with it. Renzo became so irritated that he spat on Oyama at the end of the second round. At the third, Gracie looked to re-take the bout, but they just could exchange takedowns and strikes before the match went to the judges, with Oyama winning an unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-oratory.com/mma-review-336/|title=MMA Review: #36: PRIDE 21: Revolution|work=The Oratory|author=Scott Newman|date=2004-12-27|accessdate=2018-02-08}}</ref> Gracie was unhappy with this, and stated to believe he had lost the decision only because he spat on Oyama.<ref name=sabotage/>

His last match for Pride would be in October 2003 against eclectic grappler [[Carlos Newton]]. Gracie took him down and captured his back, only for Newton to reverse positions. The two fighters exchanged multiple sweeps and submission attempts in a short time, with Renzo almost locking a [[Leglock#Kneebar|kneebar]], but Newton ultimately escaping and ending the round hitting [[ground and pound]] from [[Side mount (grappling)|side mount]]. At the second, Renzo received a slamming takedown and a hip throw, so he opted to grab a guillotine choke and pull guard, seeking the finish, yet Newton freed himself and ended the match again with punches from half guard. Newton was given the split decision win,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-oratory.com/mma-review-333/|title=MMA Review: #39: PRIDE Bushido Vol. 1|work=The Oratory|author=Scott Newman|date=2005-01-05|accessdate=2018-02-08}}</ref> which Gracie disputed.<ref name=Reflect/>

=== IFL and EliteXC ===
Gracie debuted for International Fight League in September 2006, submitting [[Pat Miletich]] in three minutes with a guillotine choke. He would then rematch [[Carlos Newton]] in December. The match was noted to resemble oddly their first encounter, as they struggled for position in the first round with Gracie threatening a submission and Newton ending it in side mount. The situation reversed at the second, as Gracie flipped Newton over to side mount, only for Newton to menace him with an ankle lock. At the third and final round, Newton worked to keep the fight standing and made Gracie bleed with some glaring strikes, but the fight ended without a result, and after a deliberation, the judges gave it to Gracie. This outcome was immediately met with controversy, with Gracie himself declaring he felt Newton was the winner.<ref>[https://www.mmaweekly.com/ifl-world-team-championship-full-review-photos-2 IFL "World Team Championship" full review and photos]</ref>

On February 10, 2007 Gracie won a match by disqualification against former [[UFC Light Heavyweight Championship|UFC Light Heavyweight Champion]] [[Frank Shamrock]] for upstart MMA promotion [[EliteXC]] on its debut night Saturday February 10, 2007, on [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]. Gracie was able to take Frank down and keep the fight on the ground, until Shamrock was disqualified by referee [[Herb Dean]] for landing illegal knee strikes to the back of Gracie's head. Shamrock had already been given one warning earlier in the match for illegal strikes to the back of Gracie's head. After the match, Gracie had to be helped out of the ring and back to his dressing room by his team allegedly due to receiving a concussion from the strikes.

=== Ultimate Fighting Championship ===
Returning from a three year hiatus, Gracie signed a six-fight contract with the UFC in December 2009 and faced former [[UFC Welterweight Championship|UFC Welterweight Champion]] [[Matt Hughes (fighter)|Matt Hughes]] on April 10, 2010, at [[UFC 112]] in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ufc.com/index.cfm?fa=news.detail&gid=51590 |title=UFC to make history in Abu Dhabi at UFC 112 |publisher=ufc.com |date=2010-01-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130054213/http://www.ufc.com/index.cfm?fa=news.detail&gid=51590 |archivedate=January 30, 2010 }}</ref> Although Gracie fared reasonably well against the American, he began to take more and more leg kicks, and by the end of the second round, the fight began to look more and more to Hughes's favor. The third round saw Hughes score with a series of uppercuts and hooks that hurt Gracie. Hughes finished Gracie with a series of punches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2010/4/10/1414452/ufc-112-results-matt-hughes-beats|title=UFC 112 Results: Matt Hughes Beats Up Renzo Gracie}}</ref> Gracie lost to Hughes by TKO at 4:40 of round 3, becoming the second Gracie to fall victim to Matt Hughes, the other was his famous cousin Royce Gracie at [[UFC 60]].

=== Other ventures ===
Renzo formerly coached a team, the [[New York Pitbulls]], for the International Fight League.

Gracie is the head instructor at the Renzo Gracie Academy in midtown Manhattan. Many well known BJJ and MMA fighters have been trained by Renzo, including BJJ black belts [[Rodrigo Gracie]], former [[UFC Welterweight Championship|UFC Welterweight Champion]] [[Georges St-Pierre]], former UFC Welterweight Champion [[Matt Serra]], BJJ World Champion Rafael "Gordinho" Correa, [[Paul Creighton]], Alan Teo, [[David Branch (fighter)]], [[Rafael Natal]], former Middleweight King of Pancrase [[Ricardo Almeida]], [[Sean Alvarez]] and former [[UFC Middleweight Championship|UFC Middleweight Champion]] [[Chris Weidman]].

Renzo Gracie also has affiliate academies in the United States, Brazil, Peru, Singapore, Canada, Mexico, South Africa and Israel.

Gracie has co-written two instructional books on jiu-jitsu; “Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: Theory and Technique”<ref>{{cite book |title=Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: Theory and Technique|last= Gracie |first=Renzo |author2=Gracie, Royler |publisher=Invisible Cities Press LLC |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-931229-08-1 |page=304}}</ref> with his cousin [[Royler Gracie]], and “Mastering Jujitsu”<ref>{{cite book |title=Mastering Jujitsu |last= Gracie |first=Renzo |author2=Danaher, John |publisher=[[Human Kinetics Publishers]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7360-4404-2 |page=248}}</ref> with training partner John Danaher. He has also been the personal jiu-jitsu teacher of [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], [[Crown Prince]] of [[Abu Dhabi]], since 1993.<ref name="Fit for a Prince">{{cite web
|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/extra/mma/news/story?id=3039205
|title=Professional fighter gets royal treatment as prince's trainer
|year=2007
|accessdate=2007-08-19
|publisher=[[ESPN]] by Ryan Hockensmith
}}</ref>

==Metamoris==

On November 22, 2014, Renzo fought [[Kazushi Sakuraba|Sakuraba]] in a grappling match in [[Metamoris#Metamoris V 2014-11-22|Metamoris V]]. The fight ended in a draw.

== Personal life ==
Gracie is a resident of [[Holmdel Township, New Jersey]]. He and his wife Cristina have three children, Catarina, Cora and Ruran.<ref>Hinckley, David. [http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-02-27/local/17891736_1_renzo-gracie-martial-arts-gym "Renzo Gracie shares family martial arts tradition"], ''[[Daily News (New York)]]'', February 27, 2008. Accessed March 15, 2011. "Gracie, 40, of Holmden{{sic}}, N.J., is a world-class mixed martial arts competitor who has spent his life preaching and practicing Brazilian (a.k.a. Gracie) jujitsu: a judo-based martial art that his grandfather devised."</ref> He has eleven brothers and sisters, including Charles Gracie, Flavia Gracie ([[Kyra Gracie]]'s mother), Carla Gracie ([[Neiman Gracie]]'s mother), [[Ralph Gracie]] and the late [[Ryan Gracie]].<ref>[http://www.550media.com/igjjf/familytree.html Gracie Family Tree] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917021836/http://www.550media.com/igjjf/familytree.html |date=2009-09-17 }} URL accessed on June 5, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.charlesgracie.com/cms/ Charles Gracie Family Tree] URL accessed on June 5, 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430094433/http://www.charlesgracie.com/cms/ |date=April 30, 2009 }}</ref> In May 2014, Renzo was arrested at 1 Oak street in New York City after being charged with gang assault after sending a night club bouncer to the hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2014/5/27/5755380/renzo-gracie-breaks-silence-on-nightclub-brawl|title=Renzo Gracie breaks silence on alleged nightclub brawl|author=Guilherme Cruz|date=27 May 2014|work=MMA Fighting}}</ref> Renzo stated that he took the bouncer down but did not punch him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/renzo-gracie-i-didn-t-punch-club-bouncer-because-he-chickened-out-052714|title=Renzo Gracie: I didn't punch club bouncer, because he 'chickened out'|author=Fox Sports|work=FOX Sports}}</ref> Renzo's cousin, Igor Gracie was arrested as well in the incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/renzo-gracie-cousin-igor-arrested-charged-with-gang-assault-after-nightclub-incident-051914|title=Renzo Gracie, cousin Igor arrested, charged with gang assault after nightclub incident|author=Fox Sports|work=FOX Sports}}</ref>

== Instructor lineage ==
[[Mitsuyo Maeda]] → [[Carlos Gracie|Carlos Gracie, Sr.]] → [[Helio Gracie]] → [[Carlos Gracie, Jr.]] → Renzo Gracie

==Championships and accomplishments==

===Submission Grappling===
*''' Brazilian Jiu Jitsu'''
**[[Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system|6th Degree]] Black Belt in [[Gracie Jiu Jitsu]]

===Mixed Martial Arts===
*'''World Combat Championships'''
**World Combat Championships 1 Tournament Winner

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws= 1
| nc= 1
| ko-wins= 1
| ko-losses= 2
| sub-wins= 8
| sub-losses= 1
| dec-wins= 3
| dec-losses= 4
| dq-wins= 1
| dq-losses=
| other-wins=
| other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 13–7–1 (1)
| [[Matt Hughes (fighter)|Matt Hughes]]
| TKO (leg kicks and punches)
| [[UFC 112]]
| {{dts|2010-04-10}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 4:40
| [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 13–6–1 (1)
| [[Frank Shamrock]]
| DQ (knees to downed opponent)
| [[EliteXC: Destiny]]
| {{dts|2007-02-10}}
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:00
| [[Southaven, Mississippi]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 12–6–1 (1)
| [[Carlos Newton]]
| Decision (split)
| [[2006 International Fight League|IFL: World Team Championships]]
| {{dts|2006-12-29}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 4:00
| [[Uncasville, Connecticut]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 11–6–1 (1)
| [[Pat Miletich]]
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| [[2006 International Fight League|IFL: Gracie vs. Miletich]]
| {{dts|2006-09-23}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:37
| [[Moline, Illinois]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 10–6–1 (1)
| [[B.J. Penn]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 in Hawaii]]
| {{dts|2005-07-29}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Honolulu, Hawaii]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 10–5–1 (1)
| [[Carlos Newton]]
| Decision (split)
| [[Pride Bushido 1]]
| {{dts|2003-10-05}}
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], Japan
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 10–4–1 (1)
| [[Shungo Oyama]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Pride 21]]
| {{dts|2002-06-23}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], Japan
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 10–3–1 (1)
| [[Michiyoshi Ohara]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Pride 17]]
| {{dts|2001-11-03}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 9–3–1 (1)
| [[Dan Henderson]]
| KO (punch)
| [[2001_in_Pride_FC#Pride_13_-_Collision_Course|Pride 13 - Collision Course]]
| {{dts|2001-03-25}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:40
| [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], Japan
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 9–2–1 (1)
| [[Kazushi Sakuraba]]
| Technical Submission (kimura)
| [[2000_in_Pride_FC#Pride_10_-_Return_of_the_Warriors|Pride 10 - Return of the Warriors]]
| {{dts|2000-08-27}}
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 9:43
| [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], Japan
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 9–1–1 (1)
| [[Kiyoshi Tamura]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[2000 in Fighting Network Rings#Rings: King of Kings 1999 Final|Rings: King of Kings 1999 Final]]
| {{dts|2000-02-26}}
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 9–0–1 (1)
| [[Maurice Smith (kickboxer)|Maurice Smith]]
| Submission (straight armbar)
| [[King of Kings Tournament 1999#King of Kings 1999 Block B|Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B]]
| {{dts|1999-12-22}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:50
| [[Osaka]], Japan
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 8–0–1 (1)
| [[Wataru Sakata]]
| Submission (armbar)
| [[King of Kings Tournament 1999#King of Kings 1999 Block B|Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B]]
| {{dts|1999-12-22}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:25
| [[Osaka]], Japan
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 7–0–1 (1)
| [[Alexander Otsuka]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[1999_in_Pride_FC#Pride_8|Pride 8]]
| {{dts|1999-11-21}}
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 10:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 6–0–1 (1)
| [[Sanae Kikuta]]
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| [[Pride 2]]
| {{dts|1998-03-15}}
| align=center| 6
| align=center| 0:43
| [[Yokohama]], Japan
|
|-
| {{draw}}Draw
| align=center| 5–0–1 (1)
| [[Akira Shoji]]
| Draw
| [[Pride 1]]
| {{dts|1997-10-11}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 10:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| {{nocontest}}NC
| align=center| 5–0 (1)
| [[Eugenio Tadeu]]
| No Contest (fans rioted)
| Pentagon Combat
| {{dts|1997-09-27}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 14:45
| Brazil
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 5-0
| [[Oleg Taktarov]]
| KO (upkick and punch)
| Martial Arts Reality Superfighting
| {{dts|1996-11-22}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:02
| [[Birmingham, Alabama]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 4–0
| [[James Warring]]
| Submission (ezekiel choke)
| WCC 1: First Strike
| {{dts|1995-10-17}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:47
| [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Phil Benedict
| Submission (punches)
| WCC 1: First Strike
| {{dts|1995-10-17}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:08
| [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 2–0
| [[Ben Spijkers]]
| Technical Submission (lapel choke)
| WCC 1: First Strike
| {{dts|1995-10-17}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:38
| [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Luiz Augusto Alvareda
| Technical Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Desafio: Gracie Vale Tudo
| {{dts|1992-01-01}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 7:03
| [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
|
{{end}}

==Submission grappling record==
{{s-start}}KO PUNCHES
|- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|'''Result'''
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|'''Opponent'''
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|'''Method'''
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|'''Event'''
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|'''Date'''
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|'''Round'''
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|'''Time'''
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|'''Notes'''
|-
|{{draw}}Draw||{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kazushi Sakuraba]] || Draw || Metamoris V|| 2014|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Mario Sperry]] || Points || ADCC 2011 Superfight|| 2011|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Fowler]] || Points || ADCC 2007 -77kg|| 2007|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pablo Popovitch]] || Points || ADCC 2005 -77kg|| 2005|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Garcia (grappler)|Marcelo García]] || Points || ADCC 2003 -77kg|| 2003|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[George Sotiropoulos]] || Points || ADCC 2003 -77kg|| 2003|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|USA}} Chris Brown || Advantage || ADCC 2001 -88kg|| 2001|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Jean Jacques Machado]] || Advantage || ADCC 2000 -77kg|| 2000|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Marcio Feitosa || Submission (guillotine choke) || ADCC 2000 -77kg|| 2000|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Israel Albuquerque || Points || ADCC 2000 -77kg|| 2000|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Dennis Hallman || Points || ADCC 2000 -77kg|| 2000|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Egan Inoue]] || Points || ADCC 1999 -99kg|| 1999|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|CHN}} Fan Yi || Submission (verbal) || ADCC 1999 -99kg|| 1999|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Luis Brito || Submission (guillotine choke) || ADCC 1998 -77kg|| 1998|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Fabiano Iha]] || Points || ADCC 1998 -77kg|| 1998|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Rodrigo Modarias || Points || ADCC 1998 -77kg|| 1998|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Frank Trigg]] || Decision || ADCC 1998 -77kg|| 1998|| 1|| ||
|-
|{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Wallid Ismail]] || Points || Desafio WxR|| 1993|| || ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Ricardo de la Riva || Advantage || Campeonato Brasileiro|| 1993|| || ||
|-
{{s-end}}

== Documentary ==
On November 14, 2008, there was limited release on DVD of a documentary, titled "[[Renzo Gracie: Legacy]]", which followed Gracie over 10 years of his life. The DVD was only released on Amazon.com and www.renzogracielegacy.com.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} Its tag line is "A 10 year history of mixed martial arts through the eyes of Renzo Gracie, one of its most charismatic pioneers."

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.renzogracie.com}}
* [http://notesontheroad.com/renzo-gracie.html Interview: Renzo Gracie and the Art of Brazilian Jiu-jitsu]
* [http://www.renzogracielegacy.com/ The official website of the documentary]
* {{Sherdog}}

{{Gracie family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gracie, Renzo}}
[[Category:Brazilian male mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Welterweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Brazilian male judoka]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Mixed martial arts trainers]]
[[Category:Brazilian jiu-jitsu trainers]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Holmdel Township, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Brazilian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Gracie family]]
[[Category:People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)]]

Dawda Jawara

2018-01-19T23:04:10Z

179.183.113.195: I do not know how long this man will live, sincerely

{{Infobox president
|honorific-prefix =
|name = Sir Dawda Jawara
|honorific-suffix = [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]]
|image = Dawda Jawara (1979).jpg
|caption = Dawda Jawara (1979)
|order = [[List of heads of state of the Gambia|1st]]
|office = President of the Gambia
|term_start = 24 April 1970
|term_end = 22 July 1994
|vicepresident = [[Sheriff Mustapha Dibba]] [[Assan Musa Camara]] [[Alhajie Alieu Badara Njie]] [[Bakary Bunja Darbo]] [[Saihou Sabally]]
|predecessor = [[Elizabeth II]] as [[Queen of the Gambia]]
|successor = [[Yahya Jammeh]]
|office1 = Vice President of [[Senegambia]]
|term_start1 = 12 December 1981
|term_end1 = 30 September 1989
|president1 = [[Abdou Diouf]]
|office2 = [[Heads of State of the Gambia|Prime Minister of the Gambia]]
|monarch2 = [[Elizabeth II]]
|term_start2 = 12 June 1962
|term_end2 = 24 April 1970
|predecessor2 = [[Pierre Sarr N'Jie]]
|successor2 = ''Office abolished''
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1924|5|16|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Barajally]], [[MacCarthy Island Division]], [[British Gambia]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]{{Dubious |Christian or Muslim? |reason=Article states he converted to Christianity |date=June 2015}}
|spouse = [[Augusta Jawara]] (1955–1967)
|children = [[Bolumbo Jawara]] (1978)
|alma_mater = [[University of Glasgow]] [[University of Liverpool]]
|party = [[People's Progressive Party (Gambia)|People Progressive Party]] (PPP)
}}
'''Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara''', [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] (born 16 May 1924)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UiBWDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA145&dq=Dawda+Jawara+1924&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkmN-srZvUAhUHiiwKHaH-BlQQ6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=Dawda%20Jawara%201924&f=false Profile of Dawda Kairaba Jawara]</ref> is a Gambian politician who was a significant national leader of [[The Gambia]], serving as its [[Prime Minister of the Gambia|Prime Minister]] from 1962 to 1970, and then as its first [[President of the Gambia|President]] from 1970 to 1994.

Jawara was born in [[Barajally]], [[Central River Division|MacCarthy Island Division]], the son of Mamma Fatty and Almami Jawara. He was educated at the Methodist Boys' School in [[Banjul|Bathurst]] and then attended [[Achimota School|Achimota College]] in [[Ghana]]. He trained as a [[Veterinary surgery|veterinary surgeon]] at the [[University of Glasgow]]'s [[University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine|School of Veterinary Medicine]] and then completed his training at the [[University of Liverpool]]. He returned to The Gambia in 1953 and married [[Augusta Jawara|Augusta Mahoney]], beginning work as a veterinary officer. He decided to enter politics and became secretary of the new [[People's Progressive Party (Gambia)|People's Progressive Party]] (PPP) and was elected to the [[House of Representatives of the Gambia|House of Representatives]] in the [[Gambian legislative election, 1960|1960 election]]. He became the leader of the PPP and then the country's first [[Prime Minister of the Gambia|Prime Minister]] in 1962, only the second ever head of government following [[Pierre Sarr N'Jie]]'s term as Chief Minister.

Under Jawara, The Gambia gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1965. He remained as Prime Minister as it became a Commonwealth realm, with [[Queen of the Gambia|Queen]] [[Elizabeth II]] remaining as head of state. In 1970, The Gambia became a republic, with no monarchy, and Jawara was elected as its first President. The greatest challenge to Jawara's power came in 1981 when an attempted coup d'etat took place and soldiers from neighbouring Senegal were forced to intervene, with 400 to 800 deaths reported by the end of the coup attempt. Following the coup attempt, Jawara and Senegalese President [[Abdou Diouf]] announced the creation of the [[Senegambia Confederation]], but it collapsed in 1989.

Jawara continued to rule until 1994 when a [[1994 Gambian coup d'état|coup d'etat]] led by [[Yahya Jammeh]] seized power. Following this, he went into exile, but returned in 2002, and now lives in retirement in The Gambia. At 93, he is currently the oldest living former Gambian president.

==Childhood and early education==

Dawda Jawara was born in 1924 to Almammi Jawara and Mamma Fatty in the village of [[Barajally|Barajally Tenda]] in the central region of The Gambia, approximately {{convert|150|mi|km|disp=flip}} from the capital, [[Banjul]] then called Bathurst. One of six sons, Dawda is the lastborn on his mother’s side and a younger brother to sister Na Ceesay and brothers Basaddi and Sheriffo Jawara.

Their father Almammi, who had several wives, was a well-to-do trader who commuted from Barajally Tenda to his trading post in Wally Kunda. Dawda from an early age attended the local Arabic schools to memorize the [[Quran]], a rite of passage for many Gambian children. There were no primary schools in Barajally Tenda: the nearest was in Georgetown, the provincial capital, but this boarding school was reserved for the sons of the chiefs.

Around 1933, young Jawara’s formal education was sponsored by a friend of his father, a trader named Ebrima Youma Jallow, whose trading post was across the street from Alammi’s in Wally-Kunda. Dawda was enrolled at Mohammedan primary school. After graduation from Mohammedan, Jawara won a scholarship to an all-boys High School, where he enjoyed all his classes, but showed the greatest aptitude in science and mathematics. Upon matriculation in 1945, he worked as a nurse until 1947 at the Victoria Hospital in Bathurst (now Banjul). The limited career and educational opportunities in colonial Gambia led to a year’s stint at [[Achimota College|Prince of Wales College and School]] in [[Achimota]], [[Accra]], in the then [[British Gold Coast|Gold Coast]], where he studied science. While at Prince of Wales College and School (popularly known as [[Achimota College]]), Jawara showed little interest in [[politics]] at a time when Ghana and many colonies in Africa were beginning to become restless for political independence or internal self-government. While he was happy to have met Ghana’s founding father, [[Kwame Nkrumah]], the impact did not prove significant at the time.<ref>Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, written by Dawda Kairaba Jawara</ref>

After attending Achimota College, Jawara won a scholarship to Scotland’s [[Glasgow University]] to study veterinary medicine. At the time, colonial education was intended to train Africans for the most menial of clerical tasks in the civil service. And it was rare for Gambians to be awarded scholarships in the sciences. It was at Glasgow University in the late 1940s, that Jawara’s interest in politics began. In 1948 he joined the African Students Association and was later elected secretary-general and president, respectively. Also, while at Glasgow, Jawara honed his political interests and skills by joining the Student Labour Party Organization, Forward Group, and became active in labour politics of the time. Though never a "leftist", Jawara immersed himself in the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]’s socialist politics and ideology. At Glasgow Jawara met [[Cheddi Jagan]], who later became Premier of [[British Guiana]], now [[Guyana]]. Jawara classified this period in his life “as very interesting politically”.<ref name=autogenerated1>Saine, 2000</ref> It was a moment of rising Pan-Africanist fervour and personal growth politically. He completed his studies in 1953.

==Return to The Gambia==

When Jawara returned home in 1953 after completing his studies as a veterinary surgeon, he first served as a veterinary officer. In 1955 he married [[Augusta Jawara|Augusta Mahoney]], daughter of Sir John Mahoney, a prominent Aku in Bathurst. The Aku, a small and educated group, are descendants of freed slaves who settled in The Gambia after [[manumission]]. Despite their relatively small size, they came to dominate both the social, political and economic life of the colony. Many opponents{{who|date=April 2015}} claim that it was a pragmatic, albeit an unusual, fulfillment of Jawara’s wish to marry a well-to-do Anglican woman.

As a veterinary officer, Jawara travelled the length and breadth of The Gambia for months vaccinating cattle. In the process, he established valuable social contacts and relationships with the relatively well-to-do cattle owners in the protectorate. This group, with the district chiefs and village heads, in later years formed the bulk of his initial political support. As noted, British colonial policy at that time divided The Gambia into two sections; the colony and the protectorate. Adults in the colony area, which included Bathurst and the Kombo St. Mary sub-regions, were franchised, while their counterparts in the protectorate were not. Political activity and representation at the Legislative Council were limited to the colony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessgambia.com/information/colonial-government.html|title=Information on Colonial-Government|accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

At the time of his return to The Gambia, politics in the colony were dominated by a group of urban elites from Bathurst and the Kombo St. Mary’s areas. At a meeting in 1959 at Basse, a major commercial town almost at the end of The Gambia River, the leadership of the People’s Progressive Society decided to change its name to challenge the urban-based parties and their leaders. Thus was born the Protectorate People’s Party.

The same year, a delegation headed by Sanjally Bojang (a well-off patron and founding member of the new party), Bokarr Fofanah and Madiba Janneh, arrived at Abuko to inform Jawara of his nomination as secretary of the party. Jawara resigned his position as chief veterinary officer in order to contest the 1960 election.<ref>Sir Dawada Kairaba Jawara by Dawada Kairaba Jawara. Published by Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara (December 31, 2009)</ref> The Protectorate People’s Party was renamed the [[People's Progressive Party (Gambia)|People’s Progressive Party]] (PPP) to make the party inclusive as opposed to the generally held perception of it being a Mandinka-based party. Over time, the PPP and Jawara would supersede the urban-based parties and their leaders. This change is what Arnold Hughes termed a "Green Revolution", a political process in which a rural elite emerges to challenge and defeat an urban-based political petty-bourgeoisie.<ref>The Oxford companion to politics of the world by Joël Krieger, Margaret E. Crahan. Published by Oxford University Press, 2001</ref>

Jawara’s ascendance to the leadership of the party was hardly contested. As one of the few university graduates from the protectorate, the only other possible candidate was Dr. Lamin Marena from Kudang.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==Self-government in The Gambia==

[[File:Jawara - Ben-Gurion - Dayan 1962.jpg|thumb|PM Jawara with [[David Ben-Gurion]] and General [[Moshe Dayan]] during a visit to [[Israel]] in 1962.]]

In 1962, Jawara became [[Prime Minister]], which laid the foundation for PPP and Jawara domination of The Gambia’s political landscape. With Jawara’s rise to power after the 1962 elections, the colonial administration began a gradual withdrawal from The Gambia, and self-government was granted in 1963. Jawara was appointed Prime Minister in the same year, and independence came on February 18, 1965. This completed The Gambia’s peaceful transition from colonial rule.

With a small civil service, staffed mostly by the Aku and urban [[Wolof people|Wollof]]s, Jawara and the PPP sought to build a nation and develop an economy to sustain both farmers and urban dwellers. Many in the rural areas hoped that political independence would bring with it immediate improvement in their life circumstances. These high expectations, as in other newly independent ex-colonies, stemmed partly from the extravagant promises made by some political leaders. In time, however, a measure of disappointment set in as the people quickly discovered that their leaders could not deliver on all their promises.

During the self-government period of 1962-1965, promising overtures were made from Jawara to [[Senegal]]. In November 1962, Jawara asked the [[United Nations]] (UN) to appoint experts to assess the future of Senegal and The Gambia together, which [[U Thant]], the Secretary-General, agreed to. The British attitude was said to be one of "friendly encouragement".<ref>{{Cite news|url=|title=Gambia: A possible union between two new West African states|last=|first=|date=1 December 1962|work=The Sphere|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|page=17}}</ref> In March 1964, following a visit from [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], intentions to coordinate The Gambia's and Senegal's economic programmes were announced. Particular focus was to be placed on the field of agriculture.<ref>{{Cite news|url=|title=News Summary: Africa|last=|first=|date=21 March 1964|work=The Sphere|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

==The 1981 attempted coup==

The greatest challenge to Dawda Jawara’s rule (other than the coup that ended his power in 1994) was an attempted coup in 1981, headed by a disgruntled ex-politician turned Marxist, [[Kukoi Samba Sanyang]]. The coup, which followed a weakening of the economy and allegations of corruption against leading politicians,<ref name="ucdp.uu.se">[[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]], Gambia, In depth: Economic crisis and a leftist coup attempt in 1981, viewed on July 8, 2013, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=60&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa#</ref> occurred on July 29, 1981 and was carried out by the leftist [[National Revolutionary Council (Gambia)|National Revolutionary Council]], composed of Kukoi Samba Sanyang's Socialist and Revolutionary Labour Party (SRLP) and elements of the "Field Force" (a paramilitary force which constituted the bulk of the country's armed forces).<ref name="ucdp.uu.se"/>

President Jawara immediately requested military aid from [[Senegal]] which deployed 400 troops to Gambia on July 31, and by August 6 2,700 Senegalese troops had been deployed and they had defeated the coup leaders' forces.<ref name="ucdp.uu.se"/> Between 500 and 800 people were killed during the coup and the resulting violence.<ref name="ucdp.uu.se"/>

The attempted coup reflected the desire for change, at least on the part of some civilians and their allies in the Field Force. Despite Kukoi’s failure to assume power, the attempted coup revealed major weaknesses within the ruling PPP and society as a whole. The hegemony of the PPP, contraction of intra-party competition and growing social inequalities were factors that could not be discounted. Also crucial to the causes of the aborted coup was a deteriorating economy whose major victims were the urban youth in particular. In his 1981 New Year message, Jawara explained The Gambia’s economic problems thus: {{quote|We live in a world saddled with massive economic problems. The economic situation has generally been characterized by rampant inflation, periods of excessive monetary instability and credit squeeze... soaring oil prices and commodity speculation. These worldwide problems have imposed extreme limitations on the economies like the Gambia.<ref name="Sallah"/>}}

The most striking consequence of the aborted coup was the intervention of the Senegalese troops at the request of Jawara, as a result of the defence treaty signed between the two countries in 1965. At the time of the aborted coup, Jawara was attending the [[Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer]] in London and flew immediately to [[Dakar]] to consult with [[President of Senegal|President]] [[Abdou Diouf]]. While Senegal's intervention was ostensibly to rescue President Jawara’s regime, it had the effect of undermining Gambian sovereignty, which was something that had been jealously guarded by Gambians and Jawara in particular. Yet it was relinquished expediently. The presence of Senegalese troops in Banjul was testimony to Jawara’s growing reliance on Senegal, which consequently was a source of much resentment.

==Senegambian Confederation==

Three weeks after the aborted coup and the successful restoration of Jawara by Senegalese troops, Presidents Diouf and Jawara, at a joint press conference, announced plans for the establishment of the [[Senegambian Confederation]]. In December 1981, five months after the foiled coup, the treaties of confederation were signed in Dakar.<ref>[http://www.gambia.dk/senegambia_confederation.html The Confederal Document of Senegambia]</ref> The speed with which the treaties were signed and the lack of input from the bulk of The Gambian population suggested to many{{Who|date=July 2013}} that the arrangement was an exercise in political expedience. President Jawara was under great pressure because of the repercussions of the aborted coup and the Senegalese government. Under the treaty with Senegal, Diouf served as president and Jawara as his vice president. A confederal parliament and cabinet were set up with several ministerial positions going to The Gambia. Additionally, a new Gambian army was created as part of a new confederate army.<ref>''Countries and Territories of the World'' Vol III</ref>

The creation of a new Gambian army was cause for concern for many observers.{{Who|date=July 2013}} Such an institution, it was felt, would by no means diminish the recurrence of the events of July 30, 1981, nor would it guarantee the regime’s stability. By agreeing to the creation of an army, Jawara had planted the very seeds of his eventual political demise. The army would in time become a serious contender for political office, different from political parties only in its control over the instruments of violence. Such an atmosphere, however, as the events of 1994 would show, was fertile ground for coups and counter coups.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} Perhaps more important, the creation of a new army diverted limited resources that could have otherwise been used to enhance the strong rural development programmes of the PPP government. The confederation collapsed in 1989.

Jawara did not resort to the authoritarian and often punitive backlash that follows coups in most of Africa. Instead, he made overtures of reconciliation, with judicious and speedy trial and subsequent release of over 800 detainees. Individuals who received death sentence convictions were committed to life in prison instead, and many prisoners were released for lack of sufficient evidence. More serious offenders were tried by an impartial panel of judges drawn from Anglophone [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawar|author= Dawda K Jawara}}</ref> International goodwill toward the regime was immediate and generous and before long, Jawara had begun a process of political and economic reconstruction of the country.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}

==Economic reform==

The Gambia was incorporated into the world economy as a supplier of agricultural exports (largely groundnuts) and tourism. Since independence, there has been little change in the structure of the economy, which remains very heavily dependent on groundnut production. Agriculture and tourism are the dominant sectors and also the main sources of foreign exchange, employment, and income for the country. Thanks to the growing economy, the government introduced in the 1970s the policy of 'Gambianisation', which led to an expansion of the state’s role in the economy. There was a 75 percent increase in total government employment over the period from 1975 to 1980.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/200608160905.html</ref>

In mid-1985, The Gambia under Jawara initiated the Economic Recovery Program (ERP), one of the most comprehensive economic adjustment programmes devised by any country in sub-Saharan Africa.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} With the aid of a team of economists from the [[Harvard Institute for International Development]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]], The Gambia greatly reformed the economic structure of the country. Under ERP, in 1985–86, the deficit was 72 million Dalasis, and it increased to 169 million Dalasis in 1990–91.<ref>Budget Speech, June 15, 1990</ref> However, by mid-1986, just a year after the ERP was established, the revival of The Gambian economy had begun. The government reduced its budget deficit, increased its foreign exchange reserves, and eliminated its debt service arrears.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book |title=Economic Recovery in the Gambia: Insights for Adjustmet in Sub-Saharan Africa |editor1-first=Malcolm F. |editor1-last=McPherson |editor2-first=Steven C. |editor2-last=Radelet |publisher=Harvard Press |year=1995 |isbn=0674229754 }}</ref>

Under the ERP, economic opportunities became more abundant, and many private businessmen and public officials turned to illegal means to make profit. Corruption created a serious legitimacy crisis for the PPP. Several cases of corruption were revealed and these seriously indicted the PPP regime.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} The Gambia Commercial Development Bank collapsed, largely due to its failure to collect loans. The Asset Management and Recovery Corporation (AMRC) was set up under an [[Act of Parliament]] in 1992, but the PPP government was not willing to use its influence to assist AMRC in its recovery exercise. This was particularly embarrassing because the people and organisations with the highest loans were close to PPP. In an embezzlement scheme at The Gambia Cooperative Union (GCU), fraud was revealed in Customs,<ref name=autogenerated2 /> and through the process of privatisation, it was discovered that many dummy loans had been given to well-connected individuals at GCDB.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

A group of para-statal heads and big businessmen closely associated with the PPP (nicknamed the Banjul Mafia) were seen as the culprits responsible for corruption in the public sector.<ref name="Sallah">{{cite journal |title=Economics and Politics in the Gambia |first=Tijan M. |last=Sallah |authorlink=Tijan Sallah|journal=Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=28 |issue=4 |year=1990 |pages=621–648 |jstor=160924 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00054768}}</ref> Driven to make profit, many elites did not refrain from manipulating state power to maintain a lifestyle of wealth and privilege. Corruption had become a serious problem in The Gambia, especially during the last two years of the PPP rule.

By 1992, The Gambia was one of the poorest countries in Africa and the world, with a 45-year life expectancy at birth, an infant mortality rate of 130 per 1000 live births, a child mortality rate of 292 per 1000, and an under-five mortality rate of 227 per 1000. At that time, 120 out of every 1000 live births died of malaria. The Gambia also had a 75 percent illiteracy rate, only 40 percent of the population had access to potable water supply, and over 75 percent of the population were living in absolute poverty.<ref>[http://resourcepage.gambia.dk/demogrph/ras_2.htm Demographic Profile of The Gambia – Population]</ref>

[[Structural adjustment]] programmes implemented in response to the economic crisis resulted in government fragmentation, privatisation, less patronage in co-opting various groups and growing corruption. The 30 years the PPP regime operated with diminished resources and therefore could no longer rule as it always had. The credibility of the competitive party system was severely challenged as Jawara’s PPP was unable to show that good economic management could lead to benefits for the majority of society.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}

==Regime survival==

With Jawara’s precarious hold on power at Gambian independence, his low [[caste]] status constituted a grave handicap and one which threatened to overshadow his strengths (most notably, a university education). The two pre-independence challenges to Jawara’s position demonstrated his vulnerability and illustrated the fact that he could not rely upon the undivided loyalty of the party’s founding members. At independence Jawara’s lieutenants regarded him as their representative, almost a nominal leader, and clearly intended him to promote their personal advancement.

Given these circumstances, Jawara’s task was to overcome his low caste status, assert his authority over the party and secure control over its political direction. In doing this, he did not use coercion. Politically inspired “disappearances” were never an element of PPP rule; neither opponents nor supporters suffered harassment or periods of detention on fabricated charges. That Jawara was able to eschew coercive techniques and still survive reflected an element of good fortune, and yet his skillful political leadership was also crucial. Within his own party Jawara was fortunate to be surrounded by individuals willing to refrain from violence to achieve their goals, and yet much of the credit for this restraint must go to Jawara—his skilful manipulation of patronage resources, cultivation of affective ties and shrewd balancing of factions within the PPP. Lacking the coercive option, and given that affective ties, which had to be earned, were a medium- to long-term resource, Jawara initially relied heavily on instrumental ties and distribution of patronage. His limited resource base posed an obvious, though not insurmountable, problem. Within the ruling group, ministerial positions—which provided a generous salary, perks and for some, access to illicit wealth—constituted the most sought after form of patronage and yet, before 1970, the number of ministerial posts did not exceed seven.<ref>{{cite journal |title=From Green Uprising to National Reconciliation: The people's Progressive Party in The Gambia 1959–1973 |first=Arnold |last=Hughes |journal=[[Canadian Journal of African Studies]] |year=1975 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=61–74 |doi=10.1080/00083968.1975.10803727 }}</ref> By 1992 the number remained a comparatively modest fourteen. Despite these limits, Jawara skillfully used all the various permutations of patronage distribution (appointment, promotion, termination, demotion and rehabilitation) to dramatise his power over subordinates’ political futures and entrench himself as leader.

After independence, in response to the pre-1965 challenges to his authority, Jawara moved to reduce the size, cohesion and authority of the founding members as a group. Many of the party’s earliest adherents (even those who showed no outward sign of disloyalty) lost ministerial posts during the early years of PPP rule. Jawara may not have used force, but neither was he hampered by sentiment; his pragmatism and willingness to demote, or even drop, former supporters in order to strengthen his personal political position was apparent. Jawara further strengthened his political position with the incorporation of new sources of support within the ruling group.

His enthusiasm for political accommodation stemmed from the closely related imperatives of weakening the influence of the PPP’s original members and avoiding political isolation. The original group resented the fact that newcomers had not participated in the early struggle for power and yet were now enjoying the fruits of their labour. The secondary factor of ethno-regional considerations compounded this resentment; those who were co-opted came from all ethnic groups in the former colony and protectorate.

Jawara’s popular support and cultivation of effective ties were crucial for easing the pressure on scarce patronage resources. Although the skilful distribution of patronage and associated tolerance of corruption (to be discussed later) played an important role in the PPP’s survival, Jawara did not rely on elite-level resource distribution as heavily as some of his counterparts.

==Corruption and political survival==

For many years observers viewed corruption in The Gambia as significantly less prevalent than in many other African states. In retrospect this view appears overstated, though it is true that corruption did not reach the heights seen elsewhere. Jawara himself refrained from excessive self-enrichment and many of his lieutenants followed suit. Conflicting survival imperatives—in particular, the need for foreign aid and popular support, both of which were unlikely to be forthcoming under a thoroughly corrupt regime, persuaded Jawara to set some limits on “allowable” corruption. The possibility of exposure in parliament or by the press provided a further constraint.

Nevertheless, events during the closing years of the [[People's Progressive Party (Gambia)|People's Progressive Party]] rule together with post-coup revelations and inquiries suggest that corruption was both a significant phenomenon and one which played an important role in the PPP’s survival. Jawara understood the political advantages of corruption. Fundamentally, corruption formed an important component of the patronage network, facilitating elite accumulation. It provided a means of creating and sustaining mutually beneficial and supportive relationships between PPP politicians (headed by Jawara), senior civil servants and Gambian businessmen.

Initially, then, corruption played a significant part in the survival of the PPP, uniting political, bureaucratic and business interests in a series of mutually beneficial and supportive relationships. In the longer term, however, it served to undermine the regime. Perhaps the first indication of this occurred in 1981 when, during the coup attempt of that year, Kukoi Samba Sanyang cited “corruption and the squandering of public funds” as a primary motive of intervention. No doubt there was a strong element of opportunism in Sanyang’s actions, yet the fact that he seized upon corruption as a suitable justification for his actions reflected increasing public awareness of the problem.

Just a month prior to the coup, Reverend Ian Roach had spoken out publicly against corruption, the local press reported numerous instances of low-level bureaucratic theft, and higher up, Jawara’s leniency towards the ministers and civil servants towards the end of the 1970s was widely resented. The increased public awareness of corruption weakened the PPP regime and furnished the 1994 conspirators with a suitable pretext for intervention. Since many soldiers reportedly regarded their unsatisfactory living conditions as a manifestation of corruption, it also gave them a motive. Jawara may have underestimated the real risk a new army would pose to himself and the country, and in fact, may have dragged his feet in dealing accordingly with corruption. To this accusation he responded:{{Quote|sign=|source=|I believe in the rule of law and democracy. We are a poor country where petty jealousies exist. One buys a car or builds a house, so he must be corrupt, and Jawara did not do anything. I am expected to serve as a judge and policeman at the same time. At the Cooperative Union it was agreed that a Presidential Commission be established to investigate alleged corruption. Action was taken, then the coup occurred. We must let the law take its course. We were serious to run a government according to the rule of law and for this we were highly rated and respected.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sir Dawada Kairaba Jawara|author= Dawada Kairaba Jawara|publisher= Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara|date=December 31, 2009}}</ref>}}

Many African leaders are aware of the positive relationship between popular support and elite acquiescence. However, resource shortages had more likely than not persuaded leaders to priorities in favour of elites. In The Gambia two additional factors persuaded Jawara to pursue a somewhat different route to political survival. On the one hand, the PPP needed to win successive multi-party elections. On the other, Jawara’s rejection of coercion as a survival technique meant that overt public challenges could not simply be suppressed; it was vital the latent threat posed by specific societal groups remain dormant. Fortunately, Jawara did have a great deal of public support.

==1994 coup==

{{main|1994 Gambian coup d'état}}

In December 1991, Jawara announced that he would not seek re-election [[Gambian general election, 1992|in 1992]]. After 30 years leading his country, he decided to retire. However, such panic greeted his announcement, that he consented to stand for re-election again. The question of his retirement continued to loom over The Gambia's political future, however, and dissent mounted. He was re-elected with 56% of the vote.<ref>Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p. 420 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref>

On 22 July 1994, a group of soldiers led by Lieutenant [[Yahya Jammeh]] stormed the capital. The coup was successful and Jawara was exiled until 2002. Compared with the previous attempt to overthrow Jawara, though, this coup was deemed "bloodless". Jawara escaped unharmed: he was taken to Senegal by an American warship that was in the area when the coup began. Jawara had hoped that his work would create an economically prosperous society based on his priorities: democracy, unity, and tolerance for personal differences. However the new self-appointed, five-man ruling council dissolved the constitution and established a nationwide curfew until democracy was reinstated.

He returned to The Gambia as an elder statesman, but cannot take part in politics for the rest of his life. He went to [[Nigeria]] in 2007 after being selected to head a West African team ([[ECOWAS]]) to assess Nigeria's preparedness for [[Nigerian general election, 2007|its April 2007 presidential election]]. He currently lives in the town of [[Fajara]].<ref>[http://www.statehouse.gm/jawara24june.html Office of The Gambian President: State House Online: Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221143325/http://www.statehouse.gm/jawara24june.html |date=2008-02-21 }}</ref> On 3 February 2017 Jawara was visited at his home by the newly elected President [[Adama Barrow]] and pledged to render support to [[Cabinet of the Gambia|Barrow's government]].<ref>[http://statehouse.gov.gm/news/sir-dawda-pledges-support-to-president-barrows-government/ Sir Dawda pledges support to President Barrow’s Government]</ref>

==Depiction on Gambian currency==

Sir Dawda's portrait is depicted on various banknotes & coins of The Gambia[[Gambian dalasi|n dalasi]] from 1971 to 1994.

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}
The Gambia Echo [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130070357/http://thegambiaecho.com/Homepage/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1263/Default.aspx]
https://web.archive.org/web/20110711025433/http://freedomnewspaper.com/Homepage/tabid/36/mid/367/newsid367/5105/Gambia-Who-is-Kairaba-/Default.aspx

==External links==

{{Portal|The Gambia|Biography|Politics}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061212113732/http://www.gambianow.com/home/ More stories of ex-Gambian president's legacy]

{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Pierre Sarr N'Jie]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Heads of Government of The Gambia|Prime Minister of the Gambia]]|years=1962–1970}}
{{S-aft|after=none}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II of the Gambia]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Heads of Government of The Gambia|President of the Gambia]]|years=1970–1994}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Yahya Jammeh]]}}
{{S-dip}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Ibrahim Babangida]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Economic Community of West African States|Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States]]|years=1989–1990}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Blaise Compaoré]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Blaise Compaoré]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Economic Community of West African States|Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States]]|years=1991–1992}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Abdou Diouf]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{GambianPresidents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jawara, Dawda}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the National Order of Mali]]
[[Category:Leaders ousted by a coup]]
[[Category:Alumni of Achimota School]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gambia]]
[[Category:Government ministers of the Gambia]]
[[Category:People's Progressive Party (Gambia) politicians]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1981]]
[[Category:People from Central River Division]]
[[Category:Gambian veterinarians]]

Devilman Crybaby

2018-01-07T15:04:36Z

179.183.67.112:

{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = Devilman Crybaby
| image = Devilman-crybaby-visual.png
| caption = Key visual
| genre =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = ona
| director = [[Masaaki Yuasa]]
| producer = Eun Young Choi
| writer = [[Ichirō Ōkouchi]]
| music = Kensuke Ushio
| studio = Science Saru
| licensee =
| first = January 5, 2018
| last =
| episodes = 10
| episode_list = #Episodes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}

'''''Devilman Crybaby''''' is a Japanese [[anime]] series based on [[Go Nagai]]'s [[manga]] ''[[Devilman]].'' It was directed by [[Masaaki Yuasa]] and written by [[Ichirō Ōkouchi]], and premiered on January 5, 2018 worldwide streaming on [[Netflix]] as an [[List of original programs distributed by Netflix|original series]].

==Plot==
In the series, Akira Fudo is informed by his best friend, Ryo Asuka, that an ancient race of demons has returned to take back the world from humans. Believing that the only way to defeat the demons is to incorporate their powers, Ryo suggests to Akira that he unite with a demon. Succeeding in doing so, Akira transforms into Devilman, possessing the powers of a demon but retaining the soul of a human.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2| Character
! colspan=2| Voice actor
|-
! Japanese
! English
|-
| Akira Fudo
| [[Kōki Uchiyama]]
| Griffin Burns
|-
| Ryo Asuka
| [[Ayumu Murase]]
| [[Kyle McCarley]]
|-
| Miki Makimura
| [[Megumi Han]]
| [[Cristina Vee]]
|-
| Miko Kawamoto
| [[Ami Koshimizu]]
| [[Cherami Leigh]]
|-
| Koji Nagasaki
| [[Kenjiro Tsuda]]
|
|-
| Silene
| [[Atsuko Tanaka]]
| [[Cindy Robinson]]
|-
| Kaim
| [[Rikiya Koyama]]
|
|}

==Production and release==
''Devilman: Crybaby'' was first announced in March 2017. The anime premiered in January 5, 2018 on Netflix. Masaaki Yuasa directed the anime, with Ichirō Ōkouchi writing the script and Eun Young Choi serving as animation producer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masaaki Yuasa Directs New Devilman Anime for Netflix |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/masaaki-yuasa-directs-new-devilman-anime-for-netflix/.113478 |website=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=August 19, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819102913/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/masaaki-yuasa-directs-new-devilman-anime-for-netflix/.113478 |archivedate=August 19, 2017 |date=March 15, 2017 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In August, it was revealed that the anime would have ten episodes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masaaki Yuasa's Devilman Crybaby Anime's Trailer Streamed |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-08-02/masaaki-yuasa-devilman-crybaby-anime-trailer-streamed/.119632 |website=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=August 19, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819104022/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-08-02/masaaki-yuasa-devilman-crybaby-anime-trailer-streamed/.119632 |archivedate=August 19, 2017 |date=August 2, 2017 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=#8B1A1A |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=U.S. |released=y |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = I Need You
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Ryo, a young professor returning from research abroad, takes his pure-hearted, crybaby friend Akira to a decadent party, where things turn demonic.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = One Hand Is Enough
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Akira has become a completely different man -- he's stronger and hungrier than ever before. He seeks out Ryo for answers.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Believe Me!
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = After getting shut down by his editor, paparazzo Nagasaki gets desperate. Silene and Kaim learn what happened to their missing fellow demon, Amon.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Come, Akira
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Akira's mother calls and says she'll be home soon. Everyone is looking forward to seeing her, but Ryo warns Akira not to trust any human.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Beautiful Silene
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Silene tracks down Amon, hoping to reawaken his demonic side. But in the ensuing battle, the human soul of Akira remains powerful.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Neither Demon Nor Human
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = At a widely broadcast track meet, Ryo plans to expose high school athlete Koda as a demon, thereby spreading fear and distrust throughout society.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Weak Humans, Wise Demons
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = With the fear of demons gripping the world, humanity devolves into paranoia and violence. Akira tries to save other demon-human hybrids like himself.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = I Must Know Myself
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Ryo's actions and motives remain a mystery to himself, so he revisits his past for answers. Miki's father searches for his missing wife and son.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Go to Hell, You Mortals
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Betrayed and exposed, Akira becomes a target. After Miki takes to social media to defend his human soul, she and Miko find themselves under attack.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Crybaby
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Confronted by Akira, Ryo reveals the truth about demonkind and himself. Humans, demons and devilmen gather for an ultimate battle for the world.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://devilman-crybaby.com/}}

{{Devilman}}
{{Netflix original series}}
[[Category:Horror anime and manga]]
[[Category:Action anime and manga]]
[[Category:Supernatural anime and manga]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:Go Nagai]]
[[Category:Devilman]]

Devilman Crybaby

2018-01-07T15:04:07Z

179.183.67.112:

{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = Devilman Crybaby
| image = Devilman-crybaby-visual.png
| caption = Key visual
| genre =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = ona
| director = [[Masaaki Yuasa]]
| producer = Eunyoung Choi
| writer = [[Ichirō Ōkouchi]]
| music = Kensuke Ushio
| studio = Science Saru
| licensee =
| first = January 5, 2018
| last =
| episodes = 10
| episode_list = #Episodes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}

'''''Devilman Crybaby''''' is a Japanese [[anime]] series based on [[Go Nagai]]'s [[manga]] ''[[Devilman]].'' It was directed by [[Masaaki Yuasa]] and written by [[Ichirō Ōkouchi]], and premiered on January 5, 2018 worldwide streaming on [[Netflix]] as an [[List of original programs distributed by Netflix|original series]].

