Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Parliament House (Canberra)

2005-10-19T00:23:29Z

165.228.128.11: /* The House of Representatives */

[[Image:NewParliamentHouseInCanberra.jpg|thumb|330px|Parliament House Canberra: The main entrance and the flag]]

'''Parliament House''' is the name given to two purpose-built buildings in [[Canberra]], the capital of [[Australia]], where the [[Parliament of Australia]] has met since [[1927]].
__TOC__
 

==Before Canberra==
In [[1901]], when the six British colonies in Australia federated to form the Commmonwealth of Australia, [[Melbourne]] and [[Sydney]] were the two largest cities in the country. But the long history of rivalry between them meant that neither could become the national capital. Section 125 of the [[Constitution of Australia]] therefore provided that:

<blockquote>''The seat of Government of the Commonwealth shall be determined by the Parliament, and shall be within territory which shall have been granted to or acquired by the Commonwealth, and shall be vested in and belong to the Commonwealth, and shall be in the State of New South Wales, and be distant not less than one hundred miles from Sydney.''
</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Such territory shall contain an area of not less than one hundred square miles, and such portion thereof as shall consist of Crown lands shall be granted to the Commonwealth without any payment therefor. The Parliament shall sit at Melbourne until it meet at the seat of Government.''</blockquote>

[[Image:ac.parlthousemelb.jpg.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Parliament House Melbourne]]In [[1909]], after much argument, the Parliament decided that the new capital would be on the site which is now [[Canberra]], in southern [[New South Wales]]. The Commonwealth acquired control over the land in [[1911]], but [[World War I]] intervened, and nothing was done for some years to build the city. Federal Parliament did not leave Melbourne until [[1927]].

In the meantime Parliament met in the 19th century edifice of [[Parliament House, Melbourne]], at the request of the Victorian State Parliament, who met in the nearby [[Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne|Royal Exhibition Building]] for 26 years. Begun in [[1853]] and ready for occupancy (though not actually finished) in [[1856]], it was built at the height of the [[gold rush]] when Victoria was awash with money, and was one of the finest public buildings in the [[British Empire]].
 

==Old Parliament House==
[[Image:parliamenthouse2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Parliament House Opening, 1927]]
:''Main article'': [[Old Parliament House, Canberra]]
After World War I the Federal Capital Advisory Committee was established to get Canberra ready to be the seat of government, including the construction of a Parliament House. The committee decided that it would be best to erect a "provisional" building, to serve for a predicted 50 years until a new, "permanent" House could be built. The government architect, John Smith Murdoch, therefore produced a fairly plain "stripped classical" design, making use of simple geometric forms. Although this received some criticism from architects at the time as lacking in the grandiosity of legislative buildings in other places, the general view has been that this gave the nation a building which was both functional and handsome.
[[Image:Old Parliament House.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Old Parliament House today]]

Construction began in August [[1923]] and the building was ready for occupancy in May [[1927]]. The interior of the House followed the same pattern of simple geometric designs and plain surfaces. The building cost about 600,000 pounds. The official opening was on [[9 May]], and the Duke of York, later [[King George VI]] officiated, accompanied by the Prime Minister, [[Stanley Bruce]]. Parliamentarians and public servants alike were not pleased at giving up the comforts of Melbourne for this remote, cold, dusty hamlet, particularly since alcohol was banned. (This ban was lifted soon after Parliament met in the new building).

This "provisional" House accommodated the Parliament for 61 years, and the city of Canberra grew up around it. Despite being deliberately planned for future growth, by the 1960s the building was already too crowded, and the press in particular complained about their cramped quarters. A building designed to house 300 people was expected to cope with over 4,000. But successive governments blanched at the likely cost of building a new, much bigger Parliament House. There was also a prolonged battle over where to put a new House: either on the same site as the old one, behind it on Capital Hill, or by the lake shore, which was where the original designer of Canberra, [[Walter Burley Griffin]], had intended it to be.
 

==New Parliament House==

[[Image:Flagpole, Parliament House, Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The flagpole of Parliament House]]
Finally in [[1978]] the [[Malcolm Fraser|Fraser]] government decided to proceed with a new building on [[Capital Hill, Australian Capital Territory|Capital Hill]], and the Parliament House Construction Authority was created. The design competition was won by the Italian-American architect [[Romaldo Giurgola]], with an imaginative design which involved burying most of the building under [[Capital Hill]], and capping the edifice with an enormous spire topped by a large [[Flag of Australia|Australian flag]]. The facades, however, deliberately echoed the designs of the Old Parliament House, so that there is a family resemblance despite the massive difference in scale.

Construction began in [[1981]], and the House was intended to be ready by January [[1988]], the 200th anniversary of European settlement in Australia. It was expected to cost A$220 million. Neither deadline nor budget were met. The building was finally opened by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] on [[9 May]] [[1988]], the anniversary of the opening of both the first Federal Parliament in Melbourne ([[9 May]] [[1901]]), and of the Provisional Parliament House in Canberra ([[9 May]] [[1927]]). The final cost was over $1,000 million, making Parliament House the most expensive building in Australian history.

From above, the design of the site is in the shape of two [[boomerang]]s enclosed within a circle. Much of the building is buried beneath Capital Hill, but the meeting chambers and accommodation for parliamentarians are free-standing within the boomerang-shaped arms. There are 24,000 granite slabs on the curved walls which, placed end to end, would stretch 46 kilometres. The building required 300,000 cubic metres of concrete, enough to build 25 [[Sydney Opera House|Sydney Opera Houses]] and has a [[design life]] of 200 years. The building has 4,500 rooms. The flag flown from the 81m flagpole is 12.8m by 6.4m, about the size of half a [[tennis court]]. Although security has been greatly tightened in recent years, much of the building is open to the public.

[[Image:ParlamentHouseACT.jpg|left|thumb|300px|New and Old Parliament house, seen from the northeast across Lake Burley Griffin]]

The building was designed to "sit above" Old Parliament House when seen from a distance, but when the idea was floated to demolish Old Parliament House so that there would be an uninterrupted vista from the New Parliament House to Lake Burley Griffin and the [[Australian War Memorial]], there was an outcry at this idea. The historic building was preserved, and it now houses a parliamentary museum and part of the [[National Portrait Gallery, Australia|National Portrait Gallery]].

The original concept was for Parliament House to be freely open to the public, and the sweeping lawns leading up to the entrances were intended to symbolise this. Since the terrorist attacks of recent years, however, security at Parliament House has been greatly tightened. One measure has been the erection of crash barriers blocking access to the lawns (a [[4WD]] was driven through the front doors in 1992). The ugliness of these barriers is widely regretted, and construction of less obstrusive barriers is nearly complete.

 
=== Layout ===
[[Image:Great Hall, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Great Hall]]

Parliament House is structured into a main foyer leading into a Great Hall, which features a tapestry based on a painting by [[Arthur Boyd]] (also situated in the building on display). Functions that have parliamentary and federal relevance often take place here, but the Great Hall is also open to functions for the general public, such as weddings, and the nearby [[Australian National University]] hosts graduation ceremonies here also.

Below the tapestry of The Great Hall is a removable division, which opens on to the Member's Hall, with a water feature at its center. Directly ahead of the Member's Hall is the Ministerial Wing, housing the office suites of the Prime Minister and government ministers. Member's Hall has access to the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] buildings to the left and right of the main entrance to the Halls respectively. Public access to the visitors' galleries and the Main Committee Room is via an upper level reached by impressive staircases ascending from the entrance foyer.
 

==== The House of Representatives ====
[[Image:House of Representatives, Parliament House, Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The House of Representatives]]
In a reflection of the colour scheme of the [[United Kingdom House of Commons|United Kingdom House of Commons]], the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] is decorated in green. However, the colour is muted to suggest the color of [[eucalyptus]] leaves.

From the perspective of the image to the right, the [[press gallery]] is ahead, with public galleries to the left and right. Soundproofed galleries for school groups lie directly above these, as no talking is permitted when the House is sitting.

[[Image:Frontbench and dispatch box, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|left|thumb|A part of the front bench, and the despatch boxes]]
Frontbench members approach the ornate box pictured, known as the despatch box, to speak. Backbenchers have a microphone on their desk, and merely stand to speak (unless they cannot stand), in accordance with [[Standing and Sessional Orders (Australia)|standing order]] 60.

As is the custom with [[Westminster system|Westminster]] parliaments, members of the governing party sit to the Speaker's right, and the Opposition sits to the Speaker's left. Independents and minor parties sit on the cross-benches. The long benches (the [[front bench|front benches]]) closest to the dispatch boxes are reserved for the Cabinet on the government's side and the Shadow Cabinet on the Opposition's side.
 

==== The Senate ====
[[Image:Senate, Parliament House, Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The Senate]]
The [[Australian Senate|Senate]] building follows the colour scheme of the [[House of Lords]], decorated in red, this time muted to tints of [[ochre]], suggesting the earth and the colours of the [[outback]].

[[Image:Senate benches closeup, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|left|thumb|Senate and advisor seating]]
The gallery arrangement is identical to that of the House of Representatives. Unlike the House of Representatives, only the Leader of the Government or Opposition in the Senate approach the lectern pictured, other frontbench Senators and all backbench senators have their desk microphone. As can be seen from the illustrations, unlike the House of Representatives, there is no distinction between the front and back benches in the Senate chamber; Senate Ministers and their opposition counterparts have the same two-seat benches as all other Senators.

 

==== Clocks ====
[[Image:Clock, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A Parliament House clock. The indicators are the small squares between 4 and 5 (green), and 7 and 8 (red).]]
The Parliament House has 2,416 [[clock]]s [http://www.aph.gov.au/DPS/publications/DPRS/Anrep2001/019_Output_Group_2_1.htm], which, beyond serving the usual purpose, remind members of events such as [[Question Time]] at 2pm, when all members are expected to attend. When the House of Representatives or the Senate [[division (vote)|divides]] (where a vote must be tallied), all members are called to the chamber to vote. Bells audible throughout the house are rung, and one of two separate panels (one green, one red) lights up to indicate whether the division is for the House of Representatives or the Senate.

==External links==
*[http://www.oph.gov.au/ Old Parliament House]
*[http://www.aph.gov.au/ New Parliament House]
*[http://www.pictureaustralia.org/trails_politicsgovt.html Parliament House] / image trail from PictureAustralia
*[http://www.abc.net.au/news/features/aph/page01.htm This Australian ABC page] gives an account of the new Parliament House.

[[Category:Legislative buildings]]
[[Category:Politics of Australia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Canberra]]

Parliament House (Canberra)

2005-10-19T00:21:11Z

165.228.128.11: /* New Parliament House */

[[Image:NewParliamentHouseInCanberra.jpg|thumb|330px|Parliament House Canberra: The main entrance and the flag]]

'''Parliament House''' is the name given to two purpose-built buildings in [[Canberra]], the capital of [[Australia]], where the [[Parliament of Australia]] has met since [[1927]].
__TOC__
 

==Before Canberra==
In [[1901]], when the six British colonies in Australia federated to form the Commmonwealth of Australia, [[Melbourne]] and [[Sydney]] were the two largest cities in the country. But the long history of rivalry between them meant that neither could become the national capital. Section 125 of the [[Constitution of Australia]] therefore provided that:

<blockquote>''The seat of Government of the Commonwealth shall be determined by the Parliament, and shall be within territory which shall have been granted to or acquired by the Commonwealth, and shall be vested in and belong to the Commonwealth, and shall be in the State of New South Wales, and be distant not less than one hundred miles from Sydney.''
</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Such territory shall contain an area of not less than one hundred square miles, and such portion thereof as shall consist of Crown lands shall be granted to the Commonwealth without any payment therefor. The Parliament shall sit at Melbourne until it meet at the seat of Government.''</blockquote>

[[Image:ac.parlthousemelb.jpg.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Parliament House Melbourne]]In [[1909]], after much argument, the Parliament decided that the new capital would be on the site which is now [[Canberra]], in southern [[New South Wales]]. The Commonwealth acquired control over the land in [[1911]], but [[World War I]] intervened, and nothing was done for some years to build the city. Federal Parliament did not leave Melbourne until [[1927]].

In the meantime Parliament met in the 19th century edifice of [[Parliament House, Melbourne]], at the request of the Victorian State Parliament, who met in the nearby [[Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne|Royal Exhibition Building]] for 26 years. Begun in [[1853]] and ready for occupancy (though not actually finished) in [[1856]], it was built at the height of the [[gold rush]] when Victoria was awash with money, and was one of the finest public buildings in the [[British Empire]].
 

