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Benutzer:Tobiasi0/Liste der Charaktere von Assassin's Creed

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150.101.101.27: /* The Assassin Order */

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The following is a list of major characters with major contributions in the ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'' video games and media franchise. Some of them are completely fictional and some are partially based on the real-world historical figures.

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==Factions==
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===The Templar Order===
The '''Templars''', are the recurring [[anti-villain]]s and antagonists of the series. The Templar Order is a [[secret society]] that principally chose to infiltrate and control pre-existing political institutions, such as the [[Roman Senate]]; and the [[Byzantine Empire]]; during the Crusades the Templar's existed as the unusually conspicuous '''Order of the Knights Templar''' (based on the real-world [[Knights Templar]]), while during the Renaissance, they were centered around the [[Papacy]] and the [[Borgia]] family. During the 20th and 21st centuries, the public face of the Order became '''Abstergo Industries''', a monastic military order-turned-corporate giant. Much like the Assassins, the Templars have existed through the entirety of recorded human history. They are a secret society of people whose only goal is "save humanity from itself." To achieve their goal, the Templars plan to obtain the Pieces of Eden, which will allow them to control human minds.

The Templars control the flow of the modern world through political, scientific, cultural, intelligence, economic, and "[[secret history]]" means. Dr. Warren Vidic's recent invention of the Animus has allowed the Templars to acquire vast knowledge via their consumer's ancestors (whom are deceived into believing they playing "video games"), while simultaneously altering evidences, motivations, and decision-making processes surrounding historical events and suppressing objective facts in order to sway public opinions in their favor. The Templars sought to create a perfect world, although the means by which they aimed to do so - through force, control and the destruction of free will - directly contrasted the ideals of their sworn enemies, the Assassin Order. Because of this difference in ideology, the Templars became involved in a covert war against the Assassins, spanning centuries, with their opposition's motivating belief being that mankind should always have the ability to choose; to have the freedom of liberty, even if it meant accepting that humanity would always be flawed in their ways. The [[New World Order (conspiracy theory)|New World Order]] was the ultimate goal for the Templar Order, a concept of worldwide peace for humanity under the control and supervision of the Templars, with the stated ideology that advocates "security" over "freedom". For centuries, the Templars engaged in a secret war with the Assassins – who believed that humanity could achieve peace using free will – in order to achieve the New World Order. When the Templars founded Abstergo Industries in 1937, the company managed to manipulate and puppeteer many important political figures to pursue their own goals. Governed by the belief that humankind needed order, discipline, and control in order to mask its barbaric nature, the Templars planned to create a new world in which they possessed absolute control. The proclaimed new world seemed to be based on a utopian ideal, a world completely free of bigotry. However, the Templars also emphasized the establishment of a small [[geniocracy|geniocratic]] ruling elite, who would control all aspects of civilization; from culture and education, to military force and food distribution. The Templars' rule would be one of authoritarianism and so-called "benign tyranny," as although they would systematically eliminate discrimination, racism, poverty, and the petty machinations of the warlords and princes of the time, they would simply replace that disordered chaos with their own arbitrary orders. At its core, the Templars' goal of order was very similar to the Creed of their enemies, the Assassins. However, the latter sought peace through the education of the people, rather than through their control.

"The Great Purge" referred to an Abstergo Industries operation, with the intent to ensure the global eradication of the Assassin Order. After Daniel Cross, a Templar sleeper agent who had infiltrated the Order, was allowed to meet The Mentor of the Assassins in [[Dubai]], CE 2000, he acted upon an impulse implanted into his brain by Abstergo to kill The Mentor. Successful in his objective, Daniel returned to Abstergo's [[Philadelphia]] facility and revealed the locations of all the Assassin camps and safehouses he had come into contact with over the previous two years, after which Abstergo initiated "The Great Purge;" the elimination of the Assassin's global network. Nearly all Assassins within their compounds, including children, were subjected to [[targeted killing]] and/or massacred by military agents under order of Abstergo Industries. While the operation was a victory for the Templars, and the Assassins never recovered, Daniel had not visited a number of off-the-grid settlements, allowing them to remain unscathed; the few remaining Assassins were forced into hiding, and from then on, remained under the radar, operating in small four-man cells to avoid being tracked down and eliminated. The [[Denver International Airport]] satellite accident, or simply the DIA satellite accident, was an incident that took place at Denver International Airport in the early 21st century, that resulted in a large number of casualties and the destruction of one of the First Civilization's Pieces of Eden – an Apple of Eden – which was held by Abstergo Industries at the time. Dr. Warren Vidic was responsible for preparing the final report for the incident, which indicated that the Abstergo Project Lead at Denver had killed everyone there before the company's clean-up crew had arrived. At least one civilian, believed to have been a baggage handler at the time, found out about the incident. By September 4, 2012, this survivor threatened to expose Abstergo's involvement in the event.