==Plot==
In the series, Akira Fudo is informed by his best friend, Ryo Asuka, that an ancient race of demons has returned to take back the world from humans. Believing that the only way to defeat the demons is to incorporate their powers, Ryo suggests to Akira that he unite with a demon. Succeeding in doing so, Akira transforms into Devilman, possessing the powers of a demon but retaining the soul of a human.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2| Character
! colspan=2| Voice actor
|-
! Japanese
! English
|-
| Akira Fudo
| [[Kōki Uchiyama]]
| Griffin Burns
|-
| Ryo Asuka
| [[Ayumu Murase]]
| [[Kyle McCarley]]
|-
| Miki Makimura
| [[Megumi Han]]
| [[Cristina Vee]]
|-
| Miko Kawamoto
| [[Ami Koshimizu]]
| [[Cherami Leigh]]
|-
| Koji Nagasaki
| [[Kenjiro Tsuda]]
|
|-
| Silene
| [[Atsuko Tanaka]]
| [[Cindy Robinson]]
|-
| Kaim
| [[Rikiya Koyama]]
|
|}

==Production and release==
''Devilman: Crybaby'' was first announced in March 2017. The anime premiered in January 5, 2018 on Netflix. Masaaki Yuasa directed the anime, with Ichirō Ōkouchi writing the script and Eunyoung Choi serving as animation producer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masaaki Yuasa Directs New Devilman Anime for Netflix |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/masaaki-yuasa-directs-new-devilman-anime-for-netflix/.113478 |website=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=August 19, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819102913/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/masaaki-yuasa-directs-new-devilman-anime-for-netflix/.113478 |archivedate=August 19, 2017 |date=March 15, 2017 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In August, it was revealed that the anime would have ten episodes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masaaki Yuasa's Devilman Crybaby Anime's Trailer Streamed |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-08-02/masaaki-yuasa-devilman-crybaby-anime-trailer-streamed/.119632 |website=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=August 19, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819104022/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-08-02/masaaki-yuasa-devilman-crybaby-anime-trailer-streamed/.119632 |archivedate=August 19, 2017 |date=August 2, 2017 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=#8B1A1A |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=U.S. |released=y |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = I Need You
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Ryo, a young professor returning from research abroad, takes his pure-hearted, crybaby friend Akira to a decadent party, where things turn demonic.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = One Hand Is Enough
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Akira has become a completely different man -- he's stronger and hungrier than ever before. He seeks out Ryo for answers.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Believe Me!
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = After getting shut down by his editor, paparazzo Nagasaki gets desperate. Silene and Kaim learn what happened to their missing fellow demon, Amon.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Come, Akira
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Akira's mother calls and says she'll be home soon. Everyone is looking forward to seeing her, but Ryo warns Akira not to trust any human.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Beautiful Silene
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Silene tracks down Amon, hoping to reawaken his demonic side. But in the ensuing battle, the human soul of Akira remains powerful.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Neither Demon Nor Human
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = At a widely broadcast track meet, Ryo plans to expose high school athlete Koda as a demon, thereby spreading fear and distrust throughout society.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Weak Humans, Wise Demons
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = With the fear of demons gripping the world, humanity devolves into paranoia and violence. Akira tries to save other demon-human hybrids like himself.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = I Must Know Myself
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Ryo's actions and motives remain a mystery to himself, so he revisits his past for answers. Miki's father searches for his missing wife and son.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Go to Hell, You Mortals
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Betrayed and exposed, Akira becomes a target. After Miki takes to social media to defend his human soul, she and Miko find themselves under attack.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Crybaby
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Confronted by Akira, Ryo reveals the truth about demonkind and himself. Humans, demons and devilmen gather for an ultimate battle for the world.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://devilman-crybaby.com/}}

{{Devilman}}
{{Netflix original series}}
[[Category:Horror anime and manga]]
[[Category:Action anime and manga]]
[[Category:Supernatural anime and manga]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:Go Nagai]]
[[Category:Devilman]]

Devilman Crybaby

2018-01-07T15:03:36Z

179.183.67.112:

{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = Devilman Crybaby
| image = Devilman-crybaby-visual.png
| caption = Key visual
| genre =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = ona
| director = [[Masaaki Yuasa]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Ichirō Ōkouchi]]
| music = Kensuke Ushio
| studio = Science Saru
| licensee =
| first = January 5, 2018
| last =
| episodes = 10
| episode_list = #Episodes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}

'''''Devilman Crybaby''''' is a Japanese [[anime]] series based on [[Go Nagai]]'s [[manga]] ''[[Devilman]].'' It was directed by [[Masaaki Yuasa]] and written by [[Ichirō Ōkouchi]], and premiered on January 5, 2018 worldwide streaming on [[Netflix]] as an [[List of original programs distributed by Netflix|original series]].

==Plot==
In the series, Akira Fudo is informed by his best friend, Ryo Asuka, that an ancient race of demons has returned to take back the world from humans. Believing that the only way to defeat the demons is to incorporate their powers, Ryo suggests to Akira that he unite with a demon. Succeeding in doing so, Akira transforms into Devilman, possessing the powers of a demon but retaining the soul of a human.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2| Character
! colspan=2| Voice actor
|-
! Japanese
! English
|-
| Akira Fudo
| [[Kōki Uchiyama]]
| Griffin Burns
|-
| Ryo Asuka
| [[Ayumu Murase]]
| [[Kyle McCarley]]
|-
| Miki Makimura
| [[Megumi Han]]
| [[Cristina Vee]]
|-
| Miko Kawamoto
| [[Ami Koshimizu]]
| [[Cherami Leigh]]
|-
| Koji Nagasaki
| [[Kenjiro Tsuda]]
|
|-
| Silene
| [[Atsuko Tanaka]]
| [[Cindy Robinson]]
|-
| Kaim
| [[Rikiya Koyama]]
|
|}

==Production and release==
''Devilman: Crybaby'' was first announced in March 2017. The anime premiered in January 5, 2018 on Netflix. Masaaki Yuasa directed the anime, with Ichirō Ōkouchi writing the script and Eunyoung Choi serving as animation producer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masaaki Yuasa Directs New Devilman Anime for Netflix |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/masaaki-yuasa-directs-new-devilman-anime-for-netflix/.113478 |website=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=August 19, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819102913/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/masaaki-yuasa-directs-new-devilman-anime-for-netflix/.113478 |archivedate=August 19, 2017 |date=March 15, 2017 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In August, it was revealed that the anime would have ten episodes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masaaki Yuasa's Devilman Crybaby Anime's Trailer Streamed |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-08-02/masaaki-yuasa-devilman-crybaby-anime-trailer-streamed/.119632 |website=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=August 19, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819104022/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-08-02/masaaki-yuasa-devilman-crybaby-anime-trailer-streamed/.119632 |archivedate=August 19, 2017 |date=August 2, 2017 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=#8B1A1A |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=U.S. |released=y |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = I Need You
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Ryo, a young professor returning from research abroad, takes his pure-hearted, crybaby friend Akira to a decadent party, where things turn demonic.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = One Hand Is Enough
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Akira has become a completely different man -- he's stronger and hungrier than ever before. He seeks out Ryo for answers.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Believe Me!
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = After getting shut down by his editor, paparazzo Nagasaki gets desperate. Silene and Kaim learn what happened to their missing fellow demon, Amon.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Come, Akira
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Akira's mother calls and says she'll be home soon. Everyone is looking forward to seeing her, but Ryo warns Akira not to trust any human.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Beautiful Silene
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Silene tracks down Amon, hoping to reawaken his demonic side. But in the ensuing battle, the human soul of Akira remains powerful.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Neither Demon Nor Human
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = At a widely broadcast track meet, Ryo plans to expose high school athlete Koda as a demon, thereby spreading fear and distrust throughout society.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Weak Humans, Wise Demons
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = With the fear of demons gripping the world, humanity devolves into paranoia and violence. Akira tries to save other demon-human hybrids like himself.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = I Must Know Myself
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Ryo's actions and motives remain a mystery to himself, so he revisits his past for answers. Miki's father searches for his missing wife and son.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Go to Hell, You Mortals
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Betrayed and exposed, Akira becomes a target. After Miki takes to social media to defend his human soul, she and Miko find themselves under attack.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Crybaby
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|5}}
|ShortSummary = Confronted by Akira, Ryo reveals the truth about demonkind and himself. Humans, demons and devilmen gather for an ultimate battle for the world.
|LineColor = 8B1A1A
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://devilman-crybaby.com/}}

{{Devilman}}
{{Netflix original series}}
[[Category:Horror anime and manga]]
[[Category:Action anime and manga]]
[[Category:Supernatural anime and manga]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:Go Nagai]]
[[Category:Devilman]]

Devilman

2018-01-07T14:40:02Z

179.183.67.112:

{{about|the manga series}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = Devilman
| image = Devilman manga cover.jpg
| caption = Cover of Kodansha's ''Shōnen Magazine'' #25 released on June 11, 1972, featuring the first chapter of ''Devilman''.
| ja_kanji = デビルマン
| ja_romaji = Debiruman
| genre = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = manga
| author = [[Go Nagai]]
| publisher = [[Kodansha]] [[Jive (publisher)|Jive]]
| publisher_en = {{English manga publisher |NA=[[Seven Seas Entertainment]]}}
| demographic = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
| imprint =
| magazine = [[Weekly Shōnen Magazine]]
| first = June 11, 1972
| last = June 24, 1973
| volumes = 5
| volume_list = List of Devilman chapters
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = tv series
| director = [[Masayuki Akehi]] [[Tomoharu Katsumata]]
| producer = [[Ken Ariga]] Yoshifumi Hatano
| writer = [[Masaki Tsuji]]
| music = Goh Misawa
| studio = [[Toei Animation]]
| licensee = {{English anime licensee|NA = [[Discotek Media]]}}
| network = NET (now [[TV asahi]])
| first = July 8, 1972
| last = April 7, 1973
| episodes = 39
| episode_list = List of Devilman episodes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = manga
| title = Shin Devilman
| author = [[Yasutaka Nagai]]
| illustrator = [[Go Nagai]]
| publisher = [[Kodansha]]
| publisher_en = {{English manga publisher | NA=[[Verotik]]}}
| demographic = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
| imprint =
| magazine = [[Shōnen Magazine Special]]
| first = May 25, 1979
| last = May 8, 1981
| volumes = 1
| volume_list =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = novel series
| title = Shin Devilman
| author = [[Yasutaka Nagai]]
| illustrator = [[Go Nagai]]
| publisher = [[Asahi Sonorama]]
| demographic =
| imprint = Sonorama Bunko
| first = May 13, 1981
| last = March 31, 1982
| volumes = 4
| volume_list =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = novel
| title = Devilman: The Birth
| author = [[Yasutaka Nagai]]
| illustrator = [[Kazuo Komatsubara]]
| publisher = [[Kodansha]]
| demographic = Male
| imprint =
| published = July 7, 1987
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = ova
| title = Devilman: The Birth
| director = [[Umanosuke Iida]]
| producer = Toshio Tanaka Ryohei Suzuki Katsuhiko Hasegawa Koichi Murata
| writer = [[Go Nagai]] [[Umanosuke Iida]]
| music = [[Kenji Kawai]]
| studio = [[Oh! Production]]
| licensee = {{English anime licensee | NA= L.A. Hero / Dark Image Entertainment | UK= [[Manga Entertainment]] | AUS= [[Madman Entertainment]]}}
| released = November 1, 1987
| runtime = 50 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = ova
| title = Devilman: Demon Bird Sirène
| director = [[Umanosuke Iida]]
| producer = Toshio Tanaka Ryohei Suzuki Hirohiko Sueyoshi
| writer = [[Go Nagai]] [[Umanosuke Iida]]
| music = [[Kenji Kawai]]
| studio = [[Oh! Production]]
| licensee = {{English anime licensee | NA= L.A. Hero / Dark Image Entertainment | UK= [[Manga Entertainment]] | AUS= [[Madman Entertainment]]}}
| released = February 25, 1990
| runtime = 50 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = novel series
| title = Devilman: The Novel
| author = [[Yasutaka Nagai]]
| illustrator = [[Go Nagai]]
| publisher = [[MediaWorks (publisher)|MediaWorks]]
| demographic = Male
| imprint = Dengeki Bunko
| first = May 25, 1999
| last = August 25, 1999
| volumes = 4
| volume_list =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = manga
| title = Devilman G
| author = [[Go Nagai]]
| illustrator = [[Rui Takatō]]
| publisher = [[Akita Shoten]]
| publisher_en = {{English manga publisher |NA=[[Seven Seas Entertainment]]}}
| demographic = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
| imprint =
| magazine = [[Champion Red]]
| first = March 2012
| last = February 2014
| volumes = 5
| volume_list = List of Devilman chapters
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Other
| title = Live-action film
| content =
* ''[[Devilman (film)|Devilman]]'' (2004, live-action)
* ''[[Devilman Crybaby]]'' (2018, [[original net animation|ONA]] series)
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}

{{nihongo|'''''Devilman'''''|デビルマン|Debiruman|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[manga]] series written and illustrated by [[Go Nagai]], which originally started as an [[anime]] adaptation of the concept of Nagai's previous manga series, ''[[Demon Lord Dante]]''. This 39-episode anime series was developed by [[Toei Animation]] in 1972, while Nagai began the ''Devilman'' as a manga in [[Kodansha]]'s ''[[Weekly Shōnen Magazine]]'', barely a month before the anime series started. The series has since spawned numerous [[OVA]]s, manga, novels, and films.

Devilman and other characters from the series have shown up in cameo appearances numerous times in Go Nagai's other works. The most notable is [[Tomoharu Katsumata]]'s 1973 feature film ''[[Mazinger Z vs. Devilman]]'', which features Devilman teaming up with Nagai's titular robot to fight Dr. Hell.

==Plot==
Akira Fudo is a timid teenage boy who lives with Miki Makimura and her family after his parents died on a trip to the Arctic. One day, Akira's best friend, Ryo Asuka, asks him to help him when his archaeologist father died after uncovering a mask during an excavation of the ruins of an ancient temple from the Maya civilization, confirming the existence of demons; prehistoric apex predators which have the ability to possess other lifeforms (including other demons) in order to evolve. This mask turns out to be a fossilized demon skull, which upon putting it on, shows the wearer what the world was like thousands of years ago when demons ruled the Earth. Ryo's plan is to prevent the revival of demons: "To fight a demon, one must become a demon."

Ryo believes that people like Akira with a pure heart may be able to harness a demon's powers when possessed and Akira agrees to help after they encounter demons in Ryo's house. Ryo takes his friend to a nightclub in his father’s basement then picks a fight and draws blood to attract demonic attention. Demons begin to possess the clubbers and threaten Ryo and Akira, until a demon known as Amon - the Lord of War, also called the Beast of Hell - attempts to possess Akira. However, Akira manages to gain the upper hand of the possession and transforms into Devilman. Devilman retains the raw power and instincts of the demon Amon, as well as the mind and conscience of Akira, giving Akira virtually complete control.

Akira also inherits some of Amon's bravery, pride, and rage. He becomes very aggressive as well as more confident and courageous, and no longer lets anyone push him around. Throughout the series, Devilman has many battles with the demon hordes, encountering foes such as Sirène the demon bird, the water demon Geruma, and a large turtle-like demon called Jinmen.

In the manga, the story ends with Ryo betraying Akira and revealing him to be the Devilman through a live TV broadcast despite that the Makimuras still accept Akira. Enraged at his friend’s betrayal, Akira confronts Ryo and discovers that he is actually the fallen angel Satan all along. Satan then reveals to Akira that he convinced Akira to be Devilman in order to survive in the world he was planning to create.

Miki's parents are soon arrested by the government and tortured due to their association with Akira while Miki and the rest of her family are brutally slain by a large paranoid mob of deranged humans. Akira soon slaughters the mob after witnessing them parade around with the Makimura’s dismembered body parts. Akira states that he has no one left to protect and to have his final fight with Satan. Satan reveals that he has fallen in love with Akira during his years as a human and is a hermaphrodite. 20 years later, humanity is extinct, the demons and Devilman being the only beings left on a barren Earth. The final battle between Devilman and Satan and his armies ensues.

At the war's end, Satan reveals to Akira the truth behind his reason for defying God: even though God unintentionally created demons, He wished to destroy them. Satan was appalled at this, believing demons still had a right to live. He convinced them to enter a state of hibernation in the ice, to conserve their strength for the final battle with God. Upon awakening, Satan discovered the beautiful planet they fought for had been ruined by the human race. Enraged at this damage, Satan led the demons in a war to exterminate humanity. While Satan explains this to Akira, he also realizes that in the end, he and the demons were no better than God. He begs Akira to forgive him. At this point, it is revealed that Satan was actually addressing Akira's corpse; Satan had won the final battle against Devilman and killed him. The series ends with Satan and the demons triumphant, however Satan is shown looking sad and forlorn. Finally, the Sun rises and an army of angels appears to destroy the remains of Satan's army as Satan weeps for the death of his friend and the love of his life.

The 1972 anime television series has no such an apocalyptic conclusion and the ending is a happy one for Akira and Miki. In the final episode, Devilman's identity as a demon is exposed to Miki, but she accepts that she is in love with Devilman, even if he is not human.

The plot differences from the manga are:
*Akira and his father are killed while mountain climbing in the Himalayas, and Amon chooses Akira's body as a cover to disguise himself.
*When Devilman moves in with the Makimuras, he falls in love with Miki and is distracted from his mission to cause death and destruction on Earth and to pave the way for a demonic invasion of the human world. When the lord of the demons sends a succession of demons to eliminate Miki, Devilman fights to protect her.
*Miki survives at the conclusion of the series.
*Lala is introduced as a rival to Miki for Akira's affections. She is actually a demon, appearing to be a beautiful teenage girl, but is harmless.
*Satan does not appear, and instead a demon named Lord Demon commands the Demon Tribe from the Realm of Ice. Lord Demon appears as a shadowy figure that appears very similar to Demon Lord Dante.
*Ryo does not appear, and instead there is Iwao Himura who acts a rival to Akira.

==Production==
''Devilman'' evolved from Go Nagai's previous manga, ''[[Demon Lord Dante]]'', after [[Toei Animation]] approached Nagai about turning ''Dante'' into a television series. The producers wanted certain elements toned down, and a more human-like anti-hero created. ''Devilman'' was born as a result of this.<ref name="Devilman Revelations">{{cite web|title=Devilman Revelations|url=http://devilworld.org/revelations.html |publisher=devilworld.org |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060620081843/http://devilworld.org/revelations.html |archivedate = 2006-06-20}}</ref> Go Nagai worked on the anime's scenario along with renowned screenwriter and science-fiction novelist [[Masaki Tsuji]], who wrote the scripts for 35 of the TV series' 39 episodes.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} Along with the television series, ''Devilman'' was also produced as a serialized manga in ''[[Shōnen Magazine]]'' beginning in 1972.<ref name="Go Nagai works list 1971-1975 - ebookjapan">{{cite web|url= http://www.ebookjapan.jp/ebj/nagaigo/works_02.asp|title=Go Nagai works list 1971–1975| accessdate=2009-08-02|work=Nagai Go Special Corner|publisher=eBOOK Initiative Japan| location=Japan|language=Japanese}}</ref> Go Nagai designed the manga to be more horror-like and mature than the anime version.<ref name="Devilman Revelations">{{cite web|title=Devilman Revelations|url=http://devilworld.org/revelations.html |publisher=devilworld.org |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060620081843/http://devilworld.org/revelations.html |archivedate = 2006-06-20}}</ref>

Nagai designed ''Devilman'' as an anti-war work; the fusion of humans and demons is an analogy for the draft, and Miki's gruesome death parallels the death of peace. "There is no justice in war, any war," wrote Nagai, "nor is there any justification for human beings killing one another. ''Devilman'' carries a message of warning, as we step toward a bright future."<ref name="Devilman Revelations" />

==Media==

===Manga===
{{Main article|List of Devilman chapters}}
The manga was originally published by Kodansha from {{start date|1972|06|11}} to {{end date|1973|06|24}} in ''[[Shōnen Magazine]]''.<ref name="Go Nagai works list 1971-1975 - ebookjapan" /> The series has been published in ''[[tankōbon]]'' format several times, most of them by [[Kodansha]]. Starting with the 1987 publishing, most Kodansha editions include ''Shin Devilman'', which originally was not meant to be included in the canon of the original series, as a part of the volumes.<ref name="Shin Devilman - d/visual">{{cite web|url=http://www.d-world.jp/dv/gonagai.php?action=devilman2 |title=Shin Debiruman – Devilman 2 |accessdate=2009-08-02 |work=Nagai Go Special Corner |publisher=d/visual |location=Japan |language=Italian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222065346/http://www.d-world.jp/dv/gonagai.php?action=devilman2 |archivedate=February 22, 2014 }}</ref> The manga has been translated into English in a series of five bilingual manga volumes published by Kodansha.<ref name="Devilman (Kodansha bilingual comics) - Webcat Plus">{{cite web|title = Devilman (Kodansha bilingual comics)|url=http://webcatplus-equal.nii.ac.jp/libportal/DocDetail?txt_docid=NCID%3ABA60451114|publisher=National Institute of Informatics|location=Japan|language=Japanese}}</ref>

The manga has also been published along with ''[[Cutie Honey]]'' in the magazine {{nihongo|''Gekkan Kanzenban Devilman x Cutie Honey''|月刊完全版デビルマン×キューティーハニー|gekkan kanzenban debiruman x kyūteī hanī}} published by JIVE during 2004<ref name="Gekkan Kanzenban Devilman x Cutie Honey Vol.1">{{cite web| url=http://www.jive-ltd.co.jp/catalog/devilhoney01.html|title=Gekkan Kanzenban Devilman x Cutie Honey Vol.1|accessdate=2009-08-03|publisher=JIVE|location=Japan|language=Japanese}}</ref> in order to take advantage of the release of the live-action films of both series.

{{nihongo|''Shin Devilman''|新デビルマン|Shin Debiruman}} was originally published in [[Kodansha]]'s ''Shōnen Magazine Special'' in {{start date|1979|05|25}}, {{start date|1980|01|25}}, {{start date|1980|09|15}}, {{start date|1981|03|06}} and {{start date|1981|05|08}}. All chapters were drawn by Go Nagai, but the first chapter was written in collaboration with [[Masaki Tsuji]], while chapters two and three were written by [[Hiroshi Koenji]].<ref name="Go Nagai works list 1976-1980 - ebookjapan">{{cite web|url= http://www.ebookjapan.jp/ebj/nagaigo/works_03.asp|title=Go Nagai works list 1976–1980| accessdate=2009-08-04|work=Nagai Go Special Corner|publisher=eBOOK Initiative Japan| location=Japan|language=Japanese}}</ref> The rest of the chapters were done by Nagai. The manga is sometimes known as ''Devilman 2'' and ''Neo Devilman''.<ref name="Shin Devilman - d/visual" />

A one-shot, which is not originally part of ''Shin Devilman'', but that has always been compiled along with the series in ''tankōbon'', was published in the magazine ''Variety'' by [[Kadokawa Shoten]].<ref name="Go Nagai works list 1976-1980 - ebookjapan" /> This 16-page story does not have any text and it presents the moments of Akira after the death of Miki in the original series, but before the battle with Satan, as he buries the remains of Miki and encounters Ryo.

[[Seven Seas Entertainment]] announced the publication of the original manga for 2018. <ref>http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-05-19/seven-seas-licenses-devilman-devilman-vs-hades-manga/.116336</ref>

===Anime===
{{main article|List of Devilman episodes}}
The anime television series was 39 episodes long and ran from {{start date|1972|07|08}} to {{end date|1973|04|07}} on NET (now [[TV Asahi]]).<ref name="Devilman (1972's anime television series) - animemorial.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.animemorial.net/en/123-Devilman| title=Devilman (1972's anime television series) - animemorial.net| accessdate=2009-08-02|publisher= animemorial.net|location=Japan}}</ref> Outside Japan, the TV series was broadcast in Italy in 1983 and enjoyed great popularity there.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} A DVD box set of the series was released in Japan on September 21, 2002.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Newtype |volume=18 |issue=10 |date=June 2002 |page=12 |publisher=[[Kadokawa Shoten]]}}</ref> The TV series has been licensed for the first time in North America by [[Discotek Media]] who released the series on DVD in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discotek Adds Devilman TV, Cardcaptor Sakura Film, Jin-Roh, Dallos|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-07-16/discotek-adds-devilman-tv-cardcaptor-sakura-film-jin-roh-dallos|publisher=Anime News Network|accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref>

===Original video animations===
{{nihongo|''Devilman: The Birth''|デビルマン誕生編|Debiruman Tanjō Hen}} was released in {{start date|1987|11|01}} by [[King Records (Japan)|King Records]].<ref name="Devilman: Tanjo Hen - allcinema">{{cite web|url= http://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=88770|title=Devilman: Tanjo Hen|accessdate= 2009-07-31|publisher=allcinema|location=Japan|language=Japanese}}</ref> It was followed by {{nihongo|''Devilman: Demon Bird Sirène''|デビルマン妖鳥シレーヌ編|Debiruman Yōchō Shirēnu Hen}}, released in {{start date|1990|02|25}} by [[Bandai Visual]].<ref name="Devilman: Yocho Sirène Hen - bandaivisual.co.jp">{{cite web| url=http://product.bandaivisual.co.jp/web_service/shop_product_info.asp?item_no=BES-0351| title=Devilman: Yocho Sirène Hen (Digital Beat – Work detail)|accessdate=2009-07-31| publisher=Bandai Visual|location=Japan|language=Japanese}}</ref> [[Kazuo Komatsubara]], an animation director on the original TV series, was the character designer for the OVAs, which were animated by his [[Oh Production]].

Both were directed by Umanosuke Iida (credited under his birth name, Tsutomu Iida) and were closely developed in conjunction with Nagai himself. The OVAs' plot revolves around Akira's transformation into Devilman up until his battle with Sirène. Besides a few minor alterations, the OVAs are faithful to the original manga. Both OVAs were released on [[Laserdisc]] and on a single DVD by Bandai Visual in {{Start date|2003|03|28}}.<ref name="Devilman OVA Collection - bandaivisual.co.jp ">{{cite web|url= http://product.bandaivisual.co.jp/web_service/shop_product_info.asp?item_no=BCBA-1570|title = Devilman OVA Collection (Digital Beat – Work detail)|accessdate=2009-08-03|publisher= Bandai Visual|location=Japan|language=Japanese}}</ref> The two OVAs were also the only ''Devilman'' anime to have been commercially released in the United States (by [[Manga Entertainment]]) prior to 2014. The DVD release included only the English-dubbed version (the original Japanese version was previously released on VHS in 1995 by L.A. Hero and Dark Image Entertainment).

In 2000, ''[[Amon: The Darkside of The Devilman|Amon: Apocalypse of Devilman]]'' was released as a pay-per-view event in Japan and was later released on video and DVD. It covers the period between the humans becoming aware of demons and the semi-final battle between Devilman and Amon. The battle between Devilman and Satan does not occur in this OVA.

In 2015, ''[[Cyborg 009 VS Devilman]]'' was released. The 3-episode OVA features Devilman battling the cast of [[Shotaro Ishinomori]]'s ''[[Cyborg 009]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-07-13/cyborg-009-vs-devilman-anime-reveals-main-devilman-cast/.90381 |title=Cyborg 009 Vs. Devilman Anime Reveals Main Devilman Cast - News |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2015-07-13 |accessdate=2016-11-08}}</ref>

A 10-episode [[original net animation]] adaptation produced by Science Saru and directed by [[Masaaki Yuasa]], titled ''[[Devilman Crybaby]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/masaaki-yuasa-directs-new-devilman-anime-for-netflix/.113478|title=Masaaki Yuasa Directs New Devilman Anime for Netflix|date=2017-03-15|website=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=2017-03-15}}</ref> was released worldwide on January 5, 2018 exclusively on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-11-21/devilman-crybaby-anime-reveals-new-trailer-visual-theme-song/.124337|title=Devilman Crybaby Anime Reveals New Trailer, Visual, Theme Song|date=November 21, 2017|website=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=November 24, 2017}}</ref>

===Films===
''[[Mazinger Z Vs. Devilman]]'' is a crossover animated film between ''Devilman'' and ''[[Mazinger Z]]'' produced by Toei and released in {{start date|1973|07|18}}. The movie features alternative versions of the events from both series, and is therefore not canonical to either one.

In {{start date|2004|10|09}}, a live-action [[tokusatsu]] film directed by [[Hiroyuki Nasu]] was theatrically released in Japan.<ref name="Devilman film - allcinema">{{cite web|url= http://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=319020|title=Devilman film|accessdate=2010-10-30|publisher=AllCinema|language=Japanese}}</ref> The film starred Hisato Izaki as Devilman, Yūsuke Izaki as Ryo Asuka and Ayana Sakai as Miki Makimura. The cast also included [[AV Idol]] [[Maria Yumeno]].<ref name="Devilman film - allcinema"/><ref>{{IMDb title|0373786}}</ref>

===Music===
A large number of soundtrack albums have been released since the beginning of the original series.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Format !! Company !! Standard number !! Release date
|-
| Devilman || [[Flexi disc]] || Asahi Sonorama || APM-4016 || {{Start date|1972|07|10}}
|-
| Devilman || [[EP record]] || Columbia || SCS-502 || {{Start date|1972|08|10}}
|-
| TV Original BGM Collection: Devilman || [[LP album]] || Columbia || CX-7088 || {{Start date|1983|03}}
|-
| TV Original BGM Collection: Devilman || CD || Columbia || 28CC-2295 || {{Start date|1988|05|21}}
|-
| TV Animation Drama Series: Devilman || CD || Columbia || COCC-12398 || {{Start date|1995|03|01}}
|-
| Animex 1200 Series 71: Devilman || CD || Columbia || COCC-72071 || {{Start date|2004|09|22}}
|-
| Original Soundtrack Devilman Tanjo Hen Ongakushu || LP album || King Records || K20G-7359 || {{Start date|1987|}}
|-
| Original Soundtrack Devilman Tanjo Hen Ongakushu || CD || King Records || K30X-7094 || {{Start date|1987|11}}
|-
| Visual Sound Series Devilman Shin Mokushiroku || CD || King Records || K32X-7055 || {{Start date|1987|}}
|-
| Devilman Tanjo Hen / Yocho Sirène Hen || CD || King Records || KICA-10 || {{Start date|1990|03|21}}
|-
| Devilman Densetsu ~ The Legends of DEVILMAN || CD || Pony Canyon || FSCA-10054 || {{Start date|1998|10|21}}
|-
| Nagai Go Hero Densetsu Onkyo Geki Devilman Armageddon Hen || CD || First Smile Entertainment || FSCA-10209 || {{Start date|2002|02|20}}
|-
| Devilman Densetsu + 3 ~ The Legends of DEVILMAN || CD || BeeSmile || BSCH-30011 || {{Start date|2004|03|10}}
|-
| Eternal Edition Dynamic Pro Films Files No.11 & 12: Devilman || CD || Columbia || COCX-32285/6 || {{Start date|2003|07|23}}
|-
| Devilman no Uta (21st century ver.) || [[CD single]] || TEAM Entertainment || KDSD-95 || {{Start date|2006|02|22}}
|-
| Hikari no Naka de || CD single || Sonic Groove || AVCD-16051 || {{Start date|2004|09|23}}
|-
| Devilman Original Soundtrack || CD || avex trax || AVCD-17543 || {{Start date|2004|10|06}}
|}

===In other media===
Three novels have been released. The first one {{nihongo|''Shin Devilman''|真・デビルマン|Shin Debiruman}} was written by Go Nagai's brother [[Yasutaka Nagai]] with illustrations by Go. It was originally published in 1981 by [[Asahi Sonorama]] in four books.<ref name="Devilman variation novels - Viva! Dynamic">{{cite web| url=http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~wx5h-ktb/gofo/devarie_novel.html|title=Devilman variation novels|accessdate=2009-08-03|publisher=Viva! Dynamic|location=Japan|language=Japanese}}</ref> It is not related to the manga ''Shin Devilman'', from which some chapters were also written by Yasutaka. With the release of the first OVA, in 1987 a single volume novel based on it was released by Kodansha titled {{nihongo|''Shin Video Shosetsu – Devilman: Tanjo Hen''|新ビデオ小説デビルマン誕生編|shin bideo shousetsu debiruman tanjou hen}}. It was also written by Yasutaka Nagai, but it had illustrations by the OVA's main designer, Kazuo Komatsubara. In 1999 a second novelization of 4 volumes titled {{nihongo|''Devilman: The Novel''|デビルマン The Novel}} was published by [[MediaWorks (publisher)|MediaWorks]] and once again written by Yasutaka and illustrated by Go.<ref name="Devilman variation novels - Viva! Dynamic" /> All three series of novels are unrelated to each other even though all were written by Yasutaka Nagai.

A video game based on ''Devilman'' was released for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|Famicom]] by [[Namco]] on {{start date|1989|04|25}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/nes/action/devilman/index.html |title=Devilman for NES |publisher=GAMESPOT.com}}</ref> [[Bandai]] also released a game based on ''Devilman'' for the [[Sony]] [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] and [[Windows 98]] on {{start date|2000|04|13}}.<ref name="Devilman Release Information for PlayStation - GameFAQs">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/psx/data/577175.html| title=Devilman Release Information for PlayStation – GameFAQs|accessdate=2009-07-31| publisher=CBS Interactive|location=USA}}</ref> Along with several of Nagai's other creations, Devilman appeared in the Japanese [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super Famicom]] game {{nihongo|''CB Chara Wars: Ushinawareta Gag''|CBキャラウォーズ笑われたギャーグ|cb kyarauōzu warawa reta gyāgu}}.<ref name="CB Chara Wars Release Information for SNES - GameFAQs">{{cite web|url= http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/snes/data/581962.html|title=CB Chara Wars Release Information for SNES – GameFAQs|accessdate =2009-07-31|publisher=CBS Interactive|location =USA}}</ref>

Devilman and other characters from the series have shown up in cameo appearances numerous times in Go Nagai's other works. Miki is the first female protagonist of the 1974 manga ''[[Oira Sukeban]]'', and Akira has appeared in various incarnations of ''[[Cutie Honey]]'', most notably the 1994 OVA ''[[New Cutie Honey]]''. Miki and Ryo Asuka also appear as dogs (with dog-like bodies and human heads) in the ''[[Violence Jack]]'' manga. In 1997, Nagai created ''[[Devil Lady]]'', based on his idea of if the main character was a woman. The ''Devil Lady'' series contains its own original story that stands out from the ''Devilman'' series. Fudo's silhouette briefly appears in the opening credits of ''Devil Lady''. The cast of ''Devilman'' also crossed over with characters from ''Mazinger Z'' and ''Violence Jack'' in the 1991 OVA ''[[CB Chara Nagai Go World]]''. This release featured the familiar characters in comical and lighthearted antics in [[super deformed]] form. In this series, it is revealed that Violence Jack is a future version of Akira Fudo. It is also revealed that Miki is an [[otaku]] and that she knew of Akira's identity as Devilman due to reading the manga offscreen.

==Reception==
The manga has sold over 10 million copies as of April 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mantan-web.jp/2015/04/16/20150416dog00m200046000c.html |script-title=ja:デビルマン：新作アニメを制作　今秋イベント上映 | date=April 16, 2015 |work=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] Digital |language=Japanese |accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref>

The storyline in ''Devilman'' made it stand apart from other manga of the time. However, its extreme violence made it a major target of protest for the [[Parent-Teacher Association|PTA]] and other groups.

Go Nagai is said to have been highly shocked that his giant-robot work ''[[Mazinger Z]]'', which was on Japanese TV at the same time as ''Devilman'' and which he originally did not take very seriously, surpassed ''Devilman'' in popularity. The reason was that he had worked especially hard on ''Devilman'' and only made ''Mazinger'' as a way to blow off steam.

Devilman was ranked fifth in Mania Entertainment's 10 Most Iconic Anime Heroes written by Thomas Zoth who commented that "Shonen manga developed a dark tone with Devilman's graphic violence, casual blasphemy, and theme of using evil itself to fight evil."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mania.com/10-iconic-anime-heroes_article_119883.html |title=10 Most Iconic Anime Heroes |last=Zoth |first=Thomas |date=January 12, 2010 |publisher=Mania Entertainment |accessdate=January 22, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017063118/http://www.mania.com/10-iconic-anime-heroes_article_119883.html |archivedate=October 17, 2013 |df= }}</ref> A character designer from [[SNK]] admitted that ''Devilman'' was an influence in designing [[Kyo Kusanagi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shmuplations.com/kof94/|title=King of Fighters ’94 – Developer Interview|publisher=Shmuplations|accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref>

Jason Huff of The Anime Review Notes "a couple of enjoyable bits" in the OVA adaptation, yet ultimately recommends Vampire Hunter D instead "if you want to see a splatterfest of grotesque monsters getting all gooey and split in two", <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theanimereview.com/reviews/devilman.html |title=Devilman |publisher=''[[TheAnimeReview]]''}}</ref>. Helen McCarthy and Jonathan Clements of [[The Anime Encyclopedia]] said that the series was brought down by "the messy confluence of Japanese and European mythology". <ref>The Anime Encyclopedia, Page 143</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Anime and manga|1970s}}
*{{ann|manga|2454}}
*{{IMDb title|0373786}}

{{Devilman}}
{{Masaaki Yuasa}}
{{Netflix original series}}

[[Category:1972 anime television series]]
[[Category:1972 manga]]
[[Category:1979 manga]]
[[Category:1987 anime OVAs]]
[[Category:1989 video games]]
[[Category:1990 anime OVAs]]
[[Category:2000 video games]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Anti-war books]]
[[Category:Devilman]]
[[Category:Discotek Media]]
[[Category:Horror anime and manga]]
[[Category:Supernatural anime and manga]]
[[Category:Go Nagai]]
[[Category:Action anime and manga]]
[[Category:Japanese films]]
[[Category:Japanese-language films]]
[[Category:Japanese novels]]
[[Category:Kodansha manga]]
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Palmeiras São Paulo

2018-01-02T19:31:13Z

179.183.154.125: /* Aktueller Kader */

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| ort = [[São Paulo]]
| stadion = [[Allianz Parque]]
| plätze = 43.713
| langname = Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
| image = [[Datei:SEPalmeiras.svg|150px]]
| gegründet = 26. August 1914
| vereinsfarben = Weiß und Grün
| präsident = Maurício Galiotte
| vorstand =
| trainer = [[Roger Machado Marques|Roger Machado]]
| homepage = [http://www.palmeiras.com.br/ palmeiras.com.br]
| liga = [[Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol|Série A]]
| saison = [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 2017|2017]]
| rang = 2. Platz
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'''Palmeiras''' (offiziell: ''Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras''), üblicherweise nur kurz ''Palmeiras'' genannt, ist ein Fußballklub aus [[São Paulo]] und zählt zu den größten und traditionsreichsten Vereinen des [[Fußball in Brasilien|brasilianischen Fußballs]]. Die Vereinsfarben sind Grün und Weiß.

== Geschichte ==
[[Datei:Società Palestra Italia.svg|mini|hochkant|links|Das Vereinsabzeichen bis 1942]]
Der Verein wurde am 26. August 1914 von italienischen Einwanderern als ''Società Palestra Italia'' gegründet. Der Begriff ''Palestra'' (von {{grcS|''palaistra'' παλαίστρα}} ‚Ringerschule‘) beschreibt im italienischen Sprachgebrauch eine Turnhalle. Die ursprünglichen Vereinsfarben waren die Farben Italiens: Rot, Weiß und Grün. Aufgrund des [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Kriegseintritts]] Brasiliens im Jahre 1942 wurde der Gebrauch von Begriffen gegnerischer Nationen verboten, und der Verein musste seinen Namen ändern. Der neue Vereinsname ''Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras'' wurde in Erinnerung an den historischen Fußballklub [[Associação Atlética das Palmeiras]] (1902–1929) gewählt, bei dem einige Spieler der Palestra aktiv gewesen waren.

Palmeiras konnte bisher neun brasilianische Meistertitel (1960, 1967, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1993, 1994 und 2016) erringen, hinzu kommen noch drei brasilianische Pokalsiege (1998, 2012 und 2015).

Im Jahre 1999 gewann Palmeiras außerdem die [[Copa Libertadores]], das südamerikanische Gegenstück zur europäischen [[UEFA Champions League]] sowie ein Jahr zuvor, 1998, die [[Copa Mercosur|Copa Mercosul]] (dem europäischen UEFA-Cup vergleichbar). Palmeiras ist der brasilianische Klub mit den meisten Teilnahmen an der Copa Libertadores (13). 4-mal wurde dabei das Finale erreicht: Neben dem Finalsieg 1999 noch in den Jahren 1961, 1968 und 2000. Im Jahr 1951 gewann Palmeiras den World Club Championship Copa Rio.

Als 2000 der später in Konkurs gegangene italienische [[Parmalat]]-Konzern als Sponsor von Palmeiras ausstieg geriet auch der in den 1990er-Jahren reichste Klub Brasiliens in Schwierigkeiten. 2001 konnte Palmeiras noch das Semifinale der Copa Libertadores erreicht werden, im Jahre 2002 folgte allerdings die schlechteste Saison des Vereins und Palmeiras musste in die zweite Liga absteigen.

Jedoch gewann man bereits im nächsten Jahr überlegen die Meisterschaft der 2. Spielklasse, mit 16 Punkten Vorsprung auf den zweitplatzierten Verein [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]] und spielt seither wieder in der höchsten Liga und konnte wieder an die alten Leistungen anknüpfen und sich zwei Jahre hintereinander für die Copa Libertadores qualifizieren.

Im November 2012 unterlag Palmeiras in einem in [[Presidente Prudente]], einer Stadt etwa 800 Kilometer von São Paulo im Hinterland des Bundesstaates, ausgetragenen Heimspiel gegen den [[Fluminense FC]] mit 2:3 und stand damit drei Tage vor Abschluss der Meisterschaft als Absteiger fest. In diesem Spiel sicherte sich Fluminense gleichzeitig die vierte Meisterschaft der Vereinsgeschichte. In der darauffolgenden Saison erreichte der Verein allerdings den ersten Platz der [[Série B]] und stieg damit umgehend wieder in die erste brasilianische Fußballliga auf.

== Der Erzrivale ==
{{Hauptartikel|Derby Paulista}}
Inspiriert durch den Besuch zweier italienischer Fußballvereine beschlossen einige Anhänger des [[Corinthians São Paulo|SC Corinthians Paulista]], die italienischer Abstammung waren, 1914 ihren eigenen Klub zu gründen, die Palestra Itália (heute Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras). Die großteils aus Einwanderern bestehende Anhängerschaft der Corinthians teilte sich in der Folge zwischen den beiden Vereinen auf. Die ehemaligen Corinthians-Fans wurden als "Verräter" bezeichnet, und bis heute sind die beiden Klubs die erbittertsten Rivalen in São Paulo.

== Stadion ==

Die Heimstätte des grün-weißen Vereins war bis 2010 das [[Estádio Palestra Itália]] (Fassungsvermögen: 28.600 Plätze), auch bekannt als ''Parque Antárctica'', welches am 13. August 1933 mit einem 6:0-Erfolg über Bangu eingeweiht wurde. Im Palestra Itália wurden viele bedeutende Spiele ausgetragen, unter anderem das Finale der Copa Libertadores 1999, der Copa Mercosur 1998, 1999 und 2000, und der Copa do Brasil 1996. Wegen der guten Lage in São Paulo fanden auch öfter Musikveranstaltungen im Stadion statt.

Das Stadion wurde für einen Neubau im Jahr 2010 abgerissen. Palmeiras wich in der Übergangszeit in das [[Estádio do Pacaembu]], das Platz bietet für 38.000 Zuschauer, aus.

Auf dem Grund des alten Stadions wurde die vereinseigene Multifunktionsarena [[Allianz Parque]] mit 43.600 Plätzen errichtet, die am 20. November 2014 mit dem Spiel Palmeiras gegen [[Sport Recife]] eröffnet wurde.<ref>stadiumdb.com: [http://stadiumdb.com/news/2014/10/sao_paulo_allianz_parque_opening_on_nov_20 Sao Paulo: Allianz Parque opening on November 20] Artikel vom 30. Oktober 2014 (englisch)</ref>

== Titel ==

* [[Copa Rio]]: 1951
* [[Copa Libertadores]]: 1999
* [[Copa Mercosur|Copa Mercosul]]: 1998

* [[Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol|Brasilianischer Meister]] [[Taça Brasil 1960|1960]], [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1967|1967]], [[Taça Brasil 1967|1967]], [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1969|1969]], [[Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1972|1972]], [[Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1973|1973]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1993|1993]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1994|1994]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 2016|2016]]
** [[Taça Brasil]]: [[Taça Brasil 1960|1960]], [[Taça Brasil 1967|1967]]
** [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa]]: [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1967|1967]], [[Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1969|1969]]
** [[Série A]]: [[Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1972|1972]], [[Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1973|1973]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1993|1993]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1994|1994]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 2016|2016]]
* [[Copa do Brasil|Brasilianischer Pokalsieger]]: [[Copa do Brasil 1998|1998]], [[Copa do Brasil 2012|2012]], [[Copa do Brasil 2015|2015]]
* [[Copa dos Campeões]]: 2000

* [[Torneio Rio-São Paulo]]: 1933, 1951, 1965, 1993, 2000
* [[Staatsmeisterschaft von São Paulo]]: (24 ×) 1920, 1926, 1927, 1928 (extra), 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1938 (extra), 1940, 1942, 1944, 1947, 1950, 1959, 1963, 1966, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2008

'''Einladungsturniere:'''
* [[Trofeo Guanany]]: 1922
* [[Atílio Narancio Cup]]: 1923
* [[Copa Brasil-Peñarol]]: 1951
* [[Trofeo México]]: 1951
* [[Trofeo Valentín Suarez]]: 1956
* [[Ciudad de manizales]]: 1962
* [[Ciudad de Lima]]: 1962
* [[Ciudad Guadalajara]]: 1963
* [[Tornei de Firenze]]: 1963
* [[Trofeo Rio de Janeiro]]: 1965
* [[Torneo Japon]]: 1967
* [[Trofeo Ciudad de Barcelona]]: 1969
* [[Trofeo Ramón de Carranza]] (Spanien): 1969, 1974, 1975
* [[Greek Cup]]: 1970
* [[Tornei del Mar del Plata]]: 1972
* [[Tornei del Juventus ITA]]: 1975
* [[Kirin Cup]]: 1978
* [[Tornei Euro-América]]: 1991,1996
* [[Levin-Yashin Cup]]: 1994
* [[Friendship Cup]]: 1997
* [[Trofeo Naranja]]: 1997
* [[Torneo Centenario del Estudiantes Arg]]: 2005
* [[Copa Euro Americana]]: 2014
* [[Tornei Julinho Botelho]]:2014

== Spieler ==
=== Aktueller Kader ===
Stand 17. Dezember 2017<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.palmeiras.com.br/futebol/elenco |titel=Elenco adulto |werk=palmeiras.com.br |hrsg=Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras |zugriff=2017-07-16 |sprache=pt-br}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Fernando Prass]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Jean Raphael Vanderlei Moreira|Jean]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Edu Dracena]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[José Carlos Ferreira Júnior|Juninho]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Eduardo Pereira Rodrigues|Dudu]]|other={{Kapitän}}}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Tchê Tchê]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Miguel Borja]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Moisés Lima Magalhães|Moisés]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Mayke]]|other=ausgeliehen von [[Cruzeiro Belo Horizonte]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Luan Garcia|Luan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Jailson Marcelino dos Santos|Jailson]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Michel Bastos]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Deyverson]]}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=VEN|pos=MF|name=[[Alejandro Guerra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Bruno Henrique Corsini|Bruno Henrique]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Thiago dos Santos (footballer, born 1989)|Thiago Santos]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Fabiano Leismann|Fabiano]]}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Antônio Carlos Cunha Capocasali Júnior|Antônio Carlos]]|other=ausgeliehen von [[Tombense FC]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Yerry Mina]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Keno (Fußballspieler)|Keno]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Hyoran]]}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Willian Gomes de Siqueira|Willian]]}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Felipe Melo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=51|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Daniel Fuzato]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Emerson Raymundo Santos|Emerson Santos]]}} zur Saison 2018
{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Diogo Barbosa Mendanha|Diogo Barbosa]]}} zur Saison 2018
{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Lucas Lima]]}} zur Saison 2018
{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Wéverton|Weverton]]}} zur Saison 2018
{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Victor Luis Chuab Zamblauskas|Victor Luis]]}} zur Saison 2018
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Agustín Allione]]}} zur Saison 2018
{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Artur Victor Guimarães|Artur]]}} zur Saison 2018
{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Marcos Rocha]]}} zur Saison 2018
{{Fs end}}

=== Bekannte ehemalige Spieler ===
{|
|----- valign=top
|
* [[Ademir da Guia]]
* [[Alexsandro de Souza|Alex]]
* [[Alexandre da Silva Mariano|Amaral]]
* [[Cafu]]
* [[Carlos Gamarra]]
* [[César Sampaio]]
* [[Chinesinho]]
* [[Denílson de Oliveira|Denílson]]
* [[Diego Cavalieri]]
* [[Djalma Santos]]
* [[Djalminha]]
* [[Edmundo Alves de Souza Neto|Edmundo]]
* [[Emerson Leão]]
* [[Fábio Crippa]]
* [[Faustino Asprilla]]
* [[Flávio Conceição]]
|
* [[Francisco Arce]]
* [[Freddy Rincón]]

* [[Hernán Barcos]]
* [[Humberto Tozzi]]
* [[Jair da Rosa Pinto]]
* [[Jorge Pinto Mendonça]]
* [[Jorge Valdivia]]
* [[José Altafini]]
* [[Júlio Botelho]]
* [[Juninho Paulista]]
* [[Júnior Baiano]]
* [[Luis Artime]]
* [[Lúcio]]
* [[Marcos Roberto Silveira Reis|Marcos]]
* [[Mazinho]]
* [[Luís Antônio Corrêa da Costa|Müller]]
|
* [[Pablo Armero]]
* [[Pedro Luís Vicençote|Pedrinho]]
* [[Pietro Sernagiotto]]
* [[Rivaldo]]
* [[Roberto Carlos da Silva|Roberto Carlos]]
* [[Rodrigo Taddei]]
* [[Roque Júnior]]
* [[Vágner Love]]
* [[Vavá]]

* [[Crizam César de Oliveira Filho|Zinho]]
|}

== Andere Sportarten ==

Neben Fußball bietet der Verein unter anderem auch die Sportarten [[Basketball]], [[Judo]], [[Karate]], [[Tennis]] und [[Hockey]] an.

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.palmeiras.com.br Offizielle Vereinswebseite]
* [http://www.palmeirasonline.com Fanseite]
* [http://mavalem.sites.uol.com.br/sp/SaoPaulo0.htm Bilder des Stadions]
* [http://memoria.alviverde.sites.uol.com.br/ Memória Alviverde]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

{{Navigationsleiste Vereine der brasilianischen Fußballliga Série A}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Palmeiras, SE}}
[[Kategorie:Brasilianischer Fußballverein]]
[[Kategorie:Fußballverein aus São Paulo]]
[[Kategorie:Sport (São Paulo)]]
[[Kategorie:Gegründet 1914]]

Blizzard Albany

2017-12-17T16:26:30Z

179.183.150.17: /* Game history */

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2007}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vicarious Visions, Inc.
| logo = VicariousVisionsLogo.png
| logo_caption =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| industry = [[Video game industry|Computer and video games]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1990}}
| founder = Karthik Bala Guha Bala
| location_city = [[Menands, New York|Menands]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| location_country = [[United States]]
| area_served =
| key_people = Jennifer O’Neal
| products = [[#Games developed|List of Vicarious Visions video games]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| owner =
| num_employees = 200+ developers, additional QA and temporary
| parent = [[Activision]] (2005–present)
| homepage = {{Official website|http://www.vvisions.com/}}
}}

'''Vicarious Visions, Inc.''' is a [[North America]] [[video game developer]]. Vicarious Visions' games accounted for over $2.5 billion in retail sales and over 40 million units of its software have been sold worldwide. The headquarters of Vicarious Visions is located in [[Menands, New York]].

==Studio history==
The studio was founded by brothers Karthik and Guha Bala in 1990 while both were in high school.

In the late 1990s, Vicarious Visions appointed Michael Marvin, an Albany-based investor and entrepreneur, and founder and former CEO of [[MapInfo Corporation]]; and Charles S. Jones, investor, who sat on the boards of various software and industrial companies including Geac and [[MRO Software|PSDI]], to its board of directors. Under their leadership, a sale of the company was negotiated to [[Activision]], earning the original investors over 20x their initial investment.

In January 2005, Vicarious Visions was acquired by publisher [[Activision]]. On April 5, 2016, the Bala brothers announced that they had left the company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2016/04/05/vicarious-visions-co-founder-brothers-depart-after-25-years.aspx?|title=Vicarious Visions Co-Founder Brothers Depart After 25 Years|first=Mike|last=Futter|work=[[Game Informer]]|date=April 5, 2016|accessdate=April 5, 2016}}</ref>

==Game history==
''[[Terminus (2000 video game)|Terminus]]'', an online multiplayer space trading and combat simulation game, won two [[Independent Games Festival]] Awards in 1999. They became known as a leading developer of handheld games breaking ground by the ''[[Tony Hawk's (series)|Tony Hawk's Pro Skater]]'' series, developing every [[Game Boy Advance]] and [[Nintendo DS]] title in the franchise's main series as well as one spin off. They developed the first three Crash Bandicoot GBA games. They are also well known for many games including ''[[Spider-Man (2000 video game)|Spider-Man]]'', ''[[Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro|Spider-Man 2]]'', ''[[Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)|Ultimate Spider-Man]]'', ''[[Crash Nitro Kart]]'', ''[[Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast|Jedi Knight II]]'', ''[[Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy|Jedi Academy]]'', and ''[[Doom 3]]'' for the Xbox. Vicarious Visions developed for the [[Guitar Hero|''Guitar Hero'' series]] on the Nintendo DS and [[Wii]] platforms. For ''[[Guitar Hero: On Tour series|Guitar Hero: On Tour]]'', Vicarious Visions created the "Guitar Grip" peripheral for the Nintendo DS, which emulates the guitar controller for the portable system.