==Old Parliament House==
[[Image:parliamenthouse2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Parliament House Opening, 1927]]
:''Main article'': [[Old Parliament House, Canberra]]
After World War I the Federal Capital Advisory Committee was established to get Canberra ready to be the seat of government, including the construction of a Parliament House. The committee decided that it would be best to erect a "provisional" building, to serve for a predicted 50 years until a new, "permanent" House could be built. The government architect, John Smith Murdoch, therefore produced a fairly plain "stripped classical" design, making use of simple geometric forms. Although this received some criticism from architects at the time as lacking in the grandiosity of legislative buildings in other places, the general view has been that this gave the nation a building which was both functional and handsome.
[[Image:Old Parliament House.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Old Parliament House today]]

Construction began in August [[1923]] and the building was ready for occupancy in May [[1927]]. The interior of the House followed the same pattern of simple geometric designs and plain surfaces. The building cost about 600,000 pounds. The official opening was on [[9 May]], and the Duke of York, later [[King George VI]] officiated, accompanied by the Prime Minister, [[Stanley Bruce]]. Parliamentarians and public servants alike were not pleased at giving up the comforts of Melbourne for this remote, cold, dusty hamlet, particularly since alcohol was banned. (This ban was lifted soon after Parliament met in the new building).

This "provisional" House accommodated the Parliament for 61 years, and the city of Canberra grew up around it. Despite being deliberately planned for future growth, by the 1960s the building was already too crowded, and the press in particular complained about their cramped quarters. A building designed to house 300 people was expected to cope with over 4,000. But successive governments blanched at the likely cost of building a new, much bigger Parliament House. There was also a prolonged battle over where to put a new House: either on the same site as the old one, behind it on Capital Hill, or by the lake shore, which was where the original designer of Canberra, [[Walter Burley Griffin]], had intended it to be.
 

==New Parliament House==

[[Image:Flagpole, Parliament House, Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The flagpole of Parliament House]]
Finally in [[1978]] the [[Malcolm Fraser|Fraser]] government decided to proceed with a new building on [[Capital Hill, Australian Capital Territory|Capital Hill]], and the Parliament House Construction Authority was created. The design competition was won by the Italian-American architect [[Romaldo Giurgola]], with an imaginative design which involved burying most of the building under [[Capital Hill]], and capping the edifice with an enormous spire topped by a large [[Flag of Australia|Australian flag]]. The facades, however, deliberately echoed the designs of the Old Parliament House, so that there is a family resemblance despite the massive difference in scale.

Construction began in [[1981]], and the House was intended to be ready by January [[1988]], the 200th anniversary of European settlement in Australia. It was expected to cost A$220 million. Neither deadline nor budget were met. The building was finally opened by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] on [[9 May]] [[1988]], the anniversary of the opening of both the first Federal Parliament in Melbourne ([[9 May]] [[1901]]), and of the Provisional Parliament House in Canberra ([[9 May]] [[1927]]). The final cost was over $1,000 million, making Parliament House the most expensive building in Australian history.

From above, the design of the site is in the shape of two [[boomerang]]s enclosed within a circle. Much of the building is buried beneath Capital Hill, but the meeting chambers and accommodation for parliamentarians are free-standing within the boomerang-shaped arms. There are 24,000 granite slabs on the curved walls which, placed end to end, would stretch 46 kilometres. The building required 300,000 cubic metres of concrete, enough to build 25 [[Sydney Opera House|Sydney Opera Houses]] and has a [[design life]] of 200 years. The building has 4,500 rooms. The flag flown from the 81m flagpole is 12.8m by 6.4m, about the size of half a [[tennis court]]. Although security has been greatly tightened in recent years, much of the building is open to the public.

[[Image:ParlamentHouseACT.jpg|left|thumb|300px|New and Old Parliament house, seen from the northeast across Lake Burley Griffin]]

The building was designed to "sit above" Old Parliament House when seen from a distance, but when the idea was floated to demolish Old Parliament House so that there would be an uninterrupted vista from the New Parliament House to Lake Burley Griffin and the [[Australian War Memorial]], there was an outcry at this idea. The historic building was preserved, and it now houses a parliamentary museum and part of the [[National Portrait Gallery, Australia|National Portrait Gallery]].

The original concept was for Parliament House to be freely open to the public, and the sweeping lawns leading up to the entrances were intended to symbolise this. Since the terrorist attacks of recent years, however, security at Parliament House has been greatly tightened. One measure has been the erection of crash barriers blocking access to the lawns (a [[4WD]] was driven through the front doors in 1992). The ugliness of these barriers is widely regretted, and construction of less obstrusive barriers is nearly complete.

 
=== Layout ===
[[Image:Great Hall, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Great Hall]]

Parliament House is structured into a main foyer leading into a Great Hall, which features a tapestry based on a painting by [[Arthur Boyd]] (also situated in the building on display). Functions that have parliamentary and federal relevance often take place here, but the Great Hall is also open to functions for the general public, such as weddings, and the nearby [[Australian National University]] hosts graduation ceremonies here also.

Below the tapestry of The Great Hall is a removable division, which opens on to the Member's Hall, with a water feature at its center. Directly ahead of the Member's Hall is the Ministerial Wing, housing the office suites of the Prime Minister and government ministers. Member's Hall has access to the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] buildings to the left and right of the main entrance to the Halls respectively. Public access to the visitors' galleries and the Main Committee Room is via an upper level reached by impressive staircases ascending from the entrance foyer.
 

==== The House of Representatives ====
[[Image:House of Representatives, Parliament House, Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The House of Representatives]]
In a reflection of the colour scheme of the [[United Kingdom House of Commons|United Kingdom House of Commons]], the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] is decorated in green. However, the colour is muted to suggest the color of [[eucalyptus]] leaves.

From the perspective of the image to the right, the [[press gallery]] is ahead, with public galleries to the left and right. Soundproofed galleries for school groups lie directly above these, as no talking is permitted when the House is sitting.

[[Image:Frontbench and dispatch box, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|left|thumb|A part of the front bench, and the despatch boxes]]
Frontbench members approach the ornate box pictured, known as the despatch box, to speak. Backbenchers have a microphone on their desk, and merely stand to speak (unless they cannot stand), in accordance with [[Standing and Sessional Orders (Australia)|standing orders]] 59 and 60.

As is the custom with [[Westminster system|Westminster]] parliaments, members of the governing party sit to the Speaker's right, and the Opposition sits to the Speaker's left. Independents and minor parties sit on the cross-benches. The long benches (the [[front bench|front benches]]) closest to the dispatch boxes are reserved for the Cabinet on the government's side and the Shadow Cabinet on the Opposition's side.
 

==== The Senate ====
[[Image:Senate, Parliament House, Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The Senate]]
The [[Australian Senate|Senate]] building follows the colour scheme of the [[House of Lords]], decorated in red, this time muted to tints of [[ochre]], suggesting the earth and the colours of the [[outback]].

[[Image:Senate benches closeup, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|left|thumb|Senate and advisor seating]]
The gallery arrangement is identical to that of the House of Representatives. Unlike the House of Representatives, only the Leader of the Government or Opposition in the Senate approach the lectern pictured, other frontbench Senators and all backbench senators have their desk microphone. As can be seen from the illustrations, unlike the House of Representatives, there is no distinction between the front and back benches in the Senate chamber; Senate Ministers and their opposition counterparts have the same two-seat benches as all other Senators.

 

==== Clocks ====
[[Image:Clock, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A Parliament House clock. The indicators are the small squares between 4 and 5 (green), and 7 and 8 (red).]]
The Parliament House has 2,416 [[clock]]s [http://www.aph.gov.au/DPS/publications/DPRS/Anrep2001/019_Output_Group_2_1.htm], which, beyond serving the usual purpose, remind members of events such as [[Question Time]] at 2pm, when all members are expected to attend. When the House of Representatives or the Senate [[division (vote)|divides]] (where a vote must be tallied), all members are called to the chamber to vote. Bells audible throughout the house are rung, and one of two separate panels (one green, one red) lights up to indicate whether the division is for the House of Representatives or the Senate.

==External links==
*[http://www.oph.gov.au/ Old Parliament House]
*[http://www.aph.gov.au/ New Parliament House]
*[http://www.pictureaustralia.org/trails_politicsgovt.html Parliament House] / image trail from PictureAustralia
*[http://www.abc.net.au/news/features/aph/page01.htm This Australian ABC page] gives an account of the new Parliament House.

[[Category:Legislative buildings]]
[[Category:Politics of Australia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Canberra]]

Parliament House (Canberra)

2005-10-19T00:20:26Z

165.228.128.11: /* New Parliament House */

[[Image:NewParliamentHouseInCanberra.jpg|thumb|330px|Parliament House Canberra: The main entrance and the flag]]

'''Parliament House''' is the name given to two purpose-built buildings in [[Canberra]], the capital of [[Australia]], where the [[Parliament of Australia]] has met since [[1927]].
__TOC__
 

==Before Canberra==
In [[1901]], when the six British colonies in Australia federated to form the Commmonwealth of Australia, [[Melbourne]] and [[Sydney]] were the two largest cities in the country. But the long history of rivalry between them meant that neither could become the national capital. Section 125 of the [[Constitution of Australia]] therefore provided that:

<blockquote>''The seat of Government of the Commonwealth shall be determined by the Parliament, and shall be within territory which shall have been granted to or acquired by the Commonwealth, and shall be vested in and belong to the Commonwealth, and shall be in the State of New South Wales, and be distant not less than one hundred miles from Sydney.''
</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Such territory shall contain an area of not less than one hundred square miles, and such portion thereof as shall consist of Crown lands shall be granted to the Commonwealth without any payment therefor. The Parliament shall sit at Melbourne until it meet at the seat of Government.''</blockquote>

[[Image:ac.parlthousemelb.jpg.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Parliament House Melbourne]]In [[1909]], after much argument, the Parliament decided that the new capital would be on the site which is now [[Canberra]], in southern [[New South Wales]]. The Commonwealth acquired control over the land in [[1911]], but [[World War I]] intervened, and nothing was done for some years to build the city. Federal Parliament did not leave Melbourne until [[1927]].

In the meantime Parliament met in the 19th century edifice of [[Parliament House, Melbourne]], at the request of the Victorian State Parliament, who met in the nearby [[Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne|Royal Exhibition Building]] for 26 years. Begun in [[1853]] and ready for occupancy (though not actually finished) in [[1856]], it was built at the height of the [[gold rush]] when Victoria was awash with money, and was one of the finest public buildings in the [[British Empire]].
 

==Old Parliament House==
[[Image:parliamenthouse2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Parliament House Opening, 1927]]
:''Main article'': [[Old Parliament House, Canberra]]
After World War I the Federal Capital Advisory Committee was established to get Canberra ready to be the seat of government, including the construction of a Parliament House. The committee decided that it would be best to erect a "provisional" building, to serve for a predicted 50 years until a new, "permanent" House could be built. The government architect, John Smith Murdoch, therefore produced a fairly plain "stripped classical" design, making use of simple geometric forms. Although this received some criticism from architects at the time as lacking in the grandiosity of legislative buildings in other places, the general view has been that this gave the nation a building which was both functional and handsome.
[[Image:Old Parliament House.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Old Parliament House today]]

Construction began in August [[1923]] and the building was ready for occupancy in May [[1927]]. The interior of the House followed the same pattern of simple geometric designs and plain surfaces. The building cost about 600,000 pounds. The official opening was on [[9 May]], and the Duke of York, later [[King George VI]] officiated, accompanied by the Prime Minister, [[Stanley Bruce]]. Parliamentarians and public servants alike were not pleased at giving up the comforts of Melbourne for this remote, cold, dusty hamlet, particularly since alcohol was banned. (This ban was lifted soon after Parliament met in the new building).

This "provisional" House accommodated the Parliament for 61 years, and the city of Canberra grew up around it. Despite being deliberately planned for future growth, by the 1960s the building was already too crowded, and the press in particular complained about their cramped quarters. A building designed to house 300 people was expected to cope with over 4,000. But successive governments blanched at the likely cost of building a new, much bigger Parliament House. There was also a prolonged battle over where to put a new House: either on the same site as the old one, behind it on Capital Hill, or by the lake shore, which was where the original designer of Canberra, [[Walter Burley Griffin]], had intended it to be.
 