It was revealed on June 10, 2011, that Vicarious Visions was working on the 3DS version of ''[[Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/impressions/26739|title=Report: Job Losses At Vicarious Visions|author=|publisher=Nintendo World Report|date=June 10, 2011}}</ref>

On December 8, 2016, Vicarious Visions announced that they are partnering with Bungie to work on the ''[[Destiny (video game)|Destiny]]'' franchise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/12/8/13888632/destiny-development-team-vicarious-visions|title=Destiny Development Team Expands With Vicarious Visions|first=Michael|last=McWhertor|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=December 8, 2016|accessdate=January 4, 2017}}</ref>

==Games developed==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Game !! Platform(s)
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Synnergist]]'' || [[DOS|Microsoft DOS (PC CD-ROM)]]
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Dark Angael]]'' || [[Microsoft Windows]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''Zebco Fishing!'' || [[Game Boy Color]]
|-
| ''[[Vigilante 8]]'' || Game Boy Color
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2000 || ''[[Polaris SnoCross]]'' || Game Boy Color, [[Nintendo 64]], [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]]
|-
| ''[[Terminus (2000 video game)|Terminus]]'' || Microsoft Windows, MacOS, Linux
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man (2000 video game)|Spider-Man]]'' || rowspan="5" | Game Boy Color
|-
| ''[[The Wild Thornberrys: Rambler]]''
|-
| ''Pro Darts''
|-
| ''[[Barbie: Magic Genie Adventure]]''
|-
| ''Jimmy White's Cue Ball''
|-
| 2001 || ''Wanadoo SnowCross'' || Game Boy Color, Microsoft Windows
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Rescue Heroes: Fire Frenzy]]'' || rowspan="3" | Game Boy Color
|-
| 2001 || ''Blue's Clues: Blue's Alphabet Book''
|-
| 2001 || ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants: Legend of the Lost Spatula]]''
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2]]'' || [[Game Boy Advance]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Sea-Doo Hydrocross]]'' || PlayStation
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Power Rangers: Time Force (video game)|Power Rangers: Time Force]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Spider-Man: Mysterio's Menace]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2001 || ''Zoboomafoo: Playtime in Zobooland'' || Game Boy Color
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro]]'' || PlayStation
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Monsters, Inc. (video game)|Monsters, Inc.]]'' || Game Boy Color
|-
| 2001 || ''Kelly Club: Clubhouse Fun'' || Game Boy Color
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Crash Bandicoot: The Huge Adventure]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Frogger Advance: The Great Quest]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2002 || ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants: Revenge of the Flying Dutchman]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4]]'' || Game Boy Advance, PlayStation
|-
| 2002 || ''The Powerpuff Girls: Him and Seek'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast]]'' || [[GameCube]], [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]]
|-
| 2002 || ''Whiteout'' || Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Crash Bandicoot 2: N-Tranced]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2003 || ''The Muppets: On With The Show!'' || Game Boy Advance, Microsoft Windows
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Bruce Lee: Return of the Legend]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2003 || ''[[X2: Wolverine's Revenge]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Finding Nemo (video game)|Finding Nemo]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Jet Set Radio#Game Boy Advance version|Jet Set Radio]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2003 || ''[[The Lion King 1½ (video game)|Disney's The Lion King 1½]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Tony Hawk's Underground]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2003 || ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Disney's Brother Bear (video game)|Disney's Brother Bear]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Crash Nitro Kart]]'' || Game Boy Advance, GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox, N-Gage
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Spy Muppets: License to Croak]]'' || Game Boy Advance, Microsoft Windows
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy]]'' || Xbox
|-
| 2004 || ''Rivet'' || [[Mobile phone]]
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Shrek 2 (video game)|Shrek 2]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2004 || ''Spider-Man vs. Doc Ock'' || Mobile phone
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rampage and Spyro Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Shark Tale (video game)|Shark Tale]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Tony Hawk's Underground 2]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2004 || ''[[That's So Raven]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2004 || ''Shrek 2: Beg For Mercy!'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2004 || ''Kids Next Door: Operation S.O.D.A.'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Spider-Man 2 (video game)|Spider-Man 2]]'' || [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation Portable]]
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Doom 3]]'' || Xbox
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Madagascar (video game)|Madagascar]]'' || Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Batman Begins (video game)|Batman Begins]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)|Ultimate Spider-Man]]'' || Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS
|-
| 2005 || ''[[X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse]]'' || PlayStation Portable
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Tony Hawk's American Sk8land]]'' || Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Madagascar: Operation Penguin]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Over the Hedge (video game)|Over the Hedge]]'' || Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Over the Hedge: Hammy Goes Nuts]]'' || Game Boy Advance
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Tony Hawk's Downhill Jam]]'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Marvel: Ultimate Alliance]]'' || PlayStation Portable, [[Wii]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Shrek the Third (video game)|Shrek the Third]]'' || Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Spider-Man 3 (video game)|Spider-Man 3]]'' || Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Wii
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Transformers: Decepticons]]'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Transformers: Autobots]]'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock]]'' || Wii
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Tony Hawk's Proving Ground]]'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Bee Movie Game]]'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kung Fu Panda (video game)|Kung Fu Panda]]'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Guitar Hero: On Tour series#On Tour|Guitar Hero: On Tour]]'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Guitar Hero: Aerosmith]]'' || Wii
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Guitar Hero World Tour]]'' || Wii
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Quantum of Solace (video game)|Quantum of Solace]]'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Guitar Hero: On Tour series#Decades|Guitar Hero On Tour: Decades]]'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Mixed Messages (game)|Mixed Messages]]'' || [[DSiWare]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen - Decepticons]]'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2009 || ''Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen - Autobots'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Guitar Hero 5]]'' || Wii
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2]]'' || [[PlayStation 3]], [[Xbox 360]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Band Hero]]'' || Nintendo DS, Wii
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Guitar Hero: On Tour series#Modern Hits|Guitar Hero On Tour: Modern Hits]]'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Guitar Hero]]'' || [[iOS]]
|-
| 2010 || ''Transformers War for Cybertron: Decepticons'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2010 || ''Transformers War for Cybertron: Autobots'' || Nintendo DS
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock]]'' || Wii
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure]]'' || [[Nintendo 3DS]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure|Skylanders: Cloud Patrol]]'' || iOS, Android, Kindle Fire
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure|Skylanders: Lost Islands]]'' || iOS, Android
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure|Skylanders: Battlegrounds]]'' || iOS, Android
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Skylanders: Giants]]'' || Wii U
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Skylanders: Swap Force]]'' || PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U,<ref>{{cite web |last=East |first=Thomas |date=July 2, 2013 |url=http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/51729/skylanders-swap-force-wii-will-be-very-close-to-the-hd-versions/ |title=Skylanders Swap Force Wii will be very close to the HD versions |publisher=[[Official Nintendo Magazine]] |accessdate=October 3, 2013}}</ref> Xbox 360, Xbox One
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Skylanders: Trap Team]]'' || iOS, Android, Kindle Fire
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Skylanders: SuperChargers]]'' || [[PlayStation 3]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Xbox One]], [[Wii U]], [[iOS]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Skylanders: Imaginators|Skylanders: Imaginators - Crash Edition]]'' || [[PlayStation 3]], [[PlayStation 4]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy]]'' || [[PlayStation 4]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Destiny 2]]'' || [[Microsoft Windows]]
|}

==Cancelled games==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Game !! Platform(s)
|-
| 2000 || ''AMF Xtreme Bowling'' || Game Boy Color
|-
| 2000 || ''Carnivale'' || Game Boy Color
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Sea-Doo Hydrocross]]'' || Dreamcast, Game Boy Color, Nintendo 64
|-
| 2008 || ''Call of Duty: Roman Wars'' || Microsoft Windows, PS3, Xbox 360
|-
| 2010 || ''DJ Hero 3D'' || Nintendo 3DS
|-
| 2011 || ''Guitar Hero 7'' || PS3, Xbox 360, Wii
|-
| 2012 || ''Untitled Crash Bandicoot game'' || Unknown
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.vvisions.com}}

{{Activision}}
{{Crash}}
{{Guitar Hero series}}
{{Tony Hawk games}}

[[Category:Activision]]
[[Category:Colonie, New York]]
[[Category:Companies based in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1990]]
[[Category:International Game Developers Association members]]
[[Category:Video game companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Video game development companies]]

Grape-kun

2017-10-14T20:31:17Z

179.183.115.42: i0

{{Infobox animal
| name = Grape-kun
| image =
| caption =
| species = ''[[Spheniscus humboldti]]''
| gender = Male
| birth_date = {{circa}} {{birth year|1996}}
| death_date = {{death date|2017|10|12|df=yes}}<ref name=death>{{cite web|url=https://en.rocketnews24.com/2017/10/13/japans-anime-loving-penguin-grape-kun-passes-away-at-tobu-zoo/|title=Japan's anime-loving penguin Grape-kun passes away at Tobu Zoo|date=13 October 2017|work=SoraNews24|author=Oona McGee}}</ref>
| death_place = Miyashiro [[Saitama prefecture|Saitama]], Japan
| occupation =
| known =
| owner = Tobu Zoo, Miyashiro, [[Saitama prefecture|Saitama]], Japan
| weight =
}}

'''Grape-kun''' was a 21-year-old [[Humboldt penguin]] (''Spheniscus humboldti'') at Tobu Zoo located in [[Saitama prefecture]], Japan.<ref name=express>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/799302/Penguin-Humboldt-Japan-Edinburgh-zoo-Rockhopper|title=Pick up a penguin? Humboldt bird falls in love with cardboard cutout placed in his pen|first=Jon|last=Rogers|date=2 May 2017|work=Express.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=Yahoo>{{cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/japan-zoo-mourns-death-love-struck-penguin-054407363.html|title=Japan zoo mourns death of love-struck penguin|work=Yahoo News}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-41608350|title=Japan mourns anime-loving penguin|date=13 October 2017|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref name=HuffPost>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2017/10/13/grape-kun_a_23241967/|title=「2次元に恋したペンギン」グレープ君が死ぬ。『けものフレンズ』のパネル見つめる姿で有名に|date=13 October 2017|publisher=}} {{ja}}</ref><ref name=mainichi>{{cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170515/dyo/00m/200/010000c|title=東武動物公園で“おにいさん”がペンギントーク|date=15 May 2015|work=Mainichi Daily News}} {{ja}}</ref><ref name=tokyo>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/saitama/list/201706/CK2017061502000154.html|title=東武動物公園×けものフレンズコラボ企画人気なのだ！|author=安藤健二 |publisher=Huffington Post Japan|date=15 June 2017}} {{ja}}</ref> His attachment to an anime [[standee|cutout]] of a character from ''[[Kemono Friends]]'' earned him international fame.<ref name=death /><ref name=express /> The zoo announced his death on 12 October 2017.<ref name=death />

==Attachment to cutout==
Tobu Zoo had placed 60 character cutouts from the anime ''[[Kemono Friends]]'' around the zoo to attract visitors.<ref name=express /> The character placed in Grape-kun enclosure, Hululu, was an anthropomorphic Humboldt penguin.<ref name=Philippines>{{cite web|url=http://technology.inquirer.net/62894/penguin-grape-kun-meets-voice-actress-of-his-anime-girl-waifu|title=Penguin Grape-kun meets voice actress of his anime girl ‘waifu’|date=21 May 2017|publisher=INQUIRER.net }}</ref> Grape-kun would stare at the cutout for hours, going as far as trying to reach the cutout that was placed on a tall rock.<ref name=express /> Zookeepers had to separate Grape-kun from the cut-out for part of the day so he would eat.<ref name=express /><ref name=Philippines /> Grape-kun's devotion to the cutout earned him fame and a gander fanbase on the internet.<ref name=express /><ref name=Philippines /><ref name=metro>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/05/23/who-said-love-is-dead-elderly-penguin-falls-deeply-in-love-with-an-anime-cut-out-6655767/|title=Elderly penguin falls deeply in love with an anime cut-out|date=23 May 2017|work=Metro News|author=Gladwell, Hattie}}</ref>

==References==
{{ref list}}

{{Bird-stub}}

[[Category:Individual animals in Japan]]
[[Category:Individual penguins]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Saitama Prefecture]]

Grape-kun

2017-10-14T20:31:07Z

179.183.115.42: 6

{{Infobox animal
| name = Grape-kun
| image =
| caption =
| species = ''[[Spheniscus humboldti]]''
| gender = Male
| birth_date = {{circa}} {{birth year|1996}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|10|12|df=yes}}<ref name=death>{{cite web|url=https://en.rocketnews24.com/2017/10/13/japans-anime-loving-penguin-grape-kun-passes-away-at-tobu-zoo/|title=Japan's anime-loving penguin Grape-kun passes away at Tobu Zoo|date=13 October 2017|work=SoraNews24|author=Oona McGee}}</ref>
| death_place = Miyashiro [[Saitama prefecture|Saitama]], Japan
| occupation =
| known =
| owner = Tobu Zoo, Miyashiro, [[Saitama prefecture|Saitama]], Japan
| weight =
}}

'''Grape-kun''' was a 21-year-old [[Humboldt penguin]] (''Spheniscus humboldti'') at Tobu Zoo located in [[Saitama prefecture]], Japan.<ref name=express>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/799302/Penguin-Humboldt-Japan-Edinburgh-zoo-Rockhopper|title=Pick up a penguin? Humboldt bird falls in love with cardboard cutout placed in his pen|first=Jon|last=Rogers|date=2 May 2017|work=Express.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=Yahoo>{{cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/japan-zoo-mourns-death-love-struck-penguin-054407363.html|title=Japan zoo mourns death of love-struck penguin|work=Yahoo News}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-41608350|title=Japan mourns anime-loving penguin|date=13 October 2017|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref name=HuffPost>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2017/10/13/grape-kun_a_23241967/|title=「2次元に恋したペンギン」グレープ君が死ぬ。『けものフレンズ』のパネル見つめる姿で有名に|date=13 October 2017|publisher=}} {{ja}}</ref><ref name=mainichi>{{cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170515/dyo/00m/200/010000c|title=東武動物公園で“おにいさん”がペンギントーク|date=15 May 2015|work=Mainichi Daily News}} {{ja}}</ref><ref name=tokyo>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/saitama/list/201706/CK2017061502000154.html|title=東武動物公園×けものフレンズコラボ企画人気なのだ！|author=安藤健二 |publisher=Huffington Post Japan|date=15 June 2017}} {{ja}}</ref> His attachment to an anime [[standee|cutout]] of a character from ''[[Kemono Friends]]'' earned him international fame.<ref name=death /><ref name=express /> The zoo announced his death on 12 October 2017.<ref name=death />

==Attachment to cutout==
Tobu Zoo had placed 60 character cutouts from the anime ''[[Kemono Friends]]'' around the zoo to attract visitors.<ref name=express /> The character placed in Grape-kun enclosure, Hululu, was an anthropomorphic Humboldt penguin.<ref name=Philippines>{{cite web|url=http://technology.inquirer.net/62894/penguin-grape-kun-meets-voice-actress-of-his-anime-girl-waifu|title=Penguin Grape-kun meets voice actress of his anime girl ‘waifu’|date=21 May 2017|publisher=INQUIRER.net }}</ref> Grape-kun would stare at the cutout for hours, going as far as trying to reach the cutout that was placed on a tall rock.<ref name=express /> Zookeepers had to separate Grape-kun from the cut-out for part of the day so he would eat.<ref name=express /><ref name=Philippines /> Grape-kun's devotion to the cutout earned him fame and a gander fanbase on the internet.<ref name=express /><ref name=Philippines /><ref name=metro>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/05/23/who-said-love-is-dead-elderly-penguin-falls-deeply-in-love-with-an-anime-cut-out-6655767/|title=Elderly penguin falls deeply in love with an anime cut-out|date=23 May 2017|work=Metro News|author=Gladwell, Hattie}}</ref>

==References==
{{ref list}}

{{Bird-stub}}

[[Category:Individual animals in Japan]]
[[Category:Individual penguins]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Saitama Prefecture]]

Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS

2017-08-16T11:53:16Z

179.183.210.74: /* Main Characters */

{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS
| image = File:Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS Logo.png
| caption = The logo for the Japanese version of Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS.
| ja_kanji = 遊☆戯☆王VRAINS（ヴレインズ）
| ja_romaji = Yū-Gi-Ō Vureinzu
| genre = [[Action film|Action]], [[Adventure]], [[Science fantasy]] 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = TV series
| director = Masahiro Hosoda
| producer =
| writer = Shin Yoshida
| music = Shinkichi Mitsumune
| studio = [[Gallop (studio)|Gallop]] [[Nihon Ad Systems|NAS]]
| licensee = {{English anime licensee|NA =[[Crunchyroll]]}}
| network = [[TV Tokyo]]
| network_en =
| first = May 10, 2017<ref name="ANN Weekly Shonen Jump">{{Cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/yu-gi-oh-vrains-tv-anime-premieres-in-may-in-new-time-slot/.113447 |title= Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS TV Anime Premieres in May in New Time Slot|date=March 15, 2017 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref>
| last =
| episodes = 13
| episode_list = List of Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS episodes
}}

{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{Nihongo|'''''Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS'''''|遊☆戯☆王VRAINS（ヴレインズ）|Yū-Gi-Ō Vureinzu|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[anime]] series animated by [[Gallop (studio)|Gallop]]. It is the sixth ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh!]]'' anime series. It is the fifth main spin-off anime series in the ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh!]]'' franchise following ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V]]''. It was originally scheduled to air in Japan in April 2017 after the conclusion of ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V]]'', but it was delayed to May 10, 2017. The series follows Yusaku Fujiki. It takes place in a high school environment in Den City.<ref name="ANN Jump Festa">{{Cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-12-16/new-yu-gi-oh-anime-series-premieres-in-japan-in-spring-2017/.110029|title=New Yu-Gi-Oh! Anime Series Premieres in Japan in Spring 2017|date=December 16, 2016|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref> [[Crunchyroll]] announced that they licensed the series for official simulcast in [[North America]] and [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/06/01-1/crunchyroll-kicks-off-yu-gi-oh-vrains-anime-simulcast|title=Crunchyroll Kicks Off "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS" Anime Simulcast|website=[[Crunchyroll]]|date=June 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-06-01/crunchyroll-adds-yu-gi-oh-vrains-serial-experiments-lain-c-control-anime-streaming/.116917|title=Crunchyroll Adds Yu-Gi-Oh Vrains, Serial Experiments Lain, C-Control Anime Streaming|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=June 2, 2017}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The series takes place 10 years in the future in a city with advanced network systems known as Den City. In this city, a VR space called LINK VRAINS was constructed by SOL Technologies advanced network technology. However, a mysterious hacker group that hacks through dueling has appeared in LINK VRAINS known as the Knights of Hanoi.

A duelist named Playmaker stands against this threat. His true identity is Yusaku Fujiki. He is a first year high school student. Yusaku fights to find the truth about an incident that happened in the past. During his battles, Yusaku manages to capture a mysterious AI program sought after by both SOL Technology and the Knights of Hanoi.<ref name="「遊☆戯☆王ＶＲＡＩＮＳ」">{{Cite web |url=http://ascii.jp/elem/000/001/464/1464051/index-5.html|title=「遊☆戯☆王ＶＲＡＩＮＳ」|date=April 6, 2017 |publisher=ASCII.jp|access-date=April 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Characters==
===Main Characters===
;{{Nihongo|Yusaku Fujiki|藤木遊作|Fujiki Yūsaku}} / {{Nihongo|Playmaker|プレイメーカー|Pureimēkā}}
:{{animevoices|Shouya Ishige|}}
:Yusaku is the main protagonist of the series. He is a calm and intelligent 16-year-old high school student. He is secretly working as a hacker and prefers not to stand out in his environment or socializing with others for this reason. As Playmaker, he fights against the Knights of Hanoi to uncover the truth of his past. He uses a Cyberse Deck that focuses on Link Summoning with his ace monsters being Decode Talker and Firewall Dragon.<ref name="TVアニメ『遊☆戯☆王VRAINS』、追加キャラクターの設定画を公">{{Cite web |url=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2017/03/21/055/|title=TVアニメ『遊☆戯☆王VRAINS』、追加キャラクターの設定画を公|date=April 6, 2017|publisher=Mynavi.jp|access-date=March 21, 2017}}</ref>

;{{nihongo|Ignis/Ai|アイ}}
:{{animevoices|[[Takahiro Sakurai]]|}}
:Ai is an A.I. program with free will known as an {{nihongo4|Ignis|イグニス|Igunisu}} sought after by both SOL Technologies and the Knights of Hanoi.<ref name="「その名は『ヴレインズ』!!　『遊☆戯☆王』新シリーズの情報が明らかに！」">{{Cite web |url=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2017/03/21/055/l|title=「その名は『ヴレインズ』!!　『遊☆戯☆王』新シリーズの情報が明らかに！」|date=February 19, 2017|publisher=Shueisha|access-date=April 13, 2017}}</ref> Five years before the story, when Knights of Hanoi nearly destroyed Cyberse, the world he came from, Ai sealed his own world to save it from destruction at the cost unable to return to Cyberse. In the process, he was bitten by Cracking Dragon, causing him to lose the majority of his memories. In his escape attempt, Yusaku trapped him inside his Duel Disk to use him as leverage against Knights of Hanoi.

;{{Nihongo|Aoi Zaizen|財前葵|Zaizen Aoi}} / {{Nihongo|Blue Angel|ブルーエンジェル|Burū Enjeru}}
:{{animevoices|Yuki Nakashima|}}
:Aoi is Yusaku's classmate and a Charisma Duelist. While she appears cool on the outside, as Blue Angel, her personality drastically changes to be more active. She is the sister-in-law of Akira Zaizen, the head security of SOL Technology. She only lives together with Akira who rarely comes home due to his work, which prompts Aoi's determination as a Charisma Duelist to gain recognition from Akira. She uses a Trickstar Deck that focuses on Link Summoning and effect damage. Her ace monster is Trickstar Holly Angel.<ref name="「新たな情報が続々判明!!　『遊☆戯☆王ブレインズ』の最新情報をVジャンプでチェック!!」">{{Cite web|url=http://vjump.shueisha.co.jp/news/n01_20117_0318_01.html|title=「新たな情報が続々判明!!　『遊☆戯☆王ブレインズ』の最新情報をVジャンプでチェック!!」|date=March 18, 2017|publisher=Shueisha|access-date=April 13, 2017}}</ref>

;{{Nihongo|Go Onizuka|鬼塚豪|Onizuka Gō}} / {{Nihongo|Onizuka GO|GO鬼塚|Go Onizuka}}
:{{animevoices|Daiki Hamano|}}
:Go is a famous Charisma Duelist. He was raised in an orphanage when he was little, so he works hard as Charisma Duelist to repay his debt to the orphanage. Go was admired by the children of the orphanage until Playmaker gained their admiration following his victory against Knight of Hanoi. Since then, Go considers Playmaker as his rival. To regain the hearts of his fans, Go lured Playmaker into a trap and dueled him. Although he lost, his dueling managed to win back the hearts of the children from the orphanage. He is a Charisma Duelist who uses Entertainment Style where he purposely makes himself in a pinch and then defeat his opponent. He uses a Gouki Deck that focuses on Link Summoning.<ref name="「新たな情報が続々判明!!　『遊☆戯☆王ブレインズ』の最新情報をVジャンプでチェック!!」" />

===Knights of Hanoi===
;{{Nihongo|Revolver|リボルバー|Riborubā}}
:{{animevoices|[[Shunsuke Takeuchi]]|}}
:Revolver is the leader of the Knights of Hanoi whose goal is to destroy "Cyberse". Revolver is distrusting of the Internet, believing that it is merely a world of fiction, and is willing to destroy Cyberse by any means. Revolver uses a Rokket Deck, where his ace monsters are Borreload Dragon and Topologic Bomber Dragon.

;{{nihongo|Specter|スペクター|Supekutā}}
:{{animevoices|Kajimoto Daiki|}}
:Specter is Revolver's right-handman and a member of the Knights of Hanoi.

;{{nihongo|Knights of Hanoi|ハノイの|Hanoi no Kishi}}
:The Knights of Hanoi are a mysterious hacker group that hacks via Dueling inside LINK VRAINS to destroy the "AI World" known as "Cyberse" that exists somewhere in the depths of the Network. They use DARK Machine decks and their ace monster is "Cracking Dragon".

;{{nihongo|Dr. Kogami|鴻上博士|Kōgami Hakase}}
:{{animevoices|[[Takayuki Sugō]]|}}
:Dr. Kogami is a member of the Knights of Hanoi.

===SOL Technologies===
;{{nihongo|Akira Zaizen|財前晃|Zaizen Akira}}
:{{animevoices|[[Shouma Yamamoto]]|}}
:Akira is the Security Manager of SOL Technologies and Aoi's older brother-in-law, who is after Ignis in order to find the Cyberse world and save the company. He lives together with Aoi but rarely comes home due to his work.

;{{nihongo|Bishop|ビショップ|Bishoppu}}
:{{animevoices|[[:ja:IKKAN|IKKAN]]|}}
:Bishop is a higher-up at SOL Technologies who communicates via a hologram of a bishop chess piece.

;{{nihongo|Knight|ナイト|Naito}}
:{{animevoices|Masaaki Yano|}}
:Knight is a higher-up at SOL Technologies who communicates via a hologram of a knight chess piece.

;{{nihongo|Rook|ルーク|Rūku}}
:{{animevoices|Koichi Makishima|}}
:Rook is a higher-up at SOL Technologies who communicates via a hologram of a rook chess piece.

===Den City===
;{{Nihongo|Shoichi Kusanagi|草薙翔一|Kusanagi Shōichi}}
:{{animevoices|[[Subaru Kimura]]|}}
:Shoichi is Yusaku's ally who helps him in his fight against the Knights of Hanoi in order to find his younger brother.

;{{Nihongo|Emma Bessho|別所エマ|Bessho Ema}} / {{Nihongo|Ghost Girl|ゴーストガール|Gōsuto Gāru}}
:{{animevoices|Yuna Kamakura|}}
:Emma is a "treasure hunter" who steals information. She is hired by Akira to learn more about Playmaker. She uses an Altergeist Deck.

;{{Nihongo|Naoki Shima|島直樹|Shima Naoki}}
:{{animevoices|Chiharu Sawashiro|}}
:Naoki is Yusaku's classmate and is a fan of Playmaker.

==Episodes==
{{Main article|List of Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS episodes}}

==Trading Card Game==
{{see also|Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game}}
Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS changes game play elements to the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game. It alters the field so only one monster can be summoned from each player's Extra Deck at a time. It also introduces Link Monsters to the game. Link monster cards don't have "Levels" or "Ranks" but a "Link Number" which indicates the number of monsters required to summon them. They also posses arrows, indicating which adjacent monster zones are also allow to contain monsters summoned from the Extra Deck. The number of high-lighted arrows is equal to their "Link Number", thus more powerful Link Monsters allow for more Extra Deck monsters to be summoned

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/yugioh-vrains/ テレビ東京・あにてれ　遊☆戯☆王VRAINS Official website] {{ja icon}}
*[https://twitter.com/yugioh_anime/ アニメ「遊☆戯☆王」公式 Twitter]

{{Yu-Gi-Oh!}}
{{Gallop (studio)}}

[[Category:2017 anime television series]]
[[Category:Anime spin-offs]]
[[Category:Shōnen manga]]
[[Category:Yu-Gi-Oh!]]
[[Category:Yu-Gi-Oh!-related anime]]
[[Category:Gallop (studio)]]
[[Category:Shueisha manga]]
[[Category:Virtual reality in fiction]]

Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS

2017-08-16T11:51:26Z

179.183.210.74: /* Main Characters */

{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS
| image = File:Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS Logo.png
| caption = The logo for the Japanese version of Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS.
| ja_kanji = 遊☆戯☆王VRAINS（ヴレインズ）
| ja_romaji = Yū-Gi-Ō Vureinzu
| genre = [[Action film|Action]], [[Adventure]], [[Science fantasy]] 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = TV series
| director = Masahiro Hosoda
| producer =
| writer = Shin Yoshida
| music = Shinkichi Mitsumune
| studio = [[Gallop (studio)|Gallop]] [[Nihon Ad Systems|NAS]]
| licensee = {{English anime licensee|NA =[[Crunchyroll]]}}
| network = [[TV Tokyo]]
| network_en =
| first = May 10, 2017<ref name="ANN Weekly Shonen Jump">{{Cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/yu-gi-oh-vrains-tv-anime-premieres-in-may-in-new-time-slot/.113447 |title= Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS TV Anime Premieres in May in New Time Slot|date=March 15, 2017 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref>
| last =
| episodes = 13
| episode_list = List of Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS episodes
}}

{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{Nihongo|'''''Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS'''''|遊☆戯☆王VRAINS（ヴレインズ）|Yū-Gi-Ō Vureinzu|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[anime]] series animated by [[Gallop (studio)|Gallop]]. It is the sixth ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh!]]'' anime series. It is the fifth main spin-off anime series in the ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh!]]'' franchise following ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V]]''. It was originally scheduled to air in Japan in April 2017 after the conclusion of ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V]]'', but it was delayed to May 10, 2017. The series follows Yusaku Fujiki. It takes place in a high school environment in Den City.<ref name="ANN Jump Festa">{{Cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-12-16/new-yu-gi-oh-anime-series-premieres-in-japan-in-spring-2017/.110029|title=New Yu-Gi-Oh! Anime Series Premieres in Japan in Spring 2017|date=December 16, 2016|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref> [[Crunchyroll]] announced that they licensed the series for official simulcast in [[North America]] and [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/06/01-1/crunchyroll-kicks-off-yu-gi-oh-vrains-anime-simulcast|title=Crunchyroll Kicks Off "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS" Anime Simulcast|website=[[Crunchyroll]]|date=June 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-06-01/crunchyroll-adds-yu-gi-oh-vrains-serial-experiments-lain-c-control-anime-streaming/.116917|title=Crunchyroll Adds Yu-Gi-Oh Vrains, Serial Experiments Lain, C-Control Anime Streaming|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=June 2, 2017}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The series takes place 10 years in the future in a city with advanced network systems known as Den City. In this city, a VR space called LINK VRAINS was constructed by SOL Technologies advanced network technology. However, a mysterious hacker group that hacks through dueling has appeared in LINK VRAINS known as the Knights of Hanoi.

A duelist named Playmaker stands against this threat. His true identity is Yusaku Fujiki. He is a first year high school student. Yusaku fights to find the truth about an incident that happened in the past. During his battles, Yusaku manages to capture a mysterious AI program sought after by both SOL Technology and the Knights of Hanoi.<ref name="「遊☆戯☆王ＶＲＡＩＮＳ」">{{Cite web |url=http://ascii.jp/elem/000/001/464/1464051/index-5.html|title=「遊☆戯☆王ＶＲＡＩＮＳ」|date=April 6, 2017 |publisher=ASCII.jp|access-date=April 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Characters==
===Main Characters===
;{{Nihongo|Yusaku Fujiki|藤木遊作|Fujiki Yūsaku}} / {{Nihongo|Playmaker|プレイメーカー|Pureimēkā}}
:{{animevoices|Shouya Ishige|}}
:Yusaku is the main protagonist of the series. He is a calm and intelligent 16-year-old high school student. He is secretly working as a hacker and prefers not to stand out in his environment or socializing with others for this reason. As Playmaker, he fights against the Knights of Hanoi to uncover the truth of his past. He uses a Cyberse Deck that focuses on Link Summoning with his ace monsters being Decode Talker and Firewall Dragon.<ref name="TVアニメ『遊☆戯☆王VRAINS』、追加キャラクターの設定画を公">{{Cite web |url=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2017/03/21/055/|title=TVアニメ『遊☆戯☆王VRAINS』、追加キャラクターの設定画を公|date=April 6, 2017|publisher=Mynavi.jp|access-date=March 21, 2017}}</ref>

;{{nihongo|Ignis/Ai|アイ}}
:{{animevoices|[[Takahiro Sakurai]]|}}
:Ai is an A.I. program with free will known as an {{nihongo4|Ignis|イグニス|Igunisu}} sought after by both SOL Technologies and the Knights of Hanoi.<ref name="「その名は『ヴレインズ』!!　『遊☆戯☆王』新シリーズの情報が明らかに！」">{{Cite web |url=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2017/03/21/055/l|title=「その名は『ヴレインズ』!!　『遊☆戯☆王』新シリーズの情報が明らかに！」|date=February 19, 2017|publisher=Shueisha|access-date=April 13, 2017}}</ref> Five years before the story, when Knights of Hanoi nearly destroyed Cyberse, the world he came from, Ai sealed his own world to save it from destruction at the cost unable to return to Cyberse. In the process, he was bitten by Cracking Dragon, causing him to lose the majority of his memories. In his escape attempt, Yusaku trapped him inside his Duel Disk to use him as leverage against Knights of Hanoi.

;{{Nihongo|Aoi Zaizen|財前葵|Zaizen Aoi}} / {{Nihongo|Blue Angel|ブルーエンジェル|Burū Enjeru}}
:{{animevoices|Yuki Nakashima|}}
:Aoi is Yusaku's classmate and a Charisma Duelist. While she appears cool on the outside, as Blue Angel, her personality drastically changes to be more active. She is the sister-in-law of Akira Zaizen, the head security of SOL Technology. She only lives together with Akira who rarely comes home due to his work, which prompts Aoi's determination as a Charisma Duelist to gain recognition from Akira. She uses a Trickstar Deck that focuses on Link Summoning and effect damage. Her ace monster is Trickstar Holly Angel.<ref name="「新たな情報が続々判明!!　『遊☆戯☆王ブレインズ』の最新情報をVジャンプでチェック!!」">{{Cite web|url=http://vjump.shueisha.co.jp/news/n01_20117_0318_01.html|title=「新たな情報が続々判明!!　『遊☆戯☆王ブレインズ』の最新情報をVジャンプでチェック!!」|date=March 18, 2017|publisher=Shueisha|access-date=April 13, 2017}}</ref>

;{{Nihongo|Goh Onizuka|鬼塚豪|Onizuka Gō}} / {{Nihongo|Go-Onizuka|Go鬼塚|Go Onizuka}}
:{{animevoices|Daiki Hamano|}}
:Goh is a famous Charisma Duelist. He was raised in an orphanage when he was little, so he works hard as Charisma Duelist to repay his debt to the orphanage. Goh was admired by the children of the orphanage until Playmaker gained their admiration following his victory against Knight of Hanoi. Since then, Goh considers Playmaker as his rival. To regain the hearts of his fans, Goh lured Playmaker into a trap and dueled him. Although he lost, his dueling managed to win back the hearts of the children from the orphanage. He is a Charisma Duelist who uses Entertainment Style where he purposely makes himself in a pinch and then defeat his opponent. He uses a Gouki Deck that focuses on Link Summoning.<ref name="「新たな情報が続々判明!!　『遊☆戯☆王ブレインズ』の最新情報をVジャンプでチェック!!」" />

===Knights of Hanoi===
;{{Nihongo|Revolver|リボルバー|Riborubā}}
:{{animevoices|[[Shunsuke Takeuchi]]|}}
:Revolver is the leader of the Knights of Hanoi whose goal is to destroy "Cyberse". Revolver is distrusting of the Internet, believing that it is merely a world of fiction, and is willing to destroy Cyberse by any means. Revolver uses a Rokket Deck, where his ace monsters are Borreload Dragon and Topologic Bomber Dragon.

;{{nihongo|Specter|スペクター|Supekutā}}
:{{animevoices|Kajimoto Daiki|}}
:Specter is Revolver's right-handman and a member of the Knights of Hanoi.

;{{nihongo|Knights of Hanoi|ハノイの|Hanoi no Kishi}}
:The Knights of Hanoi are a mysterious hacker group that hacks via Dueling inside LINK VRAINS to destroy the "AI World" known as "Cyberse" that exists somewhere in the depths of the Network. They use DARK Machine decks and their ace monster is "Cracking Dragon".

;{{nihongo|Dr. Kogami|鴻上博士|Kōgami Hakase}}
:{{animevoices|[[Takayuki Sugō]]|}}
:Dr. Kogami is a member of the Knights of Hanoi.

===SOL Technologies===
;{{nihongo|Akira Zaizen|財前晃|Zaizen Akira}}
:{{animevoices|[[Shouma Yamamoto]]|}}
:Akira is the Security Manager of SOL Technologies and Aoi's older brother-in-law, who is after Ignis in order to find the Cyberse world and save the company. He lives together with Aoi but rarely comes home due to his work.

;{{nihongo|Bishop|ビショップ|Bishoppu}}
:{{animevoices|[[:ja:IKKAN|IKKAN]]|}}
:Bishop is a higher-up at SOL Technologies who communicates via a hologram of a bishop chess piece.

;{{nihongo|Knight|ナイト|Naito}}
:{{animevoices|Masaaki Yano|}}
:Knight is a higher-up at SOL Technologies who communicates via a hologram of a knight chess piece.

;{{nihongo|Rook|ルーク|Rūku}}
:{{animevoices|Koichi Makishima|}}
:Rook is a higher-up at SOL Technologies who communicates via a hologram of a rook chess piece.

===Den City===
;{{Nihongo|Shoichi Kusanagi|草薙翔一|Kusanagi Shōichi}}
:{{animevoices|[[Subaru Kimura]]|}}
:Shoichi is Yusaku's ally who helps him in his fight against the Knights of Hanoi in order to find his younger brother.

;{{Nihongo|Emma Bessho|別所エマ|Bessho Ema}} / {{Nihongo|Ghost Girl|ゴーストガール|Gōsuto Gāru}}
:{{animevoices|Yuna Kamakura|}}
:Emma is a "treasure hunter" who steals information. She is hired by Akira to learn more about Playmaker. She uses an Altergeist Deck.

;{{Nihongo|Naoki Shima|島直樹|Shima Naoki}}
:{{animevoices|Chiharu Sawashiro|}}
:Naoki is Yusaku's classmate and is a fan of Playmaker.

==Episodes==
{{Main article|List of Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS episodes}}

==Trading Card Game==
{{see also|Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game}}
Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS changes game play elements to the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game. It alters the field so only one monster can be summoned from each player's Extra Deck at a time. It also introduces Link Monsters to the game. Link monster cards don't have "Levels" or "Ranks" but a "Link Number" which indicates the number of monsters required to summon them. They also posses arrows, indicating which adjacent monster zones are also allow to contain monsters summoned from the Extra Deck. The number of high-lighted arrows is equal to their "Link Number", thus more powerful Link Monsters allow for more Extra Deck monsters to be summoned

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/yugioh-vrains/ テレビ東京・あにてれ　遊☆戯☆王VRAINS Official website] {{ja icon}}
*[https://twitter.com/yugioh_anime/ アニメ「遊☆戯☆王」公式 Twitter]

{{Yu-Gi-Oh!}}
{{Gallop (studio)}}

[[Category:2017 anime television series]]
[[Category:Anime spin-offs]]
[[Category:Shōnen manga]]
[[Category:Yu-Gi-Oh!]]
[[Category:Yu-Gi-Oh!-related anime]]
[[Category:Gallop (studio)]]
[[Category:Shueisha manga]]
[[Category:Virtual reality in fiction]]

Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS

2017-08-16T11:51:00Z

179.183.210.74: /* Characters */

{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS
| image = File:Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS Logo.png
| caption = The logo for the Japanese version of Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS.
| ja_kanji = 遊☆戯☆王VRAINS（ヴレインズ）
| ja_romaji = Yū-Gi-Ō Vureinzu
| genre = [[Action film|Action]], [[Adventure]], [[Science fantasy]] 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = TV series
| director = Masahiro Hosoda
| producer =
| writer = Shin Yoshida
| music = Shinkichi Mitsumune
| studio = [[Gallop (studio)|Gallop]] [[Nihon Ad Systems|NAS]]
| licensee = {{English anime licensee|NA =[[Crunchyroll]]}}
| network = [[TV Tokyo]]
| network_en =
| first = May 10, 2017<ref name="ANN Weekly Shonen Jump">{{Cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/yu-gi-oh-vrains-tv-anime-premieres-in-may-in-new-time-slot/.113447 |title= Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS TV Anime Premieres in May in New Time Slot|date=March 15, 2017 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref>
| last =
| episodes = 13
| episode_list = List of Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS episodes
}}

{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{Nihongo|'''''Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS'''''|遊☆戯☆王VRAINS（ヴレインズ）|Yū-Gi-Ō Vureinzu|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[anime]] series animated by [[Gallop (studio)|Gallop]]. It is the sixth ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh!]]'' anime series. It is the fifth main spin-off anime series in the ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh!]]'' franchise following ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V]]''. It was originally scheduled to air in Japan in April 2017 after the conclusion of ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V]]'', but it was delayed to May 10, 2017. The series follows Yusaku Fujiki. It takes place in a high school environment in Den City.<ref name="ANN Jump Festa">{{Cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-12-16/new-yu-gi-oh-anime-series-premieres-in-japan-in-spring-2017/.110029|title=New Yu-Gi-Oh! Anime Series Premieres in Japan in Spring 2017|date=December 16, 2016|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref> [[Crunchyroll]] announced that they licensed the series for official simulcast in [[North America]] and [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/06/01-1/crunchyroll-kicks-off-yu-gi-oh-vrains-anime-simulcast|title=Crunchyroll Kicks Off "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS" Anime Simulcast|website=[[Crunchyroll]]|date=June 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-06-01/crunchyroll-adds-yu-gi-oh-vrains-serial-experiments-lain-c-control-anime-streaming/.116917|title=Crunchyroll Adds Yu-Gi-Oh Vrains, Serial Experiments Lain, C-Control Anime Streaming|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=June 2, 2017}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The series takes place 10 years in the future in a city with advanced network systems known as Den City. In this city, a VR space called LINK VRAINS was constructed by SOL Technologies advanced network technology. However, a mysterious hacker group that hacks through dueling has appeared in LINK VRAINS known as the Knights of Hanoi.

A duelist named Playmaker stands against this threat. His true identity is Yusaku Fujiki. He is a first year high school student. Yusaku fights to find the truth about an incident that happened in the past. During his battles, Yusaku manages to capture a mysterious AI program sought after by both SOL Technology and the Knights of Hanoi.<ref name="「遊☆戯☆王ＶＲＡＩＮＳ」">{{Cite web |url=http://ascii.jp/elem/000/001/464/1464051/index-5.html|title=「遊☆戯☆王ＶＲＡＩＮＳ」|date=April 6, 2017 |publisher=ASCII.jp|access-date=April 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Characters==
===Main Characters===
;{{Nihongo|Yusaku Fujiki|藤木遊作|Fujiki Yūsaku}} / {{Nihongo|Playmaker|プレイメーカー|Pureimēkā}}
:{{animevoices|Shouya Ishige|}}
:Yusaku is the main protagonist of the series. He is a calm and intelligent 16-year-old high school student. He is secretly working as a hacker and prefers not to stand out in his environment or socializing with others for this reason. As Playmaker, he fights against the Knights of Hanoi to uncover the truth of his past. He uses a Cyberse Deck that focuses on Link Summoning with his ace monsters being Decode Talker and Firewall Dragon.<ref name="TVアニメ『遊☆戯☆王VRAINS』、追加キャラクターの設定画を公">{{Cite web |url=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2017/03/21/055/|title=TVアニメ『遊☆戯☆王VRAINS』、追加キャラクターの設定画を公|date=April 6, 2017|publisher=Mynavi.jp|access-date=March 21, 2017}}</ref>

;{{nihongo|Ignis/Ai|アイ}}
:{{animevoices|[[Takahiro Sakurai]]|}}
:Ai is an A.I. program with free will known as an {{nihongo4|Ignis|イグニス|Igunisu}} sought after by both SOL Technologies and the Knights of Hanoi.<ref name="「その名は『ヴレインズ』!!　『遊☆戯☆王』新シリーズの情報が明らかに！」">{{Cite web |url=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2017/03/21/055/l|title=「その名は『ヴレインズ』!!　『遊☆戯☆王』新シリーズの情報が明らかに！」|date=February 19, 2017|publisher=Shueisha|access-date=April 13, 2017}}</ref> Five years before the story, when Knights of Hanoi nearly destroyed Cyberse, the world he came from, Ai sealed his own world to save it from destruction at the cost unable to return to Cyberse. In the process, he was bitten by Cracking Dragon, causing him to lose the majority of his memories. In his escape attempt, Yusaku trapped him inside his Duel Disk to use him as leverage against Knights of Hanoi.

;{{Nihongo|Aoi Zaizen|財前葵|Zaizen Aoi}} / {{Nihongo|Blue Angel|ブルーエンジェル|Burū Enjeru}}
:{{animevoices|Yuki Nakashima|}}
:Aoi is Yusaku's classmate and a Charisma Duelist. While she appears cool on the outside, as Blue Angel, her personality drastically changes to be more active. She is the sister-in-law of Akira Zaizen, the head security of SOL Technology. She only lives together with Akira who rarely comes home due to his work, which prompts Aoi's determination as a Charisma Duelist to gain recognition from Akira. She uses a Trickstar Deck that focuses on Link Summoning and effect damage. Her ace monster is Trickstar Holly Angel.<ref name="「新たな情報が続々判明!!　『遊☆戯☆王ブレインズ』の最新情報をVジャンプでチェック!!」">{{Cite web|url=http://vjump.shueisha.co.jp/news/n01_20117_0318_01.html|title=「新たな情報が続々判明!!　『遊☆戯☆王ブレインズ』の最新情報をVジャンプでチェック!!」|date=March 18, 2017|publisher=Shueisha|access-date=April 13, 2017}}</ref>

;{{Nihongo|Goh Onizuka|鬼塚豪|Onizuka Gō}} / {{Nihongo|Go-Onizuka|Go鬼塚|Go Onizuka}}
:{{animevoices|Daiki Hamano|}
:Goh is a famous Charisma Duelist. He was raised in an orphanage when he was little, so he works hard as Charisma Duelist to repay his debt to the orphanage. Goh was admired by the children of the orphanage until Playmaker gained their admiration following his victory against Knight of Hanoi. Since then, Goh considers Playmaker as his rival. To regain the hearts of his fans, Goh lured Playmaker into a trap and dueled him. Although he lost, his dueling managed to win back the hearts of the children from the orphanage. He is a Charisma Duelist who uses Entertainment Style where he purposely makes himself in a pinch and then defeat his opponent. He uses a Gouki Deck that focuses on Link Summoning.<ref name="「新たな情報が続々判明!!　『遊☆戯☆王ブレインズ』の最新情報をVジャンプでチェック!!」" />

===Knights of Hanoi===
;{{Nihongo|Revolver|リボルバー|Riborubā}}
:{{animevoices|[[Shunsuke Takeuchi]]|}}
:Revolver is the leader of the Knights of Hanoi whose goal is to destroy "Cyberse". Revolver is distrusting of the Internet, believing that it is merely a world of fiction, and is willing to destroy Cyberse by any means. Revolver uses a Rokket Deck, where his ace monsters are Borreload Dragon and Topologic Bomber Dragon.

;{{nihongo|Specter|スペクター|Supekutā}}
:{{animevoices|Kajimoto Daiki|}}
:Specter is Revolver's right-handman and a member of the Knights of Hanoi.

;{{nihongo|Knights of Hanoi|ハノイの|Hanoi no Kishi}}
:The Knights of Hanoi are a mysterious hacker group that hacks via Dueling inside LINK VRAINS to destroy the "AI World" known as "Cyberse" that exists somewhere in the depths of the Network. They use DARK Machine decks and their ace monster is "Cracking Dragon".

;{{nihongo|Dr. Kogami|鴻上博士|Kōgami Hakase}}
:{{animevoices|[[Takayuki Sugō]]|}}
:Dr. Kogami is a member of the Knights of Hanoi.

===SOL Technologies===
;{{nihongo|Akira Zaizen|財前晃|Zaizen Akira}}
:{{animevoices|[[Shouma Yamamoto]]|}}
:Akira is the Security Manager of SOL Technologies and Aoi's older brother-in-law, who is after Ignis in order to find the Cyberse world and save the company. He lives together with Aoi but rarely comes home due to his work.

;{{nihongo|Bishop|ビショップ|Bishoppu}}
:{{animevoices|[[:ja:IKKAN|IKKAN]]|}}
:Bishop is a higher-up at SOL Technologies who communicates via a hologram of a bishop chess piece.

;{{nihongo|Knight|ナイト|Naito}}
:{{animevoices|Masaaki Yano|}}
:Knight is a higher-up at SOL Technologies who communicates via a hologram of a knight chess piece.

;{{nihongo|Rook|ルーク|Rūku}}
:{{animevoices|Koichi Makishima|}}
:Rook is a higher-up at SOL Technologies who communicates via a hologram of a rook chess piece.

===Den City===
;{{Nihongo|Shoichi Kusanagi|草薙翔一|Kusanagi Shōichi}}
:{{animevoices|[[Subaru Kimura]]|}}
:Shoichi is Yusaku's ally who helps him in his fight against the Knights of Hanoi in order to find his younger brother.

;{{Nihongo|Emma Bessho|別所エマ|Bessho Ema}} / {{Nihongo|Ghost Girl|ゴーストガール|Gōsuto Gāru}}
:{{animevoices|Yuna Kamakura|}}
:Emma is a "treasure hunter" who steals information. She is hired by Akira to learn more about Playmaker. She uses an Altergeist Deck.

;{{Nihongo|Naoki Shima|島直樹|Shima Naoki}}
:{{animevoices|Chiharu Sawashiro|}}
:Naoki is Yusaku's classmate and is a fan of Playmaker.

==Episodes==
{{Main article|List of Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS episodes}}

==Trading Card Game==
{{see also|Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game}}
Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS changes game play elements to the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game. It alters the field so only one monster can be summoned from each player's Extra Deck at a time. It also introduces Link Monsters to the game. Link monster cards don't have "Levels" or "Ranks" but a "Link Number" which indicates the number of monsters required to summon them. They also posses arrows, indicating which adjacent monster zones are also allow to contain monsters summoned from the Extra Deck. The number of high-lighted arrows is equal to their "Link Number", thus more powerful Link Monsters allow for more Extra Deck monsters to be summoned

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/yugioh-vrains/ テレビ東京・あにてれ　遊☆戯☆王VRAINS Official website] {{ja icon}}
*[https://twitter.com/yugioh_anime/ アニメ「遊☆戯☆王」公式 Twitter]

{{Yu-Gi-Oh!}}
{{Gallop (studio)}}

[[Category:2017 anime television series]]
[[Category:Anime spin-offs]]
[[Category:Shōnen manga]]
[[Category:Yu-Gi-Oh!]]
[[Category:Yu-Gi-Oh!-related anime]]
[[Category:Gallop (studio)]]
[[Category:Shueisha manga]]
[[Category:Virtual reality in fiction]]

Global Game Jam

2017-01-16T13:46:17Z

179.183.79.253: /* Event themes */

{{Infobox organization |name = Global Game Jam|bgcolor = |fgcolor = |image = GlobalGameJamLogo.jpg|image_border = |size = |alt = |caption = |map = |msize = |malt = |mcaption = |abbreviation = GGJ|motto = innovation, creativity, experimentation|goal = |formation = 2008, with first Game Jam held January 30–February 1, 2009 |extinction = |type = |status = |purpose = |headquarters = |location = |region_served = International |membership = |language = |leader_title =|leader_name = |main_organ = |parent_organization =[[Global Game Jam, Inc.]] |affiliations = |num_staff = |num_volunteers = |budget = |website = http://www.globalgamejam.org |remarks = }}

{{Portal|Video games}}

The '''Global Game Jam''' ('''GGJ''') is an annual distributed [[Game Jam|game jam]]. Inspired by the [[Nordic Game Jam]], and created by [[Susan Gold]], [[Ian Schreiber]] and [[Gorm Lai]], originally developed under the [[IGDA|International Game Developers Association]] Education SIG to bring together the elements of creativity, collaboration and experimentation. At each site, participants gather to develop ideas, form small groups, create new, creative, innovative games, and present them to their peers and the global community, all in a limited time span. As of 2013, GGJ is managed by Global Game Jam Incorporated.<ref name="About">http://globalgamejam.org/about</ref> In January 2014, GGJ generated teams in 485 sites in 73 countries, who over the course of one weekend created 4,289 games. The Global Game Jam carries a registered trademark.

== Participants ==

Participants in the Global Game Jam are of all skill levels and in various fields. Everyone from professional game developers to educators to artists and designers is welcome to participate.<ref name = 'Kotaku_1'>Serrels, Mark. Game Jam: Saving The Australian Games Industry In 48 Hours. 2/2/2011. http://www.kotaku.com.au/2011/02/game-jam-saving-the-australian-games-industry-in-48-hours/.</ref> Once the jam begins, participants come up with game ideas, before pitching those ideas to each other and forming teams to work together on a project.<ref name = 'FAQ'>Basic Questions. http://www.globalgamejam.org/wiki/basic-questions#ggj Retrieved 2/14/2011.</ref>

== Event organization ==

[[File:GGJ LA 2015.JPG|thumb|An image from the Global Game Jam in Los Angeles 2015]]
Groups wishing to host a jam site must fulfill certain requirements. Their location must have Internet access for everyone involved, access to development resources such as an [[Integrated development environment|IDE]], possibly preinstalled at the location, an event coordinator, beverages and nearby food access, round-the-clock availability of the location, and security for belongings.<ref name = 'FAQ' />

At each site, the Global Game Jam runs continuously for 48 hours in each time zone, beginning at 5:00 PM on the start date, and ending at 5:00 PM two days later. The recommended schedule includes a short planning and team creation period, followed by development time until 3:00 PM on the final day. The last few hours are set aside for teams to present their creation to each other. However, sites are not required to follow this schedule.<ref name = 'GGJ'>http://globalgamejam.org</ref>

At the beginning of the event participants are given a theme, such as “Extinction” in the 2011 Jam. Participants are asked to create a game that in some way relates to this theme. Additionally, participants are given a list of “achievements”, also referred to as diversifiers.<ref name=ggj_diversifiers>{{cite web |title=Global Game Jam Diversifiers |url=http://globalgamejam.org/global-game-jam-diversifiers |website=Official Global Game Jam Website |accessdate=19 April 2016}}</ref> These are designed to drive creative development by adding a unique or limiting factor to their a game’s design. Examples include “Both Hands Tied Behind My Back”, in which a game should be designed to be played without the player’s hands,<ref name=SG13_FDG>{{cite conference |url=https://www.academia.edu/3435554/Promoting_Game_Accessibility_Experiencing_an_Induction_on_Inclusive_Design_Practice_at_the_Global_Games_Jam |title=Promoting Game Accessibility: Experiencing an Induction on Inclusive Design Practice at the Global Games Jam |first1=Michael |last1=Scott |first2=Gheorghita |last2=Ghinea |format=pdf |conference=Proceedings of the Inaugural Workshop on the Global Games Jam |publisher=Society for Advancing the Study of Digital Games |pages=17–20 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.5193.6481 |date=14 May 2013 |accessdate=January 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name=SG14_FIE>{{cite conference |url=https://www.academia.edu/7260905/Promoting_Inclusive_Design_Practices_at_the_Global_Game_Jam_A_Pilot_Evaluation |title=Promoting Inclusive Design Practices at the Global Game Jam: A Pilot Evaluation |first1=Michael |last1=Scott |first2=Gheorghita |last2=Ghinea |format=pdf |conference=Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference |publisher=IEEE |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1109/FIE.2014.7044162 |date=22 October 2014 |accessdate=January 1, 2016}}</ref> or “Picasso Lives”, in which game art must be [[Cubism|cubist]] in style.<ref name=ggj_diversifiers />

== Past events ==

The first Global Game Jam was held from January 30 – February 1, 2009, at 53 locations across the globe. During the jam, 1650 participants created 370 games.<ref name='Gamasutra_1'>Jacobs, Steve. “Global Game Jam 2009: A Worldwide Report.” p1. 2/25/2009. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3943/global_game_jam_2009_a_worldwide_.php.</ref><ref name = 'MIT'>Whitacre, Andrew. “GAMBIT Game Lab to build new video games in 48-hour marathon.” 1/5/2010. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/gambit-game-jam.html</ref>

The second Jam expanded further in 2010, increasing to 138 sites and resulting in 900 games made by 4300 creators.<ref name = 'GGJ'/>

The 2011 Game Jam, which ran January 28–30, gathered 6500 participants at 169 sites who created over 1500 games total.<ref name = 'Gamasutra_2'>Alexander, Lee. “Global Game Jam Sees Biggest Year Yet With 6,500 Participants.” 1/25/2011. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/32750/Global_Game_Jam_Sees_Biggest_Year_Yet_With_6500_Participants.php</ref>

The 2012 Game Jam ran January 27–29 with over 10,684 participants in 242 locations (47 countries). 2209 games were created. According to a March 2 press release, the Global Game Jam is recognized as the largest in the world by the Guinness Book of World Records.<ref>http://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/163989/Global_Game_Jam_Sets_Guinness_World_Recordtrade_for_BeingThe_Largest_Game_Jam_in_the_World.php</ref>

The 2014 GGJ was held January 24–26 with 485 locations in 73 countries.<ref>http://us3.campaign-archive1.com/?u=454b4bd952bbac0ecc548c7d1&id=8d5f145574</ref>

The 2015 GGJ took place from 23 to 25 January with 518 registered jam sites in 78 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalgamejam.org/news/ggj-2015-official-stats|title=GGJ 2015: The Official Stats {{!}} Global Game Jam®|website=globalgamejam.org|access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref>

== Event themes ==
* 2009 - "As long as we have each other, we will never run out of problems"
* 2010 - "Deception"<ref>[http://globalgamejam.org/history]</ref> (plus extra timezone-specific themes, including "The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain")
* 2011 - "Extinction"
* 2012 - An image of [[Ouroboros]].<ref>[http://2013.globalgamejam.org/news/2012/01/28/and-ggj-2012-theme GGJ 2012 Theme]</ref>
* 2013 - Sound of a Heartbeat<ref>[http://2013.globalgamejam.org/news/2013/01/26/ggj13-theme GGJ13 Theme]</ref>
* 2014 - "We don't see things as they are, we see them as we are." <ref>http://globalgamejam.org/news/ggj14-theme</ref>
* 2015 - "What do we do now?"<ref>[http://www.gamedev.net/topic/665112-twitch-jams-2015-ggj15/ Twitch Jams 2015]</ref>
* 2016 - "Ritual"
* 2017 - "Ambiguous"

== Intellectual property ==

All games produced are created under the [[Creative Commons]] Non Commercial Share Alike 3.0 free license, and while they remain the [[intellectual property]] of their creators, the Global Game Jam retains the ability to use any game as promotional material.<ref name = 'GGJ' /><ref name = 'Creative Commons'>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Retrieved 2/8/2011.</ref> As a part of this and as part of the license, every game is archived, along with source code for many digital games, on Global Game Jam’s website.<ref name = 'GGJ' />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.globalgamejam.org Official site]

[[Category:Video game events]]
[[Category:Video game development]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2009]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2009]]

Global Game Jam

2017-01-16T13:45:41Z

179.183.79.253: /* Event themes */

{{Infobox organization |name = Global Game Jam|bgcolor = |fgcolor = |image = GlobalGameJamLogo.jpg|image_border = |size = |alt = |caption = |map = |msize = |malt = |mcaption = |abbreviation = GGJ|motto = innovation, creativity, experimentation|goal = |formation = 2008, with first Game Jam held January 30–February 1, 2009 |extinction = |type = |status = |purpose = |headquarters = |location = |region_served = International |membership = |language = |leader_title =|leader_name = |main_organ = |parent_organization =[[Global Game Jam, Inc.]] |affiliations = |num_staff = |num_volunteers = |budget = |website = http://www.globalgamejam.org |remarks = }}

{{Portal|Video games}}

The '''Global Game Jam''' ('''GGJ''') is an annual distributed [[Game Jam|game jam]]. Inspired by the [[Nordic Game Jam]], and created by [[Susan Gold]], [[Ian Schreiber]] and [[Gorm Lai]], originally developed under the [[IGDA|International Game Developers Association]] Education SIG to bring together the elements of creativity, collaboration and experimentation. At each site, participants gather to develop ideas, form small groups, create new, creative, innovative games, and present them to their peers and the global community, all in a limited time span. As of 2013, GGJ is managed by Global Game Jam Incorporated.<ref name="About">http://globalgamejam.org/about</ref> In January 2014, GGJ generated teams in 485 sites in 73 countries, who over the course of one weekend created 4,289 games. The Global Game Jam carries a registered trademark.

== Participants ==

Participants in the Global Game Jam are of all skill levels and in various fields. Everyone from professional game developers to educators to artists and designers is welcome to participate.<ref name = 'Kotaku_1'>Serrels, Mark. Game Jam: Saving The Australian Games Industry In 48 Hours. 2/2/2011. http://www.kotaku.com.au/2011/02/game-jam-saving-the-australian-games-industry-in-48-hours/.</ref> Once the jam begins, participants come up with game ideas, before pitching those ideas to each other and forming teams to work together on a project.<ref name = 'FAQ'>Basic Questions. http://www.globalgamejam.org/wiki/basic-questions#ggj Retrieved 2/14/2011.</ref>

== Event organization ==

[[File:GGJ LA 2015.JPG|thumb|An image from the Global Game Jam in Los Angeles 2015]]
Groups wishing to host a jam site must fulfill certain requirements. Their location must have Internet access for everyone involved, access to development resources such as an [[Integrated development environment|IDE]], possibly preinstalled at the location, an event coordinator, beverages and nearby food access, round-the-clock availability of the location, and security for belongings.<ref name = 'FAQ' />

At each site, the Global Game Jam runs continuously for 48 hours in each time zone, beginning at 5:00 PM on the start date, and ending at 5:00 PM two days later. The recommended schedule includes a short planning and team creation period, followed by development time until 3:00 PM on the final day. The last few hours are set aside for teams to present their creation to each other. However, sites are not required to follow this schedule.<ref name = 'GGJ'>http://globalgamejam.org</ref>

At the beginning of the event participants are given a theme, such as “Extinction” in the 2011 Jam. Participants are asked to create a game that in some way relates to this theme. Additionally, participants are given a list of “achievements”, also referred to as diversifiers.<ref name=ggj_diversifiers>{{cite web |title=Global Game Jam Diversifiers |url=http://globalgamejam.org/global-game-jam-diversifiers |website=Official Global Game Jam Website |accessdate=19 April 2016}}</ref> These are designed to drive creative development by adding a unique or limiting factor to their a game’s design. Examples include “Both Hands Tied Behind My Back”, in which a game should be designed to be played without the player’s hands,<ref name=SG13_FDG>{{cite conference |url=https://www.academia.edu/3435554/Promoting_Game_Accessibility_Experiencing_an_Induction_on_Inclusive_Design_Practice_at_the_Global_Games_Jam |title=Promoting Game Accessibility: Experiencing an Induction on Inclusive Design Practice at the Global Games Jam |first1=Michael |last1=Scott |first2=Gheorghita |last2=Ghinea |format=pdf |conference=Proceedings of the Inaugural Workshop on the Global Games Jam |publisher=Society for Advancing the Study of Digital Games |pages=17–20 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.5193.6481 |date=14 May 2013 |accessdate=January 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name=SG14_FIE>{{cite conference |url=https://www.academia.edu/7260905/Promoting_Inclusive_Design_Practices_at_the_Global_Game_Jam_A_Pilot_Evaluation |title=Promoting Inclusive Design Practices at the Global Game Jam: A Pilot Evaluation |first1=Michael |last1=Scott |first2=Gheorghita |last2=Ghinea |format=pdf |conference=Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference |publisher=IEEE |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1109/FIE.2014.7044162 |date=22 October 2014 |accessdate=January 1, 2016}}</ref> or “Picasso Lives”, in which game art must be [[Cubism|cubist]] in style.<ref name=ggj_diversifiers />

== Past events ==

The first Global Game Jam was held from January 30 – February 1, 2009, at 53 locations across the globe. During the jam, 1650 participants created 370 games.<ref name='Gamasutra_1'>Jacobs, Steve. “Global Game Jam 2009: A Worldwide Report.” p1. 2/25/2009. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3943/global_game_jam_2009_a_worldwide_.php.</ref><ref name = 'MIT'>Whitacre, Andrew. “GAMBIT Game Lab to build new video games in 48-hour marathon.” 1/5/2010. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/gambit-game-jam.html</ref>

The second Jam expanded further in 2010, increasing to 138 sites and resulting in 900 games made by 4300 creators.<ref name = 'GGJ'/>

The 2011 Game Jam, which ran January 28–30, gathered 6500 participants at 169 sites who created over 1500 games total.<ref name = 'Gamasutra_2'>Alexander, Lee. “Global Game Jam Sees Biggest Year Yet With 6,500 Participants.” 1/25/2011. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/32750/Global_Game_Jam_Sees_Biggest_Year_Yet_With_6500_Participants.php</ref>

The 2012 Game Jam ran January 27–29 with over 10,684 participants in 242 locations (47 countries). 2209 games were created. According to a March 2 press release, the Global Game Jam is recognized as the largest in the world by the Guinness Book of World Records.<ref>http://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/163989/Global_Game_Jam_Sets_Guinness_World_Recordtrade_for_BeingThe_Largest_Game_Jam_in_the_World.php</ref>

The 2014 GGJ was held January 24–26 with 485 locations in 73 countries.<ref>http://us3.campaign-archive1.com/?u=454b4bd952bbac0ecc548c7d1&id=8d5f145574</ref>

The 2015 GGJ took place from 23 to 25 January with 518 registered jam sites in 78 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalgamejam.org/news/ggj-2015-official-stats|title=GGJ 2015: The Official Stats {{!}} Global Game Jam®|website=globalgamejam.org|access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref>

== Event themes ==
* 2009 - "As long as we have each other, we will never run out of problems"
* 2010 - "Deception"<ref>[http://globalgamejam.org/history]</ref> (plus extra timezone-specific themes, including "The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain")
* 2011 - "Extinction"
* 2012 - An image of [[Ouroboros]].<ref>[http://2013.globalgamejam.org/news/2012/01/28/and-ggj-2012-theme GGJ 2012 Theme]</ref>
* 2013 - Sound of a Heartbeat<ref>[http://2013.globalgamejam.org/news/2013/01/26/ggj13-theme GGJ13 Theme]</ref>
* 2014 - "We don't see things as they are, we see them as we are." <ref>http://globalgamejam.org/news/ggj14-theme</ref>
* 2015 - "What do we do now?"<ref>[http://www.gamedev.net/topic/665112-twitch-jams-2015-ggj15/ Twitch Jams 2015]</ref>
* 2016 - "Ritual"
* 2017 - "Ambiguos"

== Intellectual property ==

All games produced are created under the [[Creative Commons]] Non Commercial Share Alike 3.0 free license, and while they remain the [[intellectual property]] of their creators, the Global Game Jam retains the ability to use any game as promotional material.<ref name = 'GGJ' /><ref name = 'Creative Commons'>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Retrieved 2/8/2011.</ref> As a part of this and as part of the license, every game is archived, along with source code for many digital games, on Global Game Jam’s website.<ref name = 'GGJ' />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.globalgamejam.org Official site]

[[Category:Video game events]]
[[Category:Video game development]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2009]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2009]]

Global Game Jam

2017-01-16T13:45:27Z

179.183.79.253: /* Event themes */

{{Infobox organization |name = Global Game Jam|bgcolor = |fgcolor = |image = GlobalGameJamLogo.jpg|image_border = |size = |alt = |caption = |map = |msize = |malt = |mcaption = |abbreviation = GGJ|motto = innovation, creativity, experimentation|goal = |formation = 2008, with first Game Jam held January 30–February 1, 2009 |extinction = |type = |status = |purpose = |headquarters = |location = |region_served = International |membership = |language = |leader_title =|leader_name = |main_organ = |parent_organization =[[Global Game Jam, Inc.]] |affiliations = |num_staff = |num_volunteers = |budget = |website = http://www.globalgamejam.org |remarks = }}

{{Portal|Video games}}

The '''Global Game Jam''' ('''GGJ''') is an annual distributed [[Game Jam|game jam]]. Inspired by the [[Nordic Game Jam]], and created by [[Susan Gold]], [[Ian Schreiber]] and [[Gorm Lai]], originally developed under the [[IGDA|International Game Developers Association]] Education SIG to bring together the elements of creativity, collaboration and experimentation. At each site, participants gather to develop ideas, form small groups, create new, creative, innovative games, and present them to their peers and the global community, all in a limited time span. As of 2013, GGJ is managed by Global Game Jam Incorporated.<ref name="About">http://globalgamejam.org/about</ref> In January 2014, GGJ generated teams in 485 sites in 73 countries, who over the course of one weekend created 4,289 games. The Global Game Jam carries a registered trademark.

== Participants ==

Participants in the Global Game Jam are of all skill levels and in various fields. Everyone from professional game developers to educators to artists and designers is welcome to participate.<ref name = 'Kotaku_1'>Serrels, Mark. Game Jam: Saving The Australian Games Industry In 48 Hours. 2/2/2011. http://www.kotaku.com.au/2011/02/game-jam-saving-the-australian-games-industry-in-48-hours/.</ref> Once the jam begins, participants come up with game ideas, before pitching those ideas to each other and forming teams to work together on a project.<ref name = 'FAQ'>Basic Questions. http://www.globalgamejam.org/wiki/basic-questions#ggj Retrieved 2/14/2011.</ref>

== Event organization ==

[[File:GGJ LA 2015.JPG|thumb|An image from the Global Game Jam in Los Angeles 2015]]
Groups wishing to host a jam site must fulfill certain requirements. Their location must have Internet access for everyone involved, access to development resources such as an [[Integrated development environment|IDE]], possibly preinstalled at the location, an event coordinator, beverages and nearby food access, round-the-clock availability of the location, and security for belongings.<ref name = 'FAQ' />

At each site, the Global Game Jam runs continuously for 48 hours in each time zone, beginning at 5:00 PM on the start date, and ending at 5:00 PM two days later. The recommended schedule includes a short planning and team creation period, followed by development time until 3:00 PM on the final day. The last few hours are set aside for teams to present their creation to each other. However, sites are not required to follow this schedule.<ref name = 'GGJ'>http://globalgamejam.org</ref>

At the beginning of the event participants are given a theme, such as “Extinction” in the 2011 Jam. Participants are asked to create a game that in some way relates to this theme. Additionally, participants are given a list of “achievements”, also referred to as diversifiers.<ref name=ggj_diversifiers>{{cite web |title=Global Game Jam Diversifiers |url=http://globalgamejam.org/global-game-jam-diversifiers |website=Official Global Game Jam Website |accessdate=19 April 2016}}</ref> These are designed to drive creative development by adding a unique or limiting factor to their a game’s design. Examples include “Both Hands Tied Behind My Back”, in which a game should be designed to be played without the player’s hands,<ref name=SG13_FDG>{{cite conference |url=https://www.academia.edu/3435554/Promoting_Game_Accessibility_Experiencing_an_Induction_on_Inclusive_Design_Practice_at_the_Global_Games_Jam |title=Promoting Game Accessibility: Experiencing an Induction on Inclusive Design Practice at the Global Games Jam |first1=Michael |last1=Scott |first2=Gheorghita |last2=Ghinea |format=pdf |conference=Proceedings of the Inaugural Workshop on the Global Games Jam |publisher=Society for Advancing the Study of Digital Games |pages=17–20 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.5193.6481 |date=14 May 2013 |accessdate=January 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name=SG14_FIE>{{cite conference |url=https://www.academia.edu/7260905/Promoting_Inclusive_Design_Practices_at_the_Global_Game_Jam_A_Pilot_Evaluation |title=Promoting Inclusive Design Practices at the Global Game Jam: A Pilot Evaluation |first1=Michael |last1=Scott |first2=Gheorghita |last2=Ghinea |format=pdf |conference=Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference |publisher=IEEE |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1109/FIE.2014.7044162 |date=22 October 2014 |accessdate=January 1, 2016}}</ref> or “Picasso Lives”, in which game art must be [[Cubism|cubist]] in style.<ref name=ggj_diversifiers />

== Past events ==

The first Global Game Jam was held from January 30 – February 1, 2009, at 53 locations across the globe. During the jam, 1650 participants created 370 games.<ref name='Gamasutra_1'>Jacobs, Steve. “Global Game Jam 2009: A Worldwide Report.” p1. 2/25/2009. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3943/global_game_jam_2009_a_worldwide_.php.</ref><ref name = 'MIT'>Whitacre, Andrew. “GAMBIT Game Lab to build new video games in 48-hour marathon.” 1/5/2010. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/gambit-game-jam.html</ref>

The second Jam expanded further in 2010, increasing to 138 sites and resulting in 900 games made by 4300 creators.<ref name = 'GGJ'/>

The 2011 Game Jam, which ran January 28–30, gathered 6500 participants at 169 sites who created over 1500 games total.<ref name = 'Gamasutra_2'>Alexander, Lee. “Global Game Jam Sees Biggest Year Yet With 6,500 Participants.” 1/25/2011. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/32750/Global_Game_Jam_Sees_Biggest_Year_Yet_With_6500_Participants.php</ref>

The 2012 Game Jam ran January 27–29 with over 10,684 participants in 242 locations (47 countries). 2209 games were created. According to a March 2 press release, the Global Game Jam is recognized as the largest in the world by the Guinness Book of World Records.<ref>http://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/163989/Global_Game_Jam_Sets_Guinness_World_Recordtrade_for_BeingThe_Largest_Game_Jam_in_the_World.php</ref>

The 2014 GGJ was held January 24–26 with 485 locations in 73 countries.<ref>http://us3.campaign-archive1.com/?u=454b4bd952bbac0ecc548c7d1&id=8d5f145574</ref>

The 2015 GGJ took place from 23 to 25 January with 518 registered jam sites in 78 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalgamejam.org/news/ggj-2015-official-stats|title=GGJ 2015: The Official Stats {{!}} Global Game Jam®|website=globalgamejam.org|access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref>

== Event themes ==
* 2009 - "As long as we have each other, we will never run out of problems"
* 2010 - "Deception"<ref>[http://globalgamejam.org/history]</ref> (plus extra timezone-specific themes, including "The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain")
* 2011 - "Extinction"
* 2012 - An image of [[Ouroboros]].<ref>[http://2013.globalgamejam.org/news/2012/01/28/and-ggj-2012-theme GGJ 2012 Theme]</ref>
* 2013 - Sound of a Heartbeat<ref>[http://2013.globalgamejam.org/news/2013/01/26/ggj13-theme GGJ13 Theme]</ref>
* 2014 - "We don't see things as they are, we see them as we are." <ref>http://globalgamejam.org/news/ggj14-theme</ref>
* 2015 - "What do we do now?"<ref>[http://www.gamedev.net/topic/665112-twitch-jams-2015-ggj15/ Twitch Jams 2015]</ref>
* 2016 - "Ritual"
* 2016 - "Ambiguos"

== Intellectual property ==

All games produced are created under the [[Creative Commons]] Non Commercial Share Alike 3.0 free license, and while they remain the [[intellectual property]] of their creators, the Global Game Jam retains the ability to use any game as promotional material.<ref name = 'GGJ' /><ref name = 'Creative Commons'>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Retrieved 2/8/2011.</ref> As a part of this and as part of the license, every game is archived, along with source code for many digital games, on Global Game Jam’s website.<ref name = 'GGJ' />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.globalgamejam.org Official site]

[[Category:Video game events]]
[[Category:Video game development]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2009]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2009]]

Benutzer:Alrael/Brasilianische Verfassung von 1891

2016-12-21T18:41:57Z

179.183.249.70:

{{Info/Documento
|nome_documento = Constituição da República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil - 1891
|imagem = Constituição Brasileira de 1891.jpg
|imagem_tamanho = 200px
|imagem_legenda = Constituição de 1891.
|data_criado =
|data_ratificado = {{dtlink|24|2|1891|idade}}
|local_documento = [[Rio de Janeiro (cidade)|Rio de Janeiro]] [[File:Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg|22px]] [[República Velha|Brasil]]
|escritor = [[Congresso Nacional do Brasil|Congresso Nacional]]
|signatários =
|propósito = [[Constituição]] da [[República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil]]
}}
A '''Constituição da República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil''' de [[1891]] foi a segunda [[constituição]] do [[Brasil]] e primeira no sistema [[republicanismo|republicano]] de [[governo]], marcando a transição da [[monarquia]] para a [[república]].

== Elaboração da constituição promulgada em 1891 ==

A elaboração da [[constituição]] [[brasil]]eira de [[1891]] iniciou-se em [[1889]]. Após um ano de negociações, a sua promulgação ocorreu em [[24 de fevereiro]] de [[1891]]. Esta [[constituição]] vigorou durante toda a [[República Velha]] e sofreu apenas uma alteração em [[1926]]<ref>{{citar web|URL=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/Emendas/Emc_anterior1988/emc%20de%203.9.26.htm |título=Emendas à Constituição Federal de 1891 |autor=Brasil |data=3 de setembro de 1926 |publicado=Presidência da República |acessodata=11 de abril de 2015 |arquivourl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150411044608/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/Emendas/Emc_anterior1988/emc%20de%203.9.26.htm |arquivodata=11 de abril de 2015}}</ref>.

No início de 1889, iniciaram-se as discussões para a elaboração da nova constituição, que seria a primeira constituição republicana e que vigoraria durante toda a Primeira República. Após um ano de negociações com os poderes que realmente comandavam o Brasil, a promulgação da constituição brasileira de 1891 aconteceu em 24 de Fevereiro de 1891. Os principais autores da constituição da Primeira República foram [[Prudente de Morais]] e [[Ruy Barbosa]].'''
[[Ficheiro:CONSTITUIÇÃO POLITICA DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DO BRASIL 1891 Imprensa nacional 1930.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|esquerda|Exemplar com as emendas aprovadas pelo [[Congresso Nacional do Brasil]] em 1925 e 1926, impresso pela [[Imprensa Nacional]] em 1930.]]
A constituição de 1891 foi fortemente inspirada na [[Constituição da Argentina|Constituição da República Argentina]], na [[constituição dos Estados Unidos da América]] e na [[Constituição Federal da Suíça]]<ref>Constituição de 1891 [http://www.sppert.com.br/Brasil/Hist%C3%B3ria/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%B5es/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1891/]sppert.com. Acesso em 17/10/2013</ref>, fortemente descentralizadora dos poderes, dando grande autonomia aos [[município]]s e às antigas [[província]]s, que eram chamadas de "[[estado]]s", cujos dirigentes passaram a ser denominados "presidentes de estado". Foi inspirada no modelo federalista [[Estados Unidos|estadunidense]], permitindo que se organizassem de acordo com seus peculiares interesses, desde que não contradissessem a Constituição. Exemplo: a constituição do estado do [[Rio Grande do Sul]] permitia a reeleição do presidente do estado.
{{Constituições/Brasil}}
Consagrou a existência de apenas três poderes independentes entre si, o [[Poder Executivo|Executivo]], o [[Poder Legislativo|Legislativo]] e o [[Poder Judiciário|Judiciário]]. O antigo [[Poder Moderador]], símbolo da [[monarquia]], foi abolido. Os membros dos poderes Legislativo e Executivo seriam eleitos pelo voto popular direto, caracterizando-os como representantes dos cidadãos na vida política nacional.

O regime de governo escolhido foi o [[presidencialismo]]. O mandato do [[presidente da República]], eleito pelo [[voto direto]], seria de quatro anos, sem direito à reeleição para o mandato imediatamente seguinte, sem contudo haver impedimentos para um mandato posterior. Tanto é que [[Rodrigues Alves]] foi o primeiro presidente reeleito do Brasil – apesar de não ter assumido por morrer às vésperas da posse por [[gripe espanhola]]. O mesmo valia para o vice-presidente. É interessante notar que, à época, o vice-presidente era eleito independentemente do candidato à presidência da República, o que em princípio permitia a escolha do da oposição, o que dificultava o Governo. Também, no caso de morte ou renúncia do Presidente, seu vice assumia apenas até serem realizadas novas votações, não tendo que ficar até ser completado o respectivo quadriênio, como ocorre atualmente. Claro que isso deu margem a alguns vice-presidentes, como [[Delfim Moreira]], para prolongarem seus mandatos, dificultando a promoção de novas eleições presidenciais. Por fim, as eleições para Presidente e vice ocorriam no [[1.º de março]], tomando-se as posses no [[15 de novembro]].
[[Imagem:GUSTAVE HASTOY - Assinatura do projeto de Constituição de 1891.jpg|thumb|Gustave Hastoy: ''Assinatura do projeto da Constituição de 1891'', c. 1891. [[Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa]], Rio de Janeiro]]
[[Imagem:CF - 1891.jpg|thumb|direita|[[Aurélio de Figueiredo]]: ''Juramento da Constituição'', c. 1891. Promulgada a 1ª Constituição Republicana assumem o poder os marechais [[Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca]] e [[Floriano Peixoto]].]]

Quanto às regras eleitorais, determinou-se que o [[voto]] no Brasil continuaria "a descoberto" (não-secreto) – a assinatura da cédula pelo [[eleitor]] tornou-se obrigatória – e universal. Por "universal" entenda-se o fim do voto censitário, que definia o eleitor por sua renda, pois ainda se mantiveram excluídos do direito ao voto os [[analfabeto]]s, os [[praça-de-pré|praças-de-pré]], os religiosos sujeitos à obediência eclesiástica e os [[mendigo]]s. Além disso, reservou-se ao [[Congresso Nacional do Brasil|Congresso Nacional]] a regulamentação do sistema para as eleições de cargos políticos federais, e às assembleias estaduais a regulamentação para as [[Eleição|eleições]] estaduais e municipais, o que mudaria apenas a partir da [[constituição de 1934]], com a criação da [[Justiça Eleitoral do Brasil|Justiça Eleitoral]]. Ficou mantido o [[voto distrital]], com a eleição de três deputados para cada distrito eleitoral do país.

Definiu-se, também, a [[Laicismo|separação entre a igreja e o Estado]]: as eleições não ocorreriam mais dentro das [[igreja]]s, o governo não interferiria mais na escolha de cargos do alto clero, como [[bispo]]s, [[diácono]]s e [[cardeal|cardeais]], e extinguiu-se a definição de [[paróquia]] como unidade administrativa – que antigamente poderia equivaler tanto a um município como também a um [[distrito]], [[vila]], [[comarca]] ou mesmo a um [[bairro]] ([[freguesia]]). Além disso, o País não mais assumiu uma religião oficial, que à altura era a católica, e o monopólio de registros civis passou ao Estado, sendo criados os cartórios para os registros de nascimento, casamento e morte, bem como os cemitérios públicos, onde qualquer pessoa poderia ser sepultada, independentemente de seu [[credo]]. O Estado também assumiu, de forma definitiva, as rédeas da [[educação]], instituindo várias [[escola]]s públicas de ensino fundamental e intermediário. Essa separação viria a irritar a Igreja, aliada de última hora dos republicanos e que só se reconciliaria com o Governo durante o [[Estado Novo (Brasil)|Estado Novo]], bem como ajudaria a incitar uma série de revoltas, como a [[Guerra de Canudos]].

Por fim, extinguiam-se os [[foro de nobreza|foros de nobreza]], bem como os [[Heráldica|brasões particulares]], não se reconhecendo privilégio [[aristocracia|aristocrático]] algum. É certo que alguns poucos, geralmente os mais influentes entre os republicanos, mantiveram seus títulos [[nobreza|nobiliárquicos]] e brasões mesmo em plena República, como o [[barão de Rio Branco]], mas isso mais por respeito e cortesia. Há que se ressaltar que, pela nova constituição, o brasileiro que aceitasse alguma titulação estrangeira que contradissesse os preceitos republicanos da carta de 1891, sem autorização expressa do Congresso, perderia seus direitos políticos. Também, as [[Ordens honoríficas do Brasil|antigas ordens honoríficas imperiais]] que ainda remanesciam, a [[Imperial Ordem do Cruzeiro]] e da [[Imperial Ordem de Avis]], foram oficialmente extintas, sendo posteriormente substituídas pelas ordens [[Ordem do Cruzeiro|Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul]] e [[Ordem do Mérito Militar|do Mérito Militar]] – que mantiveram muitas das características de suas antecessoras. Essa continuidade simbólica também se fez notar no [[Bandeira do Brasil#Origem|pavilhão nacional]] e no [[Hino nacional do Brasil|hino]], cuja música já era considerada, de forma não-oficial, o hino nacional desde o [[Segundo Reinado]].

Visando fundamentar juridicamente o novo regime, a primeira constituição [[República|republicana]] do país foi redigida à semelhança dos princípios fundamentais da carta estadunidense, embora os princípios [[liberalismo|liberais]] [[democracia|democráticos]] oriundos daquela Carta tivessem sido em grande parte suprimidos. Isto ocorreu porque as pressões das [[oligarquia]]s [[latifúndio|latifundiárias]], por meio de seus representantes, exerceram grande influência na redação do texto desta constituição, daí surgindo o [[Federalismo]], objetivo dos cafeicultores paulistas para aumentar a descentralização do poder e fortalecer oligarquias regionais, esvaziando o poder central, especialmente o [[militar]]. A influência [[São Paulo|paulista]], à época detentora de 5/6 do [[PIB]] nacional, é determinante, tendo ali surgido o primeiro partido republicano, formado pela [[Convenção de Itu]]. Posteriormente, aliar-se-iam aos republicanos [[Rio de Janeiro|fluminenses]] e [[Minas Gerais|mineiros]], e aos militares.

== Principais pontos da Carta ==
[[Imagem:Constituicao1891.JPG|thumb|direita|250px|Preâmbulo da Constituição de 1891.]]
Os principais pontos da Constituição foram :
* Abolição das instituições monárquicas;
* Os [[senado]]res deixaram de ter cargo vitalício;
* Sistema de governo [[presidencialismo|presidencialista]];
* O presidente da República passou a ser o chefe do [[Poder Executivo]];
* As eleições passaram a ser pelo voto direto, mas continuou a ser descoberto (não-secreto);
* Os mandatos tinham duração de quatro anos para o presidente, nove anos para senadores e três anos para deputados federais;
* Não haveria reeleição de Presidente e vice para o mandato imediatamente seguinte, não havendo impedimentos para um posterior a esse;
* Os candidatos a voto efetivo seriam escolhidos por homens maiores de 21 anos, à exceção de analfabetos, mendigos das praças, soldados, religiosos sujeitos ao voto de obediência.
* Ao [[Congresso Nacional do Brasil|Congresso Nacional]] cabia o Poder Legislativo, composto pelo [[Senado]] e pela [[Câmara de Deputados]];
* As províncias passaram a ser denominadas estados, com maior autonomia dentro da [[Federação]];
* Os estados da Federação passaram a ter suas constituições hierarquicamente organizadas em relação à constituição federal;
* A [[Igreja Católica]] foi desmembrada do [[Brasil|Estado Brasileiro]], deixando de ser a religião oficial do país.

Além disso, consagrava—se a liberdade de associação e de reunião sem armas, assegurava-se aos acusados o mais amplo direito de defesa, aboliam-se as penas de galés, banimento judicial e de morte, instituía-se o ''[[habeas-corpus]]'' e as garantias de magistratura aos juízes federais (vitaliciedade, inamovibilidade e irredutibilidade dos vencimentos).
* Consagrado artigo especial (Art. 3°) passando para a [[União (Brasil)|União]] a propriedade de uma área de 14.400 m² destinada à futura a transferência da capital do Brasil para o planalto central.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Planalto Central do Brasil]]-Coleção Documentos Brasileiros-[[Livraria José Olympio Editora]]-1957</ref><ref>[http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao91.htm Texto constitucional]</ref>.
* Quanto a classificação: promulgada, rígida, codificada, escrita e material.

== Assinaturas dos constituintes ==

No mesmo ano da promulgação a [[Imprensa Nacional]] publicou uma histórica [[Facsimile|edição fac-similar]], da cópia do autógrafo da Câmara dos Deputados, contendo as assinaturas de todos os membro da constituinte<ref>BRASIL, Imprensa Nacional. '''Fac-simile da Constituição dos Estados Unidos do Brasil''' - promulgada em 24 de fevereiro de 1891 pelo Congresso Constituinte. Rio de Janeiro, Imprensa Nacional, 1891</ref>.
<gallery>
Assinaturas da Constituição do Brasil de 1891 pag1.jpg|Primeira página das assinaturas dos constituintes
Assinaturas da Constituição do Brasil de 1891 página 2.jpg|Página 2
Assinaturas da Constituição do Brasil de 1891 pag3.jpg|Página 3 das assinaturas dos constituintes.
Assinaturas da Constituição do Brasil de 1891 pagina 4.jpg|Página 4, iniciada pela assinatura de [[Epitácio Pessoa]], então deputado pela [[Paraíba]]
Assinaturas da Constituição do Brasil de 1891 pagina 5.jpg|Página 5
Assinaturas da Constituição do Brasil de 1891 pagina 6.jpg|Página 6, onde também consta a assinatura de [[Nilo Peçanha]], na época, deputado pelo Rio de Janeiro.
Assinaturas da Constituição do Brasil de 1891 pagina 7.jpg|Página 7
Assinaturas da Constituição do Brasil de 1891 pagina 8.jpg|Página 8, uma das assinatura é de [[Campos Sales]].
Assinaturas da Constituição do Brasil de 1891 pagina 9.jpg|Página 9.
Assinaturas da Constituição do Brasil de 1891 pagina 10.jpg|Página 10
Assinaturas da Constituição do Brasil de 1891 pagina 11.jpg|Página 11. A ultima página das assinaturas.
</gallery>

== Ver também ==
{{Wikisource|Constituição de 1891 dos Estados Unidos do Brasil|Constituição brasileira de 1891}}
* [[Constituição]]
* [[História do Brasil]]

{{Referências}}

== Ligações externas ==
* [http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao91.htm Texto da Constituição de 1891]

{{Constituições dos países e territórios de língua portuguesa}}

[[Categoria:Constituições do Brasil|Brasil, 1891]]
[[Categoria:1891 no Brasil]]
[[Categoria:1891 no direito]]

Benutzer:Alrael/Brasilianische Verfassung von 1891

2016-12-21T18:38:17Z

179.183.249.70:

American Bully

2016-08-26T05:34:24Z

179.183.95.101:

{{Infobox Dogbreed
|name=American Bully
|image = AmericanBully.jpg
|image_caption = American Bully
|nickname = Am. Bull American Bully Bully 
|country = United States
|weight = {{convert|30|-|60|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|33|-|58|cm|in|abbr=on}}
|coat = Short, smooth and glossy
|color = All colors, except merle and albino
|litter_size = 4-8
|life_span = 8-12 years
| ukcstd = http://www.ukcdogs.com/Web.nsf/Breeds/CompanionDog/AmericanBully
| ukcgroup = Companion Dog
}}
The '''American Bully''' is a recently formed dog breed(often mistaken for the [[American Pit Bull Terrier]] or [[American Staffordshire Terrier]]) which is well known for its striking appearance and amiable temperament. The breed was recognized by the ''United Kennel Club'' on July 15, 2015.<ref>[http://www.ukcdogs.com/Web.nsf/Breeds/CompanionDog/AmericanBully United Kennel Club - American Bully standard]</ref>

It is a small to large breed which has been divided into four categories; ''Pocket'', ''Standard'', ''Classic'' and ''XL''.
[[File:CH TRILINE'S BODACIOUS BEEFCAKE.jpg|thumb|XL Type - Ch Beefcake]]
Previously a fifth category was accepted, ''Extreme'', however as the breed is intended to be an exaggerated breed the foundation club, '''American Bully Kennel Club''' (ABKC), removed the category for show purposes.
[[File:GR CH MSB BEASTRO OF THE BULLY MARKET.jpg|thumb|Pocket Type - Gr Ch Beastro]]
Outside of the breed standard, some breed fanciers acknowledge dogs as also being Micro, Exotic, XXL, etc. however these are not accepted by either the ABKC or the [[United Kennel Club]] (UKC).

== History ==
Founded in the United States between 1980 and 1990, the American Bully was produced using a foundation of UKC and AKC [[American Staffordshire Terrier]]s(Dual registered dogs: AKC Amstaffs registered as [[American Pit Bull Terrier|APBTs]] on UKC).<ref>[http://theabkcdogs.org/ American Bully Kennel Club]</ref>

While some of the founding kennels, namely Razor's Edge owner Dave Wilson, used only these breeds to produce the desired dogs it is speculated that five other breeds were used by others to attain the more "bully" traits desired. These are best guessed to by the [[American Bulldog]], [[Bulldog|English Bulldog]], [[Leavitt Bulldog|Olde English Bulldogge]], [[Staffordshire Bull Terrier]] and [[French Bulldog]].<ref>[http://www.hqbullies.com/info/razors-edge-bloodline-history/ Razor Edge bloodline and American Bully's history]</ref>

The initial desire for this breed was to produce a dog with a lower drive than the American Pit Bull Terrier, while also displaying the bullier traits than the American Staffordshire Terrier. Mass and heavy bone was prioritised to ensure such a look, and due to this many of the dogs shown today display the wide front originally bed for.

The breed was first recognised by its breed club, the American Bully Kennel Club, in 2004.<ref>[http://theabkcdogs.org/ American Bully Kennel Club]</ref> This registry first acted as a means to document pedigrees and show the breed against its written standard.
[[File:CH SMP'S LUCKY LUCIANO.jpg|thumb|Pocket Type - Ch Lucky Luciano]]
During the early years of the breed, a wide spectrum of dogs were shown, many displaying physical traits of the other introduced breeds; these were penalized heavily by the registry, forcing owners and breeders of such dogs to create new means to show their style of dog without being rejected.

=== Varieties ===
Within the ABKC, the four varieties are separated by height without specification of weight. All these varieties are expected to follow the same standard with minor alterations.<ref>[http://theabkcdogs.org/ American Bully Kennel Club]</ref>

All dogs are classified and shown as ''Standard'' until they reach a year of age, at which point they are separated into the varieties and shown against their own type.

==== Classic ====
The original American Bully style is the ''Classic''; these dogs do not display the exaggerated features often found in the other varieties, and arguably display clearer American Pit Bull Terrier/American Staffordshire Terrier lineage.
[[File:Nova1.jpg|thumb|ABKC Classic Champion Nova]]
The ''Classic'' is a lighter frame dog than the ''Standard'' but falls within the same height range; dogs must be 17-20" (43-51 cm) while bitches must be 16-19" (40-48 cm).

==== Standard ====
The ''Standard'' type is a compact, muscular dog with a large blocky head; this is arguably the most popular type alongside the ''Pocket'' type'''''.'''''

==== Pocket ====
The most commonly seen of the varieties, the ''Pocket'' dogs are 14-17" (36-43 cm) while females are 13-16" (33-40 cm) at the withers.

==== XL ====
Arguably the type showing the greatest diversity in appearance, the ''XL'' is the largest variety ranging from 19-22" (48-54 cm) in bitches and 20-23" (51-57 cm) in dogs. These tend to be heavily muscled, impressive dogs.

==== Unofficial Types ====
Outside of the breed standard dogs shorter or taller than named, and, more exaggerated dogs have been bred under the American Bully name. While some of these dogs are conformation quality, following the breed standard but not of the aforementioned heights are well bred, healthy dogs; some ''Micro'' and ''XXL+'' dogs fall within this category.

However, there has been an increase in interest in the ''Exotic'' type dogs and breedings. These dogs are other shorter than ''Pocket'' variety and display features closer to the French Bulldog; many of which, when [[Cropping (animal)|uncropped]], display the characteristic "bat ears". These dogs are often shown through non-affiliated registries for those who prefer the type, though they are notorious for an increase in health problems and shortened lifespan.
[[File:CH P'NUT.jpg|thumb|Standard Type - Ch P'nut]]

== Temperament ==
The American Bully is a highly adaptable breed, often acting as a laid back companion dog in the home while showing a zest for life and energy while outside. Many dogs, despite acting as lap dogs in the home, do well in sports such as weight pull and spring pole. Despite excelling in such sports and public misconception, dog and human aggression is discouraged and seldom seen in the breed; however, as the breed is still in the late stages of standardisation, this can vary between kennels and individual dogs.

Bullies are well known for their gentle, loving nature towards children and are often patient with rough play. However, as with all dogs, caution should be taken when allowing children and dogs to interact, and should never be left together unsupervised.

== Health ==
Health problems vary within the breed, and span the entire spectrum; with some varieties (namely the ''Exotic'') being plagued by problems, and others being well documented for health and quality.

Testing is not as common place in the breed as in older breeds; though hip and elbow scoring are the most frequently conducted.

Cherry eye, ectropion and enropion are often seen affecting the eyes; while Brachycephalic Respiratory Syndrome can be seen in the shorter muzzled dogs.

== Breed Specific Legislation ==
Despite their well known lineage, the American Bully is not subjected to [[Breed-specific legislation|Breed Specific Legislation]] and does not fall within the "pitbull type" parameters. As such, the Bully is often popular as an alternative in countries where such measures are in place.

Though due to this popularity, some unscrupulous breeders choose to advertise their 'pitbull' type and/or crossbred dogs as unpapered American Bullies in order to sell otherwise illegal pups. This is frowned upon within the community and dealt with wherever it is seen.

== Controversy ==

=== Cropping ===
Ear cropping is common practice in the breed, and often mis-connected with dog fighting activities. The cropping of this breed, arguably, aids in producing the iconic aesthetic of the breed. Though the majority of titled Bullies are cropped, both the ABKC and UKC standards state that both cropped and natural ears can be shown, as long as they are not pricked (erect).

In countries where cropping is banned, natural eared dogs are commonly seen at conformation shows; these dogs often sport rose, drop and button ears, the latter two of which are penalized by the UKC.

== See also ==
* [[American Pit Bull Terrier]]
* [[American Staffordshire Terrier]]

==External links==
{{commons|American Bully}}
* [http://www.theabkcdogs.org/ American Bully Kennel Club]
* [http://www.ukcdogs.com/Web.nsf/Breeds/CompanionDog/AmericanBully United Kennel Club - American Bully Standard]

==References ==

[[Category:Dog breeds]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in the United States]]

Vizepräsident Brasiliens

2016-04-17T02:13:16Z

179.183.110.152: Vice-presidente_do_Brasil

Conceito Constitucional{{Info/Cargo político
|cargo = [[Vice-presidente]] do
|estado = [[Brasil]]
|insignia = Flag Vice-President of Brazil.svg
|desc_insígnia = Pavilhão do vice-presidente do Brasil
|incumbente = [[Michel Temer]]
|incumbente_imagem = Michel Temer planalto.jpg
|incumbente_desde = 1 de janeiro de 2011
|residencia = [[Palácio do Jaburu]]
|duracao = Até oito anos, dependendo da reeleição e condições
|inaugurado_por= [[Floriano Peixoto]]
|criado_em=26 de fevereiro de 1891
|sucessao =
|website = [http://www.vice-presidencia.gov.br/ vice-presidencia.gov.br]
}}
'''Vice-presidente''' é o segundo cargo político mais importante do Brasil, constitucionalmente por estar a disponibilidade do Brasil no caso de vaga presidencial, uma vez que no Presidencialismo Brasileiro, o considerado um dos mais fortes do mundo, o vice-presidente necessariamente se encontra vetado de governar e participar diretamente do governo por motivos evidentes de sucessibilidade, geralmente o vice-presidente se encontra em partido diferente do Presidencial, isso costuma ser Historiado nos livros academicamente utilizados em conhecimento politico brasileiro. O vice-presidente tem a função constitucional de substituir ao Presidente no caso de viagem ao exterior, pois pode haver a morte presidencial e dessa forma ja se encontra no Poder, mas como se tem amplo conhecimento o Vice no Brasil se denomina de "Carta fora do Baralho" (terminologia politicamente aceita nos bancos de academia de politica. Ou evidentemente no caso de morte fisicamente constatada por medicina, ocorre na chamada "Morte Politicamente constatada pela chamada Perda do Poder", ocorrido no chamado impedimentos e sucedê-lo em caso de renúncia, que o se faz na morte da destituição do cargo por processo de impeachment. Ele deve também dar conselhos ao Presidente, somente e no caso aparentemente desconhecido no Brasil, a salvo no empo dos Militares de 1964-1985 de "caso seja requisitado para algo, pois nunca participa diretamente do governo.

A Constituição permite que uma lei complementar dê novas atribuições ao vice-presidente mas nunca foi aprovada devido a desinteresse da sala - Presidencial(Grupo Presidencial de Poder, segundo livros de Academia). Sete vice-presidentes já assumiram a presidência devido a algo ocorrido com o titular.

Preocupa-se no Brasil com vice somente quando Presidente perde o Poder (dando vago a outro poder, isso ocorre em todos Presidencialismos que difere do Parlamentarismo em contraste evidente)

O atual vice-presidente é [[Michel Temer]], que assumiu o cargo em 2011 e foi reconduzido em 2015 para um segundo mandato.

De 1891 a 1967, o vice-presidente atuava também como [[Lista de presidentes do Senado Federal do Brasil|Presidente do Senado Federal]] e de 1967 a 1969 como Presidente do Congresso Nacional.

== Requisitos ==
Para ser vice-presidente o candidato deve ser brasileiro nato, ter no mínimo 35 anos de idade à época da posse, ser filiado a um partido político e estar no pleno exercício dos seus direitos políticos.

== Eleição e posse ==
[[Imagem:José de Alencar Gomes da Silva signature.jpg |thumb |Assinatura de [[José Alencar Gomes da Silva|José Alencar]] no termo de compromisso, por ocasião de sua posse no cargo de vice-presidente.{{nota de rodapé|Conforme previsto no art. 78 da [[Constituição brasileira de 1988|Constituição do Brasil]].<ref name=constituicao>{{Citar web |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/ConstituicaoCompilado.htm |título=Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 |data=5 de outubro de 1988 |autor=BRASIL |publicado=Presidência da República |acessadoem=3 de dezembro de 2014}}</ref>}}]]

O vice-presidente é eleito junto do [[Presidente]], para um mandato de 4 anos com direito a apenas uma reeleição. A sua posse ocorre no dia 1º de Janeiro.

== Local de trabalho e residência oficial ==
O vice-presidente trabalha no [[Palácio do Planalto]] mas em um edifício anexo. Sua residência é o [[Palácio do Jaburu]] desde 1977.

== História ==
O cargo foi oficialmente criado pela [[Constituição de 1891]], tendo sido extinto nas Constituições de 1934 e 1937, restabelecido pela [[Constituição de 1946]] e mantido nas Constituições de 1967 e 1988. A linha do tempo abaixo demonstra todas as pessoas que foram eleitas para o cargo, mas a numeração sequencial só considera as que efetivamente foram empossadas no cargo. Por essa razão, [[Silviano Brandão]], falecido antes de tomar posse e [[Vital Soares]], impedido de assumir pela [[Revolução de 1930]], não são considerados na contagem como vice-presidentes. Dois vice-presidentes, [[Delfim Moreira]] e [[José Sarney]], assumiram os cargos já na condição de presidentes em exercício (ou interinos), em virtude de enfermidade dos titulares ([[Rodrigues Alves]] e [[Tancredo Neves]], respectivamente), mas acabaram por se tornar presidentes por sucessão devido ao falecimento dos titulares. No caso de [[Delfim Moreira]], como ainda não haviam decorridos dois anos do mandato presidencial iniciado em 15 de novembro de 1918, a Constituição de 1891 pregava que nova eleição para presidente deveria ser realizada. Assim, após a eleição e posse de [[Epitácio Pessoa]], Delfim Moreira voltou a ocupar a Vice-Presidência até sua morte, em 1 de julho de 1920.

Sete dos 36 presidentes que o Brasil teve ao longo de sua história republicana foram vices que assumiram o cargo: Floriano Peixoto, Nilo Peçanha, Delfim Moreira, Café Filho, João Goulart, José Sarney e Itamar Franco.