==New Parliament House==

[[Image:Flagpole, Parliament House, Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The flagpole of Parliament House]]
Finally in [[1978]] the [[Malcolm Fraser|Fraser]] government decided to proceed with a new building on [[Capital Hill, Australian Capital Territory|Capital Hill]], and the Parliament House Construction Authority was created. The design competition was won by the American architect [[Romaldo Giurgola]], with an imaginative design which involved burying most of the building under [[Capital Hill]], and capping the edifice with an enormous spire topped by a large [[Flag of Australia|Australian flag]]. The facades, however, deliberately echoed the designs of the Old Parliament House, so that there is a family resemblance despite the massive difference in scale.

Construction began in [[1981]], and the House was intended to be ready by January [[1988]], the 200th anniversary of European settlement in Australia. It was expected to cost A$220 million. Neither deadline nor budget were met. The building was finally opened by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] on [[9 May]] [[1988]], the anniversary of the opening of both the first Federal Parliament in Melbourne ([[9 May]] [[1901]]), and of the Provisional Parliament House in Canberra ([[9 May]] [[1927]]). The final cost was over $1,000 million, making Parliament House the most expensive building in Australian history.

From above, the design of the site is in the shape of two [[boomerang]]s enclosed within a circle. Much of the building is buried beneath Capital Hill, but the meeting chambers and accommodation for parliamentarians are free-standing within the boomerang-shaped arms. There are 24,000 granite slabs on the curved walls which, placed end to end, would stretch 46 kilometres. The building required 300,000 cubic metres of concrete, enough to build 25 [[Sydney Opera House|Sydney Opera Houses]] and has a [[design life]] of 200 years. The building has 4,500 rooms. The flag flown from the 81m flagpole is 12.8m by 6.4m, about the size of half a [[tennis court]]. Although security has been greatly tightened in recent years, much of the building is open to the public.

[[Image:ParlamentHouseACT.jpg|left|thumb|300px|New and Old Parliament house, seen from the northeast across Lake Burley Griffin]]

The building was designed to "sit above" Old Parliament House when seen from a distance, but when the idea was floated to demolish Old Parliament House so that there would be an uninterrupted vista from the New Parliament House to Lake Burley Griffin and the [[Australian War Memorial]], there was an outcry at this idea. The historic building was preserved, and it now houses a parliamentary museum and part of the [[National Portrait Gallery, Australia|National Portrait Gallery]].

The original concept was for Parliament House to be freely open to the public, and the sweeping lawns leading up to the entrances were intended to symbolise this. Since the terrorist attacks of recent years, however, security at Parliament House has been greatly tightened. One measure has been the erection of crash barriers blocking access to the lawns (a [[4WD]] was driven through the front doors in 1992). The ugliness of these barriers is widely regretted, and construction of less obstrusive barriers is nearly complete.

 
=== Layout ===
[[Image:Great Hall, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Great Hall]]

Parliament House is structured into a main foyer leading into a Great Hall, which features a tapestry based on a painting by [[Arthur Boyd]] (also situated in the building on display). Functions that have parliamentary and federal relevance often take place here, but the Great Hall is also open to functions for the general public, such as weddings, and the nearby [[Australian National University]] hosts graduation ceremonies here also.

Below the tapestry of The Great Hall is a removable division, which opens on to the Member's Hall, with a water feature at its center. Directly ahead of the Member's Hall is the Ministerial Wing, housing the office suites of the Prime Minister and government ministers. Member's Hall has access to the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] buildings to the left and right of the main entrance to the Halls respectively. Public access to the visitors' galleries and the Main Committee Room is via an upper level reached by impressive staircases ascending from the entrance foyer.
 

==== The House of Representatives ====
[[Image:House of Representatives, Parliament House, Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The House of Representatives]]
In a reflection of the colour scheme of the [[United Kingdom House of Commons|United Kingdom House of Commons]], the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] is decorated in green. However, the colour is muted to suggest the color of [[eucalyptus]] leaves.

From the perspective of the image to the right, the [[press gallery]] is ahead, with public galleries to the left and right. Soundproofed galleries for school groups lie directly above these, as no talking is permitted when the House is sitting.

[[Image:Frontbench and dispatch box, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|left|thumb|A part of the front bench, and the despatch boxes]]
Frontbench members approach the ornate box pictured, known as the despatch box, to speak. Backbenchers have a microphone on their desk, and merely stand to speak (unless they cannot stand), in accordance with [[Standing and Sessional Orders (Australia)|standing orders]] 59 and 60.

As is the custom with [[Westminster system|Westminster]] parliaments, members of the governing party sit to the Speaker's right, and the Opposition sits to the Speaker's left. Independents and minor parties sit on the cross-benches. The long benches (the [[front bench|front benches]]) closest to the dispatch boxes are reserved for the Cabinet on the government's side and the Shadow Cabinet on the Opposition's side.
 

==== The Senate ====
[[Image:Senate, Parliament House, Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The Senate]]
The [[Australian Senate|Senate]] building follows the colour scheme of the [[House of Lords]], decorated in red, this time muted to tints of [[ochre]], suggesting the earth and the colours of the [[outback]].

[[Image:Senate benches closeup, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|left|thumb|Senate and advisor seating]]
The gallery arrangement is identical to that of the House of Representatives. Unlike the House of Representatives, only the Leader of the Government or Opposition in the Senate approach the lectern pictured, other frontbench Senators and all backbench senators have their desk microphone. As can be seen from the illustrations, unlike the House of Representatives, there is no distinction between the front and back benches in the Senate chamber; Senate Ministers and their opposition counterparts have the same two-seat benches as all other Senators.

 

==== Clocks ====
[[Image:Clock, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A Parliament House clock. The indicators are the small squares between 4 and 5 (green), and 7 and 8 (red).]]
The Parliament House has 2,416 [[clock]]s [http://www.aph.gov.au/DPS/publications/DPRS/Anrep2001/019_Output_Group_2_1.htm], which, beyond serving the usual purpose, remind members of events such as [[Question Time]] at 2pm, when all members are expected to attend. When the House of Representatives or the Senate [[division (vote)|divides]] (where a vote must be tallied), all members are called to the chamber to vote. Bells audible throughout the house are rung, and one of two separate panels (one green, one red) lights up to indicate whether the division is for the House of Representatives or the Senate.

==External links==
*[http://www.oph.gov.au/ Old Parliament House]
*[http://www.aph.gov.au/ New Parliament House]
*[http://www.pictureaustralia.org/trails_politicsgovt.html Parliament House] / image trail from PictureAustralia
*[http://www.abc.net.au/news/features/aph/page01.htm This Australian ABC page] gives an account of the new Parliament House.

[[Category:Legislative buildings]]
[[Category:Politics of Australia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Canberra]]

Marlborough (Wiltshire)

2005-08-26T05:02:14Z

165.228.128.11:

{{dablink|This article is about the English town. For other places called ''Marlborough'' see [[Marlborough (disambiguation)]]}}
'''Marlborough''' (pronounced "''Maul''bruh" - /ˈmɔːlbɹə/ in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) is a market town in the [[England|English]] county of [[Wiltshire]] on the [[A4 road|Old Bath Road]], the old main road from [[London]] to [[Bath]]. It received its town charter in [[1204]]. The high street is the widest in England, allowing ample space for a local [[market]] which is held twice a week, on Wednesdays and Saturdays.

The town is best known as the location of the leading [[Public school (UK)|public school]], [[Marlborough College]]. The college is built beside the Mound. This was used as the [[motte]] of a [[castle]]. No remains of the castle can be seen today. There are speculations that the Mound is actually of much more ancient construction, adapted in medieval times as a motte, and possibly a similar feature to [[Silbury Hill]]. Legend has it that the Mound is the burial site of [[Merlin (wizard)|Merlin]] and that the name of the town, Marlborough comes from Merlin's [[Barrow]] (the town's motto is ''Ubi nunc sapientis ossa Merlini'' - Where now are the bones of wise Merlin).

In [[1267]] at a [[Parliament]] held in Marlborough by [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]], the [[Statute of Marlborough]] was passed. It is the oldest piece of British law which has not yet been repealed.

Although once served by two different [[railway]] lines, the town no longer has any direct direct rail access. However the nearby village of [[Great Bedwyn]] acts as a railhead, either by connecting [[bus]] or by [[park and ride]].

== Nearby places ==
'''Towns and cities:''' [[Devizes]], [[Calne]], [[Hungerford]], [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]], [[Swindon]]

'''Villages:''' [[Aldbourne]], [[Avebury, Wiltshire|Avebury]], [[Burbage, Wiltshire|Burbage]], [[Great Bedwyn]], [[Mildenhall, Wiltshire | Mildenhall]], [[Pewsey]], [[Ramsbury]], [[Collingbourne Ducis]]

'''Places of interest:''' [[Avebury]], [[Crofton Pumping Station]], [[Silbury Hill]], [[Wilton Windmill]]

{{UK-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Towns in Wiltshire]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.marlboroughwilts.co.uk Marlborough website]
* [http://www.marlboroughcollege.org Marlborough College]
* [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/getcom2.php?id=155 Wiltshire county website entry] - includes a wealth of historical information

Parliament House (Canberra)

2005-08-10T02:17:05Z

165.228.128.11: Corrected references to frontbenchers approaching the lectern in the Senate- I work for a Senator!

[[Image:NewParliamentHouseInCanberra.jpg|thumb|330px|Parliament House Canberra: The main entrance and the flag]]

'''Parliament House''' is the name given to two purpose-built buildings in [[Canberra]], the capital of [[Australia]], where the [[Parliament of Australia]] has met since [[1927]].
__TOC__
 

==Before Canberra==
In [[1901]], when the six British colonies in Australia federated to form the Commmonwealth of Australia, [[Melbourne]] and [[Sydney]] were the two largest cities in the country. But the long history of rivalry between them meant that neither could become the national capital. Section 125 of the [[Constitution of Australia]] therefore provided that:

<blockquote>''The seat of Government of the Commonwealth shall be determined by the Parliament, and shall be within territory which shall have been granted to or acquired by the Commonwealth, and shall be vested in and belong to the Commonwealth, and shall be in the State of New South Wales, and be distant not less than one hundred miles from Sydney.''
</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Such territory shall contain an area of not less than one hundred square miles, and such portion thereof as shall consist of Crown lands shall be granted to the Commonwealth without any payment therefor. The Parliament shall sit at Melbourne until it meet at the seat of Government.''</blockquote>

[[Image:ac.parlthousemelb.jpg.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Parliament House Melbourne]]In [[1909]], after much argument, the Parliament decided that the new capital would be on the site which is now [[Canberra]], in southern [[New South Wales]]. The Commonwealth acquired control over the land in [[1911]], but [[World War I]] intervened, and nothing was done for some years to build the city. Federal Parliament did not leave Melbourne until [[1927]].

In the meantime Parliament met in the 19th century edifice of [[Parliament House, Melbourne]], at the request of the Victorian State Parliament, who met in the nearby [[Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne|Royal Exhibition Building]] for 26 years. Begun in [[1853]] and ready for occupancy (though not actually finished) in [[1856]], it was built at the height of the [[gold rush]] when Victoria was awash with money, and was one of the finest public buildings in the [[British Empire]].
 

==Old Parliament House==
[[Image:parliamenthouse2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Parliament House Opening, 1927]]
:''Main article'': [[Old Parliament House, Canberra]]
After World War I the Federal Capital Advisory Committee was established to get Canberra ready to be the seat of government, including the construction of a Parliament House. The committee decided that it would be best to erect a "provisional" building, to serve for a predicted 50 years until a new, "permanent" House could be built. The government architect, John Smith Murdoch, therefore produced a fairly plain "stripped classical" design, making use of simple geometric forms. Although this received some criticism from architects at the time as lacking in the grandiosity of legislative buildings in other places, the general view has been that this gave the nation a building which was both functional and handsome.
[[Image:Old Parliament House.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Old Parliament House today]]

Construction began in August [[1923]] and the building was ready for occupancy in May [[1927]]. The interior of the House followed the same pattern of simple geometric designs and plain surfaces. The building cost about 600,000 pounds. The official opening was on [[9 May]], and the Duke of York, later [[King George VI]] officiated, accompanied by the Prime Minister, [[Stanley Bruce]]. Parliamentarians and public servants alike were not pleased at giving up the comforts of Melbourne for this remote, cold, dusty hamlet, particularly since alcohol was banned. (This ban was lifted soon after Parliament met in the new building).