{{Política do Brasil}}

== Lista de Vice-Presidentes do Brasil ==
{{principal|Lista de vice-presidentes do Brasil}}
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background: #cccccc;"
!
!Nome
!Estado natal
!Início
!Fim
!Partido
!Presidente
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|1||[[Floriano Peixoto]]||[[Alagoas]]||26 de fevereiro de 1891||23 de novembro de 1891<ref name=renuncia-titular group=nota/>|| ||[[Deodoro da Fonseca]]
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|2||[[Manuel Vitorino]]||[[Bahia]]||15 de novembro de 1894||15 de novembro de 1898||||[[Prudente de Morais]]
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|3||[[Francisco de Assis Rosa e Silva]]||[[Pernambuco]]||15 de novembro de 1898||15 de novembro de 1902||||[[Campos Sales]]
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|-||[[Silviano Brandão]]<ref name=morreu-antes group=nota/>||[[Minas Gerais]]||||||[[Partido Republicano Mineiro|PRM]]||[[Rodrigues Alves]]
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|4||[[Afonso Pena]]<ref name=eleito-sucessor-por-morte group=nota/>||[[Minas Gerais]]||17 de junho de 1903||15 de novembro de 1906||[[Partido Republicano Mineiro|PRM]]||[[Rodrigues Alves]]
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|5||[[Nilo Peçanha]]||[[Rio de Janeiro]]||15 de novembro de 1906||14 de junho de 1909<ref name=morte-titular group=nota/>|| ||[[Afonso Pena]]
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|6||[[Venceslau Brás]]||[[Minas Gerais]]||15 de novembro de 1910||15 de novembro de 1914||[[Partido Republicano Mineiro|PRM]]||[[Hermes da Fonseca]]
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|7||[[Urbano Santos da Costa Araújo]]||[[Maranhão]]||15 de novembro de 1914||15 de novembro de 1918||||[[Venceslau Brás]]
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|8||[[Delfim Moreira]]<ref name=empossado-interinamente group=nota/><ref name=delfim-moreira group=nota/>||[[Minas Gerais]]||15 de novembro de 1918||1 de julho de 1920||[[Partido Republicano Mineiro|PRM]]||[[Rodrigues Alves]]<ref name=morreu-antes group=nota/>/[[Epitácio Pessoa]]
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|9||[[Francisco Álvaro Bueno de Paiva]]<ref name=eleito-sucessor group=nota/>||[[Minas Gerais]]||10 de novembro de 1920||15 de novembro de 1922||[[Partido Republicano Mineiro|PRM]]|| [[Epitácio Pessoa]]
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|10||[[Estácio Coimbra]]||[[Pernambuco]]||15 de novembro de 1922||15 de novembro de 1926||||[[Artur Bernardes]]
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|11||[[Fernando de Melo Viana]]||[[Minas Gerais]]||15 de novembro de 1926||24 de outubro de 1930<ref name=deposto-por-militares group=nota/>||[[Partido Republicano Mineiro|PRM]]||[[Washington Luís]]
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|-||[[Vital Soares]]<ref name=impedido-revolucao-1930 group=nota/>||[[Bahia]]||||||||[[Júlio Prestes]]
|-
|colspan="7" align=center|''O cargo de vice-presidente foi extinto pela [[Constituição brasileira de 1934|Constituição de 1934]] e restaurado pela [[Constituição brasileira de 1946|Constituição de 1946]]''
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|12||[[Nereu Ramos]]||[[Santa Catarina]]||19 de setembro de 1946||31 de janeiro de 1951||[[Partido Social Democrático (1945-2003)|PSD]]||[[Eurico Gaspar Dutra|Gaspar Dutra]]
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|13||[[Café Filho]]||[[Rio Grande do Norte]]||31 de janeiro de 1951||24 de agosto de 1954<ref name=morte-titular group=nota/>||[[Partido Social Progressista|PSP]]||[[Getúlio Vargas]]
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|14||[[João Goulart]]||[[Rio Grande do Sul]]||31 de janeiro de 1956||7 de setembro de 1961<ref name=renuncia-titular group=nota/>||[[PTB]]||[[Juscelino Kubitschek]]/[[Jânio Quadros]]
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|15||[[José Maria Alckmin]]||[[Minas Gerais]]||15 de abril de 1964||15 de março de 1967||[[Partido Social Democrático (1945-2003)|PSD]]/[[Aliança Renovadora Nacional|ARENA]]||[[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco|Castelo Branco]]
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|16||[[Pedro Aleixo]]||[[Minas Gerais]]||15 de março de 1967||31 de agosto de 1969<ref name=deposto-jgp group=nota/>||[[Aliança Renovadora Nacional|ARENA]]||[[Costa e Silva]]
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|17||[[Augusto Rademaker]]||[[Rio de Janeiro]]||30 de outubro de 1969||15 de março de 1974||[[Aliança Renovadora Nacional|ARENA]]||[[Emílio Garrastazu Médici]]
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|18||[[Adalberto Pereira dos Santos]]||[[Rio Grande do Sul]]||15 de março de 1974||15 de março de 1979||[[Aliança Renovadora Nacional|ARENA]]||[[Ernesto Geisel]]
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|19||[[Aureliano Chaves]]||[[Minas Gerais]]||15 de março de 1979||15 de março de 1985||[[Aliança Renovadora Nacional|ARENA]]/[[Partido Democrático Social|PDS]]|| [[João Figueiredo]]
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|20||[[José Sarney]]<ref name=empossado-interinamente group=nota/><ref name=jose-sarney group=nota/>||[[Maranhão]]||15 de março de 1985||21 de abril de 1985||[[PMDB]]||[[Tancredo Neves]]<ref name=morreu-antes group=nota/>
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|21||[[Itamar Franco]]{{nota de rodapé|Assumiu a Presidência da República em virtude do ''[[impeachment]]'' do titular.<ref name=g1>{{Citar periódico |url=http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2011/07/itamar-chegou-presidencia-apos-impeachment-de-collor-relembre.html |título=Itamar chegou à Presidência após impeachment de Collor; relembre |jornal=G1 |data=2 de julho de 2011 |local=Belo Horizonte e Brasília |editora=Globo |acessadoem=24 de novembro de 2014}}</ref>}}||[[Minas Gerais]]||15 de março de 1990||29 de dezembro de 1992||[[PRN]]||[[Fernando Collor de Mello]]
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|22||[[Marco Maciel]]||[[Pernambuco]]||1 de janeiro de 1995||1 de janeiro de 2003||[[PFL]]||[[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]]
|- style="background: #CCFFCC;"
|align=center|23||[[José Alencar]]||[[Minas Gerais]]||1 de janeiro de 2003||1 de janeiro de 2011||[[PL]]/[[PRB]]||[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
|- style="background: #FFFFCC;"
|align=center|24||[[Michel Temer]]||[[São Paulo]]||1 de janeiro de 2011||- Em exercício||[[Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro|PMDB]]||[[Dilma Vana Rousseff|Dilma Rousseff]]
|}

{{Notas |grupo=nota |refs=
<ref name=renuncia-titular>Assumiu a Presidência da República em virtude da renúncia do titular.</ref>
<ref name=morte-titular>Assumiu a Presidência da República em virtude do falecimento do titular.</ref>
<ref name=morreu-antes>Faleceu antes de tomar posse.</ref>
<ref name=eleito-sucessor-por-morte>Eleito para assumir o mandato do antecessor, que faleceu antes da posse.</ref>
<ref name=deposto-por-militares>Deposto pelos militares.</ref>
<ref name=deposto-jgp>Deposto pela [[Junta Governativa Provisória de 1969]] no exercício da Presidência da República.</ref>
<ref name=eleito-sucessor>Eleito para completar o mandato do antecessor.</ref>
<ref name=impedido-revolucao-1930>Impedido de tomar posse devido à [[Revolução de 1930]].</ref>
<ref name=empossado-interinamente>Empossado interinamente na Presidência da República.</ref>
<ref name=delfim-moreira>O presidente eleito foi vitimado pela [[gripe espanhola de 1918]] e não pôde assumir. Exerceu interinamente a Presidência até a posse de [[Epitácio Pessoa]], após o que atuou como vice-presidente até seu falecimento em {{dtlink|1|7|1920}}.</ref>
<ref name=jose-sarney>O presidente eleito foi vitimado por doença e não pôde assumir. Com a morte do titular, assumiu definitivamente a Presidência da República.</ref>
}}

{{Referências}}

==Ver também==
*Simonsen, Mario Henrique A Ditadura do Presidencialismo Brasileiro (desde 1893) UnB - Universidade de Brasilia Editora, 1963.
*[[Poder Executivo do Brasil]]

==Ligações externas==
*{{Link|pt|2=http://www.vice-presidencia.gov.br/ |3=Vice-Presidência da República Federativa do Brasil}}

{{Vice-presidentes do Brasil}}
{{Listas de Presidentes e Vice-Presidentes do Brasil}}
{{Portal3|Brasil|Política}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vice presidente Brasil}}
[[Categoria:Vice-presidentes do Brasil| ]]
[[Categoria:Listas de presidentes e vice-presidentes do Brasil|Vice presidentes]]

Raum (Film)

2015-12-10T14:19:30Z

179.183.179.113: /* Accolades */

{{Distinguish2|[[The Room (film)|The Room]]}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Room
| image = Room Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Lenny Abrahamson]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Ed Guiney
* David Gross
}}
| screenplay = [[Emma Donoghue]]
| based on = {{based on |''[[Room (novel)|Room]]''|Emma Donoghue}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Brie Larson]]
* [[Jacob Tremblay]]
* [[Joan Allen]]
* [[Sean Bridgers]]
* [[William H. Macy]]
}}
| music = Stephen Rennicks
| cinematography = [[Danny Cohen (cinematographer)|Danny Cohen]]
| editing = Nathan Nugent
| production companies = {{Plainlist|
* [[TG4|TG4 Films]]
* Nope Films
* Mauvais Plan, Inc.
* CampTrace Entertainment
* Lester Productions
}}
| distributor = [[A24 Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2015|09|04|[[Telluride Film Festival|Telluride]]|2015|10|16|United States}}
| runtime = 117 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/room-film | title=''ROOM'' (15) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=November 5, 2015 | accessdate=November 5, 2015}}</ref>
| country = {{Plainlist|
* Canada
* Ireland
}}
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = $3.8 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=room2015.htm |title=Room (2015) |website=Box Office Mojo |accessdate=December 6, 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''''Room''''' is a 2015 [[Irish Canadian|Canadian-Irish]] [[drama (genre)|drama]]-[[thriller (genre)|thriller]] film directed by [[Lenny Abrahamson]] and written by [[Emma Donoghue]], based on her [[Room (novel)|novel of the same name]]. The film stars [[Brie Larson]], [[Jacob Tremblay]], [[Joan Allen]], [[Sean Bridgers]], and [[William H. Macy]].

The film had its world premiere at the [[Telluride Film Festival]] on September 4, 2015,<ref>http://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/telluride-film-review-brie-larson-in-room-1201584736/</ref><ref name="ScreenDaily">{{cite web |url=http://www.screendaily.com/toronto-world-premieres-for-trumbo-demolition-the-program/5090990.article?blocktitle=LATEST-FILM-NEWS&contentID=40562# |title=Toronto to open with 'Demolition'; world premieres for 'Trumbo', 'The Program' |date=28 July 2015 |accessdate=28 July 2015 |work=ScreenDaily}}</ref> and was released in a [[limited release]] in the [[United States]] on October 16, 2015 by [[A24 Films]].<ref name=Variety1>McNary, Dave (29 July, 2015). [http://variety.com/2015/film/news/brie-larson-room-october-release-1201552606/ "Brie Larson’s ‘Room’ Set for Oct 16 Release."] ''Variety.com''. Retrieved 16 September, 2015.</ref>

==Plot==
A 5-year old boy Jack ([[Jacob Tremblay]]) and his young mother Ma ([[Brie Larson]]) are living in a small squalid room, crowded with a bed, toilet, bathtub and rudimentary kitchen. There are no windows, just one skylight in the ceiling. Gradually, it unfolds that they are captives of a man she calls Old Nick ([[Sean Bridgers]]). Up until the present, Ma has protected Jack from the reality of their situation, but Jack has reached the milestone of his 5th birthday and Ma knows he's old enough she can enlist him in a plan to escape. Her motivation to act is also fired by learning that Old Nick is out of work and short on money, and she knows this will affect their safety. Ma activates her plan with Jack's key participation, and the second half of the film is about what happens after the escape plan is initiated.

==Cast==
* [[Brie Larson]] as Joy "Ma" Newsome
* [[Jacob Tremblay]] as Jack Newsome
* [[Joan Allen]] as Nancy Newsome
* [[William H. Macy]] as Robert Newsome
* [[Sean Bridgers]] as Old Nick
* [[Megan Park]] as Laura
* [[Cas Anvar]] as Dr. Mittal
* [[Amanda Brugel]] as Officer Parker
* [[Joe Pingue]] as Officer Grabowski
* [[Tom McCamus]] as Leo
* [[Wendy Crewson]] as Talk Show Host

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] on the film began on November 10, 2014 in [[Toronto]]<ref name=Filming>{{cite news|last1=McNary|first1=Dave|title=AFM: William H. Macy, Joan Allen Join Brie Larson’s ‘Room’|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/afm-william-h-macy-joan-allen-join-brie-larsons-room-1201352555/|accessdate=November 17, 2014|publisher=variety.com|date=November 10, 2014}}</ref> and ended on December 15, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=On The Set, - Box Office ... Abrams Wraps 'The Cellar', Tom Hiddleston Finishes 'I Saw the Light' & More|url=http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-121514-jj-abrams-wraps-the-cellar-tom-hiddleston-finishes-i-saw-the-light-more/|accessdate=December 16, 2014|publisher=ssninsider.com|date=December 15, 2014}}</ref> For her role as Ma, Larson consulted with both a trauma expert and a [[nutritionist]].<ref name=Harrowing>{{cite web|last1=Bramesco|first1=Charles|title=Brie Larson on why Room is more “lovely” than “harrowing”|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/brie-larson-why-room-more-lovely-harrowing-226628|website=AVClub|accessdate=14 October 2015}}</ref> Larson has noted that she saw the film more "as a story of love and freedom and perseverance and what it feels like to grow up and become your own person", than a crime tale.<ref name=Harrowing/>
This film marks the third collaboration between Joan Allen and William H. Macy after previously starring together in [[Searching for Bobby Fischer]] and [[Pleasantville (film)]].

==Release==
Prior to production, [[A24 Films]] acquired the US rights to the film.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ford|first1=Rebecca|title=Cannes: Brie Larson Drama 'Room' Goes to A24 Films|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-brie-larson-drama-room-705279|accessdate=November 17, 2014|publisher=hollywoodreporter.com|date=May 18, 2014}}</ref> ''Room'' made its world premiere on September 4, 2015 at the [[Telluride Film Festival]]. The film was also shown in the Special Presentations section of the [[2015 Toronto International Film Festival]],<ref name="ScreenDaily">{{cite web |url=http://www.screendaily.com/toronto-world-premieres-for-trumbo-demolition-the-program/5090990.article?blocktitle=LATEST-FILM-NEWS&contentID=40562# |title=Toronto to open with 'Demolition'; world premieres for 'Trumbo', 'The Program' |date=28 July 2015 |accessdate=28 July 2015 |work=ScreenDaily}}</ref> and at the [[London Film Festival]], on October 11, 2015.<ref>https://whatson.bfi.org.uk/lff/Online/default.asp?BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::permalink=room&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::context_id=</ref> Theatrically, the film began a [[limited release]] on October 16, 2015.<ref name=Variety1 />

===Critical reception===
''Room'' has been met with overwhelming critical acclaim. On [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] the film has a rating of 96%, based on 142 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Led by incredible work from Brie Larson and Jacob Tremblay, ''Room'' makes for an unforgettably harrowing – and undeniably rewarding – experience."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/room_2015/ | title=Room (2015) | work=Rotten Tomatoes | publisher=[[Flixster]] | accessdate=December 9, 2015}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[weighted average]] score of 86 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/room-2015 | title=Room Reviews | work=Metacritic | publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] | accessdate=December 9, 2015}}</ref>

Larson's performance has been critically lauded, with many critics citing it as her best work to date, and newcomer Tremblay's performance has also been highly acclaimed.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} [[Todd McCarthy]] from ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote, "Overall, it’s a decent shot at a tall target, but real credit is due the lead actors, with Larson expanding beyond the already considerable range she’s previously shown with an exceedingly dimensional performance in a role that calls for running the gamut, and Tremblay always convincing without ever becoming cloying."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/room-telluride-review-820547|title='Room': Telluride Review|work=The Hollywood Reporter|first=Todd|last=McCarthy|date=September 4, 2015|accessdate=December 1, 2015}}</ref> Eric Kohn of ''[[Indiewire]]'' stated, "Brie Larson and newcomer Jacob Tremblay['s]... textured performances turn outrageous circumstances into a tense and surprisingly credible survival tale."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/telluride-review-brie-larson-is-a-revelation-alongside-stunning-newcomer-jacob-tremblay-in-room-20150904|title=Telluride Review: Brie Larson is a Revelation Alongside Stunning Newcomer Jacob Tremblay in 'Room'|work=Indiewire|first=Eric|last=Kohn|date=September 4, 2015|accessdate=December 1, 2015}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
! colspan="5" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Awards
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Result
|-
|Apsen Film Festival
|Audience Award
|[[Lenny Abrahamson]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[British Independent Film Awards]]
|Best International Independent Film
|''Room''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Film Independent Spirit Awards]]
| [[Independent Spirit Award|Best Editing]]
|Nathan Nugent
|{{pending}}
|-
|[[Independent Spirit Award|Best First Screenplay]]
|[[Emma Donoghue]]
|{{pending}}
|-
|[[Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead|Best Female Lead]]
|[[Brie Larson]]
|{{pending}}
|-
|rowspan="7"| Indiana Film Journalists Association
|Best Film
|''Room''
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Adapted Screenplay
|Emma Donoghue
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Director
|Lenny Abrahamson
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Actress
|Brie Larson
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Jacob Tremblay]]
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Joan Allen]]
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Musical Score
|Stephen Rennicks
|{{pending}}
|-
|[[Gotham Independent Film Awards|Gotham Awards]]
|Best Actress
|Brie Larson
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Hamptons International Film Festival]]
|Best Narrative Feature
|Lenny Abrahamson
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Heartland Film Festival]]
|Truly Movie Picture Award
|Lenny Abrahamson
|{{won}}
|-
|Les Arcs European Film Festival
|Crystal Arrow Award
|Lenny Abrahamson
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[London Film Festival]]
|Best Film
|Lenny Abrahamson
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Mill Valley Film Festival]]
|Audience Award
|Lenny Abrahamson
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|[[National Board of Review Awards 2015|National Board of Review]]
| Top Ten Films
| ''Room''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| Brie Larson
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Breakthrough Performance
| Jacob Tremblay
| {{won}}
|-
|[[New Orleans Film Festival]]
|Spotlight Film
|Lenny Abrahamson
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[Online Film Critics Society]]
|[[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
|''Room''
|{{pending}}
|-
|[[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Brie Larson
|{{pending}}
|-
|[[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]
|Emma Donoghue
|{{pending}}
|-
|rowspan="4"| [[20th Satellite Awards|Satellite Awards]]
|Best Motion Picture
|''Room''
|{{pending}}
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Lenny Abrahamson
|{{pending}}
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Brie Larson
|{{pending}}
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]
|Emma Donoghue
|{{pending}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Screen Actors Guild Award]]
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role|Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role]]
|Brie Larson
|{{pending}}
|-
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role|Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|Jacob Tremblay
|{{pending}}
|-
|[[Toronto International Film Festival]]
|People's Choice Award
|Lenny Abrahamson
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vancouver International Film Festival]]
| People's Choice Film
| ''Room''
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Warsaw International Film Festival]]
|Audience Award
|Lenny Abrahamson
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]]
|[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Brie Larson
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Youth Performance
|Jacob Tremblay
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]
|Emma Donoghue
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official|http://roomthemovie.com}}
* {{IMDb title|3170832}}
* {{Mojo title|room2015}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|room_2015}}
* {{Metacritic|room-2015}}

{{Lenny Abrahamson}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Room (2015 Film)}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Canadian films]]
[[Category:Irish films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:2010s drama films]]
[[Category:2010s thriller films]]
[[Category:Canadian drama films]]
[[Category:Canadian independent films]]
[[Category:Canadian thriller films]]
[[Category:Irish drama films]]
[[Category:Irish independent films]]
[[Category:Irish thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about abduction]]
[[Category:Films based on Irish novels]]
[[Category:Films based on thriller novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lenny Abrahamson]]
[[Category:Films shot in Toronto]]
[[Category:A24 Films films]]

João Ramalho

2015-09-03T05:37:51Z

179.183.67.92:

{{Ver desambig|prefixo=Se procura|pelo município brasileiro do estado de São Paulo|João Ramalho (São Paulo)}}
'''João Ramalho''' ([[Vouzela]], [[1493]] — [[São Paulo (cidade)|São Paulo]], [[1580]]) foi um aventureiro, explorador [[Portugal|português]], que se internou pelo mato e confraternizou com o gentio.

Filho de João Vieira Maldonado e Catarina Afonso de Balbode, era casado em Portugal com Catarina Fernandes, a quem nunca mais viu depois da [[partida]] em [[1512]] em uma [[nau]] buscando a ''Ilha do Paraíso'' no [[Brasil]]. Naufragou na [[costa]] da futura [[capitania de São Vicente]], hoje estado de [[São Paulo]], por volta de [[1513]].

Encontrado pela tribo dos [[Guaianases]], adaptou-se à vida no ''[[Novo Mundo]]'' ganhando prestígio junto aos [[índio]]s com quem vivia. Casou-se com a filha do [[cacique]] [[Tibiriçá]], [[Bartira]], batizada Isabel Dias. Do casamento realizado pelo padre [[Manuel da Nóbrega]] resultaram nove filhos, porém João teve filhos também com numerosíssimas índias, já que na cultura nativa havia grande liberdade sexual e, além do mais, Ramalho queria agradar os demais caciques e estabelecer vínculos, ao receber suas filhas.

Com os filhos, estabeleceu postos no litoral para fazer comércio com europeus, vendendo índios prisioneiros para serem escravizados, construindo [[Bergantim|bergantins]], reabastecendo os navios em trânsito e negociando o [[pau-brasil]]. Nas excursões pelo interior para capturar índios para serem vendidos como escravos, o filho de João Ramalho, [[mamelucos]] com metade de sangue indígena, comportavam-se com extrema crueldade.

O reencontro com os portugueses foi surpreendente. Os portugueses esperavam uma batalha contra um grande número de índios, que caminhavam em direção a [[São Vicente]]. Em vez de uma batalha, receberam João Ramalho, que passou a usar de sua grande influência sobre a tribo para ajudar a seus conterrâneos.

==Santo André da Borda do Campo==
Fundou no planalto de Piratininga, uma povoação que batizou [[Santo André da Borda do Campo]], elevada em [[1553]] à categoria de [[vila]], da qual foi [[capitão]], [[alcaide]] e [[vereador]]. [[Dom João III|João III de Portugal]] o nomeou ''Guarda-mor das terras altas de Piratininga'', título entregue por [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]], quando foi recebido por Ramalho no planalto.

Como intermediário, ajudou [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]] na fundação de São Vicente, em [[1532]]. Acompanhado de parentes, transferiu-se depois de Santo André para a povoação de São Paulo, fundada pelo padre [[Manuel da Nóbrega]], depois que os jesuítas chegaram em [[1549]] ao Brasil.

Foi um dos responsáveis pela expulsão, em [[10 de julho]] de [[1562]], dos [[Tamoios]] confederados que haviam assaltado a então vila de São Paulo. Depois, retirou-se para o [[vale do Paraíba]], recusando em [[1564]] o cargo de vereador da vila que ajudara a fundar.

Sabe-se que pelo menos alguns dos seus descendentes habitavam a aldeia indígena de Guanga,<ref>Conforme os Subsídios à Genealogia Paulistana de Regina Junqueira: "Pedro Fernandes foi morador no Ipiranga, por conta das fazendas que a família de sua mãe possuía neste lugar. Porém as terras de seu pai André Fernandes, ficavam em Guanga, aldeia indígena junto a Uruaí, reduto dos descendentes de João Ramalho. As terras de Guanga não podiam ser vendidas ou transferidas, conforme se vê numa petição negada a Henrique da Cunha, quando este tentou registrar título de terras neste lugar que pertenceram a Francisco Ramalho Tamarutaca, neto de João Ramalho", conforme http://www.projetocompartilhar.org/SAESPp/pedrofernandes1653anatenorio1659.htm, acessado em 2 de novembro de 2011.</ref> dentre eles Francisco Ramalho, o Tamarutaca.<ref>Conforme mostra seu inventário: http://www.projetocompartilhar.org/SAESPp/franciscoramalho1618.htm, acessado em 2 de novembro de 2011.</ref>

{{Referências}}

* [[LEITE, Serafim]]. ''Cartas dos [[Primeiros]] Jesuítas do Brasil'' - Ed 4º Centenário. Coimbra: Tipografia Atlântica, 1956. [http://www.projetocompartilhar.org/bartiraejoaoramalho.htm Bartira e João Ramalho nas cartas jesuíticas]

==Ligações externas==
[http://www.historia.uff.br/tempo/artigos_dossie/artg8-4.pdf João Ramalho e as origens da nação: os paulistas na comemoração do IV centenário da descoberta do Brasil]

[http://www.santoandre.sp.gov.br/biblioteca/bv/hemdig_txt/040213002a.pdf João Ramalho bandeirante de Vouzela]

==Ver também==
* [[Bandeirantes|Entradas e Bandeiras]]

{{esboço-biografia}}

{{NF|1493|1580|Joao Ramalho}}
[[Categoria:Naturais de Vouzela]]
[[Categoria:Exploradores do Brasil]]
[[Categoria:Exploradores de Portugal]]
[[Categoria:Pessoas do Brasil Colonial]]
[[Categoria:História de São Paulo]]
[[Categoria:Luso-brasileiros]]
[[Categoria:Judeus de Portugal]]

Supernatural

2015-07-27T22:41:20Z

179.183.248.36: Alles

Gaygaygay

== Handlung ==
Die Serie nutzt den aus ''[[Akte X – Die unheimlichen Fälle des FBI|Akte X]]'' bekannten Mix aus thematisch selbstständigen „Monster-of-the Week“-Folgen und der Verfolgung eines roten Fadens. Die Handlung bezieht sich teilweise auf bekannte [[Moderne Sage|moderne Legenden]] und Mythen verschiedenster Religionen.

Im Mittelpunkt der Serie stehen die Brüder Dean und Sam Winchester, die ein dunkles Geheimnis verbindet: Vor 22 Jahren wurde ihre Mutter auf grausame Weise von einem Dämon getötet. Seitdem hat es sich ihr Vater John Winchester zur Lebensaufgabe gemacht, übernatürliche Wesen, die das Leben Unschuldiger bedrohen, zu jagen und zu töten. Auf der Suche nach dem Mörder seiner Frau trainierte er auch seine Söhne zu professionellen Monsterjägern.

=== Erste Staffel ===
[[Datei:Supernatural.jpg|mini|[[Zwischentitel]] der ersten Staffel]]

Sam hat seinem alten Leben als Monsterjäger schon seit einer Weile abgeschworen und lebt nun zusammen mit seiner Freundin Jessica ein ruhiges Leben als Jurastudent. Als eines Tages Dean auftaucht und ihm bei der Suche nach ihrem Vater, der seit ein paar Tagen verschwunden ist, um Hilfe bittet, erklärt er sich bereit ein weiteres Mal mit seinem Bruder loszuziehen. Bei Sams Rückkehr nach ein paar Tagen ergebnisloser Suche muss er mit ansehen, wie Jessica von demselben Dämon getötet wird, der schon seine Mutter, Mary Winchester, auf dem Gewissen hat. Von Rachsucht ergriffen, macht sich Sam mit seinem Bruder auf, ihren Vater aufzuspüren und mit ihm den gelbäugigen Dämon (Dämonen haben in der Serie normalerweise schwarze bzw. rote Augen), der Jessica und seine Mutter umgebracht hat, zu töten.

Da Dean Angst vorm Fliegen hat, fährt er auch sehr lange Strecken in seinem Auto, einem [[Chevrolet Impala]]. Zufällig oder beabsichtigt stoßen sie auf ihren Reisen immer wieder auf übernatürliche Erscheinungen wie Dämonen oder Geister, die sie bekämpfen müssen. Dank des Tagebuchs ihres Vaters, in dem Sams und Deans Vater alle Informationen zur Vernichtung des Bösen gesammelt hat, schaffen sie es auch immer wieder, diese bösen, übernatürlichen (engl. supernatural) Mächte zu besiegen. Im Laufe der ersten Staffel entdeckt Sam, dass er eine besondere Fähigkeit hat. Er kann den Tod von bestimmten Menschen vorhersehen, die auf mysteriöse Weise mit ihm verbunden zu sein scheinen.

Nachdem die Brüder endlich wieder mit ihrem Vater vereint sind, setzen die drei den Kampf gegen das Übernatürliche gemeinsam fort und spüren schließlich den gelbäugigen Dämon auf. Wie alle Dämonen kann auch er von fast allen Menschen Besitz ergreifen und ist so kaum zu erkennen. Er kann nur mit einem besonderen, von [[Samuel Colt]] gebauten Revolver getötet werden, den Sam und Dean zuvor in ihren Besitz bringen konnten.

Als sie die Chance haben, den gelbäugigen Dämon ein für allemal zu besiegen, bringt Sam es nicht übers Herz, ihn zu erschießen, da der Dämon von seinem Vater Besitz ergriffen hat und Sam diesen ebenfalls töten würde. Dem Dämon gelingt es zu entkommen, er lässt Dean und John schwer verletzt zurück.

Auf der Fahrt zum Krankenhaus wird ihr Auto von einem Laster erfasst, dessen Fahrer von einem Dämon besessen ist, und sie bleiben bewusstlos und schwer verletzt im Auto sitzen.

Die Namen der Charaktere Harry Spangler und Ed Zeddmore aus der Episode 1.17 (''Hell House/Spukhaus'' und später auch in 3.13 ''Ghostfacers'') sind eine Anspielung auf die zwei Charaktere Dr. Egon Spengler und Winston Zeddemore aus dem Film ''[[Ghostbusters – Die Geisterjäger]]'' von 1984.

=== Zweite Staffel ===
[[Datei:Supernatural staffel2.jpg|mini|Zwischentitel der zweiten Staffel]]
Nach dem schweren Autounfall zum Ende der 1. Staffel werden Sam, Dean und ihr Vater in ein Krankenhaus eingeliefert, wo die Ärzte jedoch kaum noch Hoffnung für Dean haben. Sein Vater schließt deshalb einen Handel mit dem gelbäugigen Dämon ab, den er aus Rache für seine getötete Frau lange gejagt hatte: Er tauscht den Colt und sein eigenes Leben gegen das Leben von Dean ein. Sam und Dean müssen daraufhin mit dem Tod ihres Vaters zurechtkommen und begeben sich wieder auf die Jagd nach dem Bösen, um das Werk ihres Vaters fortzusetzen.

Sam entdeckt kurz darauf, dass auch viele andere Menschen in seinem Alter übernatürliche Fähigkeiten haben, die mit dem gelbäugigen Dämon zusammenhängen. Dieser plant, mithilfe der Menschen mit mentalen Fähigkeiten eine Dämonenarmee aufzustellen. Einige Zeit später verschwindet Sam plötzlich und findet sich mit anderen Personen mit mentalen Fähigkeiten in einem verlassenen Dorf wieder.

Der gelbäugige Dämon Azazel spielt sie gegeneinander aus und bringt sie dazu sich gegenseitig umzubringen, da er dem letzten Überlebenden eine wichtige Aufgabe übertragen will. Als nur noch Sam und Jake, ein amerikanischer Soldat, am Leben sind, taucht Dean auf. Er schafft es aber nicht mehr zu verhindern, dass Jake Sam ersticht und anschließend flieht. Dean kann den Tod seines Bruders nicht akzeptieren und schließt daraufhin einen Pakt mit einem Kreuzungsdämon, der Dean nur noch ein Jahr seines Lebens lässt und dafür Sam zurückholt. Jake ist inzwischen auf Anweisung des Dämons auf dem Weg zu einem Friedhof, der inmitten einer riesigen, von Samuel Colt gebauten Teufelsfalle liegt und steckt dort den Colt, der zugleich ein Schlüssel ist, in ein Tor zur Unterwelt.

Jake wird von Sam und Dean gestellt und erschossen. Dabei erhalten sie Hilfe von Bobby und Ellen, zwei Jägern, die mit den Brüdern befreundet sind. Das Tor zur Hölle ist jedoch bereits offen und zahlreiche Dämonen strömen heraus. Neben den Dämonen schafft es aber auch die Seele John Winchesters zu entkommen, mit dessen Hilfe es Dean schließlich gelingt, den gelbäugigen Dämon mit Samuel Colts Waffe zu erschießen; das Tor zur Hölle wird wieder verschlossen. Zwar lebt der gelbäugige Dämon nun nicht mehr, seine Armee steht jedoch bereit. Sam verspricht Dean, ihn aus dem Dämonenpakt zu befreien.

In der Folge 2.07 ''Die üblichen Verdächtigen'' spielt [[Linda Blair]], die durch den Film [[Der Exorzist]] bekannt wurde, eine Nebenrolle als Polizistin.

Während der Folge 2.18 ''Hollywood Babylon'' nehmen Sam und Dean an einer Tour durch die Filmstudios teil. Kurz bevor sie aussteigen hört man den Sprecher der Tour erwähnen, dass sie gleich am Set von [[Gilmore Girls]] vorbeifahren, und wenn sie Glück hätten, würden sie sogar einen Hauptdarsteller sehen. (Jared Padalecki spielte über eine längere Zeit in dieser Serie mit.)

=== Dritte Staffel ===
Sams Streben gilt nunmehr einzig Dean von dem Dämonenpakt zu befreien. Unterstützt wird er dabei von der Dämonin Ruby, die behauptet, ihm dabei helfen zu können. Dean indes hat für sich beschlossen, sein letztes Jahr auf Erden nach allen Regeln der Kunst zu genießen. Es widerstrebt ihm gar, gegen seinen Pakt zu kämpfen, da der Dämon ihn gewarnt hatte, dass – so er den Pakt bricht – Sam wieder tot sein würde. Derweil hat die Armee der Hölle, die am Ende von Staffel 2 freikam, sich unter die Menschen gemischt. Die sieben Todsünden gar selbst wandeln frei und müssen bekämpft werden. Hierbei setzt die Serie nun mehr und mehr auf Witz, Charme und innere Konflikte. Gut und Böse vermischen sich mehr und mehr zu Grauzonen.

Die Staffel steuert auf ihren emotionalen Höhepunkt zu, als Dean in einem komatösen Traum seinem dämonischen Selbst gegenübersteht und sich eingesteht, dass er Angst vor dem hat, was auf ihn zukommt. Doch die Zeit drängt. Inzwischen hat Bela – eine äußerst „charmante“ britische Diebin – den Colt gestohlen. So bleibt den Brüdern nichts anderes übrig als die direkte Konfrontation mit Lilith, der Dämonin, die Deans Vertrag hält. Doch diese ist gerissener als alles, was die Brüder je zuvor bekämpfen mussten, und versteht es, ihr Spiel zu spielen. Als der Zeiger auf 12 Uhr Mitternacht springt, ist klar, dass alles vergebens war. Die Höllenhunde stürzen sich auf Dean und zerfetzen ihn direkt vor den Augen seines Bruders. Dann wendet Lilith sich Sam zu, doch ihr Versuch, ihn zu töten, scheitert und sie ergreift die Flucht.

In Episode 3.05 (''Bedtime Stories'') spielt [[Sandra McCoy]], Jared Padaleckis Ex-Verlobte, eine Kreuzungsdämonin.

Der Streik der Drehbuchautoren der [[Writers_Guild_of_America#Streik_2007|Writers Guild of America]] vom November 2007 bis Februar 2008 hatte auch Auswirkungen auf die dritte Staffel von Supernatural: Die Ausstrahlungsreihenfolge für die Episoden 3.11 und 3.12 wurde getauscht. Die Episode ''Jus in Bello'' war ursprünglich als 11. Episode der 3. Staffel vorgesehen, wurde aber als 12. Episode gesendet. Die Macher der Serie waren der Meinung, dass sich diese Episode besser als vorläufiges Staffelfinale eignen würde, da zum Ausstrahlungszeitpunkt nicht klar war, ob es überhaupt weitere Episoden in der 3. Staffel geben würde.

Nach Beendung des Autorenstreiks musste die 3. Staffel um 6 Episoden gekürzt werden und erhielt so eine Staffellänge von 16 anstatt der üblichen 22 Episoden.

=== Vierte Staffel ===
[[Datei:Supernatural Season Four title card.jpg|mini|Zwischentitel der vierten Staffel]]

Vier Monate später erwacht Dean in seinem eigenen Grab. Sein Körper ist unversehrt, lediglich ein Handabdruck, der wie ein Brandmal aussieht, ziert seine Schulter. Castiel, ein Engel Gottes, befreite Dean aus der Hölle. Er verlangt von Dean, mithilfe von Sam Lilith aufzuhalten, welche versucht, die 66 Siegel zu brechen. Damit soll die Apokalypse ausgelöst werden, um Luzifer, besser bekannt als der Teufel, zu befreien.

Dean erzählt Sam, dass er in der Hölle, nachdem er lange gefoltert wurde, das Angebot des Dämonen Alastair annahm und selber Seelen folterte. Damit brach Dean das erste der 66 Siegel, da, wenn ein rechtschaffener Mann in der Hölle Blut vergießt, der Legende zufolge das erste Siegel bricht, was es den Dämonen ermöglicht, weitere zu brechen, um Luzifer zu befreien. Lilith bricht immer mehr Siegel und die Winchester-Brüder und die Engel können nur vereinzelt einige vor dem Bruch retten. Uriel, einer der Engel, entpuppt sich als Verräter, der Luzifer aus der Hölle befreien möchte und daher Engel aus seiner Besatzung tötet. Es kommt zum Kampf zwischen ihm und Castiel, in dem Uriel schließlich getötet wird.

Auf der Suche nach weiteren Spuren von Lilith entdecken Dean und Sam eine Buchserie namens „Supernatural“, welche ihr Leben als Jäger erzählt. Sie können den Autor Chuck ausfindig machen, welcher sich später als ein Prophet Gottes entpuppt, der von den Erzengeln beschützt wird. Er prophezeit, dass Lilith einen ganz besonderen Plan mit Sam hat. Sie bietet ihm an, ihre Pläne aufzugeben und keine weiteren Siegel zu brechen, wenn Dean und Sam ihr Leben dafür opfern. Sam ist bereit, dieses Risiko einzugehen, wird aber aufgehalten, da Dean mit Chuck einschreitet. Ein Erzengel erscheint zum Schutz des Propheten, da Chuck von Lilith bedroht wird.

Im weiteren Verlauf der Serie werden die Brüder von einem Jungen namens Adam Milligan angerufen, der behauptet, John Winchesters Sohn zu sein. Dean und Sam finden heraus, dass der echte Adam und seine Mutter von Ghulen getötet wurden, und diese ihre Gestalt und ihre Gedanken übernommen haben. Es gelingt ihnen jedoch, die beiden zu töten. Dean besteht darauf, dass der tote Adam wie ein Jäger verbrannt wird, da er schließlich wirklich ihr Bruder war.

Dean entdeckt, dass Sam auf Rubys Drängen Dämonenblut getrunken hat, um seine Fähigkeiten zu stärken. Daher sperren Bobby und Dean Sam in eine dämonensichere Zelle in Bobbys Haus. Dort hat Sam mit dem Entzug des Dämonenblutes zu kämpfen, wodurch er Halluzinationen bekommt. Bobby bekommt Zweifel, ob Sam den Entzug überleben wird, Dean jedoch will ihn lieber menschlich sterben sehen, als ihn zu dem werden zu lassen, was er sein Leben lang gejagt hat. Um Sam von der Last, Lilith töten zu müssen, zu befreien, unterstellt sich Dean den Engeln. Allerdings wird Sam wenig später von Castiel freigelassen und flieht. Sam trifft sich wieder mit Ruby und trinkt Blut, um sich zu stärken. Als wenig später Dean auftaucht und Ruby zu töten versucht, kommt es zum Kampf zwischen den Brüdern und Sam schlägt Dean nieder.

Dean befindet sich daraufhin in dem so genannten „Green Room“, in dem er von Engeln festgehalten wird, um Sam nicht davon abzuhalten, Lilith zu töten, und damit das letzte Siegel zu brechen. Als er sich schließlich befreit hat und Sam stoppen will, wird er von Ruby aufgehalten. Ihm gelingt es zwar, sie zu töten, aber es ist bereits zu spät. Lilith ist tot, und ein weißer Lichtstrahl der vom Boden hoch strahlt, deutet die Auferstehung Luzifers an.

Die Episode ''Monsterfilm'' (4.05) ist in Anlehnung an alte Filme, die in dieser Episode erwähnt werden, komplett in schwarz-weiß gedreht. Außerdem kommt in der Folge ein traditionelles bayerisches Oktoberfest vor.

Im Abspann der Folge 4.15 ''Death takes a Holiday'' befinden sich zwei Fotos des kurz zuvor verstorbenen Produzenten und Regisseurs [[Kim Manners]].

=== Fünfte Staffel ===
Sam und Dean müssen mit ansehen, wie Luzifer aus der Hölle entkommt, werden jedoch durch Gottes Einwirken gerettet.

Die beiden Brüder erfahren, dass das Schwert des Erzengels Michael stark genug ist, um den Teufel zu besiegen. Auf der Suche nach dieser Waffe treffen sie auf den Engel Zachariah, der ihnen erzählt, dass Dean das „Schwert“ sei. Dazu müsse Dean Michael nur die Erlaubnis erteilen, Besitz von ihm zu ergreifen. Dean will das aber nicht, da ein Kampf zwischen Luzifer und Michael die halbe Welt zerstören würde.

Sam und Dean treffen auf einen der vier apokalyptischen Reiter, „Krieg“. Die Brüder besiegen ihn, indem sie ihm den Finger mit dem Ring, der ihm seine Macht verleiht, abtrennen. Etwas später erfahren sie, dass Sam Luzifers wahre Hülle ist, und dass es ihr Schicksal ist, als die irdischen Spiegelbilder von Luzifer und Michael, diese von ihren Körpern Besitz ergreifen zu lassen, damit sie den Krieg Himmel gegen Hölle auf der Erde zu Ende führen können.

Während Sam und Dean immer wieder von den Engeln dazu gedrängt werden endlich einzuwilligen, verfolgen sie ihre eigenen Pläne Luzifer zu stoppen. Mit Chucks Hilfe spüren sie den Colt, der Dämonen töten kann, auf und versuchen Luzifer damit zu töten. Dieser Plan scheitert allerdings, da ihm der Colt nichts anhaben kann. Mit Castiels Hilfe gelingt es den Brüdern aber vor ihm zu fliehen.

Einige Zeit später treffen Sam und Dean auf einen weiteren apokalyptischen Reiter, „Hunger“, und besiegen ihn.

Die Brüder überzeugen den Erzengel Gabriel ihnen zu helfen Luzifer zu töten und damit die Apokalypse abzuwenden. Als es dem überlegenen Luzifer gelingt Gabriel zu töten, erkennen Sam und Dean, dass sie Luzifer nicht töten können. Sie können ihn allerdings wieder in seinem Käfig einschließen. Dazu benötigen sie aber die vier Ringe der apokalyptischen Reiter. Da sie bereits die Ringe von „Krieg“ und „Hunger“ haben, brauchen sie noch die von „Pest“ und „Tod“.

Ihnen gelingt es den Reiter „Pest“ zu besiegen, und seinen Plan die ganze Welt mit dem dämonischen Croatoan-Virus zu infizieren, zu vereiteln. Unterdessen verpfändet Bobby seine Seele bei dem Dämonen Crowley um den Aufenthaltsort des Reiters „Tod“ herauszufinden. Dieser gibt seinen Ring freiwillig her, da er nicht unter Luzifers Kontrolle stehen will.

Schließlich treffen Sam und Dean in Detroit auf Luzifer. Obwohl dieser von den vier Ringen und deren Funktion weiß, gibt Sam ihm sein „Ja“. Er schafft es nicht Luzifer unter Kontrolle zu bringen und in den Käfig zu werfen, sodass Luzifer Sams Körper kontrolliert. Dean erfährt von Chuck den Ort des bevorstehenden Kampfes zwischen Luzifer und Michael, der nun seinen, von den Toten erweckten, Halbbruder Adam als Hülle nutzt.
Michael wird von Castiel mit geheiligtem Feuer angegriffen, woraufhin Luzifer Castiel und Bobby umbringt und beginnt Dean zusammenzuschlagen. Als Sam allerdings den [[Supernatural#1967er Chevrolet Impala|Impala]] sieht, erinnert er sich an gemeinsame Momente mit Dean und gewinnt die Kontrolle über seinen Körper zurück. Er schafft es, mit Hilfe der vier Ringe den Käfig erneut zu öffnen und stürzt zusammen mit Michael, der versucht ihn aufzuhalten, hinein.
Castiel erscheint in einer gestärkten Engelsgestalt, scheinbar von Gott wiedererweckt. Er erweckt wiederum Bobby, heilt Dean und kehrt in den Himmel zurück. Dean kehrt, wie er es zuvor Sam versprach, zu seiner Exfreundin Lisa und ihrem Sohn Ben zurück.

Die Schlussszene zeigt, wie Sam vor Lisas Haus steht und Deans „neue Familie“ durch das Fenster beobachtet.

In Episode 5.05 jagen Sam und Dean einen Gott, der sich in berühmte Persönlichkeiten verwandeln kann, aber seine Fans tötet. Nachdem dieser in Gestalt von [[Paris Hilton]] die beiden Brüder gefangen nehmen kann, erläutert Dean, dass der Gott ihn nicht töten könne, da er kein Fan von ihr sei, und er habe nicht mal [[House of Wax]] gesehen, woraufhin Sam etwas überrascht zu Dean hinübersieht. Ironischerweise wurde Sam-Darsteller [[Jared Padalecki]] ebenfalls für diesen Film besetzt.

=== Sechste Staffel ===
[[Datei:Supernatural Season 6 title card.jpg|mini|Zwischentitel der sechsten Staffel]]
Anmerkung: Auch wenn Serienschöpfer Eric Kripke die Serie ursprünglich auf fünf Staffeln auslegte, veranlassten die ansteigenden Einschaltquoten in der vierten und fünften Staffel eine Fortsetzung von Supernatural. Kripke legt von nun an, nach eigener Aussage, nur noch als Co-Produzent Hand an.

Dean lebt nun bereits ein Jahr mit Lisa und Ben ein ruhiges, normales Leben, als überraschend Sam wieder auftaucht. Dieser gesteht Dean, dass er bereits seit fast einem Jahr wieder zurück ist, es aber vorgezogen hatte, Dean darüber im Unklaren zu lassen, da er sein ruhiges Leben sonst womöglich wieder aufgegeben hätte. Sam, der sich an seine Zeit in der Hölle nicht erinnern kann, jagt weiterhin Monster, unterstützt von einer Gruppe Jäger die mit seiner und Deans Mutter verwandt waren. Zu Deans Überraschung gehört dieser Gruppe auch Samuel Campbell, ihr bereits verstorbener Großvater, an. Es ist zunächst unklar, wie und warum Sam und Samuel wiedererweckt wurden.

Obwohl Dean versucht, sein Leben mit Lisa aufrechtzuerhalten, wird er von Sam wieder in sein altes Leben zurückgezogen, und die beiden fahren bald wieder gemeinsam durchs Land und bekämpfen Monster, wobei Dean bemerkt, dass Sam sich verändert hat und gefühlskälter geworden ist. Die Brüder finden heraus, dass der Dämon Crowley inzwischen zum König der Hölle aufgestiegen ist und Samuel dazu zwingt, für ihn Alphas, die Anführer und Väter der jeweiligen Monsterarten, zu fangen, da er sich erhofft von ihnen zu erfahren wo das Fegefeuer zu finden ist.

Auch im Himmel hat sich einiges geändert: Da der Erzengel Raphael die Apokalypse wieder starten will und Castiel dies zu verhindern sucht, findet im Himmel ein Bürgerkrieg statt.

Sams herzloses und kaltes Verhalten fällt immer mehr auf, bis Dean schließlich Castiel um Rat bittet. Dieser stellt fest, dass Sam keine Seele besitzt, da sie sich noch in der Hölle befindet. Mit Hilfe des apokalyptischen Reiters Tod gelingt es ihnen allerdings diese zurückzuholen. Der Tod errichtet in Sam eine Schutzmauer, die ihn vor den Erinnerungen an die Hölle schützen soll, warnt ihn aber, dass diese nicht unzerstörbar sei.

Eve, der Mutter aller Monster, gelingt es aus dem Fegefeuer zu entkommen und sie erschafft neue Arten von Monstern, um Crowley davon abzuhalten, ihre Schöpfungen zu foltern. Sam und Dean töten sie, erfahren aber zuvor von ihr, dass Castiel mit Crowley gemeinsame Sache macht, da in den Seelen im Fegefeuer genug Macht steckt, um den Bürgerkrieg im Himmel zu gewinnen. Zu diesem Zweck hat er auch Sam und Samuel wiedererweckt. Die Brüder versuchen ihn von diesem Plan abzuhalten und wollen Crowley stoppen. Dieser entführt daraufhin Ben und Lisa, um sie als Druckmittel einzusetzen. Nachdem die Brüder die beiden befreit haben, lässt Dean sich von Castiel aus Lisas und Bens Gedächtnis löschen, da er sich von nun an von den beiden fernhalten will, um sie zu schützen.

Da Castiel weiterhin nicht von seinem Plan ablassen will, das Fegefeuer zu öffnen, sehen sich die Brüder dazu gezwungen ihn zu töten. Um dies zu verhindern, zerbricht er die Mauer in Sams Kopf, die ihn vor den Erinnerungen der Hölle schützen sollte.

Als Crowley und Castiel alle Zutaten, die sie benötigen, um das Fegefeuer zu öffnen, beisammen haben, hintergeht Castiel Crowley. Er will ihm keine einzige Seele überlassen. Crowley holt sich daraufhin Unterstützung vom Erzengel Raphael, aber es ist schon zu spät: Castiel hat sich die Seelen des Fegefeuers bereits einverleibt. Er tötet Raphael mit einem Fingerschnipsen, und der unterlegene Crowley flieht. Dean versucht nun, Castiel dazu zu bewegen die Seelen wieder zurückzubringen, da er sein Ziel, Raphael zu töten, ja erreicht hat, aber Castiel, überwältigt von seiner neu erlangten Macht, weigert sich. Unterdessen ist es Sam gelungen, die plagenden Erinnerungen an die Hölle etwas unter Kontrolle zu kriegen. Er ist Dean gefolgt, schleicht sich von hinten an Castiel heran und sticht ihm mit einer Engelsklinge (eine der wenigen Waffen, die Engel töten können) in den Rücken. Diesem kann die Waffe aber nichts mehr anhaben und er erklärt sich vor dem schockierten Sam und Dean zum neuen Gott.

=== Siebte Staffel ===
[[Datei:Supernatural season 7 title card.jpg|mini|Zwischentitel der siebten Staffel]]

Castiel, der sich zum neuen Gott erklärt hat, zieht durchs Land, vollbringt Wunder und tötet Prediger und Glaubensvertreter die Lügen über ihn, bzw. Gott, verbreiten. Castiels menschliche Hülle hält jedoch den enormen Druck der Seelen nicht auf Dauer stand, da er nicht nur Seelen aus dem Fegefeuer geholt hat, sondern auch sehr mächtige Kreaturen namens [[Leviathan (Mythologie)|Leviathane]]. Diesen gelingt es immer öfter von seinem Körper Besitz zu ergreifen und töten dabei jeweils viele Unschuldige, bis Castiel schließlich seine Verfehlungen einsieht und mit Deans und Bobbys Hilfe die Seelen wieder ins Fegefeuer zurückschickt. Den Leviathanen ist es allerdings gelungen in Castiels Körper zu verbleiben.

Unterdessen leidet Sam an seinen Erinnerungen an die Hölle und hat Halluzinationen vom Teufel, welche ihn an seinem Verstand zweifeln lassen.

Den Leviathanen gelingt es, aus Castiels Körper zu entkommen und töten ihn dabei scheinbar. Anschließend nehmen sie Besitz von verschiedenen Menschen in der Umgebung. In dieser Form sind sie kaum zu stoppen, da sie um einiges intelligenter, stärker und widerstandsfähiger sind, als die Monster, mit denen Sam und Dean normalerweise zu tun haben. Bobby gelingt es jedoch herauszufinden, dass Leviathane von Borax, einer Chemikalie die in Putzmittel zu finden ist, verätzt werden, und dass enthaupten sie zwar nicht endgültig tötet aber effektiv aufhalten kann.

Bei einer Konfrontation mit dem Anführer der Leviathane, der von dem einflussreichen Geschäftsmann Dick Roman Besitz ergriffen hat, wird Bobby von diesem getötet.

Sams Halluzinationen entwickeln sich inzwischen zu einem ernsthaften Problem, da sie ihn am Schlafen hindern. Das geht so weit, dass er schließlich in eine Psychiatrie eingeliefert werden muss.
Auf der Suche nach einem Wunderheiler, der Sam helfen könnte, trifft Dean zu seiner Überraschung auf den totgeglaubten Castiel, der an Amnesie leidet und nicht einmal mehr weiß, dass er ein Engel ist. Mit Deans Hilfe bekommt er seine Erinnerungen jedoch schnell wieder zurück und macht sich große Vorwürfe wegen seiner Taten. Da er ein schlechtes Gewissen hat, weil er an Sams Halluzinationen schuld ist, nimmt er Sams Erinnerung an die Hölle und die damit verbundenen Konsequenzen auf sich, wodurch Sam geheilt wird.

Die Brüder stellen fest, dass Bobby nach seinem Tod nicht weitergezogen ist, und daher ein Geist geworden ist. Eine Weile unterstützt er sie im Kampf gegen Dick Roman und die anderen Leviathane, aber als er sich immer mehr in einen bösartigen Geist verwandelt, verbrennen die Brüder seine letzten Überreste und zwingen ihn so, ins Jenseits überzutreten.

Sam und Dean gelangen in den Besitz einer Steintafel, die eine Art von Gott gefertigter „Gebrauchsanleitung“ darstellt, wie man die Leviathane endgültig töten kann. Diese kann jedoch nur von dem Propheten Kevin entschlüsselt werden. Den Leviathanen gelingt es zwar, Kevin gefangen zu nehmen; er schafft es aber vorher, den Winchesters die Übersetzung der Steintafel zukommen zu lassen. Nachdem sie es mit Crowleys und Castiels Hilfe geschafft haben, alle Gegenstände, die sie zum Töten der Leviathane benötigen, in ihren Besitz zu bringen, machen sie sich auf, Dick endgültig zu besiegen.

Während Sam Kevin befreit, schaffen es Dean und Castiel tatsächlich, Dick zu töten und seinen Plan, alle Menschen in wehrlose Zombies zu verwandeln, um sie leichter essen zu können, zu vereiteln.
Kurz darauf explodiert Dick – und Dean und Castiel verschwinden in der daraus resultierenden Druckwelle. Crowley taucht auf und entführt Kevin vor den Augen des schockierten Sam, der das Verschwinden seines Bruders aus sicherer Entfernung mit ansehen musste.

Dean wacht in einer Art Wald auf und schaut sich verwirrt um, bis Castiel ihm mitteilt, dass die beiden im Fegefeuer gefangen sind und wahrscheinlich nicht mehr lebend herauskommen werden. Kurz darauf verschwindet Castiel und lässt Dean alleine und scheinbar von Monstern umzingelt zurück.

=== Achte Staffel ===
[[File:SN OP 8T.jpg|mini|Zwischentitel der achten Staffel]]
Ein Jahr nachdem Sam und Dean Dick Roman besiegt haben, gelingt es Dean zusammen mit dem Vampir Benny, den er im Fegefeuer kennengelernt hat, aus ebendiesem zu entkommen. Er muss dabei aber Castiel zurücklassen. Nachdem er Sam aufgespürt hat, erfahren die beiden, dass es dem Propheten Kevin gelungen ist, aus Crowleys Fängen zu entkommen. Kevin verkündet ihnen, dass er von der Existenz eines Zauberspruches weiß, mit dem man die Tore zur Hölle für immer schließen kann. Er befindet sich auf einer Steintafel, die das Wort Gottes zum Thema „Dämonen“ beinhaltet und die Crowley von ihm übersetzt haben wollte.

Dean versucht – zu Sams Missfallen – den Kontakt mit Benny aufrechtzuerhalten, da die beiden im Fegefeuer eng befreundet waren. Als Benny in Notwehr einen Jäger tötet, beschließt Dean, den Kontakt zu ihm aufzugeben. Castiel wird von dem hochrangigen Engel Naomi aus dem Fegefeuer befreit, muss aber nun ihre Befehle befolgen und ihr über die Aktivitäten der Winchesters berichten.