This "provisional" House accommodated the Parliament for 61 years, and the city of Canberra grew up around it. Despite being deliberately planned for future growth, by the 1960s the building was already too crowded, and the press in particular complained about their cramped quarters. A building designed to house 300 people was expected to cope with over 4,000. But successive governments blanched at the likely cost of building a new, much bigger Parliament House. There was also a prolonged battle over where to put a new House: either on the same site as the old one, behind it on Capital Hill, or by the lake shore, which was where the original designer of Canberra, [[Walter Burley Griffin]], had intended it to be.
 

==New Parliament House==

[[Image:Flagpole, Parliament House, Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The flagpole of Parliament House]]
Finally in [[1978]] the [[Malcolm Fraser|Fraser]] government decided to proceed with a new building on Capital Hill, and the Parliament House Construction Authority was created. The design competition was won by the American architect [[Romaldo Giurgola]], with an imaginative design which involved burying most of the building under Capitol Hill, and capping the edifice with an enormous spire topped by a large [[Flag of Australia|Australian flag]]. The facades, however, deliberately echoed the designs of the Old Parliament House, so that there is a family resemblance despite the massive difference in scale.

Construction began in [[1981]], and the House was intended to be ready by January [[1988]], the 200th anniversary of European settlement in Australia. It was expected to cost A$220 million. Neither deadline nor budget were met. The building was finally opened by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] on [[9 May]] [[1988]], the anniversary of the opening of both the first Federal Parliament in Melbourne ([[9 May]] [[1901]]), and of the Provisional Parliament House in Canberra ([[9 May]] [[1927]]). The final cost was over $1,000 million, making Parliament House the most expensive building in Australian history.

From above, the design of the site is in the shape of two [[boomerang]]s enclosed within a circle. Much of the building is buried beneath Capitol Hill, but the meeting chambers and accommodation for parliamentarians are free-standing within the boomerang-shaped arms. There are 24,000 granite slabs on the curved walls which, placed end to end, would stretch 46 kilometres. The building required 300,000 cubic metres of concrete, enough to build 25 [[Sydney Opera House|Sydney Opera Houses]]. The building has 4,500 rooms. The flag flown from the 81m flagpole is 12.8m by 6.4m, about the size of half a [[tennis court]]. Although security has been greatly tightened in recent years, much of the building is open to the public.

[[Image:ParlamentHouseACT.jpg|left|thumb|300px|New and Old Parliament house, seen from the northeast across Lake Burley Griffin]]

The building was designed to "sit above" Old Parliament House when seen from a distance, but when the idea was floated to demolish Old Parliament House so that there would be an uninterrupted vista from the New Parliament House to Lake Burley Griffin and the [[Australian War Memorial]], there was an outcry at this idea. The historic building was preserved, and it now houses a parliamentary museum and part of the [[National Portrait Gallery, Australia|National Portrait Gallery]].

The original concept was for Parliament House to be freely open to the public, and the sweeping lawns leading up to the entrances were intended to symbolise this. Since the terrorist attacks of recent years, however, security at Parliament House has been greatly tightened. One measure has been the erection of crash barriers blocking access to the lawns (a [[4WD]] was driven through the front doors in 1992), as can be seen in the photo heading this article. The ugliness of these barriers is widely regretted, and construction of less obstrusive barriers is nearly complete.

 
=== Layout ===
[[Image:Great Hall, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Great Hall]]

Parliament House is structured into a main foyer leading into a Great Hall, which features a tapestry based on a painting by [[Arthur Boyd]] (also situated in the building on display). Functions that have parliamentary and federal relevance often take place here, but the Great Hall is also open to functions for the general public, such as weddings, and the nearby [[Australian National University]] hosts graduation ceremonies here also.

Below the tapestry of The Great Hall is a removable division, which opens on to the Member's Hall, with a water feature at its center. Directly ahead of the Member's Hall is the Ministerial Wing, housing the office suites of the Prime Minister and government ministers. Member's Hall has access to the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] buildings to the left and right of the main entrance to the Halls respectively. Public access to the visitors' galleries and the Main Committee Room is via an upper level reached by impressive staircases ascending from the entrance foyer.
 

==== The House of Representatives ====
[[Image:House of Representatives, Parliament House, Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The House of Representatives]]
In a reflection of the colour scheme of the [[United Kingdom House of Commons|United Kingdom House of Commons]], the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] is decorated in green. However, the colour is muted to suggest the color of [[eucalyptus]] leaves.

From the perspective of the image to the right, the [[press gallery]] is ahead, with public galleries to the left and right. Soundproofed galleries for school groups lie directly above these, as no talking is permitted when the House is sitting.

[[Image:Frontbench and dispatch box, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|left|thumb|A part of the front bench, and the despatch boxes]]
Frontbench members approach the ornate box pictured, known as the despatch box, to speak. Backbenchers have a microphone on their desk, and merely stand to speak (unless they cannot stand), in accordance with [[Standing and Sessional Orders (Australia)|standing orders]] 59 and 60.

As is the custom with [[Westminster system|Westminster]] parliaments, members of the governing party sit to the Speaker's right, and the Opposition sits to the Speaker's left. Independents and minor parties sit on the cross-benches. The long benches (the [[front bench|front benches]]) closest to the dispatch boxes are reserved for the Cabinet on the government's side and the Shadow Cabinet on the Opposition's side.
 

==== The Senate ====
[[Image:Senate, Parliament House, Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The Senate]]
The [[Australian Senate|Senate]] building follows the colour scheme of the [[House of Lords]], decorated in red, this time muted to tints of [[ochre]], suggesting the earth and the colours of the [[outback]].

[[Image:Senate benches closeup, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|left|thumb|Senate and advisor seating]]
The gallery arrangement is identical to that of the House of Representatives. Unlike the House of Representatives, only the Leader of the Government or Opposition in the Senate approach the lectern pictured, other frontbench Senators and all backbench senators have their desk microphone. As can be seen from the illustrations, unlike the House of Representatives, there is no distinction between the front and back benches in the Senate chamber; Senate Ministers and their opposition counterparts have the same two-seat benches as all other Senators.

 

==== Clocks ====
[[Image:Clock, Parliament House, Canberra.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A Parliament House clock. The indicators are the small squares between 4 and 5 (green), and 7 and 8 (red)]]
The Parliament House has 2,416 [[clock]]s [http://www.aph.gov.au/DPS/publications/DPRS/Anrep2001/019_Output_Group_2_1.htm], which, beyond serving the usual purpose, remind members of events such as [[Question Time]] at 2pm, when all members are expected to attend. When the House of Representatives or the Senate [[division (vote)|divides]] (where a vote must be tallied), all members are called to the chamber to vote. Bells audible throughout the house are rung, and one of two separate panels (one green, one red) lights up to indicate whether the division is for the House of Representatives or the Senate.

 

==External links==
*[http://www.oph.gov.au/ Old Parliament House]
*[http://www.aph.gov.au/ New Parliament House]
*[http://www.pictureaustralia.org/trails_politicsgovt.html Parliament House] / image trail from PictureAustralia

[[Category:Buildings in Canberra]]
[[Category:Legislative buildings]]
[[Category:Politics of Australia]]

Rosebery (Tasmanien)

2005-05-26T03:08:29Z

165.228.128.11:

{{TasmanianTowns_WestCoast}}

Also see our Festval Website: [http://www.rosebery.info/rosefesthist.htm]
Rosebery Online Access Center Website: [http://www.rosebery.tco.asn.au]

'''Rosebery''' is a town on the west coast of [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]. It lies on the [[Murchison Highway]], 25 [[km]] east of [[Zeehan, Tasmania|Zeehan]]. It has a population of 1637 (1991 census) and is part of the Municipality of [[West Coast, Tasmania|West Coast]].

Like most of the west coast, Rosebery is a [[mining]] town. In the [[1890s]], [[gold]], [[lead]], [[zinc]] and [[copper]] were all discovered in the area. This lasted until the mine's closure in 1913. However in [[1927]] the [[Mount Lyell Company]] revived the mines, and today they are still going (under the name of [[ZINIFEX]]).

'''On the 8 thru 10 April Rosebery holds its ''''ANNUAL ROSEBERY FESTIVAL'''' 2005 was the 11th Annual Rosebery Festval. The following is a small taste of what Rosebery has to offer and an insight into the history of Rosebery and it's Festival.'''

"For more than nine months one has wrested with rain and spiteful hail, days of fog that never saw the sun, when men groped through the long twilight nights when the pine huts rocked in the sou'wester grip till the footplates swayed on the myrtle logs. Suddenly as though a wizard had waved his wand, one feels it coming - an indefinable lightness and sweetness a new presence, Summer has come to the mountains!" Marie E.J. Pitt. -Miners Wife and Poet.

The west coast of Tasmania is a grey and brooding canvas of unspeakable beauty where nature draws from the depthless palette and Her brush-strokes with reckless grandeur. There is nothing of understatement in these lowering peaks and mist-hung valleys. Subtlety lives back east somewhere, and raw begins as you enter Rosebery.

An estimated nine billion dollars in state revenue has been bled from these hills since mining began 120 years ago. Men and women from almost every nation on earth have walked their slopes and history whispers forgotten names along drives and cross-cuts long since abandoned to the bush. But the mines still live, and beside them the communities of the west coast have flourished and faltered down through the years. They are deeply rooted in the past these people but their faces are turned to the future. The Rosebery Miners, Axemen, Bush and Blarney Festival is a celebration of both.

The festival was born 11 years ago in the bar of the local RSL. A group of miners pooled what they had in their pockets and promised a piece of it to any musician throughout the state who was willing to listen. Those who did slept at our houses shared our tables and promised to come back again. Some of them travelled 400 miles and were paid a hundred bucks for their trouble but they all came back.

$600 and a promise are a humble enough beginning I suppose. Last year saw bands from Turkey, Chile, Ireland and England play in our streets and some of the states finest musicians graced our bars. There was Poetry, Rockdrilling, Live Theatre and Markets. There were food stalls facepainting, magicians, and a short story and arts competition for the kids. There was the endless craic and too much beer. And at the end of it all, there was still 400 miles to travel home and $100 to show for it.

With 11 years behind us our ethos hasn't changed much. Other festivals generate enough income to pay office holders and attract the cream of national and international artists. They are polished and professional and exceptionally well organised. We're not. And I don't know if we want to be.

This February the sun was shining on Mount Murchison. A thousand shades of green cloaked her shoulders and the rain forest shadow of fern and king billy pine will lap at her foot. The mists, which roll like interminable waves about her head, have fled for a month or two, but you can almost see where they might be again.

If you're down this way stop in and sample the Rosebery Festival. The Music's grand, the beers always cold, have a drink of Guinness or two and the atmosphere is divine. It’s your festival and our culture and if you need a bed the key is in the door.

{{Australia-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Towns in Tasmania]]

Rosebery (Tasmanien)

2005-05-26T03:00:38Z

165.228.128.11:

{{TasmanianTowns_WestCoast}}
'''Rosebery''' is a town on the west coast of [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]. It lies on the [[Murchison Highway]], 25 [[km]] east of [[Zeehan, Tasmania|Zeehan]]. It has a population of 1637 (1991 census) and is part of the Municipality of [[West Coast, Tasmania|West Coast]].

Like most of the west coast, Rosebery is a [[mining]] town. In the [[1890s]], [[gold]], [[lead]], [[zinc]] and [[copper]] were all discovered in the area. This lasted until the mine's closure in 1913. However in [[1927]] the [[Mount Lyell Company]] revived the mines, and today they are still going (under the name of [[ZINIFEX]]).

'''On the 8 thru 10 April Rosebery holds its ''''ANNUAL ROSEBERY FESTIVAL'''' 2005 was the 11th Annual Rosebery Festval. The following is a small taste of what Rosebery has to offer and an insight into the history of Rosebery and it's Festival.'''

"For more than nine months one has wrested with rain and spiteful hail, days of fog that never saw the sun, when men groped through the long twilight nights when the pine huts rocked in the sou'wester grip till the footplates swayed on the myrtle logs. Suddenly as though a wizard had waved his wand, one feels it coming - an indefinable lightness and sweetness a new presence, Summer has come to the mountains!" Marie E.J. Pitt. -Miners Wife and Poet.

The west coast of Tasmania is a grey and brooding canvas of unspeakable beauty where nature draws from the depthless palette and Her brush-strokes with reckless grandeur. There is nothing of understatement in these lowering peaks and mist-hung valleys. Subtlety lives back east somewhere, and raw begins as you enter Rosebery.

An estimated nine billion dollars in state revenue has been bled from these hills since mining began 120 years ago. Men and women from almost every nation on earth have walked their slopes and history whispers forgotten names along drives and cross-cuts long since abandoned to the bush. But the mines still live, and beside them the communities of the west coast have flourished and faltered down through the years. They are deeply rooted in the past these people but their faces are turned to the future. The Rosebery Miners, Axemen, Bush and Blarney Festival is a celebration of both.

The festival was born 11 years ago in the bar of the local RSL. A group of miners pooled what they had in their pockets and promised a piece of it to any musician throughout the state who was willing to listen. Those who did slept at our houses shared our tables and promised to come back again. Some of them travelled 400 miles and were paid a hundred bucks for their trouble but they all came back.

$600 and a promise are a humble enough beginning I suppose. Last year saw bands from Turkey, Chile, Ireland and England play in our streets and some of the states finest musicians graced our bars. There was Poetry, Rockdrilling, Live Theatre and Markets. There were food stalls facepainting, magicians, and a short story and arts competition for the kids. There was the endless craic and too much beer. And at the end of it all, there was still 400 miles to travel home and $100 to show for it.

With 11 years behind us our ethos hasn't changed much. Other festivals generate enough income to pay office holders and attract the cream of national and international artists. They are polished and professional and exceptionally well organised. We're not. And I don't know if we want to be.

This February the sun was shining on Mount Murchison. A thousand shades of green cloaked her shoulders and the rain forest shadow of fern and king billy pine will lap at her foot. The mists, which roll like interminable waves about her head, have fled for a month or two, but you can almost see where they might be again.

If you're down this way stop in and sample the Rosebery Festival. The Music's grand, the beers always cold, have a drink of Guinness or two and the atmosphere is divine. It’s your festival and our culture and if you need a bed the key is in the door.

Also see our website: [http://www.rosebery.info/rosefesthist.htm]

{{Australia-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Towns in Tasmania]]

Rosebery (Tasmanien)

2005-05-26T02:55:44Z

165.228.128.11:

{{TasmanianTowns_WestCoast}}
'''Rosebery''' is a town on the west coast of [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]. It lies on the [[Murchison Highway]], 25 [[km]] east of [[Zeehan, Tasmania|Zeehan]]. It has a population of 1637 (1991 census) and is part of the Municipality of [[West Coast, Tasmania|West Coast]].

Like most of the west coast, Rosebery is a [[mining]] town. In the [[1890s]], [[gold]], [[lead]], [[zinc]] and [[copper]] were all discovered in the area. This lasted until the mine's closure in 1913. However in [[1927]] the [[Mount Lyell Company]] revived the mines, and today they are still going (under the name of [[ZINIFEX]]).

'''On the 8 thru 10 April Rosebery holds its ''''ANNUAL ROSEBERY FESTIVAL'''' 2005 was the 11th Annual Rosebery Festval. The following is a small taste of what Rosebery has to offer and an insight into the history of Rosebery and it's Festival.'''

"For more than nine months one has wrested with rain and spiteful hail, days of fog that never saw the sun, when men groped through the long twilight nights when the pine huts rocked in the sou'wester grip till the footplates swayed on the myrtle logs. Suddenly as though a wizard had waved his wand, one feels it coming - an indefinable lightness and sweetness a new presence, Summer has come to the mountains!" Marie E.J. Pitt. -Miners Wife and Poet.

The west coast of Tasmania is a grey and brooding canvas of unspeakable beauty where nature draws from the depthless palette and Her brush-strokes with reckless grandeur. There is nothing of understatement in these lowering peaks and mist-hung valleys. Subtlety lives back east somewhere, and raw begins as you enter Rosebery.

An estimated nine billion dollars in state revenue has been bled from these hills since mining began 120 years ago. Men and women from almost every nation on earth have walked their slopes and history whispers forgotten names along drives and cross-cuts long since abandoned to the bush. But the mines still live, and beside them the communities of the west coast have flourished and faltered down through the years. They are deeply rooted in the past these people but their faces are turned to the future. The Rosebery Miners, Axemen, Bush and Blarney Festival is a celebration of both.

The festival was born 11 years ago in the bar of the local RSL. A group of miners pooled what they had in their pockets and promised a piece of it to any musician throughout the state who was willing to listen. Those who did slept at our houses shared our tables and promised to come back again. Some of them travelled 400 miles and were paid a hundred bucks for their trouble but they all came back.

$600 and a promise are a humble enough beginning I suppose. Last year saw bands from Turkey, Chile, Ireland and England play in our streets and some of the states finest musicians graced our bars. There was Poetry, Rockdrilling, Live Theatre and Markets. There were food stalls facepainting, magicians, and a short story and arts competition for the kids. There was the endless craic and too much beer. And at the end of it all, there was still 400 miles to travel home and $100 to show for it.

With 11 years behind us our ethos hasn't changed much. Other festivals generate enough income to pay office holders and attract the cream of national and international artists. They are polished and professional and exceptionally well organised. We're not. And I don't know if we want to be.

This February the sun was shining on Mount Murchison. A thousand shades of green cloaked her shoulders and the rain forest shadow of fern and king billy pine will lap at her foot. The mists, which roll like interminable waves about her head, have fled for a month or two, but you can almost see where they might be again.

If you're down this way stop in and sample the Rosebery Festival. The Music's grand, the beers always cold, have a drink of Guinness or two and the atmosphere is divine. It’s your festival and our culture and if you need a bed the key is in the door.

{{Australia-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Towns in Tasmania]]

Pyramiden von Güímar

2005-01-17T05:13:47Z

165.228.128.11:

[[Bild:Guimar_1.jpg|thumb|right|Eine der Pyramiden von Güímar]]

Die '''Pyramiden von Güímar''' befinden sich in dem Ort [[Güímar]] auf der Insel [[Teneriffa]] und geben den [[Archäologe]]n nach wie vor Rätsel auf. Es handelt sich um sechs Stufenpyramiden mit rechteckigem Grundriss, die eine bemerkenswerte Ähnlichkeit mit denen der [[Maya]] und der [[Azteken]] in [[Mexiko]] haben.

Lange glaubte man, die Stufenpyramiden seien von einheimischen Bauern aufgeschüttet worden, die die Steine beim Pflügen auf ihren Feldern gefunden und am Rand ihrer Felder in Pyramidenform aufgeschichtet hätten - eine auf den Kanaren durchaus übliche Praxis. Überlieferungen der Einheimischen sowie alte Darstellungen zeigen auch, dass solche Pyramiden einst an vielen Orten der Insel zu finden waren, jedoch auf Grund ihrer vermeintlichen Nutzlosigkeit abgerissen und als billiges Baumaterial genutzt wurden. In Güímar selbst gab es ursprünglich neun Pyramiden, von denen heute nur noch sechs erhalten sind.

[[1991]] nahm sich der berühmte Forscher [[Thor Heyerdahl]] der Pyramiden an und entdeckte, dass es sich keinesfalls um zufällig aufgeschichtete Steinhaufen handeln kann. So weisen die Steine an den Ecken der Pyramiden zum Beispiel deutliche Bearbeitungsspuren auf, und der Boden wurde vor dem Bau der Pyramiden eingeebnet. Das Baumaterial besteht nicht aus den runden Feldsteinen der Umgebung, sondern aus Lavagestein. Auch entdeckte Heyerdahl die astronomische Ausrichtung der Pyramiden. Am Tag der [[Sommersonnenwende]] kann man von der Plattform der größten Pyramide einen zweifachen Sonnenuntergang erleben: Die Sonne versinkt hinter einer Bergspitze, passiert sie, taucht dahinter wieder auf und versinkt hinter dem benachbarten Berg ein zweites Mal. Alle Pyramiden weisen auf ihrer Westseite Treppen auf, auf denen man zur [[Wintersonnenwende]] genau der aufgehenden Sonne entgegentritt.

[[Bild:Guimar_2.jpg|thumb|left|Blick über das Pyramidenfeld von Güímar]]

Dennoch konnte auch Heyerdahl das Alter der Pyramiden nicht herausfinden, auch konnte er nicht beantworten, von wem die Pyramiden erbaut wurden. Fest steht jedoch, dass in einer Höhle unter einer der Pyramiden [[Guanchen]] gelebt haben. Güímar war bis zur spanischen Eroberung der Kanaren Ende des [[15. Jahrhundert]]s Sitz eines der zehn ''Menceys'' (Könige) von Teneriffa. 
Bemerkenswert ist, dass nach einem durch [[Plinius der Ältere|Plinius den Älteren]] überlieferten Bericht die Kanaren zur Zeit [[Hanno der Seefahrer|Hannos des Seefahrers]] (um [[600 v. Chr.]]) zwar unbewohnt gewesen seien, aber die Ruinen großer Bauwerke enthalten hätten.

Die Herkunft der Guanchen ist nicht ganz geklärt. Die Überfahrt zu den Kanaren von der nächstgelegenen Küste (dem südlichen Marokko) gestaltet sich wegen der Meeresströmungen schwierig. Leichter ist die Überfahrt hingegen von Südwesteuropa und dem Mittelmerraum.

Heyerdahl stellte die These auf, die Kanaren seien im Altertum Stützpunkte eines Schiffsverkehrs zwischen dem Mittelmeerraum und Amerika gewesen. In der Tat führt die schnellste Segelroute zwischen den beiden Weltgegenden an den Kanarischen Inseln vorbei - auch [[Christoph Kolumbus]] nutzte sie. Schon [[1970]] hatte Heyerdahl bewiesen, dass ein Schiffsverkehr zwischen Nordafrika und der Karibik mit den Mitteln der Antike durchaus möglich war - er war mit dem Papyrusboot [[Ra II]] von [[Marokko]] nach [[Barbados]] gesegelt.

[[1998]] wurde das 65.000 Quadratmeter große Areal der Pyramiden für die Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht. Finanzielle Unterstützung erhielt Heyerdahl dabei von seinem Freund Fred Olsen, einem auf Teneriffa ansässigen norwegischen Reeder. Ein Informationszentrum macht die Besucher mit Heyerdahls Forschungsreisen und seinen Theorien über die Pyramiden vertraut. Zwei Pavillons beinhalten Ausstellungen über Heyerdahl sowie Modelle seiner Boote, unter anderem einen Nachbau der Ra II in Originalgröße.

== Weblinks ==
{{commons|Pyramids of Güímar}}
* http://www.piramidesdeguimar.net/ - Die offizielle Seite des Ethnologischen Parks

''Siehe auch:'' [[Liste der Pyramiden]]

[[Kategorie:Pyramide]]
[[en:Pyramids of Güímar]]
[[scn:Piramidi di Guimar]]

Sizilien

2004-12-07T02:51:00Z

165.228.128.11:

<div style="position:relative;visibility:hidden">---Sidenote START---</div>
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;margin-bottom:15px;empty-cells:show; width:330px"
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Regionsflagge
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
([[Flagge Siziliens|Details]])
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Regionswappen
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | [[Bild:Wappen Siziliens.png|Wappen Siziliens]]

([[Wappen Siziliens|Details]])
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Basisdaten
|-
| [[Hauptstadt]]: || [[Palermo]]
|-
| [[Gliederung]]: || 9 Provinzen
|-
| [[Fläche]]: || 25.709 km²
|-
| [[Einwohner]]: || 5.100.000
|-
| [[Bevölkerungsdichte]]: || 198 Einwohner/km²
|-
| Homepage: || [http://www.regione.sicilia.it/ www.regione.sicilia.it]
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Politik
|-
| [[Präsident]] || [[Salvatore Cuffaro]]
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Karte
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" | [[Bild:Sizilien in Italien.png|Karte Italiens, Sizilien hervorgehoben]]
[[Bild:sicilia.jpg]]
|}
'''Sizilien''' (ital. '''Sicilia''') ist die größte [[Insel]] im [[Mittelmeer]] (ital. Mediterraneo). Sie gehört zu [[Italien]] und liegt südwestlich vor der "Stiefelspitze" des italienischen Festlandes. Die [[Meerenge]] von etwa 5 km Breite heißt [[Straße von Messina]]. Im Mai 1946 erhielt die Insel [[Autonomie|Autonomiestatus]].