Während die Brüder darauf warten, dass Kevin die Steintafel übersetzt, und dabei kleinere Jobs erledigen, taucht plötzlich durch Magie ihr Großvater Henry Winchester in ihrem Motelzimmer auf. Dieser ist auf der Flucht vor einem Dämon aus dem Jahre 1958 zu ihnen gereist. Die Brüder erfahren, dass Henry das letzte überlebende Mitglied der „Männer der Schriften“ ist, einer Geheimorganisation, die das Wissen über übernatürliche Wesen sammelt, um diese zu bekämpfen. Als sie Abaddon – den Dämon, der den Geheimbund ausgelöscht und Henry in die Zukunft gefolgt ist – besiegen, wird Henry tödlich verwundet. Bevor er stirbt, kann er den Brüdern aber noch den Schlüssel zum Hauptquartier der Männer der Schriften überreichen. Die Brüder ziehen dort ein, um Zugang zum gesammelten Wissen der Männer der Schriften in Form von Filmen, Audiobändern und Unmengen von Akten und Büchern bekommen.

Nach einigen Monaten gelingt es Kevin schließlich, den Zauberspruch mit dem man die Hölle schließen kann, zu übersetzen. Er funktioniert jedoch nur, wenn die Person, die ihn ausspricht, zuvor mehrere Aufgaben erfüllt: Einen Höllenhund töten, eine unschuldige Seele aus der Hölle befreien und einen Dämon „heilen”. Sam gelingt es, die erste Aufgabe zu erfüllen, wodurch er auch die anderen beiden bestehen muss, um die Hölle für immer schließen zu können.

Für die zweite Aufgabe wird Sam von einem Sensenmann in die Hölle geführt, wo er Bobby aus seinem Verlies befreit und mit ihm zusammen flieht. Da Bobby seinen Aufenthalt in der Hölle nur Crowleys Einfluss zu verdanken hat, war er unschuldig in der Hölle und erfüllt somit die Anforderungen. Da Sam und Bobby auf dem Rückweg im Fegefeuer hängen bleiben, bittet Dean Benny um Hilfe. Benny wird von Dean enthauptet, wodurch er ins Fegefeuer gelangt und Sam und Bobby zu dem Ausgang führen kann, den auch Dean und er benutzt hatten. Obwohl Sam ihm anbietet, ihn mitzunehmen, bleibt Benny im Fegefeuer zurück. An der Oberwelt, nach einer kleinen Auseinandersetzung zwischen Naomi und Crowley, lässt Naomi Bobby schließlich frei und dieser steigt in den Himmel auf.

Die Brüder spüren Metatron auf – den Engel, der die Tafeln auf Gottes Anweisungen hin geschrieben hat und der sich seit Jahrtausenden vor den Erzengeln versteckt hält, da diese ihn um sein Wissen beneiden. Als er erfährt, dass die Erzengel alle tot oder eingekerkert sind, überredet er Castiel, Aufgaben zu erfüllen, mit denen angeblich der Himmel vorübergehend geschlossen werden kann, um den dort herrschenden Bürgerkrieg zu beenden.

Während Sam und Dean Crowley gefangen nehmen und ein langwieriges Ritual vollführen, das ihn in einen Menschen zurückverwandeln soll, um so die letzte Aufgabe zu vollenden, warnt Naomi Castiel, dass Metatron ihn belogen hat, und die Aufgaben, die er vollbracht hat, gar nicht den Himmel schließen. Daraufhin tötet Metatron Naomi und reißt Castiel seine Gnade heraus (wodurch er in einen Menschen verwandelt wird), um sein eigentliches Ziel zu erreichen: Mit einem Ritual alle Engel aus dem Himmel verbannen, um sich an ihnen zu rächen. Als Dean herausfindet, dass Sam sterben würde, schlösse er die Tore der Hölle, unterbricht er ihn bei der Vollendung des Rituals. Während Sam daraufhin unter Schmerzen zusammenbricht, muss Dean mit ansehen, wie unzählige Engel vom Himmel fallen.

Zu Beginn der Staffel sieht man in Rückblicken Deans Zeit im Fegefeuer und Sams kurzzeitige Beziehung mit der Tierärztin Amelia.

=== Neunte Staffel ===
Nachdem das Ritual abgebrochen wurde, ist Sam schwer angeschlagen und liegt im Sterben. Dean versucht vergebens Castiel herbeizurufen und betet in seiner Verzweiflung schließlich pauschal zu allen Engeln. Es taucht prompt ein Engel auf, der sich als Ezekiel vorstellt, und anbietet, Sam zu heilen. Da er Sam aber angeblich nur vom Inneren seines Körpers aus heilen kann, hilft Dean ihm, von Sam Besitz zu ergreifen, ohne dass Sam etwas davon mitbekommt. Unterdessen müssen die anderen Engel sich damit abfinden, dass sie durch Metatrons Zauber gefallen sind, und nicht mehr in den Himmel zurückkehren können. Unter ihnen entbricht ein Bürgerkrieg zwischen zwei Fraktionen, die von den Engeln Bartholomew und Malachi angeführt werden.

Sam, Dean und Kevin versuchen herauszufinden, wie man Metatrons Zauber umkehren könnte, erfahren aber schließlich von Crowley – den sie immer noch gefangen halten –, dass man den Zauber nicht rückgängig machen kann. In Crowleys Abwesenheit versucht die Dämonin Abaddon die Herrschaft über die Hölle an sich zu reißen und wirbt Gefolgsleute an. Castiel hat währenddessen Probleme, sich an das Leben als Mensch zu gewöhnen und wird zudem von den Engeln gesucht, die ihm die Schuld an ihrem Fall geben und sich rächen wollen. Schließlich wird er von Malachi gefangen genommen. Ihm gelingt jedoch die Flucht und stiehlt dabei die Gnade von einem von Malachis Engeln, wodurch er selbst wieder zu einem Engel wird.

Metatron nimmt Kontakt mit dem Engel auf, der von Sams Körper Besitz ergriffen hat. Es stellt sich heraus, dass er in Wahrheit Gadreel ist, der Engel, der durch seine Unachtsamkeit die Schlange zu [[Adam und Eva]] ins Paradies gelassen hat. Für seine Tat war er bis zum Fall der Engel im Himmel eingekerkert. Metatron bietet Gadreel an, mit ihm zusammen einen neuen Himmel zu gründen, den sie gemeinsam beherrschen würden, wenn er ihm zuvor seine Loyalität unter Beweis stellt. Gadreel übernimmt vollständig die Kontrolle über Sams Körper und tötet auf Metatrons Befehl hin Kevin. Anschließend stiehlt er die Engelstafel, die er Metatron überreicht, der zuvor dafür gesorgt hat, dass nach Kevins Tod keine neuen Propheten mehr aktiviert werden.

Dean und Castiel spüren mit Crowleys Hilfe Gadreel auf und nehmen ihn gefangen. Nach mehreren missglückten Versuchen, Sam dazu zu bringen Gadreel auszustoßen, erlaubt Dean Crowley schließlich, von Sam Besitz zu ergreifen, um ihm von innen zu helfen. Mit Crowleys Unterstützung stößt Sam schließlich Gadreel aus, der daraufhin einen anderen Körper besetzt. Aus Dank für seine Unterstützung lässt Dean Crowley gehen, der sich anschickt, seine alte Machtposition von Abaddon zurückzuholen.

Sam ist wieder vollständig der Alte, kann Dean aber nicht verzeihen, dass er ihn nicht hat sterben lassen und verhält sich diesem gegenüber distanziert.

Crowley überredet Dean, ihm dabei zu helfen, Abaddon zu töten. Da diese kein gewöhnlicher Dämon, sondern eine „Kriegerin der Hölle“ ist, kann sie nur mit „Der ersten Klinge“ getötet werden. Bei dieser „Klinge“ handelt es sich um den Kiefer eines Tieres, mit dem [[Kain]] seinen Bruder Abel getötet hatte. Dean und Crowley spüren Kain auf und erfahren schließlich von diesem, wo er die Klinge versteckt hat. Zudem überträgt er sein [[Kainsmal]] auf Dean, da dieser die Klinge sonst nicht benutzen kann.

Unterdessen versucht Bartholomew vergeblich Castiel dazu zu bringen, sich seiner Fraktion im Bürgerkrieg der Engel anzuschließen. Es kommt schließlich zu einer Auseinandersetzung zwischen den beiden, in welcher Castiel Bartholomew schließlich töten muss.

Metatron schart mit Gadreels Hilfe Anhänger um sich, denen er verspricht, dass sie wieder in den Himmel zurückkehren können. Sam und Dean erfahren von Castiel davon und nehmen daraufhin Gadreel gefangen, um von ihm Informationen zu erhalten. Gleichzeitig gerät Castiel jedoch in Metatrons Gewalt, welcher ihm seine Pläne für die Zukunft darlegt: Er will, dass Castiel eine Rebellenarmee gegen ihn führt, und somit zu einem „Bösewicht“ wird, den der „Held“ Metatron besiegen muss um sich als neuer „Gott“ zu profilieren. Castiel weigert sich zunächst, bei Metatrons Spiel mitzuspielen, aber als er im Austausch gegen Gadreel wieder freigelassen wird beginnt er nichtsdestotrotz Rebellen zu rekrutieren.

Crowley wird von Abaddon gefangen genommen, die ihn zwingt, Sam und Dean in eine Falle zu locken. Unbemerkt von Abaddon kann er die beiden jedoch warnen. Mit der Macht der Klinge und des Kainsmals gelingt es Dean Abaddon zu töten. Während des Kampfes, und auch später, fällt zunehmend auf, dass sich Dean durch das Kainsmal und die Klinge aggressiv verhält.

Durch eine Intrige gelingt es Metatron, alle von Castiels Anhängern hinter sich zu vereinigen. Von diesem Verhalten angewidert wendet sich Gadreel daraufhin von Metatron ab und bietet Sam, Dean und Castiel seine Hilfe an. Er und Castiel schleichen sich in den Himmel, um die Engelstafel – Metatrons Quelle der Macht – zu zerstören, werden dort aber entdeckt und gefangengenommen. Durch einen Zauber Gadreels, bei dem er sich selbst tötet, gelingt Castiel die Flucht. Unterdessen wandelt Metatron auf der Erde und vollbringt Wunder, um sich den Menschen als neuer Messias zu präsentieren. Dean spürt Metatron auf und will ihn töten. Dies misslingt jedoch und Dean wird von Metatron schwer verwundet. Gleichzeitig gelingt es Castiel, die Engelstafel zu zerstören, weswegen sich Metatron von Dean abwendet und in den Himmel zurückkehrt.

Castiel gelingt es, die anderen Engel von Metatrons Schlechtheit zu überzeugen, woraufhin dieser eingekerkert wird.

Dean erliegt seinen schweren Wunden und stirbt. Während Sam noch verzweifelt versucht, ihn zu den Lebenden zurückzuholen, legt Crowley Dean die Erste Klinge in die Hand, woraufhin Dean in Dämonengestalt wieder erwacht.

=== Zehnte Staffel ===
Nachdem Dean durch das Kainsmal von den Toten zurückgebracht worden ist, ist er ein Dämon und verbringt Zeit mit Crowley. Da Dean sich jedoch immer wieder Crowleys Willen widersetzt, verrät Crowley Sam Deans Aufenthaltsort, so dass dieser ihn gefangen nehmen, und mit dem Ritual, dass sie auch schon an Crowley versucht hatten, wieder in einen Menschen zurückverwandeln kann. Er ist aber nach wie vor im Besitz des Kainsmals, das ihn vermehrt zu aggressivem, blutrünstigem Verhalten antreibt.

Während Dean sich langsam von seiner Zeit als Dämon erholt, beginnen die Brüder wieder zu arbeiten und bekämpfen übernatürliche Wesen. Bei einem ihrer Jobs begegnen sie der mächtigen Hexe Rowena, die sich schließlich als Crowleys Mutter herausstellt. Nachdem sie sich mit Dämonen angelegt hat und Crowley zur Bestrafung vorgeführt wird, erkennt dieser sie sofort wieder und lässt sie – nach anfänglicher Reserviertheit – wieder in sein Leben treten.

Castiel denkt viel über den Mann nach, von dessen Körper er Besitz ergriffen hat, Jimmy Novak. Er bekommt ein schlechtes Gewissen, weil er Jimmy seiner Familie weggenommen hat, aber da dessen Seele bereits im Kampf gegen Luzifer verstorben ist und im Himmel weilt, kann er Jimmy auch nicht mehr zu seiner Familie zurückkehren lassen. Stattdessen will er sich um dessen Tochter Claire kümmern, die inzwischen auf die Schiefe Bahn geraten ist. Zusammen mit Sam und Dean rettet er sie aus den Fängen eines Kredithais und unterstützt sie bei dem Versuch ihre Mutter aus den Fängen eines Bösen Engels zu retten. Gemeinsam können sie den Engel töten, dabei stirbt aber auch Claires Mutter. Claire schickt sich nun an, selbst eine Monsterjägerin zu werden.

Rowena versucht, Crowley für ihre Zwecke zu missbrauchen und benutzt ihn, um verfeindete Hexen für sie zu töten. Nachdem sie herausfindet, dass Sam und Dean die letzten Nachkommen der „Männer der Schriften“ sind, und damit Zugriff auf viele mächtige Zauber haben, will sie Crowley gegen die beiden Brüder aufhetzen, um an diese mächtigen Zauber zu gelangen. Der hat aber nun genug von ihren Intrigen und setzt sie kurzerhand vor die Tür.

Da sich bei Dean vermehrt die Konsequenzen des Kainsmals in Form von extrem gewalttätigem Verhalten zeigen, versucht Sam einen Weg zu finden, dieses zu entfernen. Er und Castiel brechen sogar Metatron aus seinem Gefängnis im Himmel aus, in der Hoffnung er hätte Informationen die ihnen helfen kann. Diese Hoffnung wird jedoch enttäuscht; stattdessen gelingt es Metatron zu fliehen, auch wenn Castiel ihm zuvor seine Gnade gestohlen hat, und er daher nur noch ein gewöhnlicher Mensch ist. Dean hat inzwischen akzeptiert, dass das Kainsmal nicht entfernt werden kann, und nun ein Teil von ihm ist.

Letztlich finden Sam und Castiel heraus, dass das Kainsmal auch nur ein Fluch ist, der durch Magie rückgängig gemacht werden kann. Mithilfe der Jägerin Charlie spüren sie das „Buch der Verdammten“ auf, eine Sammlung mächtiger Flüche und Gegenflüche, das auch eine Anleitung beinhaltet, wie man das Kainsmal entfernen kann. Hinter diesem Buch ist jedoch auch die ''Styne''-Familie her, direkte Nachfahren von [[Frankenstein (Roman)|Viktor Frankenstein]], die sich mächtiger Zauber bedient, um ihr Vermögen und ihre Macht zu vermehren und sich mit Leichenteilen übernatürlich stark zu machen. Dean will, dass Sam das Buch zerstört, damit es nicht in die Fänge der Stynes gelangt, aber Sam widersetzt sich ihm und behält es heimlich. Er schließt einen Bund mit Rowena, die in der Lage ist, die mächtigen Zauber aus dem Buch der Verdammten durchzuführen. Als Gegenleistung für ihre Hilfe darf diese das Buch anschließend behalten.

Nachdem die Styne-Familie auf der Suche nach dem Buch der Verdammten Charlie tötet, verliert Dean kurzzeitig die Kontrolle und löscht die gesamte Familie aus. Nachdem er sogar beinahe Castiel getötet hat kommt er wieder zu sich und sieht ein, dass er eine zu starke Bedrohung für seine Umgebung ist. Er beschwört den Tod persönlich herauf, damit ihn dieser umbringe, da er durch das Mal anderweitig nicht umgebracht werden kann. Der erklärt ihm, dass das Kainsmal auch als Siegel für „Die Dunkelheit“ dient, einer mächtigen bösen Macht, die Gott verbannt hat, bevor er das heutige Universum erschaffen hat. Solange Dean das Kainsmal nicht an jemanden weitergegeben hat, dürfe er nicht sterben, oder sich das Mal entfernen lassen. Der Tod schlägt Dean stattdessen vor, Dean an einem abgelegenen Ort zu bringen, wo er in alle Ewigkeiten leben kann, ohne andere Menschen zu bedrohen. Als der Tod sich aber anschickt, zuvor Sam zu töten – um zu verhindern, dass er Dean wieder zurückholt oder sein Mal entfernt – tötet Dean stattdessen den Tod. Kurz darauf gelingt es Rowena, den Fluch durchzuführen, der Deans Kainsmal entfernt. Anschließend nimmt sie das Buch der Verdammten an sich und verzaubert Castiel, der sie bewacht hat, dass er sie ignoriert und auf Crowley losgeht.

Kurz nach der Entfernung des Mals schlagen Blitze in der Gegend um Sam und Dean ein, und eine Dunkle Wolke entsteht, die die beiden Brüder verschlingt.

== Besetzung ==
=== Hauptbesetzung ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Rollenname
! Schauspieler
! Hauptrolle
! Nebenrolle
! Synchronsprecher
|-
| Dean Winchester
| [[Jensen Ackles]]
| 1–
|
| [[Julien Haggége]]
|-
| Sam Winchester
| [[Jared Padalecki]]
| 1–
|
| [[Wanja Gerick]]
|-
| Robert „Bobby“ Singer
| [[Jim Beaver]]
|
| 1–
| [[Jan Spitzer]]
|-
| Ruby
| [[Katie Cassidy]] [[Genevieve Padalecki|Genevieve Cortese]]
| 3  
| 4
| [[Cathlen Gawlich]] [[Natascha Geisler]]
|-
| Bela Talbot
| [[Lauren Cohan]]
| 3
|
| [[Tanja Geke]]
|-
| Castiel („Cas“)
| [[Misha Collins]]
| 5–6, 9–
| 4, 7–8
| [[Florian Halm]]
|-
| John Winchester
| [[Jeffrey Dean Morgan]]
|
| 1–3
| [[Stephan Rabow]]
|-
| Meg Masters
| [[Nicki Lynn Aycox]] [[Rachel Miner]]
|
| 1–2 4–8
| [[Tanja Geke]]
|-
| Richard „Dick“ Roman
| [[James Patrick Stuart]] 
|
| 7
| [[Alexander Doering]]
|-
| Joanna Beth „Jo“ Harvelle
| [[Alona Tal]]
|
| 2, 5, 7
| [[Marie Bierstedt]]
|-
| Ellen Harvelle
| [[Samantha Ferris]]
|
| 2, 5–6
| [[Martina Treger]]
|-
| Ash
| [[Chad Lindberg]]
|
| 2, 5
| [[Sebastian Schulz]]
|-
| Lilith
| [[Rachel Pattee]] [[Sierra McCormick]] [[Katherine Boecher]]
|
| 3 3 4
|
|-
| Uriel
| [[Robert Wisdom]]
|
| 4–5
| [[Oliver Stritzel]]
|-
| Zachariah
| [[Kurt Fuller]]
|
| 4–5
| [[Detlef Bierstedt]]
|-
| Adam Milligan/Michael
| [[Jake Abel]]
|
| 4–5
| [[Hannes Maurer]]
|-
| Chuck Shurley/Carver Edlund
| [[Rob Benedict]]
|
| 4–5, 10
| [[Stefan Krause (Synchronsprecher)|Stefan Krause]]
|-
| Alastair
| [[Mark Rolston]] [[Christopher Heyerdahl]]
|
| 4
| [[Joachim Tennstedt]]
|-
| Crowley
| [[Mark Sheppard]]
| 10–
| 5–9
| [[Matti Klemm (Synchronsprecher)|Matti Klemm]]
|}

=== Wiederkehrende Besetzung ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Rollenname
! Schauspieler
! Staffel
! Synchronsprecher
|-
| Mary Winchester || [[Samantha Smith (Schauspielerin)|Samantha Smith]] || 1–2, 4–6 || [[Claudia Urbschat-Mingues]]
|-
| Ed Zeddmore || [[A. J. Buckley]] || 1, 3, 5, 9 || [[Sebastian Schulz]]
|-
| Harry Spengler || [[Travis Wester]] || 1, 3, 5, 9 || [[Robin Kahnmeyer]]
|-
| Der gelbäugige Dämon/Azazel || [[Fredric Lehne]] || 1–2, 4, 6 || [[Udo Schenk]]
|-
| Jessica Moore || [[Adrianne Palicki]] || 1–2, 5 || [[Ilona Brokowski]]
|-
| FBI Agent Victor Henricksen || [[Charles Malik Whitfield]] || 2–4 || [[Charles Rettinghaus]]
|-
| Trickster/Erzengel Gabriel/Loki || [[Richard Speight junior]] || 2–3, 5, 9 || [[Michael Pan]]
|-
| Tessa/Sensenmann || [[Lindsey McKeon]] || 2, 4, 6, 9 || [[Maria Koschny]]
|-
| Gordon Walker || [[Sterling K. Brown]] || 2–3 || [[Tobias Kluckert]]
|-
| Ronald Reznick || [[Chris Gauthier]] || 2, 4 || [[Stefan Fredrich]]
|-
| Andrew „Andy“ Gallagher || [[Gabriel Tigerman]] || 2 || [[Marcel Collé]]
|-
| Ava Wilson || [[Katharine Isabelle]] || 2 || [[Luise Helm]]
|-
| Lenore || [[Amber Benson]] || 2, 6 || [[Ulrike Stürzbecher]]
|-
| Rufus Turner || [[Steven Williams]] || 3–7 || [[Engelbert von Nordhausen]]
|-
| Lisa Braeden || [[Cindy Sampson]] || 3–6 || [[Nana Spier]]
|-
| Ben Braeden || [[Nicholas Elia]] || 3, 5, 6 ||
|-
| Pamela Barnes || [[Traci Dinwiddie]] || 4–5 || [[Vera Teltz]]
|-
| Anna Milton || [[Julie McNiven]] || 4–5 || [[Dascha Lehmann]]
|-
| John Winchester (jung) || [[Matt Cohen (Schauspieler)|Matt Cohen]] || 4–5 || [[Tobias Nath]]
|-
| Mary Winchester (jung) || [[Amy Gumenick]] || 4–5 || [[Esra Vural]]
|-
| Samuel Campbell || [[Mitch Pileggi]] || 4, 6 || [[Uli Krohm]]
|-
| Claire Novak || [[Sydney Imbeau]] [[Kathryn Newton]] || 4 10 ||
|-
| Die Pest || [[Matt Frewer]] || 5 || [[Frank-Otto Schenk]]
|-
| Sheriff Jody Mills || [[Kim Rhodes]] || 5– ||
|-
| Martin Creaser || [[Jon Gries]] || 5, 8 || [[Marcus Off]]
|-
| Der Tod || [[Julian Richings]] || 5–7, 9-10 || [[Hans-Jürgen Dittberner]]
|-
| Luzifer || [[Mark Pellegrino]] [[Jared Padalecki]] || 5, 7 5 || [[Bernhard Völger]] [[Wanja Gerick]]
|-
| Becky Rosen || [[Emily Perkins]] || 5, 7 || [[Julia Kaufmann]]
|-
| Balthazar || [[Sebastian Roché]] || 6 || [[Thomas Nero Wolff]]
|-
| Eve (Die Mutter aller [[Monster]]) || [[Julia Maxwell]] [[Samantha Smith (Schauspielerin)|Samantha Smith]] || 6 ||[[Melanie Hinze]]
|-
| Gwen Campbell || [[Jessica Heafey]] || 6 || [[Schaukje Könning]]
|-
| Christian Campbell || [[Corin Nemec]] || 6 || [[Matthias Deutelmoser]]
|-
| Alpha Vampir || [[Rick Worthy]] || 6–7 || [[Marcus Off]]
|-
| Frank Deveraux || [[Kevin R. McNally]] || 7 || [[Frank-Otto Schenk]]
|-
| Garth Fitzgerald IV || [[DJ Qualls]] || 7–9 || [[Dirk Stollberg]]
|-
| Kevin Tran || [[Osric Chau]] || 7–9 || [[Maximilian Artajo]]
|-
| Charlie Bradbury || [[Felicia Day]] || 7–10 || [[Julia Meynen]]
|-
| Benny || [[Ty Olsson]] || 8 || [[Dennis Schmidt-Foß]]
|-
| Amelia || [[Liane Balaban]] || 8 ||
|-
| Naomi || [[Amanda Tapping]] || 8 || [[Daniela Hoffmann]]
|-
| Abaddon || [[Alaina Huffman]] || 8–9 ||
|-
| Metatron || [[Curtis Armstrong]] || 8– || [[Gerald Schaale]]
|-
| Gadreel || [[Tahmoh Penikett]] [[Jared Padalecki]]|| 9 ||
|-
| Hannah || [[Erica Carroll]] || 9-10 ||
|-
| Rowena || [[Ruth Connell]] || 10- ||
|-
| Kain || [[Timothy Omundson]] || 10 ||
|}

== Produktion und Ausstrahlung ==
=== Vereinigte Staaten ===
In den USA wurde die Serie erstmals am 13. September 2005 auf dem Sender [[The WB]] ausgestrahlt. Die Ausstrahlung der ersten Staffel endete am 4. Mai 2006. Die zweite Staffel lief nach dem Zusammenschluss von [[The WB]] und [[United Paramount Network|UPN]] vom 28. September 2006 bis zum 17. Mai 2007 auf dem neuen Sender [[The CW]]. Die dritte Staffel startete am 4. Oktober 2007 und endete am 15. Mai 2008. Die vierte Staffel war vom 18. September 2008 bis zum 14. Mai 2009 auf The CW zu sehen. Die fünfte Staffel lief zwischen dem 10. September 2009 und dem 13. Mai 2010. Die sechste Staffel startete am 24. September 2010 und endete am 20. Mai 2011 mit der 126. Folge. Am 26. April 2011 verlängerte The CW ''Supernatural'' um eine siebte Staffel, die vom 23. September 2011 bis zum 18. Mai 2012 ausgestrahlt wurde.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serienjunkies.de/news/supernatural-90210-vampire-diaries-verlaengert-31981.html |title=Supernatural, Gossip Girl, 90210, Vampire Diaries verlängert |publisher=''Serienjunkies'' |date=2011-04-27 |accessdate=2011-04-27 |author=Bernd Michael Krannich}}</ref>

Am 3. Mai 2012 verlängerte The CW ''Supernatural'' um eine achte Staffel,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.cwtv.com/2012/05/03/the-cw-announces-early-pickups-for-the-vampire-diaries-supernatural-and-90210/ |title=The CW Announces Early Pickups For “The Vampire Diaries,” “Supernatural” And “90210” |publisher= The CW|date=2012-05-03| accessdate=2012-05-31}}</ref> deren Ausstrahlung vom 3. Oktober 2012 bis zum 15. Mai 2013 zu sehen war. Bereits im Februar 2013 wurde die Produktion einer neunten Staffel bekanntgegeben.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/02/11/arrow-the-vampire-diaries-and-supernatural-renewed-for-next-season/169072/ |title='Arrow', 'The Vampire Diaries' and 'Supernatural' Renewed for Next Season |work=TV by the Numbers |date=2013-02-11 |accessdate=2013-02-11 |author=Amanda Kondolojy}}</ref> Die Ausstrahlung der neunten Staffel erfolgte vom 8. Oktober 2013 bis zum 20. Mai 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/07/29/the-cw-moves-up-the-originals-premiere-to-follow-the-vampire-diaries-supernatural-gets-earlier-start/194519/ |title=The CW Moves Up 'The Originals' Premiere to Follow 'The Vampire Diaries' + 'Supernatural' Gets Earlier Start |work=TVbytheNumbers.com |date=2013-07-29 |accessdate=2013-09-14 |author=Amanda Kondolojy}}</ref> Im Februar 2014 wurde die Serie frühzeitig um eine zehnte Staffel verlängert,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deadline.com/2014/02/cw-gives-early-renewals-to-arrow-the-vampire-diaries-supernatural-reign-the-originals/ |title=CW Gives Early Renewals To ‘Arrow’, ‘The Vampire Diaries’, ‘Supernatural’, ‘Reign’ & ‘The Originals’ |work=Deadline.com |date=2014-02-13 |accessdate=2014-02-13 |author=Nellie Andreeva}}</ref> die seit dem 7. Oktober 2014 zu sehen ist. Staffel 11 wurde von The CW am 11. Januar 2015 genehmigt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myfanbase.de/news/?nid=22520 |title=The CW verlängert zahlreiche Serien |work=myFanbase |date=2015-01-11 |accessdate=2015-01-11 |author=Jeanne Plaumann}}</ref>

=== Deutschland ===
Im [[Pay-TV]] ist die Serie seit dem 23. Oktober 2006 auf [[Sky Deutschland|Sky]] (damals noch Premiere) zu sehen. Ab dem 3. Januar 2011 strahlte der Sender die fünfte Staffel aus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serienjunkies.de/news/supernatural-sky-29572.html |title=Supernatural: Sky zeigt Staffel 5 ab Januar |publisher=''Serienjunkies'' |date=2010-11-23 |accessdate=2010-11-24 |author=Bernd Michael Krannich}}</ref> Vom 2. Januar bis zum 12. März 2012 war die sechste Staffel auf dem Sender zu sehen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serienjunkies.de/news/exklusiv-supernatural-staffel-35812.html |title=Exklusiv: Supernatural Staffel 6 ab 2. Januar bei Sky |work=Serienjunkies.de |accessdate=2011-11-15}}</ref> Die siebte Staffel wurde vom 6. September bis zum 15. November 2012 bei [[Sky Atlantic HD]] ausgestrahlt. Die Ausstrahlung der achten Staffel erfolgte vom 19. September bis zum 28. November 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serienjunkies.de/news/supernatural-staffel8-skyatlantichd-september-52129.html |title=Supernatural: 8. Staffel startet im September bei Sky Atlantic HD |work=''Serienjunkies.de'' |date=2013-08-08 |accessdate=2013-08-09 |author=Bernd Michael Krannich}}</ref> Die neunte Staffel soll ab dem 25. September 2014 in Doppelfolgen auf Sky Atlantic HD zu sehen sein.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serienjunkies.de/news/supernatural-staffel9-september-sky-atlantic-61626.html |title=Supernatural: Staffel 9 ab September bei Sky Atlantic HD |work=Serienjunkies.de |date=2014-08-07 |accessdate=2014-08-07 |author=Lenka Hladikova}}</ref>

Im [[Free-TV]] war die erste Staffel vom 15. Oktober 2007 bis zum 31. März 2008 auf [[ProSieben]] zu sehen. Die zweite Staffel startete am 6. Oktober und endete am 22. Dezember 2008. Die dritte Staffel wurde vom 1. März bis zum 21. Juni 2010 auf ProSieben gesendet. Die Ausstrahlung der vierten Staffel erfolgte vom 16. August 2010 bis zum 21. März 2011 auf ProSieben. Die fünfte Staffel strahlte ProSieben vom 5. September 2011 bis zur finalen Folge am 30. Januar 2012 aus. Der Sender zeigte vom 12. Juli bis zum 23. August 2013 die sechste Staffel und im Anschluss daran wurde vom 30. August bis zum 26. Oktober 2013 die siebte Staffel gesendet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serienjunkies.de/news/supernatural-staffel6-juli-prosieben-freitagabend-50108.html |title=Supernatural: 6. Staffel ab Juli am Freitagabend bei ProSieben |work=Serienjunkies.de |date=2013-05-29 |accessdate=2013-05-29 |author=Bernd Michael Krannich}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serienjunkies.de/news/supernatural-staffel7-prosieben-51439.html |title=Supernatural: ProSieben zeigt Staffel 7 ab August |work=Serienjunkies.de |date=2013-07-17 |accessdate=2013-07-18 |author=Bernd Michael Krannich}}</ref> Die achte Staffel sendet der [[Free-TV]]-Sender [[ProSieben Maxx]] seit dem 15. September 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serienjunkies.de/news/supernatural-staffel8-september-prosieben-maxx-61630.html |title=Supernatural: Staffel 8 ab September bei ProSieben Maxx |work=Serienjunkies.de |date=2014-08-07 |accessdate=2014-08-12 |author=Lenka Hladikova}}</ref>

=== Österreich ===
In Österreich wurde die erste Staffel vom 22. April 2009 bis zum 26. Januar 2010 auf [[ORF eins|ORF 1]] ausgestrahlt. Die zweite Staffel wurde ohne Unterbrechung zwischen dem 2. Februar und dem 13. Juli 2010 gesendet. Die Staffeln drei und vier folgten vom 3. Januar bis zum 24. April 2012 bzw. vom 6. November 2012 bis zum 23. April 2013. Seit dem 3. Dezember 2013 wird die fünfte Staffel ausgestrahlt.<ref>http://www.fernsehserien.de/supernatural/sendetermine/orf1</ref>

== Geplantes Spin-off ''Supernatural: Bloodlines'' ==
Ende Juli 2012 gab [[The CW]] einen [[Backdoor-Pilot]] für ein mögliches [[Ableger (Medien)|Spin-off]] zur Serie in Auftrag.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/07/22/supernatural-spin-off-in-development-at-the-cw/193165/ |title='Supernatural' Spin-Off in Development at the CW |work=TVbytheNumbers.com |date=2013-07-22 |accessdate=2014-01-30 |author=Sara Bibel}}</ref> Das Drehbuch zu diesem wird [[Andrew Dabb]] schreiben.<ref name="Serienjunkies vom 30.7.13">{{cite web |url=http://www.serienjunkies.de/news/supernatural-backdoor-pilot-spin-off-51812.html |title=Supernatural: Backdoor Pilot für Spin-Off im Frühjahr |work=Serienjunkies.de |date=2013-07-30 |accessdate=2014-01-30 |author=Christian Junklewitz}}</ref> Die Hauptfigur des Spin-offs, das in [[Chicago]] spielen wird,<ref name="Serienjunkies vom 30.7.13" /><ref name="Name Spin-off">{{cite web |url=http://tvline.com/2014/01/29/supernatural-tribes-spinoff-the-cw-cast/ |title=Pilot Scoop: CW Orders Rob Thomas' iZombie — Plus, Supernatural Spin-Off Gets a Title |work=TVLine.com |date=2014-01-29 |accessdate=2014-01-30 |author=Michael Ausiello}}</ref> soll in der 20. Folge der neunten Staffel eingeführt werden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serienjunkies.de/news/supernatural-thecw-plant-spin-off-51564.html |title=Supernatural: The CW plant ein Spin-off der Mystery-Serie |work=Serienjunkies.de |date=2013-07-22 |accessdate=2014-01-30 |author=Lenka Hladikova}}</ref> Ende Januar 2014 wurde dem Projekt der Titel ''Supernatural: Tribes'' gegeben,<ref name="Name Spin-off" /> der zwei Monate später in ''Supernatural: Bloodlines'' umbenannt wurde.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deadline.com/2014/03/supernatural-spinoff-melissa-roxburgh-female-lead-violet-new-title-bloodlines/ |title=CW’s ‘Supernatural’ Spinoff Casts Melissa Roxburgh As Female Lead, Gets New Title |work=Deadline.com |date=2014-03-08 |accessdate=2014-03-08 |author=Nellie Andreeva}}</ref>

Anfang Februar 2014 wurden erste Details zum Protagonisten von ''Tribes'' bekannt gegeben, laut denen die Geschichte sich um einen afro-amerikanischen Jäger namens Ennis Roth drehen soll, der gegen Gestaltwandler- und Werwolffamilien in Chicago ankämpfen wird.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myfanbase.de/news/?nid=20841 |title=Erste Charakter-Details zum Spin-Off| work=myFanbase.de |date=2014-02-04 |accessdate=2014-02-042 |author=Maret Hosemann}}</ref> Im Mai 2014 erhielt das Projekt bei den jährlichen Upfronts jedoch keine Serienbestellung.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thewrap.com/cw-passes-supernatural-spinoff-bloodlines/ |title=CW Passes on ‘Supernatural’ Spinoff ‘Bloodlines’ |work=The Wrap |date=2014-05-08 |accessdate=2014-05-09 |author=Tim Molloy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serienjunkies.de/news/stampft-spin-off-projekt-supernatural-59691.html |title=The CW stampft Spin-off-Projekt Supernatural: Blodlines ein |work=Serienjunkies.de |date=2014-05-09 |accessdate=2014-05-09 |author=Bernd Michael Krannich}}</ref>

== Veröffentlichung ==

=== DVD-Veröffentlichung ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Staffel !! Vereinigte Staaten !! Großbritannien !! Deutschland !! Schweiz
|-
| 1 || {{0}}5. September 2006 || {{0}}2. Oktober 2006 || 14. März 2008 || 14. März 2008
|-
| 2 || 11. September 2007. || 29. Oktober 2007 || 14. November 2008 || 26. Dezember 2008
|-
| 3 || {{0}}2. September 2008. || 25. August 2008 || {{0}}4. Dezember 2009 || {{0}}4. Dezember 2009
|-
| 4 || {{0}}1. September 2009 || {{0}}2. November 2009 || 10. Dezember 2010 || 10. Dezember 2010
|-
| 5 || {{0}}7. September 2010 || 18. Oktober 2010 || {{0}}9. März 2012 || {{0}}9. März 2012
|-
| 6 || 13. September 2011 || {{0}}7. November 2011 || 20. September 2013 || 20. September 2013
|-
| 7 || 18. September 2012 || {{0}}5. November 2012 || 6. Dezember 2013 || 6. Dezember 2013
|-
| 8 || 10. September 2013 || 28. Oktober 2013 || 20. November 2014 || 20. November 2014
|-
| 9 || 9. September 2014 || ||
|}

==== deutschsprachige Import-Veröffentlichung ====

* Staffel 5 wurde bereits am 18. Oktober 2010 als inoffizieller, mehrsprachiger EU-Import veröffentlicht.

=== Blu-ray-Veröffentlichung ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Staffel !! Vereinigte Staaten !! Großbritannien !! Deutschland !! Schweiz
|-
| 1 || 15. Juni 2010 || 22. August 2011 || 25. Juni 2010 || 25. Juni 2010
|-
| 2 || 14. Juni 2011 || 22. August 2011 || 5. November 2010 || 11. November 2010
|-
| 3 || 11. November 2008 || 10. November 2008 || unbekannt || unbekannt
|-
| 4 || 1. September 2009 || 2. November 2009 || 10. Dezember 2010 || 10. Dezember 2010
|-
| 5 || 7. September 2010 || 18. Oktober 2010 || 9. März 2012 || 9. März 2012
|-
| 6 || 13. September 2011 || 7. November 2011 || 20. September 2013 ||
|-
| 7 || 18. September 2012 || 5. November 2012 || 6. Dezember 2013 ||
|-
| 8 || 10. September 2013 || 28. Oktober 2013<ref>http://www.bluray-disc.de/blu-ray-filme/supernatural-the-complete-eighth-season-uk-import-blu-ray-disc</ref> || 20. November 2014 ||
|}

* Staffel 6 erschien am 10. April 2012 als inoffizieller Spanien-Import.
* Staffel 7 erschien am 4. Dezember 2012 als inoffizieller Spanien-Import.
* Staffel 8 erschien am 11. Februar 2014 als inoffizieller Spanien-Import.

== Auszeichnungen und Nominierungen ==
'''[[People’s Choice Award]]'''

Auszeichnungen:
* 2010 – Favorite Sci Fi/Fantasy Show
* 2012 – Favorite Sci Fi/Fantasy Show<ref>http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2012</ref>
* 2012 - Favorite Network TV Drama <ref>http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/</ref>
* 2013 - Favorite Sci Fi/Fantasy Show <ref>http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/</ref>
* 2013 - Favorite Fan Following <ref>http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/</ref>
* 2014 - Favorite TV Bromance <ref>http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2014/01/08/peoples-choice-awards-2014-winners-full-list/</ref>

Nominierungen:
* 2009 – Favorite Sci Fi/Fantasy Show
* 2011 – Favorite Sci Fi/Fantasy Show<ref>http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2011</ref>
* 2014 - Favorite Sci Fi/Fantasy Actor - Jared Padalecki
* 2014 - Favorite Sci Fi/Fantasy Actor - Jensen Ackles
* 2014 - Favorite Sci Fi/Fantasy Show

'''[[Scream Awards]]'''

Nominierungen:
* 2008 – Bester Horror-Darsteller Jared Padalecki

'''[[Teen Choice Awards]]'''

Nominierungen:
* 2006 – TV Choice Breakout Show
* 2006 – TV Choice Breakout Star – Jensen Ackles
* 2007 – TV Choice Actor: Drama – Jared Padalecki
* 2010 - TV Choice Best Series

'''[[Tubey Award]]'''

Nominierungen:
* 2009 − Best Returning Show
* 2009 − Most Overrated Show
* 2009 − Most Underrated Show
* 2009 − Best Cast
* 2009 – Most Improved Show
* 2009 − Favorite Actor – Jensen Ackles
* 2009 – Favorite Actor – Jared Padalecki
* 2009 – Favorite Actor – Misha Collins
* 2009 – Best Performance By an Inanimate Object – Castiel's trenchcoat/Metallica/Supernatural books
* 2009 – Best Family Relationship – Sam, Dean and Bobby / Sam and Dean
* 2009 – Best Non-Romantic Friendship – Dean and Bobby / Dean and Castiel
* 2009 – Best Sidekick – Bobby Singer
* 2009 – Best Badass – Dean / Sam
* 2009 – Best Villain – Lilith / Zachariah
* 2009 – Least Villainous Villain – Ruby
* 2009 – Best On-Screen Death Scene – Ruby
* 2009 – Best Season Finale – 4x22 Lucifer Rising
* 2009 – Best Dream / Hallucination / Vision Sequence – Sam's various hallucinations in „When the Levee Breaks“
* 2009 – Best Fictional Location on a TV Show – Bobby's panic room / Heaven's green room
* 2009 – Most Welcome New Character – Anna Milton / Castiel / Chuck the Prophet
* 2009 – Best Smackdown (Non-reality Show) – Sam vs. Dean
* 2009 – Best Guest Star – [[Rob Benedict]]

'''[[Amy Awards]]'''

Nominierungen:
* 2009 – Hottest Actor – Jensen Ackles

'''[[Portal Award]]'''

Nominierungen:
* 2009 – Best Series/Television
* 2009 – Best Actor/Television – Jensen Ackles
* 2009 – Best Episode/Television – The Monster at the End of this Book

== Supernatural: The Animation ==
Im Juni 2010 gab [[Warner Brothers]] die Produktion einer [[Anime]]-[[Original Video Animation|OVA]]-Serie zu Supernatural bekannt. Produziert wurde diese vom bekannten japanischen Animationsstudio ''[[Madhouse (Studio)|Madhouse]]''. Die 22 Episoden bieten sowohl neue Episoden mit eigener Handlung, als auch Nacherzählungen der ersten beiden Realserienstaffeln und eine Umsetzung von einer Comicvorlage.

Die Serie wurde 2011 in Japan auf DVD und Blu-ray veröffentlicht und 2012 in Deutschland. Eine deutsche Tonspur fehlt dabei allerdings. Neben Synchronfassungen auf japanisch und englisch, enthält sie englische und deutsche Untertitel. Bei der englischen Synchronisation wurde Sam Winchester von Jared Padalecki gesprochen. Jensen Ackles übernahm seine Rolle als Dean jedoch nur in zwei Episoden, der ansonsten von Andrew Farrar synchronisiert wurde. <ref>{{Internetquelle|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-06-10/madhouse-makes-anime-for-warners-supernatural-tv-show|titel=Madhouse Makes Anime Series for Warners' Supernatural TV Show (Update 2)|werk=[[Anime News Network]]|datum=2010-06-10|sprache=en|zugriff=2011-09-07}}</ref>

== Wiederkehrende und wichtige Elemente der Serie ==
=== 1967er Chevrolet Impala ===
[[Datei:1967 Chevrolet Impala 4 door Hardtop.jpg|mini|Ein 1967er Chevrolet Impala, wie er in der Serie von Dean und Sam gefahren wird]]
Den [[Chevrolet Impala#Impala / Impala SS (Serien 163/164/165/166/167/168, 1965–1970)|1967er Chevrolet Impala]] bekam Dean von seinem Vater. Im Laufe der gesamten Serie ist das Auto immer Wegbegleiter der Brüder Winchester. Bis zur 20. Episode der zweiten Staffel war der Chevrolet im [[Sedgwick County (Kansas)|Sedgwick County]] in [[Kansas]] zugelassen. Später wechselte das Nummernschild dann von KAZ 2Y5 auf CNK 80Q3 (in [[Ohio]] zugelassen), da die Brüder auf der Flucht vor dem [[FBI]] waren. Im Kofferraum befindet sich ein verstecktes Waffenarsenal und ein kleiner Beutel mit [[Amulett]]en, die dem Träger Schutz vor der Besessenheit durch einen Dämonen bieten. Im Übergang von der ersten zur zweiten Staffel erleidet der Impala einen Totalschaden, aber Sam besteht darauf, den Wagen zu behalten, damit Dean ihn später reparieren könne. In der Episode 4.03 „In The Beginning“ erfährt man mehr über die Geschichte des Autos. Dean wird per Zeitreise zurück ins Jahr 1973 geschickt, wo er seine Eltern im jugendlichen Alter kennenlernt. Es stellt sich heraus, dass John eigentlich einen VW-Bus kaufen wollte, den Impala allerdings von Dean (der in der Zeit zurückgereist war) empfohlen bekam.
In der Episode 5.22 „Swan Song“ erzählt der Prophet Chuck die Geschichte des 1967er Impalas. So erfährt man, dass der Impala vorher im Besitz von Sal Moriarty, einem Alkoholiker mit zwei Ex-Frauen und drei verstopften Arterien, war. Sal Moriarty fuhr an Wochenenden durch die Gegend und verteilte Bibeln an die Armen. Nach Sals Tod kam der Wagen in den Besitz von „Rainbow Motors“, ein Gebrauchtwagenhandel in Lawrence, Kansas. Dort wurde er spontan vom jungen Marinesoldaten John Winchester gekauft, nachdem ihm der in der Zeit zurückgereiste Dean dazu geraten hatte. Der Wagen ist besonders, da Sam und sein Bruder Dean verschiedene Dinge daran verändert haben, so zum Beispiel den Plastiksoldaten, den Sam in den Aschenbecher gestopft hat, die Legosteine, die Dean in den Entlüfter gesteckt hat oder die eingeritzten Initialen beider Brüder auf dem Armaturenbrett, keines dieser Dinge wurde jemals entfernt. Selbst nachdem Dean den Wagen reparieren musste, behielt er diese besonderen Dinge bei. In der siebten Staffel werden die Winchesters von Leviathanen "kopiert" um sie so aus dem Weg zu räumen. Infolgedessen müssen sie untertauchen und auch den Impala abstellen. Zum Finale der 7. Staffel wird der Wagen von Meg, zur Ablenkung der Leviathane, gefahren.

=== Der Colt ===
Der Colt wurde 1835 von Samuel Colt für einen Jäger hergestellt. Der Legende zufolge kann diese Waffe alles töten, also auch Dämonen, die normalerweise immun gegen alle Waffen sind. 6 der 13 Kugeln wurden schon abgeschossen, bevor John Winchester den Colt in seine Hände bekommt.
John jedoch tauscht sein Leben und den Colt in der ersten Folge der zweiten Staffel gegen Deans Leben, der bei einem Autounfall beinahe stirbt. Der Colt dient auch als Schlüssel zum Höllentor in der Folge 2.22 „Der Sturm bricht los II“. Mit der letzten Kugel des Colts wird im Staffelfinale der zweiten Staffel der gelbäugige Dämon getötet.

In der Staffel 3 – Folge 4 „Sin City“ wird der Colt von Bobby dank der Mithilfe von Ruby wieder repariert und funktionstüchtig gemacht. Jedoch wird er schon wieder nach kurzer Zeit in der Folge „Dream a Little Dream of me“ von der Diebin Bela Talbot gestohlen und wie es scheint an Lilith weitergegeben, um den Pakt mit ihr zu brechen, den sie zehn Jahre zuvor gemacht hatte, um ihre Eltern zu töten. Tatsächlich hat Bela den Colt jedoch an Lilith' rechte Hand, den Dämonen Crowley, gegeben. Sam und Dean erlangen den Colt zurück und erschießen mit ihm Luzifer. Dieser übersteht den Angriff jedoch unbeschadet und
lässt erkennen, dass er eines der fünf Wesen ist, die der Colt nicht töten kann.

In der Staffel 6 - Folge 18 "Frontierland" benutzen Sam und Dean, die dank Castiels Hilfe in der Zeit zurück in den Wilden Westen gereist sind, den Colt, um einen Phönix zu töten. Zudem erfährt man, dass zwei der 13 Kugeln von Samuel Colt benutzt wurden, um Dämonen zu töten, die ihn vom Bau des Pentagramms um das Höllentor abhalten wollten.

=== Deponie ===
Der [[Autofriedhof]] (Singer Salvage Yard) ist im Besitz von ''Bobby Singer'', einem alten Freund von John Winchester. In mehreren Situationen gewährte dieser Ort den Brüdern bereits Schutz.
Bobby hat sich im Keller seines Hauses auf der Deponie einen [[Panikraum]] eingerichtet, mit salzbeschichteten Wänden aus reinem Eisen, in welchen weder Geister noch Dämonen eindringen können.
Auf diese Deponie brachte Bobby zu Beginn der zweiten Staffel auch den Impala, um den Kofferraum auszuschlachten, bevor irgendjemand das Waffenarsenal entdecken konnte. Anfang der 7. Staffel brennt das Haus jedoch ab, als es von Leviathanen angezündet wird.

=== Roadhouse ===
Das Roadhouse taucht erstmals in der Folge 2.02 „Alle lieben Clowns“ auf. Es ist ein beliebter Treffpunkt für Jäger und wird von Ellen Harvelle betrieben. Das Roadhouse wird in der Folge 2.22 „Der Sturm bricht los (2)“ zerstört von Dean und Bobby aufgefunden, nachdem es von den Anhängern des Gelbäugigen Dämonen abgebrannt wurde. Ash, der Dean bei der Suche nach Sam helfen wollte, stirbt dort. Ellen jedoch überlebt diesen Angriff, da sie sich zu dieser Zeit nicht im Roadhouse befindet, sondern in der Stadt um einzukaufen.

[[Eric Kripke]], der Autor von Supernatural, hasste das Roadhouse, weshalb er es am Ende der zweiten Staffel zerstörte und Ash, den Mitbesitzer der Bar tötete. „Es passte einfach nicht in eine Serie, deren Geschichten auf der Straße stattfinden.“<ref>[http://eclipsemagazine.com/hollywood-insider/supernatural-creator-eric-kripke-answers-fan-questions-%E2%80%93-part-ii/5633/ Supernatural Creator Eric Kripke Answers Fan Questions – Part II]</ref>

=== Ärger mit dem Gesetz ===
Da Sam und Dean außer ihrer Jagd keiner Arbeit nachgehen, versuchen sie sich mit Kreditkartenbetrügereien<ref name="pilot">Pilot, 2005, David Nutter. Drehbuch von Eric Kripke, Episode 1, Staffel 1</ref> und Pokerspiel über Wasser zu halten (ein Fakt der zwar oft erwähnt, jedoch nur einmal gezeigt wird). Die Hauptfiguren verwenden gefälschte Ausweise von Polizei und anderen Einsatzkräften wie etwa dem [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] oder den [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals]].<ref name="pilot" /> Des Weiteren führen ihre Nachforschungen sie öfter in Schwierigkeiten mit dem Gesetz, zum Beispiel wenn sie Gräber ausheben oder in andere Häuser einbrechen. Da sie polizeilich auch wegen Mordes und später auch wegen eines Bankraubes gesucht werden, benutzen sie, um unerkannt zu bleiben, Decknamen und Pseudonyme, bevorzugt Namen von Hard-Rock-Musikern.

=== Rubys Messer ===
Ruby besitzt ein verzaubertes Messer, mit dem es möglich ist, Dämonen zu verwunden. Dabei stirbt die besessene Person in den meisten Fällen mit dem Dämon. Es wird in der dritten und vierten Staffel oft benutzt um die Dämonen zu töten. Anders als der Colt, von dem anfangs behauptet wird, dass er alles töten kann, hat das Messer in dieser Hinsicht maßgebliche Einschränkungen. Mächtige Dämonen und Engel sind gegen das Messer resistent und können dadurch nicht oder nur sehr gering verwundet werden. Im Finale der 4. Staffel wird Ruby von Dean (mit Hilfe von Sam) mit ihrem eigenen Messer erstochen.

=== 66 Siegel ===
Um Luzifer festzuhalten, gibt es etwa 600 mystische Siegel, von denen nur 66 gebrochen werden müssen, um ihn zu befreien. Das erste Siegel bricht, wenn ein „rechtschaffener Mann“ in der Hölle Blut vergießt. Nachdem Dean in die Hölle muss, um seinen Pakt zu erfüllen, mit dem er Sam wiederbelebt hat, wird er solange gefoltert, bis er das Angebot des Dämons Alastair annimmt und selbst Seelen foltert. Mit dieser Entscheidung bricht er das erste dieser Siegel und ermöglicht es Lilith, weitere Siegel zu brechen. Bis zur Folge 4.12 „Illusionen“ sind es schon 34 Siegel, die von den Dämonen gebrochen wurden. Das letzte Siegel wird dann gebrochen, wenn "Der Erste Dämon" in einer Kirche getötet wird. Das ist schließlich Lilith, die durch Sams Hand stirbt und somit Luzifers Auferstehung bewirkt. Was bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt keiner wusste: Lilith war die älteste Dämonin, die Luzifer diente, und rechnete mit ihrem Tod für sein Freikommen aus der Hölle.

=== Die Ringe der vier apokalyptischen Reiter ===
Sam und Dean erlangen im Laufe der 5. Staffel die vier Ringe der apokalyptischen Reiter Krieg, Hunger, Pest und Tod mit deren Hilfe sich der Käfig Luzifers öffnen lässt. Den Reitern Krieg, Hunger und Pest entreißen sie deren Ringe; Tod jedoch steht gegen seinen Willen unter der Kontrolle Luzifers. So gibt er Dean seinen Ring freiwillig, unter der einen Bedingung, dass Dean alles dafür tun wird, um Luzifer in den Käfig zu sperren, selbst wenn der dafür Sam opfern müsse.
In der Folge „Swan Song“ liefern sich Dean und Sam, der zu Luzifer sein „Ja“ gegeben hat, einen Kampf. Sam schafft es durch die Flut an Erinnerungen über die gemeinsame Vergangenheit mit Dean, die Macht zurückzuerlangen und sich mit Luzifer und dem Erzengel Michael, welcher in Adam Milligans Körper steckt, in den Käfig zu stürzen.

== Verbindung zwischen Serie und Realität ==
Laut [[Eric Kripke]] wurde Wert darauf gelegt, einzelne, in der Serie auftauchende Elemente mit der Realität zu verbinden. Ein Beispiel ist dabei die Handynummer von Dean Winchester, die in der Serie mehrmals sichtbar ist. Diese konnte man als Zuschauer anwählen und dabei von Ackles gesprochene Nachrichten hören.<ref>http://www.mania.com/supernatural-number_article_49798.html</ref> Weitere Beispiele sind die real existierenden Internetseiten der ''Ghostfacers'', Deans Lieblingspornoseite sowie die Erwähnung der [[Influenza-A-Virus H1N1|Schweinegrippe]] in Verbindung mit dem Croatoan-Virus. Anders als die Romane zur Serie zählt Kripke dabei auch die Supernatural-Comics zum Kanon.<ref>Supernatural: Der Verlorene Sohn, Seite 5, Vorwort von Eric Kripke</ref>

== Bücher und Magazine zur Serie ==
* ''Supernatural: Sie sind unter uns''. (nicht verfilmter Roman) von [[Keith R. A. DeCandido]], Egmont Vgs, September 2007, ISBN 3-8025-3626-6
* ''Supernatural: Die Dämonenjäger''. (Zusammenfassung von Folge 1–4) von [[Jake Wesson]], Egmont Vgs, September 2007, ISBN 3-8025-3625-8
* ''Supernatural: Die Rückkehr der Toten''. (nicht verfilmter Roman) von [[Jeff Mariotte]], Egmont Vgs, Januar 2008, ISBN 3-8025-3646-0
* ''Supernatural: Bone Key''. (nicht verfilmter Roman, nur auf Englisch) von [[Keith R. A. DeCandido]], Harper Entertainment, August 2008, ISBN 0-06-143503-1
* ''Supernatural: Das Herz des Drachen''. (nicht verfilmter Roman) von [[Keith R. A. DeCandido]], Panini Books, Februar 2011, ISBN 978-3-8332-2251-1
* ''Supernatural: Die Judasschlinge''. (nicht verfilmter Roman) von [[Joe Schreiber , Susanne Döpke]], Panini Books, Juli 2011, ISBN 978-3-8332-2252-8
* ''Supernatural: Der verlorene Sohn''. (Comic zur TV-Serie) von [[Eric Kripke]], Panini Comics, Januar 2010, ISBN 978-3-86607-988-5
* ''Supernatural: Origins''. (Comic zur TV-Serie) von [[Peter Johnson]], Panini Comics, Oktober 2010, ISBN 978-3-86201-004-2
* ''Supernatural: Der Anfang vom Ende'' (Comic zur TV-Serie)
* Seit dem 27. November 2007 gibt es auch ein offizielles Supernatural Magazin, das von [[Titan Magazines]] herausgebracht wird. Das Magazin erscheint sechsmal im Jahr und enthält Interviews und Blicke hinter die Kulissen.

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat|Supernatural (TV series)|Supernatural}}
{{Wikiquote|Supernatural|lang=en}}
* {{IMDb|tt0460681}}
* [http://www.prosieben.de/tv/supernatural Offizielle Website] bei [[ProSieben]]
* [http://www.schnittberichte.com/view.php?Page=Titel&ID=2048 Schnittberichte zur Ausstrahlung] auf ProSieben
* {{Synchronkartei|serie|11619}}

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Normdaten|TYP=w|GND=7749004-6|LCCN=no/2008/123075|VIAF=182950193}}

[[Kategorie:Fernsehserie (Vereinigte Staaten)]]
[[Kategorie:Mystery-Fernsehserie]]
[[Kategorie:Horror-Fernsehserie]]
[[Kategorie:The CW]]
[[Kategorie:The WB]]
[[Kategorie:Fernsehserie der 2000er Jahre]]
[[Kategorie:Fernsehserie der 2010er Jahre]]

Demaryius Thomas

2014-12-29T16:57:06Z

179.183.137.227:

{{Infobox NFL player
|name=Demaryius Thomas
|image=Demaryius thomas_2009.jpg
|image_size=250px
|caption=Thomas in 2009.
|currentteam=Denver Broncos
|number=88
|position=[[Wide receiver]]
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1987|12|25|mf=y}}
|birth_place=[[Montrose, Georgia]]
|death_date=
|death_place=
|heightft=6
|heightin=3
|weight=229
|highschool=[[West Laurens High School|Dublin (GA) West Laurens]]
|college=[[Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football|Georgia Tech]]
|draftyear=2010
|draftround=1
|draftpick=22
|debutyear=2010
|debutteam=Denver Broncos
|finalyear=
|finalteam=
|pastteams=
* [[Denver Broncos]] ({{NFL Year|2010}}–present)
|status=Active
|highlights=
* 3× [[Pro Bowl]] ([[2013 Pro Bowl|2012]], [[2014 Pro Bowl|2013]], [[2015 Pro Bowl|2014]])
* Second-team [[All-Pro]] ([[2013 All-Pro Team|2013]])
* [[AFC Championship Game|AFC Champion]] ([[2013–14 NFL playoffs|2013]])
* 2× AFC Offensive Player of The Week (Week 10, 2013 vs. San Diego Chargers, Week 5, 2014 vs Arizona Cardinals)
* Most receptions in a [[Super Bowl XLVIII|Super Bowl]]
* [[Denver Broncos]] record for most reception yards in a single game (226 yds.)
* Most 100 yard receiving games in a single season in Broncos franchise history (9)
* [[Denver Broncos]] record for most receiving yards in a single season (1,619, 2014)
* [[NFL Top 100|Ranked #68 in the Top 100 Players of 2013]]
* [[NFL Top 100|Ranked #49 in the Top 100 Players of 2014]]
* First-team All-[[Atlantic Coast Conference|ACC]] (2009)
* [[#College awards and honors|College awards and honors]]
|statweek=17
|statseason=2014
|statlabel1=[[Reception (American football)|Receptions]]
|statvalue1=351
|statlabel2=Receiving yards
|statvalue2=5,317
|statlabel3=[[Touchdown|Receiving TDs]]
|statvalue3=41
|nfl=THO095855
}}

'''Demaryius Antwon Thomas''' (born December 25, 1987) is an [[American football]] [[wide receiver]] for the [[Denver Broncos]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). He was drafted by the Broncos in the first round of the [[2010 NFL Draft]].<ref>http://insider.espn.go.com/nfl/draft/teams/_/team/den/year/2010/denver-broncos</ref> He played [[college football]] at [[Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football|Georgia Tech]]. Thomas led the team in receiving in all three of his college seasons.

==Early life==
Thomas was born on December 25, 1987 to parents Bobby and Katina Thomas in [[Montrose, Georgia]]. When Thomas was a child, police raided the house where his mother and grandmother lived. His mother and grandmother were both arrested and sentenced to 20 years in prison and life in prison respectively for crack distribution.<ref name="Mother, grandmother in prison does not stop Broncos’ Thomas">{{cite news|title=Mother, grandmother in prison does not stop Broncos’ Thomas|url=http://nypost.com/2012/01/11/mother-grandmother-in-prison-does-not-stop-broncos-thomas/|accessdate=28 January 2014|newspaper=New York Post}}</ref><ref name="Demaryius Thomas’ mother, grandmother will watch him play Super Bowl from prison">{{cite news|title=Demaryius Thomas’ mother, grandmother will watch him play Super Bowl from prison|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/demaryius-thomas-mother-grandmother-watch-him-play-super-234900938--nfl.html|accessdate=28 January 2014|newspaper=Yahoo Sports}}</ref> By all accounts a shy and introverted child, Thomas grew up with his aunt and uncle after his mother was sent to prison.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_15596508 |title=Broncos rookie receiver Demaryius Thomas has run a tough route to success|publisher=The Denver Post|accessdate=2013-02-22}}</ref> As a child he was given the nickname "Bay Bay" by his uncle in reference to the bad kids from the movie [[Bebe's Kids]].

Thomas attended [[West Laurens High School]], where he was a three-sport star in [[high school basketball|basketball]], [[high school football|football]] and [[track and field|track]]. He played football as a [[wide receiver]]. As a junior in 2004, he recorded 32 [[reception (American football)|reception]]s for 330 yards and three [[touchdown]]s. Thomas was named an all-region and all-[[Heart of Georgia]] player. The following season, he recorded 82 receptions for 1,234 yards and ten touchdowns. After the game, he participated in the North-South All-Star game. Thomas was again selected as an all-region and all-Heart of Georgia, and the ''[[Atlanta Journal Constitution]]'' named him to its Class AA all-state first team and [[PrepStar]] to its All-Region team. [[Scout.com]] assessed him as the 22nd-ranked college prospect in the state of Georgia, and [[Rivals.com]] rated him the 34th-ranked such prospect.<ref name=bio>[http://ramblinwreck.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/thomas_demaryius00.html Player Bio: Demaryius Thomas], Georgia Tech, retrieved August 12, 2009.</ref> He received [[athletic scholarship|scholarship offers]] from [[Duke Blue Devils football|Duke]], [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Georgia]], and [[Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football|Georgia Tech]].<ref name=scout>[http://georgiatech.scout.com/a.z?s=140&p=8&c=1&nid=1787123 Demaryius Thomas], Scout.com, retrieved August 12, 2009.</ref>

In [[track & field]], Thomas competed in events ranging from sprints to the triple jump while at West Laurens. He earned a fourth-place finish in the [[triple jump]] event at the 2006 Georgia Olympics after clearing a personal-best mark of 13.92 meters (45 ft, 4 in).<ref>https://www.ghsa.net/sites/default/files/documents/Constitution/GHSA_RR_2005-2006.pdf</ref> In sprints, he ran the [[100-meter dash]] in 10.99 seconds and was a member of the West Laurens [[4 x 100 metres relay|4x100m relay]] (43.18 s) squad.<ref>https://www.trackingfootball.com/players/demaryius-thomas-13296/</ref> In addition, he also ran a 4.4-second [[40-yard dash]] in football practice

==College career==

He chose to attend the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] where he majored in management.<ref name=bio/> Thomas sat out the [[2006 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team|2006]] season as a [[redshirt (college sports)|redshirt]]. In [[2007 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team|2007]], he saw action in all 13 games including 10 [[starting lineup|starts]], and recorded 35 receptions for 558 yards, which ranked second on the team. In the [[2007 Humanitarian Bowl]], he made four receptions for 69 yards and a touchdown. ''[[The Sporting News]]'' named Thomas to its freshman All-[[Atlantic Coast Conference]] (ACC) first team and a freshman [[2007 College Football All-America Team|All-America]] honorable mention.<ref name=bio/>

In [[2008 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team|2008]], [[Paul Johnson (American football coach)|Paul Johnson]] was hired as the head coach and implemented the run-heavy [[flexbone formation|triple option offense]]. Thomas considered transferring but decided against it.<ref name=assist>[http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/printedition/2008/09/30/techfeature.html?cxntlid=inform_artr LOVE THE ASSIST; Receivers embrace downfield blocking in Tech’s run offense], ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'', September 30, 2008.</ref> During the season, he recorded 39 receptions for 627 yards and three touchdowns as the leading receiver.<ref name=bio/> Despite playing in a heavily run-oriented system, as one of the team's few experienced players, Thomas recorded relatively high numbers.<ref>Tedd Bauer and William Hupp, [http://sports.espn.go.com/espnmag/story?section=magazine&id=3668668 College Football Department: Generation Gap and Demaryius Thomas; What of age gaps in college football? And how good can Georgia Tech's WR be?], ''[[ESPN The Magazine]]'', October 28, 2008.</ref> [[File:Demaryius Thomas 2007.jpg|left|thumb|Demaryius Thomas catches a pass in a 2007 game vs the [[Maryland Terrapins]].]]Still, compared with other receivers in the [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] Thomas' statistics were much smaller. He said, "Sometimes I think about [not getting many passes], but most of the time I just want to win."<ref name=assist/> Thomas' mark was the best of any wide receiver from the school since [[Calvin Johnson (American football)|Calvin Johnson]] in 2006. Against [[2008 Duke Blue Devils football team|Duke]], he caught nine receptions for 230 yards, the second-most in a single game in school history.<ref name=bio/>

In 2009, during his Junior (redshirt) year at GT, Thomas had a breakout season with 46 receptions for 1,154 yards and 8 touchdowns. This earned him 1st team All-ACC honors. He finished his career at Georgia Tech with 120 catches for 2,339 yards and 14 TDs.

Many draft experts had him gaining momentum with NFL scouts going into the last couple weeks leading up to the draft and most had him as the number one or two-rated wide receiver along with Dez Bryant in the 2010 NFL Draft, including [[Sporting News]].<ref>http://www.sportingnews.com/nfl/draft/position_rankings?position=WR</ref> On January 8, 2010, he declared his entrance to the [[2010 NFL Draft]].<ref>http://ramblinwreck.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/010810aab.html</ref>

==Professional career==

===Draft===
Thomas broke his foot and was unable to participate in combine drills. He scored second highest among wide receivers with 34 on the [[Wonderlic]] test, second only to friend and future teammate [[Eric Decker]], who had the highest score in the [[NFL Scouting Combine|Combine]] with 43.<ref>http://www.nationalfootballpost.com/Minnesotas-Decker-scores-a-43-on-the-Wonderlic.html</ref>

===Denver Broncos (2010–present)===
[[File:Demaryius Thomas.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Thomas in his rookie season with the [[Denver Broncos|Broncos]].]]
Thomas was drafted by the Denver Broncos 22nd overall in the [[2010 NFL Draft]]. On July 31, 2010, the Broncos signed him to a five-year, $12.155 million contract with $9.35 million guaranteed.<ref>{{cite web|work=DenverPost.com|url=http://blogs.denverpost.com/broncos/2010/07/31/thomas-agrees-to-5-year-deal/4033/|title=Demaryius Thomas agrees to 5-year deal|date=July 31, 2010|first=Lindsay|last=Jones|accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref>

====2010 season====
Thomas had 8 receptions for 97 yards and scored one touchdown in his NFL debut against the [[Seattle Seahawks]]. He was just the 9th player in the NFL (since 1970) to record at least 8 catches in his first game.<ref name="denverbroncos.com">http://www.denverbroncos.com/team/roster/Demaryius-Thomas/a951744a-72dd-4748-a461-02fc06668e12</ref> This was also the 2nd most catches by a rookie in franchise history. The highlight of Thomas' season came when he beat [[All-Pro]] cornerback [[Darrelle Revis]] for a touchdown when the Broncos hosted the [[New York Jets]] on 17 October 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos rookies making their mark|url=http://baybay88.com/blog/post-1227.html|work=AP|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>

Thomas was plagued by injuries during his rookie season. He first missed playing time due to a forearm injury and a [[concussion]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos hurry up Demaryius Thomas' development|url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_16402700|work=The Denver Post|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> an ankle injury also rendered him inactive for five more games late in the season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos wide receiver Demaryius Thomas out to prove he can be a No. 1 guy|url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_21183192/demaryius-thomas-broncos-wr|work=The Denver Post|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>

Thomas ended his first season having played in 10 games, with 22 receptions for 283 yards and 2 touchdowns.

====2011 season====
On February 10, 2011 it was announced that Thomas had torn his [[achilles tendon]] while working out and was expected to miss a majority, if not the entirety, of the 2011 season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demaryius Thomas tears Achilles|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=6110561|work=ESPN|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> However, he was surprisingly activated from the Physically Unable to Perform List prior to the start of the season - Broncos GM [[Brian Xanders]] said that Demaryius had responded to rehab well and was "ready to go."<ref>{{cite web|title=Demaryius Thomas returns to practice|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/6932844/demaryius-thomas-denver-broncos-back-achilles-injury|work=ESPN|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref> Unfortunately, during his very first practice back, Thomas broke his left pinkie finger and missed the first 5 games of the season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas Faces Another ‘Two to Three Weeks’ of Recovery from Finger Injury|url=http://www.maxdenver.com/news/2011/09/21/thomas-faces-another-two-to-three-weeks-of-recovery-from-finger-injury/|work=MaxDenver.com|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref>

Thomas made his season debut on October 23, 2011 against the [[Miami Dolphins]]. He linked up with quarterback [[Tim Tebow]] for the Broncos' first score of the game, which Denver would go on to win in overtime. Despite this early promise, he only had 4 receptions in the next 5 games as the Broncos moved towards a run-heavy option offense.

Demaryius broke out in a match against the [[Minnesota Vikings]] on December 4, 2011, recording 144 yards and 2 touchdowns on just 4 receptions. He would end the season strongly, emerging as Tebow's favorite receiver and setting a franchise record by leading the Broncos in both receiving and targets over the final 7 games.<ref name="denverbroncos.com"/>

But it was during the first round of the playoffs that Thomas truly made his presence felt. On January 8, 2012 Thomas caught the game-winning, 80-yard touchdown pass from Tebow on the opening play of overtime to beat the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] in the AFC Wild Card game, 29-23. This was the first non-sudden death playoff game in NFL history <ref>{{cite web|title=Post Season Overtime Rules |url=http://nfllabor.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/postseason-ot.pdf|work=NFL|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref> but Denver's score ended the game.

The entire play took 11 seconds, and is the fastest ending to an overtime in NFL history to date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Denver Broncos - Recap|url=http://scores.espn.go.com/nfl/recap?gameId=320108007|work=ESPN|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Super Bowl 45 at NFL.com|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/playoffs/player/receiving|work=NFL|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref> It is also the longest playoff overtime touchdown in NFL history.
Thomas ended with a stat-line of 4 receptions, 204 yards and 1 touchdown in his playoff debut. It marked the most receiving yards by a Bronco in playoff history and the 2nd-highest receiving average (51.0) in a single game in NFL annals.<ref name="denverbroncos.com"/>
Thomas caught 6 balls for 93 yards the following week against the [[New England Patriots]].

He ended the 2011 regular season with 32 receptions for 551 yards and 4 touchdowns.

====2012 season====
Thomas was coming off surgery to remove pins in his left pinkie when quarterback [[Peyton Manning]] signed with the Broncos during the 2012 off season. This meant that, unlike fellow receiver Eric Decker, he was unable to participate in workouts with Manning. Thomas, however, made an effort to improve his route-running and quickly caught up.<ref>{{cite web|title=Peyton Manning, Demaryius Thomas on the same page'|url=http://www.thetranscript.com/ci_22166565/peyton-manning-demaryius-thomas-same-page|work=Associated Press|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=For Thomas, 'The Sky's the Limit'|url=http://www.denverbroncos.com/news-and-blogs/article-1/For-Thomas-The-Skys-the-Limit/4e7ed9df-6d0f-40f4-9f71-6892f8aff9ca|work=Denverbroncos.com|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> Manning noted during training camp that Thomas' "size, strength and speed just allow you to do certain things with him that other players just can't do."<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning finds target in Demaryius Thomas|url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_21219313/peyton-manning-one-week-into-broncos-trianing-camp|work=The Denver Post|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>

Despite reports describing the connection between Thomas and Manning as "balky",<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos report: Peyton Manning, Demaryius Thomas connection a work in progress|url=http://aol.sportingnews.com/nfl/story/2012-09-06/denver-broncos-report-peyton-manning-demaryius-thomas-eric-decker|work=Sporting News|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> Thomas found success again in the Broncos' very first game of the season against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Down 13 to 7, Thomas, in a move reminiscent of his game-winning touchdown in the playoffs, burned the Steelers with a 71-yard catch-and-run. The touchdown was notable because it was the first touchdown Manning had thrown in the NFL for a team other than the [[Indianapolis Colts]], and it was also the 400th of Manning's career, making Peyton just the 3rd player in NFL history to reach that milestone.

Thomas set regular-season career highs in both catches (9) and yards (180) at New England on October 7, 2012. He tied his career high in catches in games against the [[Carolina Panthers]] and the [[Cleveland Browns]].
Demaryius registered 3 catches for 37 yards and 1 touchdown in the Broncos' Divisional loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the playoffs.

Thomas would go on to have a breakout year in 2012, recording 94 receptions for 1,434 yards and 10 touchdowns. He led the team in targets, receptions and yards, and ranked 8th in the league in receptions, 4th in yards and 7th in touchdowns. He was selected to his first [[Pro Bowl]] in the 2012 season after receiver [[Wes Welker]] withdrew due to injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos' Demaryius Thomas, Zane Beadles added to AFC's Pro Bowl roster|url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_22419222/thomas-beadles-added-afc-pro-bowl-roster|work=The Denver Post|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>

====2013 season====
Starting the season strong, Thomas had 5 catches for 161 yards and 2 touchdowns in Week 1 win over [[Baltimore Ravens]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/boxscore?gameId=330905007|title=Ravens vs. Broncos game 2013|work=ESPN|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref> As he had done in Week 1 of the 2012 season, Thomas took a screen pass for a long touchdown. This was Manning's 7th touchdown pass of the game, which tied him with 5 others in NFL history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Peyton: First with 7 TDs since '69|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/9639918/peyton-manning-denver-broncos-ties-nfl-record-seven-touchdown-passes-baltimore-ravens|work=ESPN|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref>

Thomas received AFC Offensive Player of the Week honours for the first time in his career in the Broncos' Week 10 win over the [[San Diego Chargers]].<ref name="denver.cbslocal.com">{{cite web|title=Thomas Named AFC Offensive Player Of Week For 1st Time|url=http://denver.cbslocal.com/2013/11/14/thomas-named-afc-offensive-player-of-week-for-1st-time/|work=The Associated Press|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref> He posted 7 receptions, 108 yards and 3 touchdowns.

Thomas made other contributions to the Broncos' historic season on offense.<ref>{{cite web|title=Peyton Manning, Broncos shatter single-season records in regular-season finale|url=http://nfl.si.com/2013/12/29/peyton-manning-record-denver-broncos/|work=SI|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref> He caught Manning's 55th touchdown, which set an NFL record for the most touchdowns thrown by a quarterback in a single season. Manning also broke the single season passing yardage mark on that same pass to Thomas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos claim AFC's No. 1 seed, Peyton Manning breaks record|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2013/12/29/broncos-raiders-week-17-peyton-manning-playoffs-records-drew-brees/4242371/|work=The Associated Press|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref> His 633 yards after catch was 2nd in the entire league.<ref>http://espn.go.com/nfl/statistics/player/_/stat/receiving/sort/receivingYardsAfterCatch</ref> Manning, who said that Thomas "got great speed and power and it’s fun to watch once he gets it in his hands", attributed part of Thomas' success to "all the runs he had to practice at Georgia Tech".<ref name="denver.cbslocal.com"/>

Recording 92 catches for 1430 yards and 14 touchdowns during the 2013 regular season, Thomas ranked 9th in the league for receptions, 4th in yards and 2nd in touchdowns. His 14 touchdowns paced all wideouts in the [[NFL]].<ref>http://espn.go.com/nfl/statistics/player/_/stat/receiving/sort/receivingYards/year/2013/seasontype/2</ref> Thomas led the team in targets, receptions and yards for the second consecutive year. He also led the team in receiving touchdowns.

Thomas was again voted to the Pro Bowl in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Peyton Manning heads list of five Denver Broncos selected to Pro Bowl|url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_24805412/peyton-manning-denver-broncos-selected-pro-bowl|work=The Denver Post|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref> He was selected to the Associated Press All-Pro team for the first time in his career.<ref>{{cite web|title=4 Broncos Named To 2013 Associated Press All-Pro Team|url=http://denver.cbslocal.com/2014/01/03/4-broncos-named-2013-associated-press-all-pro-team/|work=CBS4 Denver|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref>

Thomas averaged 9.33 receptions and 102 yards per game during the 2013-2014 playoffs, including the [[Super Bowl]]. He also scored a touchdown in every playoff game. Thomas set an NFL record for most catches in a Super Bowl game by a player, despite reportedly playing most of the game with a separated shoulder. In [[Super Bowl XLVIII]], Thomas had 13 receptions for 118 yards and a touchdown, but the Broncos lost 43-8 to the [[Seattle Seahawks]]. <ref>{{cite web|title=Report: Demaryius Thomas separated shoulder in SB|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000323648/article/report-demaryius-thomas-separated-shoulder-in-super-bowl|work=nfl.com|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>

====2014 season====
On October 5, 2014 against [[Arizona Cardinals]] Thomas made 8 receptions for 226 receiving yards, breaking the old franchise record for receiving yards in a single game held by [[Shannon Sharpe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_26669593/demaryius-thomas-sets-broncos-record-win-over-cardinals |title=Demaryius Thomas sets Broncos' record in win over Cardinals |first=Mike|last=Klis|publisher=''The Denver Post''|date=October 5, 2014|accessdate=October 6, 2014}}</ref>

On Sunday, November 16, 2014, Thomas caught ten passes for 103 yards, extending his own franchise record for consecutive 100 yard games to seven.

==NFL Career Stats==

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year !! Team !! G !! GS !! Rec !! Yds !! Avg !! Lng !! Td !! FD
|-
| 2010 || Denver || 10 || 7 || 22 || 283 || 12.9 || 31 || 2 || 15
|-
| 2011 || Denver || 11 ||10 || 32 || 551|| 17.2 || 47 || 4 || 24
|-
| 2012 || Denver || 16 || 16 || 94 || 1,434 || 15.3 || 71 || 10 || 60
|-
| 2013 || Denver || 16 || 16 || 92 || 1,430 || 15.5 || 78 || 14 || 66
|-
| 2014 || Denver || 15 || 15 || 103 || 1,504 || 14.6 || 86 ||11 || 64
|-
|
|-
| Career || Total || 68 || 64 || 343 || 5,202 || 15.2|| 86 || 41 || 229
|}

==Facts and Accomplishments==

• Averaged nearly 20 yards per reception during his collegiate career, posting the fifth-best receiving average (19.5) for a career in Atlantic Coast Conference history.

• Finished his career at Georgia Tech ranked fourth in school history in receiving yards (2,339), fourth in touchdown catches (15) and seventh in receptions (120).

• Selected by the Broncos in the first round (22nd overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft.

• Totaled eight receptions for 97 yards (12.1 avg.) with one touchdown in his NFL debut vs. Seattle (9/19/10) to mark the second-most catches by a Broncos rookie in his pro debut and become just the ninth player (since 1970) to record at least eight catches in their first NFL game.

• Saw action in 10 games (2 starts) as a rookie in 2010 and finished sixth on the club with 22 receptions for 283 yards (12.9 avg.) with two touchdowns.

• Led the Broncos in receiving yards in each of his final seven contests, including the postseason, in 2011 to set a franchise record.

• Fueled Denver’s 29-23 win against Pittsburgh in the AFC Wild Card round (1/8/12) with his four-catch, 204-yard performance that included an 80-yard game-winning touchdown reception on the first play of overtime.

• Combined with teammate Eric Decker in 2012 to represent the third-most prolific receiving tandem (2,498 yds.) in the league and become the first Broncos 1,000-yard receiving duo
since 2004.

• Tied for the second-most 100-yard receiving games (7) in team history while posting the third-most receiving yards (1,434) in a single season in club annals during the 2012 season.

• Selected to his first Pro Bowl following the 2012 season in which he caught 94 passes for 1,434 yards (15.3 avg.) with 10 touchdowns, ranking fourth in the league in receiving yards and posting the second-most 25+yard receptions (18) in the NFL.

• Achieved the third-most receiving yards (2,268) in Broncos history through a player’s first three seasons.

• Ranked second in the NFL with 14 receiving touchdowns and fourth with 1,430 yards, earning his second- straight Pro Bowl selection in 2013.

• Combined with teammate Eric Decker to represent the most prolific receiving tandem (2,718 yds.) in the league in 2013.

==Legal matters==
In 2010, a woman contacted Denver police suspecting she was drugged and raped after being at a party that Thomas attended, in the company of his Bronco's teammate [[Perrish Cox]]. A DNA test later proved she was pregnant with Cox's child.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d8274be81/article/broncos-thomas-testifies-cox-carried-sleeping-woman-to-bed |title=Broncos' Thomas testifies Cox carried sleeping woman to bed |author=''NFL Wire''|publisher=NFL.com|date=February 29, 2012|accessdate=March 1, 2012}}</ref> Thomas was a prosecution witness and testified that Cox spoke to him before the act, saying that he was going to sleep with the girl and that she had consented before hand and even offered for Thomas to sleep with her instead. However, Thomas said no, that he would have no part of it, that Cox was drunk and that he was messed up; Thomas left the party immediately after the conversation. Later when asked about the conversation, Thomas said that based on Cox's erratic behavior and speech he didn't fully believe Cox was serious, thinking that Cox was having some kind of drunken delusion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/7629528/denver-broncos-accuser-demaryius-thomas-testify-perrish-cox-trial |title=Broncos' Thomas testifies Cox carried sleeping woman to bed |author=''NFL Wire''|publisher=NFL.com|date=February 29, 2012|accessdate=March 1, 2012}}</ref> Although Cox was eventually acquitted, the woman filed a civil suit against both Thomas and Cox, suing them, inter alia, for battery, conspiracy and negligence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lawsuit filed as 'Jane Doe'|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/8035637/woman-files-civil-lawsuit-perrish-cox-demaryius-thomas|work=Associated Press|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> The claims against Thomas have since been dismissed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Civil suit against Demaryius Thomas dismissed|url=http://blogs.denverpost.com/broncos/2013/01/31/civil-suit-demaryius-thomas-dismissed/18359/|work=First-And-Orange|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>

==Religious Beliefs==
Thomas is a [[Christianity|Christian]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Klee: Faith links Super Bowl duo Russell Wilson and Montee Ball|url=http://gazette.com/klee-on-super-bowl-stage-seahawks-quarterback-driven-by-faith/article/1513492}}</ref> Thomas frequently posts about his faith on his Twitter account.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demaryius Thomas|url=https://twitter.com/DemaryiusT}}</ref> Thomas has a tattoo of a portrait of [[Jesus]] with the phrase "Jesus Saves" under the portrait on his left arm.

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
*Jonathan Heeter, [http://www.macon.com/472/story/189739.html Former rivals enjoying their time as teammates], ''The Macon Telegraph'', November 18, 2007.
*[http://www.ramblinwreck.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/thomas_demaryius00.html Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets bio]
*[http://www.denverbroncos.com/team/roster/Demaryius-Thomas/a951744a-72dd-4748-a461-02fc06668e12 Denver Broncos bio]
*[http://espn.go.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/13216/demaryius-thomas ESPN stats]

{{2010 NFL Draft}}
{{BroncosFirstPick}}
{{Broncos2010DraftPicks}}
{{Denver Broncos roster navbox}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thomas, Demaryius
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Thomas, Demaryius Antwon; Thomas, Demaryius A.
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American football player, wide receiver
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 25, 1987
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Montrose, Georgia, United States
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Demaryius}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Laurens County, Georgia]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football players]]
[[Category:American football wide receivers]]
[[Category:Denver Broncos players]]
[[Category:American Conference Pro Bowl players]]

Demaryius Thomas

2014-12-29T16:55:17Z

179.183.137.227:

{{Infobox NFL player
|name=Demaryius Thomas
|image=Demaryius thomas_2009.jpg
|image_size=250px
|caption=Thomas in 2009.
|currentteam=Denver Broncos
|number=88
|position=[[Wide receiver]]
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1987|12|25|mf=y}}
|birth_place=[[Montrose, Georgia]]
|death_date=
|death_place=
|heightft=6
|heightin=3
|weight=229
|highschool=[[West Laurens High School|Dublin (GA) West Laurens]]
|college=[[Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football|Georgia Tech]]
|draftyear=2010
|draftround=1
|draftpick=22
|debutyear=2010
|debutteam=Denver Broncos
|finalyear=
|finalteam=
|pastteams=
* [[Denver Broncos]] ({{NFL Year|2010}}–present)
|status=Active
|highlights=
* First-team All-[[Atlantic Coast Conference|ACC]] (2009)
* 3× [[Pro Bowl]] ([[2013 Pro Bowl|2012]], [[2014 Pro Bowl|2013]], [[2015 Pro Bowl|2014]])
* Second-team [[All-Pro]] ([[2013 All-Pro Team|2013]])
* [[AFC Championship Game|AFC Champion]] ([[2013–14 NFL playoffs|2013]])
* 2× AFC Offensive Player of The Week (Week 10, 2013 vs. San Diego Chargers, Week 5, 2014 vs Arizona Cardinals)
* Most receptions in a [[Super Bowl XLVIII|Super Bowl]]
* [[Denver Broncos]] record for most reception yards in a single game (226 yds.)
* Most 100 yard receiving games in a single season in Broncos franchise history (9)
* [[Denver Broncos]] record for most receiving yards in a single season (1,619, 2014)
* [[NFL Top 100|Ranked #68 in the Top 100 Players of 2013]]
* [[NFL Top 100|Ranked #49 in the Top 100 Players of 2014]]
* [[#College awards and honors|College awards and honors]]
|statweek=17
|statseason=2014
|statlabel1=[[Reception (American football)|Receptions]]
|statvalue1=351
|statlabel2=Receiving yards
|statvalue2=5,317
|statlabel3=[[Touchdown|Receiving TDs]]
|statvalue3=41
|nfl=THO095855
}}

'''Demaryius Antwon Thomas''' (born December 25, 1987) is an [[American football]] [[wide receiver]] for the [[Denver Broncos]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). He was drafted by the Broncos in the first round of the [[2010 NFL Draft]].<ref>http://insider.espn.go.com/nfl/draft/teams/_/team/den/year/2010/denver-broncos</ref> He played [[college football]] at [[Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football|Georgia Tech]]. Thomas led the team in receiving in all three of his college seasons.

==Early life==
Thomas was born on December 25, 1987 to parents Bobby and Katina Thomas in [[Montrose, Georgia]]. When Thomas was a child, police raided the house where his mother and grandmother lived. His mother and grandmother were both arrested and sentenced to 20 years in prison and life in prison respectively for crack distribution.<ref name="Mother, grandmother in prison does not stop Broncos’ Thomas">{{cite news|title=Mother, grandmother in prison does not stop Broncos’ Thomas|url=http://nypost.com/2012/01/11/mother-grandmother-in-prison-does-not-stop-broncos-thomas/|accessdate=28 January 2014|newspaper=New York Post}}</ref><ref name="Demaryius Thomas’ mother, grandmother will watch him play Super Bowl from prison">{{cite news|title=Demaryius Thomas’ mother, grandmother will watch him play Super Bowl from prison|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/demaryius-thomas-mother-grandmother-watch-him-play-super-234900938--nfl.html|accessdate=28 January 2014|newspaper=Yahoo Sports}}</ref> By all accounts a shy and introverted child, Thomas grew up with his aunt and uncle after his mother was sent to prison.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_15596508 |title=Broncos rookie receiver Demaryius Thomas has run a tough route to success|publisher=The Denver Post|accessdate=2013-02-22}}</ref> As a child he was given the nickname "Bay Bay" by his uncle in reference to the bad kids from the movie [[Bebe's Kids]].

Thomas attended [[West Laurens High School]], where he was a three-sport star in [[high school basketball|basketball]], [[high school football|football]] and [[track and field|track]]. He played football as a [[wide receiver]]. As a junior in 2004, he recorded 32 [[reception (American football)|reception]]s for 330 yards and three [[touchdown]]s. Thomas was named an all-region and all-[[Heart of Georgia]] player. The following season, he recorded 82 receptions for 1,234 yards and ten touchdowns. After the game, he participated in the North-South All-Star game. Thomas was again selected as an all-region and all-Heart of Georgia, and the ''[[Atlanta Journal Constitution]]'' named him to its Class AA all-state first team and [[PrepStar]] to its All-Region team. [[Scout.com]] assessed him as the 22nd-ranked college prospect in the state of Georgia, and [[Rivals.com]] rated him the 34th-ranked such prospect.<ref name=bio>[http://ramblinwreck.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/thomas_demaryius00.html Player Bio: Demaryius Thomas], Georgia Tech, retrieved August 12, 2009.</ref> He received [[athletic scholarship|scholarship offers]] from [[Duke Blue Devils football|Duke]], [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Georgia]], and [[Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football|Georgia Tech]].<ref name=scout>[http://georgiatech.scout.com/a.z?s=140&p=8&c=1&nid=1787123 Demaryius Thomas], Scout.com, retrieved August 12, 2009.</ref>

In [[track & field]], Thomas competed in events ranging from sprints to the triple jump while at West Laurens. He earned a fourth-place finish in the [[triple jump]] event at the 2006 Georgia Olympics after clearing a personal-best mark of 13.92 meters (45 ft, 4 in).<ref>https://www.ghsa.net/sites/default/files/documents/Constitution/GHSA_RR_2005-2006.pdf</ref> In sprints, he ran the [[100-meter dash]] in 10.99 seconds and was a member of the West Laurens [[4 x 100 metres relay|4x100m relay]] (43.18 s) squad.<ref>https://www.trackingfootball.com/players/demaryius-thomas-13296/</ref> In addition, he also ran a 4.4-second [[40-yard dash]] in football practice

==College career==

He chose to attend the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] where he majored in management.<ref name=bio/> Thomas sat out the [[2006 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team|2006]] season as a [[redshirt (college sports)|redshirt]]. In [[2007 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team|2007]], he saw action in all 13 games including 10 [[starting lineup|starts]], and recorded 35 receptions for 558 yards, which ranked second on the team. In the [[2007 Humanitarian Bowl]], he made four receptions for 69 yards and a touchdown. ''[[The Sporting News]]'' named Thomas to its freshman All-[[Atlantic Coast Conference]] (ACC) first team and a freshman [[2007 College Football All-America Team|All-America]] honorable mention.<ref name=bio/>

In [[2008 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team|2008]], [[Paul Johnson (American football coach)|Paul Johnson]] was hired as the head coach and implemented the run-heavy [[flexbone formation|triple option offense]]. Thomas considered transferring but decided against it.<ref name=assist>[http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/printedition/2008/09/30/techfeature.html?cxntlid=inform_artr LOVE THE ASSIST; Receivers embrace downfield blocking in Tech’s run offense], ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'', September 30, 2008.</ref> During the season, he recorded 39 receptions for 627 yards and three touchdowns as the leading receiver.<ref name=bio/> Despite playing in a heavily run-oriented system, as one of the team's few experienced players, Thomas recorded relatively high numbers.<ref>Tedd Bauer and William Hupp, [http://sports.espn.go.com/espnmag/story?section=magazine&id=3668668 College Football Department: Generation Gap and Demaryius Thomas; What of age gaps in college football? And how good can Georgia Tech's WR be?], ''[[ESPN The Magazine]]'', October 28, 2008.</ref> [[File:Demaryius Thomas 2007.jpg|left|thumb|Demaryius Thomas catches a pass in a 2007 game vs the [[Maryland Terrapins]].]]Still, compared with other receivers in the [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] Thomas' statistics were much smaller. He said, "Sometimes I think about [not getting many passes], but most of the time I just want to win."<ref name=assist/> Thomas' mark was the best of any wide receiver from the school since [[Calvin Johnson (American football)|Calvin Johnson]] in 2006. Against [[2008 Duke Blue Devils football team|Duke]], he caught nine receptions for 230 yards, the second-most in a single game in school history.<ref name=bio/>

In 2009, during his Junior (redshirt) year at GT, Thomas had a breakout season with 46 receptions for 1,154 yards and 8 touchdowns. This earned him 1st team All-ACC honors. He finished his career at Georgia Tech with 120 catches for 2,339 yards and 14 TDs.

Many draft experts had him gaining momentum with NFL scouts going into the last couple weeks leading up to the draft and most had him as the number one or two-rated wide receiver along with Dez Bryant in the 2010 NFL Draft, including [[Sporting News]].<ref>http://www.sportingnews.com/nfl/draft/position_rankings?position=WR</ref> On January 8, 2010, he declared his entrance to the [[2010 NFL Draft]].<ref>http://ramblinwreck.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/010810aab.html</ref>

==Professional career==

===Draft===
Thomas broke his foot and was unable to participate in combine drills. He scored second highest among wide receivers with 34 on the [[Wonderlic]] test, second only to friend and future teammate [[Eric Decker]], who had the highest score in the [[NFL Scouting Combine|Combine]] with 43.<ref>http://www.nationalfootballpost.com/Minnesotas-Decker-scores-a-43-on-the-Wonderlic.html</ref>

===Denver Broncos (2010–present)===
[[File:Demaryius Thomas.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Thomas in his rookie season with the [[Denver Broncos|Broncos]].]]
Thomas was drafted by the Denver Broncos 22nd overall in the [[2010 NFL Draft]]. On July 31, 2010, the Broncos signed him to a five-year, $12.155 million contract with $9.35 million guaranteed.<ref>{{cite web|work=DenverPost.com|url=http://blogs.denverpost.com/broncos/2010/07/31/thomas-agrees-to-5-year-deal/4033/|title=Demaryius Thomas agrees to 5-year deal|date=July 31, 2010|first=Lindsay|last=Jones|accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref>

====2010 season====
Thomas had 8 receptions for 97 yards and scored one touchdown in his NFL debut against the [[Seattle Seahawks]]. He was just the 9th player in the NFL (since 1970) to record at least 8 catches in his first game.<ref name="denverbroncos.com">http://www.denverbroncos.com/team/roster/Demaryius-Thomas/a951744a-72dd-4748-a461-02fc06668e12</ref> This was also the 2nd most catches by a rookie in franchise history. The highlight of Thomas' season came when he beat [[All-Pro]] cornerback [[Darrelle Revis]] for a touchdown when the Broncos hosted the [[New York Jets]] on 17 October 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos rookies making their mark|url=http://baybay88.com/blog/post-1227.html|work=AP|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>

Thomas was plagued by injuries during his rookie season. He first missed playing time due to a forearm injury and a [[concussion]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos hurry up Demaryius Thomas' development|url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_16402700|work=The Denver Post|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> an ankle injury also rendered him inactive for five more games late in the season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos wide receiver Demaryius Thomas out to prove he can be a No. 1 guy|url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_21183192/demaryius-thomas-broncos-wr|work=The Denver Post|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>

Thomas ended his first season having played in 10 games, with 22 receptions for 283 yards and 2 touchdowns.

====2011 season====
On February 10, 2011 it was announced that Thomas had torn his [[achilles tendon]] while working out and was expected to miss a majority, if not the entirety, of the 2011 season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demaryius Thomas tears Achilles|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=6110561|work=ESPN|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> However, he was surprisingly activated from the Physically Unable to Perform List prior to the start of the season - Broncos GM [[Brian Xanders]] said that Demaryius had responded to rehab well and was "ready to go."<ref>{{cite web|title=Demaryius Thomas returns to practice|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/6932844/demaryius-thomas-denver-broncos-back-achilles-injury|work=ESPN|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref> Unfortunately, during his very first practice back, Thomas broke his left pinkie finger and missed the first 5 games of the season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas Faces Another ‘Two to Three Weeks’ of Recovery from Finger Injury|url=http://www.maxdenver.com/news/2011/09/21/thomas-faces-another-two-to-three-weeks-of-recovery-from-finger-injury/|work=MaxDenver.com|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref>

Thomas made his season debut on October 23, 2011 against the [[Miami Dolphins]]. He linked up with quarterback [[Tim Tebow]] for the Broncos' first score of the game, which Denver would go on to win in overtime. Despite this early promise, he only had 4 receptions in the next 5 games as the Broncos moved towards a run-heavy option offense.

Demaryius broke out in a match against the [[Minnesota Vikings]] on December 4, 2011, recording 144 yards and 2 touchdowns on just 4 receptions. He would end the season strongly, emerging as Tebow's favorite receiver and setting a franchise record by leading the Broncos in both receiving and targets over the final 7 games.<ref name="denverbroncos.com"/>

But it was during the first round of the playoffs that Thomas truly made his presence felt. On January 8, 2012 Thomas caught the game-winning, 80-yard touchdown pass from Tebow on the opening play of overtime to beat the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] in the AFC Wild Card game, 29-23. This was the first non-sudden death playoff game in NFL history <ref>{{cite web|title=Post Season Overtime Rules |url=http://nfllabor.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/postseason-ot.pdf|work=NFL|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref> but Denver's score ended the game.

The entire play took 11 seconds, and is the fastest ending to an overtime in NFL history to date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Denver Broncos - Recap|url=http://scores.espn.go.com/nfl/recap?gameId=320108007|work=ESPN|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Super Bowl 45 at NFL.com|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/playoffs/player/receiving|work=NFL|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref> It is also the longest playoff overtime touchdown in NFL history.
Thomas ended with a stat-line of 4 receptions, 204 yards and 1 touchdown in his playoff debut. It marked the most receiving yards by a Bronco in playoff history and the 2nd-highest receiving average (51.0) in a single game in NFL annals.<ref name="denverbroncos.com"/>
Thomas caught 6 balls for 93 yards the following week against the [[New England Patriots]].

He ended the 2011 regular season with 32 receptions for 551 yards and 4 touchdowns.

====2012 season====
Thomas was coming off surgery to remove pins in his left pinkie when quarterback [[Peyton Manning]] signed with the Broncos during the 2012 off season. This meant that, unlike fellow receiver Eric Decker, he was unable to participate in workouts with Manning. Thomas, however, made an effort to improve his route-running and quickly caught up.<ref>{{cite web|title=Peyton Manning, Demaryius Thomas on the same page'|url=http://www.thetranscript.com/ci_22166565/peyton-manning-demaryius-thomas-same-page|work=Associated Press|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=For Thomas, 'The Sky's the Limit'|url=http://www.denverbroncos.com/news-and-blogs/article-1/For-Thomas-The-Skys-the-Limit/4e7ed9df-6d0f-40f4-9f71-6892f8aff9ca|work=Denverbroncos.com|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> Manning noted during training camp that Thomas' "size, strength and speed just allow you to do certain things with him that other players just can't do."<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning finds target in Demaryius Thomas|url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_21219313/peyton-manning-one-week-into-broncos-trianing-camp|work=The Denver Post|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>

Despite reports describing the connection between Thomas and Manning as "balky",<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos report: Peyton Manning, Demaryius Thomas connection a work in progress|url=http://aol.sportingnews.com/nfl/story/2012-09-06/denver-broncos-report-peyton-manning-demaryius-thomas-eric-decker|work=Sporting News|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> Thomas found success again in the Broncos' very first game of the season against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Down 13 to 7, Thomas, in a move reminiscent of his game-winning touchdown in the playoffs, burned the Steelers with a 71-yard catch-and-run. The touchdown was notable because it was the first touchdown Manning had thrown in the NFL for a team other than the [[Indianapolis Colts]], and it was also the 400th of Manning's career, making Peyton just the 3rd player in NFL history to reach that milestone.

Thomas set regular-season career highs in both catches (9) and yards (180) at New England on October 7, 2012. He tied his career high in catches in games against the [[Carolina Panthers]] and the [[Cleveland Browns]].
Demaryius registered 3 catches for 37 yards and 1 touchdown in the Broncos' Divisional loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the playoffs.

Thomas would go on to have a breakout year in 2012, recording 94 receptions for 1,434 yards and 10 touchdowns. He led the team in targets, receptions and yards, and ranked 8th in the league in receptions, 4th in yards and 7th in touchdowns. He was selected to his first [[Pro Bowl]] in the 2012 season after receiver [[Wes Welker]] withdrew due to injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos' Demaryius Thomas, Zane Beadles added to AFC's Pro Bowl roster|url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_22419222/thomas-beadles-added-afc-pro-bowl-roster|work=The Denver Post|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>

====2013 season====
Starting the season strong, Thomas had 5 catches for 161 yards and 2 touchdowns in Week 1 win over [[Baltimore Ravens]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/boxscore?gameId=330905007|title=Ravens vs. Broncos game 2013|work=ESPN|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref> As he had done in Week 1 of the 2012 season, Thomas took a screen pass for a long touchdown. This was Manning's 7th touchdown pass of the game, which tied him with 5 others in NFL history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Peyton: First with 7 TDs since '69|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/9639918/peyton-manning-denver-broncos-ties-nfl-record-seven-touchdown-passes-baltimore-ravens|work=ESPN|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref>

Thomas received AFC Offensive Player of the Week honours for the first time in his career in the Broncos' Week 10 win over the [[San Diego Chargers]].<ref name="denver.cbslocal.com">{{cite web|title=Thomas Named AFC Offensive Player Of Week For 1st Time|url=http://denver.cbslocal.com/2013/11/14/thomas-named-afc-offensive-player-of-week-for-1st-time/|work=The Associated Press|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref> He posted 7 receptions, 108 yards and 3 touchdowns.

Thomas made other contributions to the Broncos' historic season on offense.<ref>{{cite web|title=Peyton Manning, Broncos shatter single-season records in regular-season finale|url=http://nfl.si.com/2013/12/29/peyton-manning-record-denver-broncos/|work=SI|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref> He caught Manning's 55th touchdown, which set an NFL record for the most touchdowns thrown by a quarterback in a single season. Manning also broke the single season passing yardage mark on that same pass to Thomas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Broncos claim AFC's No. 1 seed, Peyton Manning breaks record|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2013/12/29/broncos-raiders-week-17-peyton-manning-playoffs-records-drew-brees/4242371/|work=The Associated Press|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref> His 633 yards after catch was 2nd in the entire league.<ref>http://espn.go.com/nfl/statistics/player/_/stat/receiving/sort/receivingYardsAfterCatch</ref> Manning, who said that Thomas "got great speed and power and it’s fun to watch once he gets it in his hands", attributed part of Thomas' success to "all the runs he had to practice at Georgia Tech".<ref name="denver.cbslocal.com"/>

Recording 92 catches for 1430 yards and 14 touchdowns during the 2013 regular season, Thomas ranked 9th in the league for receptions, 4th in yards and 2nd in touchdowns. His 14 touchdowns paced all wideouts in the [[NFL]].<ref>http://espn.go.com/nfl/statistics/player/_/stat/receiving/sort/receivingYards/year/2013/seasontype/2</ref> Thomas led the team in targets, receptions and yards for the second consecutive year. He also led the team in receiving touchdowns.

Thomas was again voted to the Pro Bowl in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Peyton Manning heads list of five Denver Broncos selected to Pro Bowl|url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_24805412/peyton-manning-denver-broncos-selected-pro-bowl|work=The Denver Post|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref> He was selected to the Associated Press All-Pro team for the first time in his career.<ref>{{cite web|title=4 Broncos Named To 2013 Associated Press All-Pro Team|url=http://denver.cbslocal.com/2014/01/03/4-broncos-named-2013-associated-press-all-pro-team/|work=CBS4 Denver|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref>

Thomas averaged 9.33 receptions and 102 yards per game during the 2013-2014 playoffs, including the [[Super Bowl]]. He also scored a touchdown in every playoff game. Thomas set an NFL record for most catches in a Super Bowl game by a player, despite reportedly playing most of the game with a separated shoulder. In [[Super Bowl XLVIII]], Thomas had 13 receptions for 118 yards and a touchdown, but the Broncos lost 43-8 to the [[Seattle Seahawks]]. <ref>{{cite web|title=Report: Demaryius Thomas separated shoulder in SB|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000323648/article/report-demaryius-thomas-separated-shoulder-in-super-bowl|work=nfl.com|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>

====2014 season====
On October 5, 2014 against [[Arizona Cardinals]] Thomas made 8 receptions for 226 receiving yards, breaking the old franchise record for receiving yards in a single game held by [[Shannon Sharpe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_26669593/demaryius-thomas-sets-broncos-record-win-over-cardinals |title=Demaryius Thomas sets Broncos' record in win over Cardinals |first=Mike|last=Klis|publisher=''The Denver Post''|date=October 5, 2014|accessdate=October 6, 2014}}</ref>

On Sunday, November 16, 2014, Thomas caught ten passes for 103 yards, extending his own franchise record for consecutive 100 yard games to seven.