== Region und große Städte ==
Sizilien hat eine Fläche von 25.709 km² und 5,1 Millionen Einwohner, womit es etwas dichter besiedelt ist als der Schnitt Italiens. Ab etwa [[750 v. Chr.]] als "[[Großgriechenland]]" von der Kultur [[Antikes Griechenland|griechischer]] Siedler geprägt, hatte es auch längere Perioden unter der Herrschaft [[Römerreich|Roms]], der Goten, [[Byzanz]], Normannen, Bourbonen und [[Spanien|Spanier]]. Erst [[1860]] kam es durch [[Garibaldi]] zu [[Italien]].

Die Insel bildet nun mit den ihr vorgelagerten kleineren Inseln die '''Region Sizilien''', deren Hauptstadt [[Palermo]] (750.000 Ew.) ist. Weitere wichtige Städte sind [[Catania]] (400.000 Ew.), [[Messina]] (270.000 Ew.) und [[Syrakus]] (Siracusa, 110.000 Ew.), [[Trapani]] (100.000 Ew.), [[Caltanisetta]] (80.000 Ew.), [[Agrigento]] (60.000 Ew.), [[Ragusa (Stadt)|Ragusa]] (60.000 Ew.), [[Marsala (Stadt)|Marsala]] (50.000 Ew.) und [[Enna]]. Die Insel gliedert sich in die neun Provinzen [[Agrigento]], [[Caltanissetta]], [[Catania]], [[Enna]], [[Messina]], [[Palermo]], [[Provinz Ragusa|Ragusa]], [[Siracusa]] und [[Trapani]].

== Geografie ==
Vor der Nordküste liegen die äolischen oder [[Liparische Inseln|liparischen Inseln]] (Isole Eolie) [[Lipari]], [[Salina]], [[Vulcano]], [[Stromboli]], [[Panarea]], [[Filicudi]] und [[Alicudi]], im Nordwesten die Insel [[Ustica|Ustica]]. Die Westspitze wird von den [[Ägadische Inseln|ägadischen Inseln]] (Isole Egadi) Favignana, Marettimo, Levanzo gesäumt, während sich zwischen der Südküste und der Tunesischen Küste [[Pantelleria]] und die [[Pelagische Inseln|pelagischen Inseln]] (Isole Pelagie) mit [[Lampedusa]] und [[Linosa]] befinden.

Sizilien hat ein mediterranes [[Klima]], mit warmem Frühling und Herbst, heißem Sommer und mildem Winter.

[[Bild:Satellitenfoto-Sizilien.jpg|thumb|NASA-Satellitenbild: Rauch über dem Ätna (2002)]]
Der höchste Berg Siziliens ist der [[Ätna]] (3.323 m), der größte und aktivste [[Vulkan]] Europas. Ein weiterer aktiver Vulkan ist [[Stromboli]] auf der gleichnamigen Insel nördlich von Messina.

== Bevölkerung ==
Die Bevölkerungsmehrheit Siziliens spricht die [[sizilianische Sprache| sizilianische Variante]] des [[Italienische Sprache|Italienischen]], welche oft auch als eigene [[Sprache]] angesehen wird. Daneben gibt es noch eine kleine [[albanische Sprache|albanischsprachige]] und [[griechische Sprache|griechisch-sprachige]] Gemeinde. Die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung gehört der römisch-katholischen Kirche an. Etwa eine Million Sizilianer leben im Ausland.

== Wirtschaft, Verkehr ==
Landwirtschaft (Weizen, Mais, Oliven, Wein, Südfrüchte), industrielle Produkte, Autoindustrie, Tourismus.

Sizilien ist derzeit mit dem Festland über [[Fähre|Fähren]] verbunden. Nach jahrzehntelanger Diskussion soll ''Il Ponte sullo stretto'' (die Brücke über die Meerenge) mit 3300 m Länge die bis dahin längste [[Hängebrücke]] der Welt werden. Ausgelegt ist sie für 140.000 Fahrzeuge auf sechs Fahrstreifen und 200 [[Zug_(Eisenbahn)|Züge]] auf zwei [[Gleis|Gleisen]] pro Tag. Das Projekt ist wegen [[Erdbeben|Erdbebengefahr]], Einflussnahme der [[Mafia]] und Einwirkungen auf die [[Umwelt]] umstritten.

== Strukturprobleme ==
Überbevölkerung (teilweise durch massive [[Emigration]] nach Europa und Übersee gemildert), Misswirtschaft, Korruption, Umweltschäden, Wasserknappheit, international tätiges Verbrechertum (Mafia, Cosa Nostra).

== Geschichte ==
[[bild:Agrigent2.jpg|right|thumb|Tempel von Agrigent]]
*[[8. Jahrhundert v. Chr.|8. Jh. v. Chr.]]: Die antiken Völker der Sikaner und Sikuler besiedeln die Insel. Vordringen der griechischen Kultur nach Sizilien.
*[[550 v. Chr.|550]]-[[450 v. Chr.]]: Westsizilien gerät unter die Herrschaft von '''[[Karthago]]'''.
*[[415 v. Chr.|415]]-[[413 v. Chr.]]: Sizilianische Expedition Athens. Die Syrakusaner überwinden die Athener.
*[[264 v. Chr.|264]]-[[241 v. Chr.]]: Im [[Erster Punischer Krieg|Ersten Punischen Krieg]] zwischen Rom und Karthago geht Sizilien für die [[Karthago|Karthager]] (Punier) verloren.
*[[227 v. Chr.]]: Sizilien (lat:''Sicilia'') wird erste [[römische Provinz|Provinz]] des aufstrebenden [[Römisches Reich|Römischen Reichs]]. Im Ostteil der Insel besteht das (hellenistische) Reich des [[Hieron II. von Syrakus|Hieron II.]] von [[Syrakus]] bis [[212 v. Chr.]] weiter.
*[[218 v. Chr.|218]]-[[201 v. Chr.]]: Im [[Zweiter Punischer Krieg|Zweiten Punischen Krieg]] verbünden sich Syrakus und [[Akragas]] (heute: [[Agrigento]]) mit Karthago gegen Rom, werden aber 212 bzw. 210 v. Chr. von den Römern geschlagen resp. zurückerobert.
*[[212 v. Chr.]]: Im [[Makedonisch-Römische Kriege|1. Makedonischen Krieg]] zwischen Rom und Makedonien erobern die Römer das griechisch beherrschte Syrakus und schlagen dieses der römischen Provinz ''Sicilia'' zu.
*[[136 v. Chr.|136]]-[[132 v. Chr.]]: Erster Sklavenaufstand in Sizilien und Niederschlagung durch die Römer.
*[[104 v. Chr.]]-[[101 v. Chr.]]: Zweiter Sklavenaufstand in Sizilien, der ebenfalls gewaltsam beendet wird.
*[[440]]: [[Vandalen]]-Invasion, denen die [[Goten]] nachfolgen.
*[[535]]: Eroberung der Insel durch [[Byzantinisches Reich|Byzanz]].
*[[827]]: Beginn der arabischen Infiltration (Aghlabiten) [[Sarazenen]]-Herrschaft. Zeit hoher kultureller Blüte.
*[[902]]: Mit dem Fall von Taormina endet die arabische Herrschaft auf Sizilien.
*[[1091]]: Beginn der [[Normannen]]herrschaft auf Sizilien.
*[[1139]]: [[Roger II. (Sizilien)|Roger II.]] von [[Hauteville]] wird von [[Papst]] [[Innozenz II.]] zum König Siziliens gekrönt.
*[[1194]]-[[1197]]: Herrschaft des [[Kaiser]]s [[Heinrich VI. (HRR)|Heinrich VI.]]

[[bild:Stauferburg-friedrichII.jpg|thumb|Burg Friedrich des II.]]
*[[1197]]-[[1250]]: Herrschaft des Kaisers [[Friedrich II. (HRR)|Friedrich II.]] (*1194), Enkel Barbarossas und Roger II. Großer Förderer von Kunst und Wissenschaft. Verzicht Friedrichs auf eine Vereinigung Siziliens mit dem [[Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation|Heiligen Römischen Reich]].
*[[1265]]: Der französische Papst [[Klemens IV.]] belehnt seinen Landsmann [[Karl I. (Sizilien)|Karl I. von Anjou]] mit Sizilien.
*[[1282]]: Volkserhebung gegen das Haus Anjou (die so genannte [[Sizilianische Vesper]]). In der Folge gerät Sizilien unter die Herrschaft des [[Peter III. (Aragón)|Peter III.]] von '''[[Aragonien|Aragón]]'''.
*[[1302]]: Im Frieden von Caltabellotta wird Sizilien Aragón zugesprochen (Friedrich von Aragonien, König von Trinacria).
*[[1372]]: Die 1302 begonnene Herrschaft Aragóns setzt sich auf Dauer durch.
*[[1412]]: Vereinigung mit der Krone von Aragón und ab 1504 mit [[Spanien]], das für Jahrhunderte die Oberherrschaft über Sizilien ausübt.
*[[1647]]: Antispanische Erhebung in Palermo.
*[[1674]]: Antispanische Erhebung in Messina.
*[[1713]]: In der Folge des Spanischen Erbfolgekrieges gerät Sizilien an [[Savoyen]].
*[[1720]]: [[Savoyen]] tritt Sizilien im Tausch gegen [[Sardinien]] an [[Habsburg]] (Österreich) ab.
*[[1735]]: Sizilien geht erneut an Spanien ([[Bourbonen]]) zurück.
*[[1816]]: [[Ferdinand IV. (Neapel)|Ferdinand IV. von Neapel]] (1751-1825), Sohn des Bourbonen-Königs Karls III. von Spanien, vereinigt Sizilien und [[Neapel]] zum [[Königreich beider Sizilien]] (Regno delle Due Sicilie). Ferdinand nennt sich nun Ferdinand I.
*[[1820]]-[[1821]]: Separatistische Bewegungen.
*[[1837]] und [[1848]]-[[1849]]: Erneute Erhebungen gegen die spanische Bourbonen-Herrschaft.
*[[1860]] (Mai): Der italienische [[Freischar]]enführer [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] (1807-1882) landet mit einer Truppe ("Zug der Tausend" = Spedizione dei Mille) auf Sizilien, das er erobert.
*[[1861]] (14.3.): Sizilien wird Bestandteil des neu errichteten Königreiches [[Italien]].
*[[1922]]-[[1943]]: Faschistische Herrschaft in Italien unter [[Benito Mussolini]] (1883-1945).
*[[1943]] (10.7.): Während des [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Zweiten Weltkrieges]] landen britische und amerikanische Truppen auf Sizilien.
*[[1943]] (25.7.): Mussolini reicht seinen Rücktritt als Regierungschef ein und wird verhaftet. Die neue Regierung von Marschall [[Pietro Badoglio]] (*1871, † 1956) schließt im September in Cassibile (Sizilien) einen Waffenstillstand mit den Alliierten.
*[[1944]]-[[1948]]:Stärkung separatistischer Strömungen (Movimento per l’Indipendenza della Sicilia).
*[[1946]] (15.5.): Sizilien erhält den Status einer [[Autonomie|Autonomen Region]] (Regione Siciliana). In der gleichen Zeit erfährt das [[Brigant]]entum einen neuen Aufschwung ([[Salvatore Giuliano]]).
*[[1946]] (2.6.): In einer Volksabstimmung über die zukünftige Staatsform votieren 12,7 Mio. Italiener für die Republik und 10,7 Mio. für die Monarchie. Der Süden (auch Sizilien) stimmt mehrheitlich für die Beibehaltung der Monarchie. In die konstituierende Versammlung entsendet die Sizilianische Unabhängigkeitspartei 4 Vertreter.
*[[1946]] (18.6.): Proklamation der Republik Italien.
*[[1950]] (1.10): Gründung der Cassa per il [[Mezzogiorno]] zur wirtschaftlichen Erschließung Süditaliens.
*[[1982]]: Die Ermordung des Präfekten von Palermo, [[C.A. Dalla Chiesa]], offenbart die Schwäche der Regierung gegenüber der [[Mafia]], welche die ganze Insel mit Terror gegen die [[Staatsgewalt]] überzieht.
*[[1986]]: Mammutprozess gegen das Verbrechersyndikat [[Cosa Nostra]] in Palermo.
*[[1992]] und folgende Jahre: Die [[Mafia]] setzt ihre [[Attentat]]e auf Politiker, Richter und andere Träger der Staatsgewalt fort.