==NFL Career Stats==

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year !! Team !! G !! GS !! Rec !! Yds !! Avg !! Lng !! Td !! FD
|-
| 2010 || Denver || 10 || 7 || 22 || 283 || 12.9 || 31 || 2 || 15
|-
| 2011 || Denver || 11 ||10 || 32 || 551|| 17.2 || 47 || 4 || 24
|-
| 2012 || Denver || 16 || 16 || 94 || 1,434 || 15.3 || 71 || 10 || 60
|-
| 2013 || Denver || 16 || 16 || 92 || 1,430 || 15.5 || 78 || 14 || 66
|-
| 2014 || Denver || 15 || 15 || 103 || 1,504 || 14.6 || 86 ||11 || 64
|-
|
|-
| Career || Total || 68 || 64 || 343 || 5,202 || 15.2|| 86 || 41 || 229
|}

==Facts and Accomplishments==

• Averaged nearly 20 yards per reception during his collegiate career, posting the fifth-best receiving average (19.5) for a career in Atlantic Coast Conference history.

• Finished his career at Georgia Tech ranked fourth in school history in receiving yards (2,339), fourth in touchdown catches (15) and seventh in receptions (120).

• Selected by the Broncos in the first round (22nd overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft.

• Totaled eight receptions for 97 yards (12.1 avg.) with one touchdown in his NFL debut vs. Seattle (9/19/10) to mark the second-most catches by a Broncos rookie in his pro debut and become just the ninth player (since 1970) to record at least eight catches in their first NFL game.

• Saw action in 10 games (2 starts) as a rookie in 2010 and finished sixth on the club with 22 receptions for 283 yards (12.9 avg.) with two touchdowns.

• Led the Broncos in receiving yards in each of his final seven contests, including the postseason, in 2011 to set a franchise record.

• Fueled Denver’s 29-23 win against Pittsburgh in the AFC Wild Card round (1/8/12) with his four-catch, 204-yard performance that included an 80-yard game-winning touchdown reception on the first play of overtime.

• Combined with teammate Eric Decker in 2012 to represent the third-most prolific receiving tandem (2,498 yds.) in the league and become the first Broncos 1,000-yard receiving duo
since 2004.

• Tied for the second-most 100-yard receiving games (7) in team history while posting the third-most receiving yards (1,434) in a single season in club annals during the 2012 season.

• Selected to his first Pro Bowl following the 2012 season in which he caught 94 passes for 1,434 yards (15.3 avg.) with 10 touchdowns, ranking fourth in the league in receiving yards and posting the second-most 25+yard receptions (18) in the NFL.

• Achieved the third-most receiving yards (2,268) in Broncos history through a player’s first three seasons.

• Ranked second in the NFL with 14 receiving touchdowns and fourth with 1,430 yards, earning his second- straight Pro Bowl selection in 2013.

• Combined with teammate Eric Decker to represent the most prolific receiving tandem (2,718 yds.) in the league in 2013.

==Legal matters==
In 2010, a woman contacted Denver police suspecting she was drugged and raped after being at a party that Thomas attended, in the company of his Bronco's teammate [[Perrish Cox]]. A DNA test later proved she was pregnant with Cox's child.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d8274be81/article/broncos-thomas-testifies-cox-carried-sleeping-woman-to-bed |title=Broncos' Thomas testifies Cox carried sleeping woman to bed |author=''NFL Wire''|publisher=NFL.com|date=February 29, 2012|accessdate=March 1, 2012}}</ref> Thomas was a prosecution witness and testified that Cox spoke to him before the act, saying that he was going to sleep with the girl and that she had consented before hand and even offered for Thomas to sleep with her instead. However, Thomas said no, that he would have no part of it, that Cox was drunk and that he was messed up; Thomas left the party immediately after the conversation. Later when asked about the conversation, Thomas said that based on Cox's erratic behavior and speech he didn't fully believe Cox was serious, thinking that Cox was having some kind of drunken delusion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/7629528/denver-broncos-accuser-demaryius-thomas-testify-perrish-cox-trial |title=Broncos' Thomas testifies Cox carried sleeping woman to bed |author=''NFL Wire''|publisher=NFL.com|date=February 29, 2012|accessdate=March 1, 2012}}</ref> Although Cox was eventually acquitted, the woman filed a civil suit against both Thomas and Cox, suing them, inter alia, for battery, conspiracy and negligence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lawsuit filed as 'Jane Doe'|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/8035637/woman-files-civil-lawsuit-perrish-cox-demaryius-thomas|work=Associated Press|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> The claims against Thomas have since been dismissed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Civil suit against Demaryius Thomas dismissed|url=http://blogs.denverpost.com/broncos/2013/01/31/civil-suit-demaryius-thomas-dismissed/18359/|work=First-And-Orange|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>

==Religious Beliefs==
Thomas is a [[Christianity|Christian]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Klee: Faith links Super Bowl duo Russell Wilson and Montee Ball|url=http://gazette.com/klee-on-super-bowl-stage-seahawks-quarterback-driven-by-faith/article/1513492}}</ref> Thomas frequently posts about his faith on his Twitter account.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demaryius Thomas|url=https://twitter.com/DemaryiusT}}</ref> Thomas has a tattoo of a portrait of [[Jesus]] with the phrase "Jesus Saves" under the portrait on his left arm.

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
*Jonathan Heeter, [http://www.macon.com/472/story/189739.html Former rivals enjoying their time as teammates], ''The Macon Telegraph'', November 18, 2007.
*[http://www.ramblinwreck.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/thomas_demaryius00.html Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets bio]
*[http://www.denverbroncos.com/team/roster/Demaryius-Thomas/a951744a-72dd-4748-a461-02fc06668e12 Denver Broncos bio]
*[http://espn.go.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/13216/demaryius-thomas ESPN stats]

{{2010 NFL Draft}}
{{BroncosFirstPick}}
{{Broncos2010DraftPicks}}
{{Denver Broncos roster navbox}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thomas, Demaryius
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Thomas, Demaryius Antwon; Thomas, Demaryius A.
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American football player, wide receiver
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 25, 1987
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Montrose, Georgia, United States
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Demaryius}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Laurens County, Georgia]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football players]]
[[Category:American football wide receivers]]
[[Category:Denver Broncos players]]
[[Category:American Conference Pro Bowl players]]

André-Ernest-Modeste Grétry

2014-12-27T09:11:18Z

179.183.82.84: /* Andere Werke */

[[Datei:André Ernest Modeste Grétry.jpg|thumb|André-Ernest-Modeste Grétry.]]
'''André-Ernest-Modeste Grétry''' (* [[8. Februar]] [[1741]] in [[Lüttich]]; † [[24. September]] [[1813]] in [[Montmorency (Val-d'Oise)]] bei [[Paris]]) war ein belgisch-französischer [[Komponist]].

== Leben ==
[[Datei:Gretry - Casa natal.jpg|thumb|Grétry-Museum im Geburtshaus Lüttich]]
[[Datei:Opera Royal, Liège.JPG|thumb|Grétry-Statue vor der Oper Lüttich 2012]]
André Grétry erhielt ersten Musikunterricht von seinem Vater, einem Violinisten an den Kirchen St. Martin und St. Denis in Lüttich, wo er im Alter von neun Jahren Chorknabe wurde. In seinen Memoiren erwähnt er die Strenge des Chorleiters [[Georges-Henri Wenick]]. Er nahm erst Cembalo- und Kompositionsunterricht bei [[Nicolas Rennekin]], später bei [[Henri Moreau]], Kapellmeister an St. Paul. Grétry hatte bereits mehrere Stücke komponiert, als er 1760 ein Stipendium am „Lütticher Kolleg Darcis“ in [[Rom]] erhielt. Ab 1762 lernte er unter [[Giovanni Battista Casali]], dem Kapellmeister der [[Lateran]]-Basilika. Hier in Rom komponierte er ein ''Confitebor'', welches er nach Lüttich sandte, und für den römischen Karneval 1765 das [[Intermezzo (Oper)|Intermezzo]] ''La Vendemmiatrice''. Er bestand eine Prüfung vor der renommierten ''Accademia dei Filarmonici'' in Bologna, hierauf bereitete er sich bei [[Giovanni Battista Martini|Padre Martini]] vor. Noch in Italien komponierte er sechs Streichquartette, welche er später in Paris als sein Opus 3 veröffentlichte.

1766 ließ er sich in Genf nieder, wo er vom Erteilen von Musik- und Kompositionsunterricht lebte. Hier hatte er den ersten Kontakt zu französischer Musik. 1767 begab sich auf Anraten von [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]] und [[Voltaire]] nach Paris. In seinen Memoiren (''Mémoires ou Essais sur la Musique'') erwähnt Grétry, dass Voltaire ihm den Rat gab: „''Gehen Sie nach Paris, dort werden Sie der Unsterblichkeit entgegeneilen''“. Dort erzielte er mit seinen [[Opéra comique|komischen Opern]]: ''Le Huron'' (1768) und ''Lucile'' (1769) sofort große Erfolge.

Später ließ er deren noch mehr folgen, darunter: ''Le tableau parlant'', ''Zémire et Azor'', ''L'ami de la maison'', ''Raoul'' („Blaubart“) und ''Richard Cœur-de-Lion'', von denen die letztere noch bis zur Gegenwart beliebt geblieben ist.

1795 wurde Grétry zum Inspektor des Konservatoriums und im Jahr darauf zum Mitglied des ''Institut de France'' ernannt. Später erhielt er auch von [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleon I.]] eine Pension, welche ihn in den Stand setzte, sich aufs Land nach [[Montmorency (Val-d'Oise)]] bei Paris zurückzuziehen. Hier, in dem von ihm erworbenen Landhaus [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]s, der sogenannten ''Ermitage'', starb er am 24. September 1813.

1842 errichtete seine Geburtsstadt Lüttich ihm zu Ehren auf dem Platz vor der [[Opéra Royal de Wallonie]] eine Statue, ein Werk des Bildhauers [[Guillaume Geefs]]. 1785 ehrte ihn die Stadt Paris, indem sie eine beim Italienischen Theater gelegene Straße nach ihm benannte. Sein Geburtshaus in der Rue des Récollets in Lüttich ist heute ein Museum.

Im Filmdrama ''[[Die rote Violine]]'' (1998) sind neben der Originalmusik von [[John Corigliano]], die einen [[Oscar]] gewann, Kompositionen von Grétry zu hören.

== Werk ==
Grétrys meist für die [[Opéra-Comique]] geschriebenen Kompositionen zeichnen sich durch Wahrheit des musikalischen Ausdrucks und Melodienreichtum vorteilhaft aus und haben auf die Bildung des musikalischen Geschmacks großen Einfluss geübt. Auch als Schriftsteller hat er sich durch seine ''Mémoires, ou essais sur la musique'' vorteilhaft bekannt gemacht.

Eine Gesamtausgabe seiner Opern, herausgegeben von der Kommission zur Veröffentlichung von Werken älterer belgischer Komponisten, erschien ab 1883. [[Edouard Gregoir]] (Brüssel 1883) und [[Michel Brenet]] (Brüssel 1884) schrieben [[Biographie]]n Grétrys.

=== Opern ===
{|width="100%" align="center"|
|width="50%" valign="top"|
* ''La Vendemmiatrice'' (1765)
* ''Isabelle et Gertrude ou Les Sylphes supposés'' (1766)
* ''Les Mariages samnites'' (1768)
* ''Le Connaisseur'' (1768)
* ''Le Huron'' (1768)
* ''Lucile'' (1769; das dieser Oper entstammende Lied ''[[Où peut on être mieux qu’au sein de sa famille]]'' diente nach der Restauration von 1815 als inoffizielle Königshymne der Bourbonen)
* ''Le Tableau parlant'' (1769)
* ''Momus sur la terre'' (1769)
* ''Silvain'' (1770)
* ''Les Deux Avares'' (1770)
* ''L'Amitié à l'épreuve'' (1770)
* ''L'Ami de la maison'' (1771)
* ''Zémire et Azor'' (1771)
* ''Le Magnifique'' (1773)
* ''La Rosière de Salency'' (1773)
* ''Céphale et Procris ou L'Amour conjugal'' (1773)
* ''La Fausse Magie'' (1775)
* ''Les Mariages samnites [rev]'' (1776)
* ''Pygmalion'' (1776)
* ''Amour pour amour'' (1777)
* ''Matroco'' (1777)
* ''Le Jugement de Midas'' (1778)
* ''Les Trois Âges de l'opéra'' (1778)
* ''Les Fausses apparences ou L'Amant jaloux'' (1778)
* ''Les Statues'' (1778)
* ''Les Événements imprévus'' (1779)
* ''Aucassin et Nicolette ou Les Mœurs du bon vieux temps'' (1779)
* ''Andromaque'' (1780; Libretto: Pitra, basierend auf dem Drama [[Andromache (Racine)|Andromache]] [[Jean Racine|Racine]]s)
* ''Emilie ou La Belle Esclave'' (1781)
* ''Colinette à la cour ou La Double Épreuve'' (1782)
* ''L'Embarras des richesses'' (1782)
* ''Électre'' (1782)
* ''Les Colonnes d'Alcide'' (1782)
* ''Thalie au nouveau théâtre'' (1783)
* ''La Caravane du Caire'' (1783)
* ''Théodore et Paulin'' (1784)
* ''[[Richard Coeur de Lion|Richard Cœur de Lion]]'' (1784)
* ''Panurge dans l'île des lanternes'' (1785)
* ''Œedipe à Colonne'' (1785)
* ''Amphitryon'' (1786)
* ''Le Mariage d'Antonio'' (1786)
* ''Les Méprises par ressemblance'' (1786; in Zusammenarbeit mit [[Angélique-Dorothée-Lucie Grétry]])
|width="50%" valign="top"|
* ''Le Comte d'Albert'' (1786)
* ''Toinette et Louis'' (1787; in Zusammenarbeit mit [[Angélique-Dorothée-Lucie Grétry]])
* ''Le Prisonnier anglais'' (1787)
* ''Le Rival confident'' (1788)
* ''Raoul Barbe-bleue'' (1789)
* ''Aspasie'' (1789)
* ''Pierre le Grand'' (1790)
* ''Roger et Olivier'' (1790)
* ''Guillaume Tell'' (1791)
* ''Cécile et Ermancé ou Les Deux Couvents'' (1792)
* ''Basile ou À trompeur, trompeur et demi'' (1792)
* ''Séraphine ou Absente et présente'' (1792)
* ''Le Congrès des rois'' (1794)
* ''Joseph Barra'' (1794)
* ''Denys le tyran, maître d'école à Corinthe'' (1794)
* ''La fête de la raison'' (1794)
* ''Callias ou Nature et patrie'' (1794)
* ''Diogène et Alexandre'' (1794)
* ''Lisbeth'' (1797)
* ''Anacréon chez Polycrate'' (1797)
* ''Le Barbier du village ou Le Revenant'' (1797)
* ''Elisca ou L'Amour maternel'' (1799)
* ''Le Casque et les colombes'' (1801)
* ''Zelmar ou L'Asile'' (1801)
* ''Le Ménage'' (1803)
* ''Les Filles pourvues'' (1803)

=== Werke für Blasorchester ===
* ''Céphal et Procris'' Suite in vier Sätzen, Gigue, Menuet, Gavotte, Tambourin,
* ''Ronde pour la Plantation de l'Arbre de la Liberté''.

=== Andere Werke ===
* ''Streichquartett op. 3 Nr. 1 G-Dur'' (Andantino – Allegro – Fuga)
* ''Streichquartett op. 3 Nr. 2 Es-Dur'' (Allegro – Larghetto – Allegro)
* ''Streichquartett op. 3 Nr. 3 F-Dur'' (Allegro – Minuetto – Allegro – Allegro assai)
* ''Streichquartett op. 3 Nr. 4 D-Dur'' (Allegro assai – Andantino – Tempo di minuetto)
* ''Streichquartett op. 3 Nr. 5 G-Dur'' (Andante – Allegro – Allegro)
* ''Streichquartett op. 3 Nr. 6 c-moll'' (Larghetto – Allegro moderato – Allegro fuga)
* ''Konzert für Flöte und Orchester C-Dur'' (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yI1ozC500kM)
* Instrumentale Musik ([[Ballett]]e, Prologe)
* Vokale Werke (Chants révolutionnaires, Romanzen)
* Sakrale Musik (Große Messe (1758), ''De Profundis, [[Requiem]]'')
|-
|}

== Weblinks ==
{{Commons|André Grétry}}
* {{DNB-Portal|118542079|TYP=Werke von und über}}
* {{IMSLP|id=Gr%C3%A9try,_Andr%C3%A9_Ernest_Modeste|cname=André-Ernest-Modeste Grétry}}
* {{DFG-Oper|244|km}}
* [http://www.netline.be/atlas/liege/musee/gre/home_gre.htm Grétry Museum] in [[Lüttich]]
* {{IMDb Name|0344931}}

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=118542079|LCCN=n/80/28506|VIAF=51884495}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Gretry, Andreernestmodeste}}
[[Kategorie:Komponist (Klassik)]]
[[Kategorie:Komponist (Oper)]]
[[Kategorie:Komponist (Blasmusik)]]
[[Kategorie:Belgischer Komponist]]
[[Kategorie:Französischer Komponist]]
[[Kategorie:Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Ritter)]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1741]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1813]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Grétry, André-Ernest-Modeste
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=belgisch-französischer klassischer Komponist
|GEBURTSDATUM=8. Februar 1741
|GEBURTSORT=[[Lüttich]]
|STERBEDATUM=24. September 1813
|STERBEORT=[[Montmorency (Val-d'Oise)]] bei [[Paris]]
}}

Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter

2014-12-21T22:58:47Z

179.183.165.184:

{{Quelle}}

[[Datei:Gerspitze.gif|miniatur|Die [[Ger (Wurfspieß)|Gerspitze]] ist das Bundeszeichen der Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter]]

Die '''Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter''' ist ein [[Deutschland|deutscher]] [[Pfadfinder]]bund, der stark durch [[Bündische Jugend|bündische]] Traditionen geprägt wird. Der Bund war Gründungsmitglied des [[Ring junger Bünde|Ringes junger Bünde]], dem er selbst bis 2012 angehörte.

Die Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter entstand als eigenständiger Pfadfinderbund 1956. Die Wurzeln des Bundes aber liegen noch in der Vorkriegszeit und gehen zurück auf den 1926 gegründeten [[Sturmtrupp-Pfadfinder|Bund der Sturmtrupp-Pfadfinder „Deutsche Waldritterschaft“]], der seinerseits aus der [[Guttempler]]-Bewegung entstanden war. Dieser Bund übernahm teilweise das Erbe der [[Neupfadfinder]], nachdem diese in der [[Deutsche Freischar|Deutschen Freischar]] aufgegangen waren. Als erster [[Koedukation|koedukativer]] Pfadfinderbund unterhielten die Sturmtrupp-Pfadfinder und der Graue Reiter von Anfang an Jungen- und Mädchengruppen.

== Geschichte ==
===Bis 1956: Gau Grauer Reiter im Bund Deutscher Pfadfinder===
1947 wurde in [[Tübingen]] der „Tübinger Bund“ vom Maler, Lithographen und Grafiker [[Erich Mönch]] (Schnauz) gegründet und von der französischen Militärregierung lizenziert. Dieser „Tübinger Bund“ trat später als Landesmark [[Südwürttemberg-Hohenzollern]] in den [[Bund Deutscher PfadfinderInnen|Bund Deutscher Pfadfinder]] (BDP) ein. Freie Entfaltung ihres bündischen Pfadfindertums schien ihnen damals möglich, vor allem im musisch-künstlerischen Bereich. Bei Tübingen wurde ein Feldschützenhaus in einem Ödgelände gepachtet. In dieser Landesmark bildete sich Ende 1952 ein Gau mit dem Namen „Grauer Reiter“. Der Name geht auf einen berittenen [[Stamm (Pfadfinder)|Pfadfinderstamm]] „Grauer Reiter“ der Sturmtrupp-Pfadfinder in [[Myślibórz|Soldin]] zurück, der sich trotz Verbotes 1933 nicht auflöste.

Dieser Gau „Grauer Reiter“ setzte im Bund Deutscher Pfadfinder starke Akzente: 1953 fand das [[Bärenthal]]lager der Landesmark Südwürttemberg-Hohenzollern unter Federführung des Gaues Grauer Reiter statt. Dort wurden erstmals unter Anleitung erfahrener Künstler und Handwerker „Werkgilden“ aus dem musischen, technischen oder künstlerischen Bereich angeboten, eine Methode, die heute grundlegend in der Pfadfinder- und Jugendarbeit geworden ist. Das Bärenthallager stand am Anfang einer Entwicklung, das Pfadfindertum [[Scoutismus|scoutistischer]] Prägung durch eigenständig musisch-schöpferisches Tun zu ergänzen. Der Erfolg war unerwartet groß. Auf dem Bundeslager des BDP 1954 bei [[Kirchberg (Hunsrück)|Kirchberg]] im Hunsrück wurde diese Methode von Angehörigen des Gaues Grauer Reiter für den ganzen Bund umgesetzt.

1955 fand in [[Villingen-Schwenningen|Villingen]] das Steppenlager der Landesmarken Südwürttemberg-Hohenzollern und [[Baden (Land)|Baden]] statt, das maßgeblich von Erich Mönch gestaltet. Es war das erste Lager, das einer umfassenden Spielidee gewidmet war. Der Begriff des Werkens wurde erweitert um die Einbeziehung des Laienspiels in den Lagerbereich. Anders als beim Laienspiel, wo es Akteure und Zuschauer gibt, ist bei der "tragenden Idee" ''jeder'' ein Darsteller und kann den Spielablauf mitbestimmen. Unter Anleitung unter anderem von [[Fritz Mühlenweg]] wurde nach intensiver Vorbereitung in den Gruppen Leben und Treiben eines [[Heerlager]]s des [[Dschingis Khan]] nachempfunden. Auch diese Methode hat heute in der [[Jugendarbeit]] allgemein Einzug gehalten. Im Gedenkheft (Grauer Reiter 17) an [[Eberhard Koebel]] (tusk) bericht Erich Mönch von einem letzten Treffen mit Koebel. Dieser hatte über seinen Neffen vom Steppenlager gehört und beglückwünschte ihn dazu. Ausgehend von dem Steppenlager hat sich der Graue Reiter den mongolischen Gruß „Jabonah“ und die Tradition des [[Khata|Haddak]]s bis heute bewahrt.

Viele Freunde im BDP, auch außerhalb des Gaues, fühlten sich dem Gau Grauer Reiter geistig verbunden und trugen sich in das so genannte „Buch des Grauen Reiters“ ein. Die damalige Bundesführung des BDP warf daraufhin dem Gau vor, ein Bund im Bunde zu sein und forderte eine Grundsatzentscheidung. Daraufhin erfolgte im Jahre 1956 der Austritt aus dem BDP, und es wurde ein eigenständiger Bund, die ''Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter'' von Gruppen und Einzelpersonen aus Südwürttemberg-Hohenzollern, Südbaden, Nordwürttemberg und Wuppertal gebildet. Wenig später stießen noch schwäbische Mädchengruppen aus dem [[Bund Deutscher Pfadfinderinnen (1949–1975)|Bund Deutscher Pfadfinderinnen]] (BDPw), die Kosakenhorde aus Göppingen und eine [[Jungenschaft]] aus Düsseldorf zum Bund. Als Mittelpunkt wählten die Grauen Reiter die auf dem [[Hohenkrähen]] gelegene [[Burg Hohenkrähen]] im [[Hegau]], die sie 1956 vom [[Reischach (Adelsgeschlecht)|Freiherrn von Reischach]] gepachtet hatten. Ohne staatliche Unterstützung wurde hier zunächst ein mittelalterliches Haus ausgebaut.

=== Nach 1956: Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter ===
Aus Übertritten und Neugründungen entstanden auch außerhalb des Gaugebietes Gruppen, unter anderem in [[Wuppertal]], [[Berlin]] und [[Husum]]. Bald war der Graue Reiter in fünf Bundesländern vertreten. Die Führung des Bundes übernahm zunächst ein Führungsrat bestehend aus Erich Mönch, Theo Hohenadel (Gari) und Karl Hils (Grauer Elch). Später wurde Erich Mönch zum Bundesführer gewählt. Ab 1953 erscheint die Schrift „Der Graue Reiter“.

1957 fand das erste [[Überbündisches Treffen|überbündische Treffen]] statt. Zu dem Lager am Fuße des Hohenkrähen kamen Gruppen verschiedener Bünde, darunter der [[Nerother Wandervogel]], die [[Jungentrucht]], der [[Deutscher Pfadfinderbund (1945)|DPB]], die [[Deutsche Freischar]] und natürlich Graue Reiter. Die Künstlergruppe „[[Erich Mönch#Die Ellipse|Ellipse]]“ aus [[Tübingen]], Maler, Grafiker und Bildhauer, unterstützten das erste überbündische Treffen und schickten eine Ausstellung zu moderner Kunst. Die Dichter [[Hans Leip]], [[Fritz Mühlenweg]], [[Walter Scherf]] und [[Werner Helwig]] hielten Werkgilden, ebenso Professor [[Karl Hils]] und Professor [[Christoph Schellenberger]] von der [[Kunstakademie Stuttgart|Stuttgarter Kunstakademie]]. Zum zweiten „Überbündischen Treffen“ auf der [[Burg Waldeck (Hunsrück)|Burg Waldeck]] des [[Nerother Wandervogel]]s hatten Nerother Wandervogel und Grauer Reiter gemeinsam geladen.

Als Erich Mönch 1961 die Schriftleitung von Karl Hils übernahm, trat er als Bundesführer zurück. Der Burgrat wählte daraufhin Theo Hohenadel, den ehemaligen Kanzler der schwäbischen Jungenschaft in der [[Jungenschaft|d.j.1.11]], zu seinem Nachfolger.

Mit einer Werkausstellung und Werkgilden brachte sich der Graue Reiter beim [[Erster Freideutscher Jugendtag#Spätere Freideutsche Jugendtage|Meißnertag]] 1963 ein. 1966 gründete man mit anderen Bünden, die sich in der Tradition der [[Jugendbewegung]] sehen, den [[Ring junger Bünde]]. In derselben Zeit wurde auf dem Bundessitz Hohenkrähen das zweite Haus in Eigenarbeit errichtet. Dieses auf den Ruinen des alten Burgstalls errichtete „neue Haus“ steht auch befreundeten Gruppen als Unterkunft zur Verfügung.

Von den Auswirkungen, die die Umwälzungen im Zuge der [[68er-Bewegung]] auf die deutsche [[Jugendbewegung]] hatten, blieb die Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter nicht verschont. Zwar brach er nicht, wie [[Pfadfindergeschichte im deutschsprachigen Raum#Von 1945 bis zur Gegenwart|viele andere Bünde]] in dieser Zeit, auseinander, doch war die Fortführung der bisherigen Jugendarbeit immer mehr in Frage gestellt. 1975 existierte in kaum einem der zehn verbliebenen Stämme noch aktive Gruppenarbeit. Ab 1976 begann der Wiederaufbau mit Neugründungen in [[Butzbach]], [[Düsseldorf]], [[Singen]] und [[Tübingen]]. 1977 war der Graue Reiter beim sechsten überbündischen Treffen am [[Allenspacher Hof]] und 1981 am Lager „Bünde in Gemeinschaft“ wieder stark vertreten. Eintritte von Gruppen aus [[Ingolstadt]], [[Rottweil]] und [[Landshut]] sowie der Versuch, in den neuen Bundesländern Gruppen aufzubauen, prägten die folgenden Jahre ebenso wie die umfangreichen Modernisierungsmaßnahmen am Bundessitz Hohenkrähen, die erst im Jahr 2002 ihr vorläufiges Ende fanden.

== Die Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter heute ==
[[Datei:GrauerReiterBula06.jpg|miniatur|Bundeslager 2006; im Hintergrund die Burg [[Hohenkrähen]], das Bundeszentrum der Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter]]

Die Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter besteht heute aus sechs Stämmen in vier Bundesländern sowie sechs teilweise überregionalen Älterenhorten und der Burgmannschaft. Der Jugendbund umfasste 2006 etwa 350 Mitglieder. Neben der Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter besteht die ''Fördergemeinschaft Grauer Reiter e. V.'' mit etwa 150 Mitgliedern, die sich unter anderem als Älterenschaft des Bundes versteht.

Der Graue Reiter versteht sich als [[Lebensbund]], was den Versuch beinhaltet, Menschen bis ins hohe Alter in das Bundesleben zu integrieren, ohne die Jugend dabei in ihrer jugendbewegten Entfaltung zu hemmen. Dies wird besonders durch die gemeinsame Arbeit am Bundessitz Burg Hohenkrähen ermöglicht. Die Basis für die Jugendarbeit, die in den Stämmen und Gruppen geleistet wird, bildet die für alle Angehörigen des Bundes verbindliche Bundesordnung. Die Bundestracht ([[Pfadfinderkluft]]) besteht aus einem schwarzen [[Halstuch]] mit rotem Rand, einem steingrauen Hemd mit Brusttaschen und dem Bundeszeichen, einer [[Ger (Wurfspieß)|Gerspitze]], die auf dem linken Ärmel der Kluft getragen wird, und der [[Jungenschaftsjacke]].

Die Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter hat ein intensives Bundesleben, das besonders seit den letzten Jahren durch gemeinsame [[Fahrt (Jugendbewegung)|Auslandsfahrten]] gefördert wird. Enge Kontakte zu [[Bündische Jugend|bündischen]] Gruppierungen, vornehmlich aus dem [[Ring junger Bünde]], werden gepflegt. Neben der pfadfinderischen Gruppenarbeit führt die Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter den Gedanken der freiwilligen Werkgilden unter dem altgriechischen Wort ''„ergon“'' (das Werk, Schaffen) fort. Jeder Angehörige des Bundes ist gehalten, eine Jahreswerkarbeit zu fertigen. Die beiden Häuser auf der Burg wurden unter anderem hierfür mit einer neuen Werkstatt mit Schmiede ausgestattet.

Die bedeutendste Publikation der Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiters ist die Schriftenreihe ''Der Graue Reiter'', in der die inhaltlichen und gestalterischen Traditionen des Bundes gepflegt und weiterentwickelt werden. Verantwortlich ist hierfür eine eigene Schriftleitung, die lange vom Bundesgründer Erich Mönch ausgefüllt wurde. Darüber hinaus existieren das Bundesnachrichtenblatt ''Bastion'' und mehrere Stammeszeitungen.

Am 1. Advent 1957 hat [[Hans Leip]] das Gedicht „Und irgendwo die Steppe“ der Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter gewidmet. 1987 schrieb [[Erik Martin]] (Mac) als Zeichen seiner Verbundenheit mit den Grauen Reitern die Melodie dazu und seit 2002 ist es das Bundeslied.

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.grauer-reiter.de/ Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter]
* [http://www.schriftleitung.org/ Schriftleitung der Pfadfinderschaft Grauer Reiter]

[[Kategorie:Pfadfinderverband (Deutschland)]]
[[Kategorie:Jugendbewegung]]
[[Kategorie:Verein (Baden-Württemberg)]]
[[Kategorie:Gegründet 1956]]

Streets of Rage (Computerspiel)

2014-12-21T13:30:57Z

179.183.209.124: /* Legacy */

{{about|the video game|the series|Streets of Rage (series)|the unrelated film|Streets of Rage (film)}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=April 2010}}
{{lead too short|date=July 2014}}
{{copy edit|date=July 2014}}
}}

{{Infobox video game
|title = Bare Knuckle: Furious Iron Fist Streets of Rage
|image = [[File:Streets of Rage (cover).jpg|250px|''Streets of Rage'' cover art]]
|developer = [[Sega]] ([[AM7]]) MNM Software<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,100460/|title=Mobygames Mikito Ichikawa credits|publisher=[[Moby Games]] |accessdate=2009-03-23 }}</ref> Biox
|publisher = [[Sega]]
|director = [[Noriyoshi Ohba]]
|designer = Noriyoshi Ohba Hiroaki Chino
|programmer = Hiroshi Momota
|composer = [[Yuzo Koshiro]]
|released = '''Mega Drive/Sega Genesis'''{{vgrelease|JP=August 2, 1991|EU=August 1991}}{{vgrelease|NA=September 1991}}'''Game Gear'''{{vgrelease|JP=November 27, 1992|NA=December 1992|EU=1992}}'''Sega Master System'''{{vgrelease|PAL=1993}}'''Wii Virtual Console'''{{vgrelease|NA=February 19, 2007}}{{vgrelease|JP=February 27, 2007|EU=March 2, 2007}}'''iOS Devices'''{{vgrelease|NA=September 14, 2009}}'''Microsoft Windows'''{{vgrelease|NA=January 26, 2011}}'''Nintendo 3DS''' 3D Classics{{vgrelease|JP=August 21, 2013|NA=December 19, 2013|EU=December 19, 2013}}
|series = ''[[Streets of Rage (series)|Streets of Rage]]''
|genre = [[Beat 'em up]]
|modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]]
|platforms = [[Sega Genesis|Mega Drive]], [[Sega CD]], [[Sega Game Gear]], [[Sega Master System]], MegaPlay, [[Virtual Console]], [[iOS]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Xbox Live Arcade]], [[Nintendo 3DS]]
|media = 4-[[megabit]] [[cartridge (electronics)|cartridge]], [[digital distribution]]
}}

{{nihongo|'''''Streets of Rage'''''|ベア・ナックル怒りの鉄拳|Bea Nakkuru: Ikari no Tekken|"Bare Knuckle: Furious Iron Fist"}} is a [[side-scrolling]] [[beat 'em up]] released by Sega in [[1991 in video gaming|1991]] for the [[Sega Genesis]]. It is the first installment of the ''[[Streets of Rage (series)|Bare Knuckle/Streets of Rage]]'' series which was followed by ''[[Streets of Rage 2]]'' and ''[[Streets of Rage 3]]''. The game was also converted over to Sega's [[Sega Game Gear|Game Gear]], [[Sega CD]] and [[Sega Master System|Master System]]. In 2007, the game was released for the [[Wii]]'s [[Virtual Console]] in North America and Europe, and in 2009 it was released for the [[iOS]] via the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]]. The game was again made available as part of [[Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection]] in 2009 on both the [[PlayStation 3]] and [[Xbox 360]] consoles.

==Gameplay==
[[File:Streets of Rage Genesis Character select.png|thumb|left|The three characters]]

Similar to the game ''[[Golden Axe]]'' which was released two years prior by Sega, enemies walk onto the screen from both sides as well as occasionally appearing from other locations. The player must defeat each opponent to progress through eight locations, known as rounds. With the exception of round 7, there is a boss battle at the end of every round with a disproportionately large enemy. Unlike its sequels, none of the enemies are named within the game (only in the Japanese version's manual) and only the bosses have life gauges. As in contemporary games ''[[Double Dragon]]'' and ''[[Final Fight]]'', weapons can be picked up, and these include bottles and drainpipes. In ''Streets of Rage'', the special attack is assistance from a police car which will pull up at the level's left and fire explosives, taking health from all enemies. The player is given one special attack per life or per level, with [[power-up]]s shaped like police cars giving another. In round 8, the special attack can't be used.

There are three playable characters in the game. Adam Hunter is noticeably slower but stronger than the other characters. Axel Stone is the most moderate of the three characters, as he is slightly slower but stronger than Blaze and faster yet slightly weaker than Adam. His only negative attribute is his weak jumping ability compared to the other characters. Blaze Fielding is somewhat weaker than the other characters but is the most agile of the three as she can jump the highest and move about more quickly. Her jump attacks have the longest range, and (because of her judo abilities) her throws and body slams have the highest damage.

==Plot==
The once peaceful city has been taken over by a criminal syndicate, including the police. There is mass violence. Adam Hunter (an accomplished [[boxing|boxer]]), Axel Stone (skilled [[martial arts|martial artist]]) and Blaze Fielding ([[judo]] expert) are ex-police officers who fight back the syndicate.

Depending on whether the game is played as one-player or two-player co-op and the player accepts or rejects Mr. X's offer to become his henchman, there is a possibility for an alternate ending where the player becomes the new head of the crime syndicate.

==Releases==

===Ports===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="4" style="background: #56A0D3;" |<center>'''8-Bit Versions'''</center>
|-
!Port !! Release !! Features
|-
|[[Sega Game Gear]]
|{{vgrelease|JP=November 27, 1992|NA=December 1992|EU=1992}}
|
*Adam is omitted.
*5 rounds in the game.
*2-player feature via cable link.
|-
|[[Sega Master System]]
|{{vgrelease|PAL=1993}}
|
*Cut-down music and introduction
*2-player feature unavailable
*Unique boss on Round 6
*Only 2 enemy characters can appear on-screen
|-
!colspan="4" style="background: #56A0D3;" |<center>'''16-Bit Versions'''</center>
|-
|[[Arcade game|Arcade]] (Mega Tech / Mega Play)
|{{vgy|1991}}
|
*Played for time, not credits
|-
|[[Wii]]
|{{vgrelease|NA=February 19, 2007}}{{vgrelease|JP=February 27, 2007|EU=March 2, 2007}}
|
|-
|[[iOS (Apple)|iOS]]
|{{vgrelease|NA=September 14, 2009}}
|
*2-player feature unavailable
|-
|[[Microsoft Windows]]
|{{vgrelease|NA=January 26, 2011}}
|
|}

===Collections===
A signature title and franchise for Sega during the Mega Drive era, the title was collected often.

*''Mega Games II'' (compiled with ''[[Golden Axe]]'' and ''[[Revenge of Shinobi]]'') that was later bundled with the Sega Mega Drive.

*''[[Sega Classics Arcade Collection]]'' (a [[Mega-CD]] compilation with the two previously mentioned titles, plus ''[[Super Monaco GP]]'' and ''[[Columns (video game)|Columns]]'', also available as in cartridge format for Mega Drive II). The voice effects for the characters in this version of the game were all redone.

*''Sega Genesis 6-PAK'' (composed of ''Streets of Rage'', ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog (16-bit)|Sonic the Hedgehog]]'', ''Columns'', ''[[Revenge of Shinobi]]'', ''[[Golden Axe]]'' and ''[[Super Hang-On]]''); and ''Mega 6'' (composed of ''Streets of Rage'', ''[[World Cup Italia '90]]'', ''Columns'', ''Super Monaco GP'', ''Revenge of Shinobi'' and ''Sonic the Hedgehog'').

*''Streets of Rage'', along with its two sequels, was included in the Japanese version of the ''[[Sonic Gems Collection]]'' for the ''[[Nintendo GameCube|GameCube]]'' and ''[[PlayStation 2]]'', but was omitted from the North American GameCube version to avoid it gaining a T rating, and also from the European GameCube and PlayStation 2 versions for similar reasons.
They are now also available on [[GameTap]].

*''Streets of Rage'', along with both of its sequels are included in ''[[Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection]]'' for [[Xbox 360]] and [[PlayStation 3]].

*In 2012, ''Streets of Rage Collection'', a package of all three ''Streets of Rage'' games, was released on [[Xbox Live Arcade]], as part of the ''Sega Vintage Collection'' range of titles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-05-29-streets-of-rage-golden-axe-collections-hit-xbox-live-arcade-tomorrow|title=Streets of Rage, Golden Axe collections hit Xbox Live Arcade tomorrow |date=May 29, 2012|author=Yin-Poole, Wesley|work=[[Eurogamer]]|accessdate=November 26, 2012}}</ref> A [[PlayStation Network]] release has not been announced.

*On 26 January 2011 ''Streets of Rage'' was released on [[Valve Software|Valve]]'s [[Steam (software)|Steam]] platform, both as a standalone purchase and part of the ''SEGA Mega Drive Classics Pack 4''.

==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
| rev1 = ''[[MegaTech]]''
| rev1Score = 92%<ref>MegaTech rating, [[EMAP]], issue 5, May 1992</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Wizard (magazine)|Wizard]]''
| rev2Score = B<ref name="AtControls"/>
| Allgame = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="Allgame">{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Brett Alan |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1717 |title=Streets of Rage - Overview - allgame |publisher=[[Allgame]] |accessdate=July 29, 2014}}</ref>
}}{{expand section|date=July 2014}}
''[[MegaTech]]'' magazine said it had "excellent sprites, backdrops and brilliant music. Add in great gameplay and simultaneous two-player action and you've got an essential buy". [[Mega (magazine)|Mega]] placed the game at #6 in their Top Mega Drive Games of All Time.<ref>Mega magazine issue 1, page 76, [[Future Publishing]], Oct 1992</ref>

Reviewing the game's appearance in ''Sega Arcade Classics'' for the Sega CD, [[Glenn Rubenstein]] said it "still holds up well."<ref name="AtControls">{{cite journal |last=Rubenstein |first=Glenn |date=January 1993 |title=At the Controls |journal=[[Wizard (magazine)|Wizard]] |volume= |issue=17 |pages=21-24 |publisher=[[Wizard Entertainment]]}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{main|Streets of Rage (series)}}

''Streets of Rage'' was followed by two sequels, ''[[Streets of Rage 2]]'' and ''[[Streets of Rage 3]]''. There were plans for two further sequels to ''Streets of Rage'', one of which was developed by [[Core Design]] for the [[Sega Saturn]], but Sega pulled the ''Streets of Rage'' name during development after a disagreement with Core about porting it to rival formats; the game was eventually released as ''[[Fighting Force]]''.

===Comics===
Three six-part [[comic strip]] series based upon the games appeared in ''[[Sonic the Comic]]'' in the early 1990s (along with several other [[literary adaptation|adaptation]]s of popular Sega franchises). The first two of these was written by [[Mark Millar]], who has since become popular writing ''[[The Authority]]'' for [[Wildstorm]] and ''[[Ultimate X-Men]]'' and ''[[Ultimates|The Ultimates]]'' for [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]], while the third (and a Poster Mag story) was written by Nigel Kitching. Peter Richardson produced the artwork for all nineteen episodes. These three stories are based on ''Streets of Rage 2'' and do not feature Adam.

The first story, simply entitled ''Streets of Rage'', appeared in STC #7-12 and involved Axel, Blaze, and Max quitting the highly corrupt police force in order to do more good as vigilantes, taking down Max's ex-partner; the crime lord and martial artist Hawk.

The next serial, ''Skates' Story'', appeared in STC #25-30 and introduced Skates, delinquent stepson of Murphy, a friend of Axel and his team and one of the few honest cops left on the force, who was unwillingly drawn into joining Axel's group after his parents were killed by Mr X.

A special one-off story, called ''The Facts of Life'', appeared in "Sonic the Poster Mag" #7 and involved the heroes causing a racket by fighting one of the many street gangs in a sleeping neighborhood. The police arrive and arrest the thugs, as well as take the heroes to a junkyard for execution. Along the way, Axel explains why he, Blaze, and Max quit the force to a young rookie officer. At the junkyard, just as the officers are about to shoot Max, the rookie officer unlocks Blaze's handcuffs, who proceeds to beat the stuffing out of the cops, with Axel, Skates, and Max following shortly. After the dust clears, the rookie officer says that he's seen the true colors of the police force and requests that Axel hit him. Axel does so until Blaze tells him to stop, and they and Max and Skates leave as dawn breaks.

The third and final serial, called ''The Only Game In Town'', appeared in STC #41-46 and involved the Syndicate unleashing an army of street gangs on our heroes, with the event turned into a gambling event as Mr. X opened a book based on whether or not the heroes would reach the river without being killed first. This ploy was played against the villain when Blaze bet on twenty-thousand dollars on her team's survival at odds of a thousand to one. This third story was notable for revealing that, for his failure, the old Mr. X had been the victim of a "swimming accident" and had been replaced with a new one by the Syndicate at story's end. Like many non-Sonic stories in this magazine, the story had a cliff-hanger ending, with the new Mr. X promising that he would "recoup his losses" and kill the heroes.

===Soundtracks===
{{Main|Discography of the Streets of Rage series}}
{{Listen
| pos = right
| filename = Streets of Rage - Attack of the Barbarian.ogg
| title = ''Streets of Rage'' - "Attack of the Barbarian" (1991)
| description = Sample of "Attack of the Barbarian" demonstrating elements of [[chiptune]], [[techno]] and [[house music]].
| filename2 = Streets of Rage - The Last Soul.ogg
| title2 = ''Streets of Rage'' - "The Last Soul" (1991)
| description2 = Sample of the final [[level (video gaming)|stage]] theme "The Last Soul" from the [[video game music|game's soundtrack]].
}}

The game's [[chiptune]] soundtrack was acclaimed, with several soundtrack albums being released. The soundtracks were composed by [[Yuzo Koshiro]]. Another musician, Motohiro Kawashima, helped on the second, providing a few tracks, and making even more for the third. Three [[soundtrack]] [[Compact Disc|CD]]s were released in all, each of which now sell for high prices at auction and in Japanese markets.

When the first game's development began in 1990, Koshiro was influenced by [[electronic dance music]], or club music, specifically [[techno]] and [[house music]], and wanted to be the first to introduce those sounds to chiptune and [[video game music]]. The soundtrack shows the influence of [[contemporary R&B]] and [[hip hop music]]. Koshiro said the most important element in recreating club music sounds for the games was to emulate the [[timbre]] and [[percussion instrument|percussion]] sounds of [[Roland Corporation|Roland]]'s [[drum machine|rhythm machines]] (the most famous models being the [[Roland TR-606|TR-606]], [[Roland TR-707|TR-707]], [[Roland TR-808|TR-808]], and [[Roland TR-909|TR-909]]), stating that "it wouldn't be an exaggeration to say that that sound defined the genre."<ref name="yuzo_liner">{{cite web|title=Liner Notes|url=http://www.squareenixmusic.com/features/liners/streetsragecompilation.shtml|work=Streets of Rage Original Soundtrack|publisher=[[Wave Master]], Square Enix Music Online|accessdate=28 August 2012|author=Yuzo Koshiro|authorlink=Yuzo Koshiro|coauthors=Ben Schweitzer (translation)|date=June 27, 2012}}</ref>

The soundtracks for the ''Streets of Rage'' series were composed using then outdated [[PC-8801]] hardware alongside Koshiro's own original [[audio programming language]]. According to Koshiro: "For ''Bare Knuckle'' I used the PC88 and an original programming language I developed myself. The original was called MML, [[Music Macro Language]]. It's based on [[NEC]]'s [[BASIC]] program, but I modified it heavily. It was more a BASIC-style language at first, but I modified it to be something more like [[Assembly language|Assembly]]. I called it ‘Music Love'. I used it for all the ''Bare Knuckle'' Games."<ref name="hg101_retro">{{cite web|url=http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers.htm|title=Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier|first=John|last=Szczepaniak|publisher=Hardcore Gaming 101|accessdate=2011-03-29}} Reprinted from {{citation|title=[[Retro Gamer]]''|issue=67|year=2009}}</ref>

The soundtracks, particularly ''Streets of Rage 2'', are considered "revolutionary" and ahead of their time.<ref name="gradar_sor2">{{cite web|last=McNeilly|first=Joe|title=Game music of the day: Streets of Rage 2|url=http://www.gamesradar.com/game-music-of-the-day-streets-of-rage-2/|publisher=[[GamesRadar]]|accessdate=28 July 2012|date=April 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Streets of Rage 2 Original Soundtrack (US): Review|url=http://www.squareenixmusic.com/reviews/mustin/streetsofrage2.shtml|publisher=Square Enix Music Online|accessdate=31 July 2012|author=Mustin}}</ref> [[GamesRadar]] considers the soundtracks to have some of the best [[video game music]] ever composed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Elston|first=Brett|title=Game music of the day: Streets of Rage|url=http://www.gamesradar.com/game-music-of-the-day-streets-of-rage/|publisher=[[GamesRadar]]|accessdate=31 July 2012|date=December 4, 2010}}</ref>

===Animated===
Sega has formed the production company Stories International and teaming up with [[Evan Cholfin]] for film and tv projects based on theirs games with Streets of Rage as an animated project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/sega-taps-evan-cholfin-to-adapt-its-videogames-for-films-tv-digital-platforms-exclusive-1201377268/|title=Sega Taps Evan Cholfin to Adapt its Videogames for Films, TV, Digital Platforms (EXCLUSIVE)|author=Marc Graser|date=December 11, 2014|work=Variety|accessdate=December 11, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{moby game|id=/streets-of-rage}}
*http://www.soronline.net/

{{Streets of Rage series}}
{{Franchises by Sega}}

[[Category:1991 video games]]
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[[Category:Overworks games]]
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[[Category:Sega beat 'em ups]]
[[Category:Sega CD games]]
[[Category:Sega Game Gear games]]
[[Category:Sega Genesis games]]
[[Category:Sega Master System games]]
[[Category:Streets of Rage games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Japan]]
[[Category:Video games with oblique graphics]]
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[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]

Alfons de Borbón

2014-06-03T21:20:26Z

179.183.36.51:

[[Bild:Escudo Isabel II.png|thumb|Familienwappen des spanischen Königshaus Borbón]]
'''Alfons Christian de Borbón y de Borbón''', [[Spanische Sprache|spanisch]] ''Alfonso Cristino Teresa Angelo Francisco de Asis y Todos los Santos de Borbón y de Borbón'' (* [[3. Oktober]] [[1941]] in [[Rom]]; † [[29. März]] [[1956]] in [[Estoril]]) war ein Mitglied aus dem spanischen [[Bourbon|Haus Bourbon]].

== Leben ==
Alfons war der jüngste Sohn des Infanten [[Juan de Borbón y Battenberg]] (1913–1993), Graf von Barcelona und Oberhaupt des spanischen Königshauses, und seiner Frau Prinzessin [[Maria de las Mercedes de Borbón y Orléans]] (1910–2000), Tochter des Prinzen Carlos Maria François de Bourbon-Sizilien und seiner Frau Prinzessin Louise Françoise d'Orléans. Seine Großeltern väterlicherseits waren König [[Alfons XIII. (Spanien)|Alfons XIII. von Spanien]] und Prinzessin [[Victoria Eugénie von Battenberg]].

Geboren wurde Alfons, innerhalb der Familie ''Alfonsito'' genannt, 1941 im Exil in Rom.<ref>''Son Born to Spanish Pretender", The New York Times</ref> Als seine Taufpaten fungierten Prinz [[Alfonso d'Orleans-Bourbon]] (1886–1975) und seine Tante, Prinzessin [[Maria Christina de Borbón]], Gräfin Marone (* 1911). Er wuchs zunächst in [[Italien]] und der [[Schweiz]] auf. Nach dem Ende des [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Zweiten Weltkriegs]] ging die Familie nach Estoril in [[Portugal]], dem bevorzugten Exil-Ort so manches vertriebenen Monarchen.

Auf eine Einladung des [[Diktatur|Diktators]] [[Francisco Franco]] besuchte Prinz Alfons zum ersten Mal [[Spanien]]. Zusammen mit seinem älteren Bruder, dem jetzigen [[König (Spanien)|König]] [[Juan Carlos I.]], lebten sie Anfang 1950 im Palast von Miramar in [[Donostia-San Sebastián|San Sebastián]]. Nachdem er sein «Bachillerato», die Reifeprüfung, in [[Madrid]] bestanden hatte, ging er 1955 als Kadett zur Militär-Akademie in [[Saragossa]].

Während eines Urlaubs im königlichen Exil in Estoril ereignete sich am 29. März 1956 ein folgenschweres Unglück: der 14-jährige Prinz Alfons starb durch eine Schussverletzung. Der damals 18-jährige Juan Carlos war der einzige Zeuge.<ref>''Don Juan's Son Is Killed in Spanish Gun Accident'', The New York Times</ref> Die offizielle Erklärung lautete, dass sich während der Reinigung der Waffe (Kaliber .22) ein Schuss gelöst habe. Die Kugel traf Alfons in die Stirn; er starb wenige Minuten später an den Folgen der Verletzung. Prinz Alfons wurde auf dem Friedhof in [[Cascais]] bestattet. 1992 wurde sein Leichnam nach [[Real Sitio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial]] überführt und ruht in der [[Krypta]] ''[[Pantheon der Infanten]]''.

Eine gerichtliche Untersuchung, die auch von Alfons Onkel [[Jaime de Borbón IV.|Jaime de Borbón]], dem älteren Bruder des Vaters gefordert wurde, fand jedoch nie statt. Es wurde auch nie geklärt, wer von den beiden Jugendlichen den Schuss ausgelöst hatte.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/history/world/juancarlos.asp Barbara Mikkelson: ''A royal mystery'']</ref>

== Literatur ==
* Jiří Louda, Michael MacLagan: ''Lines of Succession. Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe.'' Little, Brown and Company, London 1999, ISBN 0-316-84820-4.
* Arnold McNaughton: ''The Book of Kings. A Royal Genealogy.'' 3 Bände. Garnstone Press, London 1973, ISBN 0-900391-19-7.
* José M. Zavala: ''Dos infantes y un destino.'' Plaza & Janés, Barcelona 1998, ISBN 8-4015-5006-8.

== Anmerkungen ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alfons De Borbon}}
[[Kategorie:Mann]]
[[Kategorie:Spanier]]
[[Kategorie:Prinz (Spanien)]]
[[Kategorie:Haus Bourbon-Anjou]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1941]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1956]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Alfons de Borbón
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Alfonso Christino Teresa Angelo Francisco de Asis y Todos los Santos de Borbón y de Borbón
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=spanischer Adeliger, Mitglied des Hauses Bourbon
|GEBURTSDATUM=3. Oktober 1941
|GEBURTSORT=[[Rom]]
|STERBEDATUM=29. März 1956
|STERBEORT=[[Estoril]]
}}