''Siehe auch:'' [[Liste der Könige von Neapel und Sizilien]]

==Weblinks==
* [http://www.italien-inseln.de/ Alle 390 Gemeinden Siziliens]
* [http://www.sicilian.net/lexikon/ Sizilianisches Lexikon]
* [http://www.thorwalds-internetseiten.de/atlantisindex.htm Hypothese: War Sizilien Atlantis?]
* [http://susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080/meyers/servlet/showSeite?textmode=false&ID=1030868561494&BandNr=14 Karte_Siziliens_1889] im [[Meyers Konversationslexikon]]
* [http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/goethe/italien/ital181.htm Auszüge aus Goethes "Italienischer Reise“ zu einem Besuch auf Sizilien]
 

{{Navigationsleiste Regionen Italiens}}

[[Kategorie:Insel]]
[[Kategorie:Geographie (Italien)]]
[[Kategorie:Italienische Region]]
[[Kategorie:Römische Provinz]]

[[en:Sicily]]
[[eo:Sicilio]]
[[es:Sicilia]]
[[et:Sitsiilia]]
[[fr:Sicile]]
[[he:סיציליה]]
[[it:Sicilia]]
[[ja:シチリア島]]
[[la:Sicilia]]
[[nl:Sicilië]]
[[no:Sicilia]]
[[pl:Sycylia]]
[[ro:Sicilia]]
[[scn:Sicilia]]
[[sl:Sicilija]]
[[sv:Sicilien]]
[[zh:西西里岛]]

Sizilien

2004-12-07T02:50:25Z

165.228.128.11:

<div style="position:relative;visibility:hidden">---Sidenote START---</div>
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;margin-bottom:15px;empty-cells:show; width:330px"
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Regionsflagge
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
([[Flagge Siziliens|Details]])
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Regionswappen
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | [[Bild:Wappen Siziliens.png|Wappen Siziliens]]

([[Wappen Siziliens|Details]])
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Basisdaten
|-
| [[Hauptstadt]]: || [[Palermo]]
|-
| [[Gliederung]]: || 9 Provinzen
|-
| [[Fläche]]: || 25.709 km²
|-
| [[Einwohner]]: || 5.100.000
|-
| [[Bevölkerungsdichte]]: || 198 Einwohner/km²
|-
| Homepage: || [http://www.regione.sicilia.it/ www.regione.sicilia.it]
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Politik
|-
| [[Präsident]] || [[Salvatore Cuffaro]]
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Karte
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" | [[Bild:Sizilien in Italien.png|Karte Italiens, Sizilien hervorgehoben]]
[[Bild:sicilia.jpg]]
|}
'''Sizilien''' (ital. '''Sicilia''') ist die größte [[Insel]] im [[Mittelmeer]] (ital. Mediterraneo). Sie gehört zu [[Italien]] und liegt südwestlich vor der "Stiefelspitze" des italienischen Festlandes. Die [[Meerenge]] von etwa 5 km Breite heißt [[Straße von Messina]]. Im Mai 1946 erhielt die Insel [[Autonomie|Autonomiestatus]].

== Region und große Städte ==
Sizilien hat eine Fläche von 25.709 km² und 5,1 Millionen Einwohner, womit es etwas dichter besiedelt ist als der Schnitt Italiens. Ab etwa [[750 v. Chr.]] als "[[Großgriechenland]]" von der Kultur [[Antikes Griechenland|griechischer]] Siedler geprägt, hatte es auch längere Perioden unter der Herrschaft [[Römerreich|Roms]], der Goten, [[Byzanz]], Normannen, Bourbonen und [[Spanien|Spanier]]. Erst [[1860]] kam es durch [[Garibaldi]] zu [[Italien]].

Die Insel bildet nun mit den ihr vorgelagerten kleineren Inseln die '''Region Sizilien''', deren Hauptstadt [[Palermo]] (750.000 Ew.) ist. Weitere wichtige Städte sind [[Catania]] (400.000 Ew.), [[Messina]] (270.000 Ew.) und [[Syrakus]] (Siracusa, 110.000 Ew.), [[Trapani]] (100.000 Ew.), [[Caltanisetta]] (80.000 Ew.), [[Agrigento]] (60.000 Ew.), [[Ragusa (Stadt)|Ragusa]] (60.000 Ew.), [[Marsala (Stadt)|Marsala]] (50.000 Ew.) und [[Enna]]. Die Insel gliedert sich in die neun Provinzen [[Agrigento]], [[Caltanissetta]], [[Catania]], [[Enna]], [[Messina]], [[Palermo]], [[Provinz Ragusa|Ragusa]], [[Siracusa]] und [[Trapani]].

== Geografie ==
Vor der Nordküste liegen die äolischen oder [[Liparische Inseln|liparischen Inseln]] (Isole Eolie) [[Lipari]], [[Salina]], [[Vulcano]], [[Stromboli]], [[Panarea]], [[Filicudi]] und [[Alicudi]], im Nordwesten die Insel [[Ustica|Ustica]]. Die Westspitze wird von den [[Ägadische Inseln|ägadischen Inseln]] (Isole Egadi) Favignana, Marettimo, Levanzo gesäumt, während sich zwischen der Südküste und der Tunesischen Küste [[Pantelleria]] und die [[Pelagische Inseln|pelagischen Inseln]] (Isole Pelagie) mit [[Lampedusa]] und [[Linosa]] befinden.

Sizilien hat ein mediterranes [[Klima]], mit warmem Frühling und Herbst, heißem Sommer und mildem Winter.

[[Bild:Satellitenfoto-Sizilien.jpg|thumb|NASA-Satellitenbild: Rauch über dem Ätna (2002)]]
Der höchste Berg Siziliens ist der [[Ätna]] (3.323 m), der größte und aktivste [[Vulkan]] Europas. Ein weiterer aktiver Vulkan ist [[Stromboli]] auf der gleichnamigen Insel nördlich von Messina.

== Bevölkerung ==
Die Bevölkerungsmehrheit Siziliens spricht die [[sizilianische Sprache| sizilianische Variante]] des [[Italienische Sprache|Italienischen]], welche oft auch als eigene [[Sprache]] angesehen wird. Daneben gibt es noch eine kleine [[albanische Sprache|albanischsprachige]] und [[griechische Sprache|griechisch-sprachige]] Gemeinde. Die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung gehört der römisch-katholischen Kirche an. Etwa eine Million Sizilianer leben im Ausland.

== Wirtschaft, Verkehr ==
Landwirtschaft (Weizen, Mais, Oliven, Wein, Südfrüchte), industrielle Produkte, Autoindustrie, Tourismus.

Sizilien ist derzeit mit dem Festland über [[Fähre|Fähren]] verbunden. Nach jahrzehntelanger Diskussion soll ''Il Ponte sullo stretto'' (die Brücke über die Meerenge) mit 3300 m Länge die bis dahin längste [[Hängebrücke]] der Welt werden. Ausgelegt ist sie für 140.000 Fahrzeuge auf sechs Fahrstreifen und 200 [[Zug_(Eisenbahn)|Züge]] auf zwei [[Gleis|Gleisen]] pro Tag. Das Projekt ist wegen [[Erdbeben|Erdbebengefahr]], Einflussnahme der [[Mafia]] und Einwirkungen auf die [[Umwelt]] umstritten.

== Strukturprobleme ==
Überbevölkerung (teilweise durch massive [[Emigration]] nach Europa und Übersee gemildert), Misswirtschaft, Korruption, Umweltschäden, Wasserknappheit, international tätiges Verbrechertum (Mafia, Cosa Nostra).

== Geschichte ==
[[bild:Agrigent2.jpg|right|thumb|Tempel von Agrigent]]
*[[8. Jahrhundert v. Chr.|8. Jh. v. Chr.]]: Die antiken Völker der Sikaner und Sikuler besiedeln die Insel. Vordringen der griechischen Kultur nach Sizilien.
*[[550 v. Chr.|550]]-[[450 v. Chr.]]: Westsizilien gerät unter die Herrschaft von '''[[Karthago]]'''.
*[[415 v. Chr.|415]]-[[413 v. Chr.]]: Sizilianische Expedition Athens. Die Syrakusaner überwinden die Athener.
*[[264 v. Chr.|264]]-[[241 v. Chr.]]: Im [[Erster Punischer Krieg|Ersten Punischen Krieg]] zwischen Rom und Karthago geht Sizilien für die [[Karthago|Karthager]] (Punier) verloren.
*[[227 v. Chr.]]: Sizilien (lat:''Sicilia'') wird erste [[römische Provinz|Provinz]] des aufstrebenden [[Römisches Reich|Römischen Reichs]]. Im Ostteil der Insel besteht das (hellenistische) Reich des [[Hieron II. von Syrakus|Hieron II.]] von [[Syrakus]] bis [[212 v. Chr.]] weiter.
*[[218 v. Chr.|218]]-[[201 v. Chr.]]: Im [[Zweiter Punischer Krieg|Zweiten Punischen Krieg]] verbünden sich Syrakus und [[Akragas]] (heute: [[Agrigento]]) mit Karthago gegen Rom, werden aber 212 bzw. 210 v. Chr. von den Römern geschlagen resp. zurückerobert.
*[[212 v. Chr.]]: Im [[Makedonisch-Römische Kriege|1. Makedonischen Krieg]] zwischen Rom und Makedonien erobern die Römer das griechisch beherrschte Syrakus und schlagen dieses der römischen Provinz ''Sicilia'' zu.
*[[136 v. Chr.|136]]-[[132 v. Chr.]]: Erster Sklavenaufstand in Sizilien und Niederschlagung durch die Römer.
*[[104 v. Chr.]]-[[101 v. Chr.]]: Zweiter Sklavenaufstand in Sizilien, der ebenfalls gewaltsam beendet wird.
*[[440]]: [[Vandalen]]-Invasion, denen die [[Goten]] nachfolgen.
*[[535]]: Eroberung der Insel durch [[Byzantinisches Reich|Byzanz]].
*[[827]]: Beginn der arabischen Infiltration (Aghlabiten) [[Sarazenen]]-Herrschaft. Zeit hoher kultureller Blüte.
*[[902]]: Mit dem Fall von Taormina endet die arabische Herrschaft auf Sizilien.
*[[1091]]: Beginn der [[Normannen]]herrschaft auf Sizilien.
*[[1139]]: [[Roger II. (Sizilien)|Roger II.]] von [[Hauteville]] wird von [[Papst]] [[Innozenz II.]] zum König Siziliens gekrönt.
*[[1194]]-[[1197]]: Herrschaft des [[Kaiser]]s [[Heinrich VI. (HRR)|Heinrich VI.]]

[[bild:Stauferburg-friedrichII.jpg|thumb|Burg Friedrich des II.]]
*[[1197]]-[[1250]]: Herrschaft des Kaisers [[Friedrich II. (HRR)|Friedrich II.]] (*1194), Enkel Barbarossas und Roger II. Großer Förderer von Kunst und Wissenschaft. Verzicht Friedrichs auf eine Vereinigung Siziliens mit dem [[Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation|Heiligen Römischen Reich]].
*[[1265]]: Der französische Papst [[Klemens IV.]] belehnt seinen Landsmann [[Karl I. (Sizilien)|Karl I. von Anjou]] mit Sizilien.
*[[1282]]: Volkserhebung gegen das Haus Anjou (die so genannte [[Sizilianische Vesper]]). In der Folge gerät Sizilien unter die Herrschaft des [[Peter III. (Aragón)|Peter III.]] von '''[[Aragonien|Aragón]]'''.
*[[1302]]: Im Frieden von Caltabellotta wird Sizilien Aragón zugesprochen (Friedrich von Aragonien, König von Trinacria).
*[[1372]]: Die 1302 begonnene Herrschaft Aragóns setzt sich auf Dauer durch.
*[[1412]]: Vereinigung mit der Krone von Aragón und ab 1504 mit [[Spanien]], das für Jahrhunderte die Oberherrschaft über Sizilien ausübt.
*[[1647]]: Antispanische Erhebung in Palermo.
*[[1674]]: Antispanische Erhebung in Messina.
*[[1713]]: In der Folge des Spanischen Erbfolgekrieges gerät Sizilien an [[Savoyen]].
*[[1720]]: [[Savoyen]] tritt Sizilien im Tausch gegen [[Sardinien]] an [[Habsburg]] (Österreich) ab.
*[[1735]]: Sizilien geht erneut an Spanien ([[Bourbonen]]) zurück.
*[[1816]]: [[Ferdinand IV. (Neapel)|Ferdinand IV. von Neapel]] (1751-1825), Sohn des Bourbonen-Königs Karls III. von Spanien, vereinigt Sizilien und [[Neapel]] zum [[Königreich beider Sizilien]] (Regno delle Due Sicilie). Ferdinand nennt sich nun Ferdinand I.
*[[1820]]-[[1821]]: Separatistische Bewegungen.
*[[1837]] und [[1848]]-[[1849]]: Erneute Erhebungen gegen die spanische Bourbonen-Herrschaft.
*[[1860]] (Mai): Der italienische [[Freischar]]enführer [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] (1807-1882) landet mit einer Truppe ("Zug der Tausend" = Spedizione dei Mille) auf Sizilien, das er erobert.
*[[1861]] (14.3.): Sizilien wird Bestandteil des neu errichteten Königreiches [[Italien]].
*[[1922]]-[[1943]]: Faschistische Herrschaft in Italien unter [[Benito Mussolini]] (1883-1945).
*[[1943]] (10.7.): Während des [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Zweiten Weltkrieges]] landen britische und amerikanische Truppen auf Sizilien.
*[[1943]] (25.7.): Mussolini reicht seinen Rücktritt als Regierungschef ein und wird verhaftet. Die neue Regierung von Marschall [[Pietro Badoglio]] (*1871, † 1956) schließt im September in Cassibile (Sizilien) einen Waffenstillstand mit den Alliierten.
*[[1944]]-[[1948]]:Stärkung separatistischer Strömungen (Movimento per l’Indipendenza della Sicilia).
*[[1946]] (15.5.): Sizilien erhält den Status einer [[Autonomie|Autonomen Region]] (Regione Siciliana). In der gleichen Zeit erfährt das [[Brigant]]entum einen neuen Aufschwung ([[Salvatore Giuliano]]).
*[[1946]] (2.6.): In einer Volksabstimmung über die zukünftige Staatsform votieren 12,7 Mio. Italiener für die Republik und 10,7 Mio. für die Monarchie. Der Süden (auch Sizilien) stimmt mehrheitlich für die Beibehaltung der Monarchie. In die konstituierende Versammlung entsendet die Sizilianische Unabhängigkeitspartei 4 Vertreter.
*[[1946]] (18.6.): Proklamation der Republik Italien.
*[[1950]] (1.10): Gründung der Cassa per il [[Mezzogiorno]] zur wirtschaftlichen Erschließung Süditaliens.
*[[1982]]: Die Ermordung des Präfekten von Palermo, [[C.A. Dalla Chiesa]], offenbart die Schwäche der Regierung gegenüber der [[Mafia]], welche die ganze Insel mit Terror gegen die [[Staatsgewalt]] überzieht.
*[[1986]]: Mammutprozess gegen das Verbrechersyndikat [[Cosa Nostra]] in Palermo.
*[[1992]] und folgende Jahre: Die [[Mafia]] setzt ihre [[Attentat]]e auf Politiker, Richter und andere Träger der Staatsgewalt fort.

''Siehe auch:'' [[Liste der Könige von Neapel und Sizilien]]

==Weblinks==
* [http://www.italien-inseln.de/ Alle 390 Gemeinden Siziliens]
* [http://www.sicilian.net/lexikon/ Sizilianisches Lexikon]
* [http://www.thorwalds-internetseiten.de/atlantisindex.htm Hypothese: War Sizilien Atlantis?]
* [http://susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080/meyers/servlet/showSeite?textmode=false&ID=1030868561494&BandNr=14 Karte_Siziliens_1889] im [[Meyers Konversationslexikon]]
* [http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/goethe/italien/ital181.htm Auszüge aus Goethes "Italienischer Reise“ zu einem Besuch auf Sizilien]
 

{{Navigationsleiste Regionen Italiens}}

[[Kategorie:Insel]]
[[Kategorie:Geographie (Italien)]]
[[Kategorie:Italienische Region]]
[[Kategorie:Römische Provinz]]

[[scn:Sicilia]]
[[en:Sicily]]
[[eo:Sicilio]]
[[es:Sicilia]]
[[et:Sitsiilia]]
[[fr:Sicile]]
[[he:סיציליה]]
[[it:Sicilia]]
[[ja:シチリア島]]
[[la:Sicilia]]
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[[pl:Sycylia]]
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[[sv:Sicilien]]
[[zh:西西里岛]]

Oradea

2004-12-07T02:14:09Z

165.228.128.11:

'''Oradea''' (deutsch: ''Großwardein'', ungarisch: ''Nagyvárad'') ist eine Stadt in [[Siebenbürgen]] (''Transsilvanien''), an der Gyors Körös (''Schnelle Kreisch'', ''Crisul Repede'') gelegen, direkt an der Grenze von siebenbürgischem Hochland und ungarischem Tiefland, ca. 12 km von der [[Ungarn|ungarischen]] Grenze entfernt. Die Einwohnerzahl beträgt nach der Volkszählung von [[2002]] 206.527. Das durchschnittliche jährliche Bevölkerungswachstum beträgt -1,2 %. Sechs Prozent der Menschen sind erwerbslos, 16,0 Prozent der Bevölkerung sind unter 15 Jahren, drei Prozent sind über 75 Jahre alt.

Bis heute beherbergt die Stadt Menschen aus mehreren Sprachgemeinschaften und Religionen: Von der ethnischen Struktur her sind 2002 70,4 % [[Rumänen]], 27,5 % [[Magyaren]] und 2,1 % Übrige (darunter 1,2 % [[Roma]], 0,3 % Deutsche, 0,2 % [[Slowaken]], sowie [[Juden]], [[Ukrainer]] usw.). Die Verteilung der Religionen ist wie folgt: 59 % [[Orthodoxe Kirche|Orthodoxe]], 3,3 % [[Griechisch-Katholische Kirche|Griechische Katholiken]], 11,2 % [[Römisch-Katholische Kirche|Römische Katholiken]], 16,3 % [[Protestanten]], 3,6 % [[Baptisten]], 4,6 % Anhänger der [[Pfingstgemeinde]], 2 % andere.

Sehenswert sind mehrere Kirchenbauten, darunter die [[Kathedrale]] aus dem [[18. Jahrhundert]] - der größte [[Barock]]bau [[Rumänien]]s - sowie die Mondkirche.

== Geschichte ==

[[Ladislaus I. (Ungarn)|Ladislaus I.]] von [[Ungarn]] machte die Stadt [[1080]] zum römisch-katholischen [[Bischof]]ssitz. Zum ersten Mal erwähnt wird Stadt jedoch im Jahr [[1113]] in einer Urkunde der [[Benediktiner]]-[[Abtei]] [[Zobor]], in der ein [[Bischof]] ''Syxtus Varadiensis'' ("Sixtus aus Oradea") genannt wird.

Oradea war um 1890 Sitz des ungarischen [[Komitat]]s [[Bihar]] und Knotenpunkt von 7 Bahnlinien.
O. hatte damals 17 Kirchen und 6 Klöster, darunter zwei Kathedralen, zwei bischöfliche Palais, ferner Domherrenhäuser und viele prächtige offentliche und private Gebäude (ein Theater und Rathaus wurden um 1890 neu erbaut, 1892 wurde ein St. Ladislaus-Monument enthüllt) Die Einwohner (um 1890: 38.557 Seelen) waren meist Magyaren, davon 2.527 Rumänen, gehörten versch. Religionen an: röm.kath. 12.030, reformiert 10.880, Israeliten 10.115.
Wirtschaft um 1890: Brennereien (Destillerien 6 Fabriken), Mühlenindustrie (3 Dampfmühlen), Ziegelbrennereien, Fabrikation von Öfen, weiters Viehzucht, Obst- und Weinbau. O. hatte damals eine eigene Wasserleitung, ein großes Bad, eine Straßenbahn und zahlreiche Lehr- und Bildungsanstalten (Rechtsakademie, Prämonstratenser Obergymnasium,
zwei theologische Seminare, eine Landeshebammenschule, 6 Spitäler etc.), ein archäologisches und ein Kunstmuseum, eine Szigligeti-Gesellschaft, einen biharer Karpatenverein, weiters war O. damals Sitz eines Gerichtshofes, einer Finanzdirektion, einer Post- und Telegraphendirektion, einer Handels- und Gewerbekammer.

O. ist Geburtsort des ungarischen Dramatikers [[Eduard Szigligeti]] und enthält in der Festungskirche (St. Ladilaus), an deren Stelle ehemals die Basilika stand, die Gräber des hl. Ladislaus und mehrerer Könige und Königinnen.
In der Nähe von O. liegen die Bäder Bischofsbad (ung. Püspöksürdö) und Felixbad, letzeres war früher durch eine Zweigbahnlinie mit O. verbunden. In den Parkanlagen mit alkalischen Schwefelquellen gedieh in deren Abfluss die seltene Thermen-[[Seerose]].

Am 24. Febr. 1538 wurde im damaligen Großwardein der Friede zwischen [[Ferdinand I. (HRR)|Ferdinand I.]] von Österreich und [[Johann Zápolha]] geschlossen. Die Stadt war kaiserlich und nur vorübergehend an Siebenbürgen gekommen. 1598 wurde sie vergebens von den Türken belagert, 1663 aber eingenommen und ihnen im Frieden von [[Basvár]] völlig überlassen. Erst 1692 fiel sie wieder an Ungarn. Als in den Jahren 1848-49 die ungarische Regierung nach [[Debrecen]] flüchtete, wurden Archive, Banknotenpresse etc. nach O. gebracht.

Die Stadt erlebte insbesondere am Ende des [[19. Jahrhundert |19.]] und Anfang des [[20. Jahrhundert|20. Jahrhunderts]] einen großen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung, nicht zuletzt dank ihrer emsigen, talentierten und relativ zahlreichen [[Juden|jüdischen]] Einwohnerschaft, die kurz vor dem [[Holocaust]] fast ein Drittel der damals 100.000 Einwohner stellte. Noch heute zeugen prachtvolle, teilweise heruntergekommmene [[Jugendstil]]paläste von der glorreichen Vergangenheit.

Nach dem [[Erster Weltkrieg|Ersten Weltkrieg]] musste Ungarn im [[Vertrag von Trianon]] Transsilvanien und damit auch Oradea an das neue ''"Groß-Rumänien"'' abtreten. Durch den Zweiten [[Wiener Schiedsspruch]] fiel Oradea [[1940]] an Ungarn zurück. Schon am [[12. Oktober]] [[1944]] wurde die Stadt durch rumänische und sowjetische Truppen eingenommen und gehört seither wieder zum rumänischen Staatsgebiet.

== Wirtschaft ==
Die Stadt ist ein Verkehrsknotenpunkt und Wirtschaftszentrum im Verwaltungsbezirk [[Bihor]]. In Oradea werden [[Textilien]], Schuhe, [[Lebensmittel]], [[Glas]], [[Werkzeug]]e und Landmaschinen produziert. Das rumänische Stromversorgungsunternehmen Transelectra betreibt in der Nähe der Stadt eine Schaltanlage, die über ein Freileitung nach Ungarn das Land an das europäische Stromverbundnetz anschließt.

== Weblinks ==
*[http://www.oradea.ro offizielle Seite der Stadt]

''Siehe auch:'' [[Liste der Städte in Rumänien]], [[Portal Südosteuropa]]

[[Kategorie:Ort in Rumänien]]

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Diskussion:Wiener Schnitzel

2004-09-14T01:09:11Z

165.228.128.11:

In einer Gaststätte in Baden bei Wien wurde mir von der Wirtin erzählt daß das 'echte' Wiener Schnitzel mit Gurkensalat gereicht wird, ohne irgendwelche weiteren Zutaten wie Pommes, Kartoffelsalat oder so... [[Benutzer:Marcela|Marcela]] 00:08, 18. Mär 2004 (CET)
:kann bitte mal ein Einheimischer was dazu sagen ??? [[Benutzer:Marcela|Marcela]] 08:19, 18. Apr 2004 (CEST)

I find the blinking in your sig on the English-language Wikipedia extremely annoying. It draws one's attention to your sig when one is trying to read other things on the page. Frankly, your having contributed to a discussion is not so specifically important as to merit a distracting UI element. -- [[Benutzer:Jmabel (US)|Jmabel (US)]] 03:20, 20. Aug 2004 (CEST)

:falls sich jemand wundert: er hat sich hierher verirrt, weil ein [[en:User:Sverdrup|Scherzbold]] in seiner sig diese Seite als seine Talk-page angibt ;) [[en:User:Dbachmann]]

Photos from the Australian Parliament website are not copyright. [[Benutzer:165.228.128.11|165.228.128.11]] 03:09, 14. Sep 2004 (CEST)