==Fictional characters==

===Player characters===

====Desmond Miles====
{{main|Desmond Miles}}

====Altaïr ibn-La'Ahad====
{{main|Altaïr ibn-La'Ahad}}

====Ezio Auditore da Frenze====
{{main|Ezio Auditore da Frenze}}

====Ratonhnhaké:ton====
'''Ratonhnhaké:ton''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ə|d|uː|n|'|h|ə|g|eɪ|d|uː|n}}; "Ra-doon-ha-gay-doon"; ''life that is scratched'', referring to a struggle to survive.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCDvBPQtIec AssassinsCreedUK: ''Inside Assassin's Creed III Episode One'']</ref>) (1756-unknown), also known by the adopted name of '''Connor''', is the protagonist of ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'', voiced by and modeled on [[Noah Watts]]. Since every Kanien'keha:ka name is unique, at the advice of their Mohawk cultural consultants, Ubisoft agreed not to trademark the name "Ratonhnhaké:ton".<ref>[http://techland.time.com/2012/09/05/assassins-creed-iiis-connor-kenway-how-ubisoft-avoided-stereotypes-and-made-a-real-character/ TIME: ''Assassin's Creed III's Connor: How Ubisoft Avoided Stereotypes and Made a Real Character'']</ref> Contrary to several known Assassins who possessed connections to eagles, Ratonhnhaké:ton was more closely likened to a wolf. Born in Colonial America to an [[English people|English]] father, Haytham Kenway, and a [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] (Kanien'keha:ka) mother, Kaniehti:io. Ratonhnhaké:ton was raised by his mother among the Kanien'keha:ka during the [[Seven Years' War]].

Ratonhnhaké:ton's village was attacked and burned to the ground and his mother killed, which is how he gained incentive to seek justice and fight tyranny, coming across the Assassin's Order. Ratonhnhaké:ton was trained by a former Mentor named Achilles Davenport, who named him Connor (after his son) in order to mask his mixed ethinicity. Ratonhnhaké:ton was skilled at climbing and maneuvering from trees and mountain cliffs with the same as in a traditional urban environment; was skilled at [[naval warfare]], being the captain of the Assassin Navy's flagship, ''The Aquila''; and was skilled at foraging, tracking, hunting, skinning animals, then selling their pelts, due to his Iroquois heritage. In combat, Ratonhnhaké:ton employed ''predator''-style maneuvers, martial arts techniques and stealth tactics, and was capable of wielding ''many'' weapons; including the signature [[Hidden blade (Assassins Creed)|double-hidden blade]], capable of rotating out into a wield-able knife on his left hand; dual-flintlock pistols and muskets; poison and [[rope dart]]s; smoke bombs and trip mines; clubs, swords, daggers, throwing knives; spears and heavy weapons; a bow and arrows; and, most noticeably, a unique [[tomahawk (axe)|tomahawk]] with its blade shaped as the Assassin insignia. During the [[American Revolution]], Ratonhnhaké:ton found himself allying with many of its important key figures.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Matt |title=Liberty and Death: Assassin's Creed III |journal=[[Game Informer]] |issue=228 |year=2012 |month=April |pages=38–50}}</ref> Ratonhnhaké:ton's actions allowed his descendant, Desmond Miles, to find the key to the Grand Temple through the Animus and save Earth from the solar flare. He also eradicated most of the Templar Order's influence and control in British Colonial America with his assassinations of their leaders. Along with this, his work in the Colonial cities of [[Boston]] and [[New York City|New York]] strengthened the Assassin Brotherhood with more recruits, as well as assist the people of the region. His support of the [[Continental Army]] led to many victories, eventually allowing the Colonist to break off from the British. In the process though, his work allowed the Americans to force his people farther west, away from their homelands. As the Captain of the Aquila, he was a major contributor to the safety of trade-passages around the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean Islands. As the owner of the Davenport Homestead's lands, he also helped several colonists that were experiencing hardships around the area. In ''The Tyranny of King Washington'', Washington was plagued by horrific nightmares and sought Ratonhnhaké:ton out for help, which he revealed were caused by an Apple of Eden that Washington recovered from an officer after the Siege of Yorktown. Ratonhnhaké:ton convinced Washington to hand him the Apple, but as he took the Apple from his hands, both the Commander and the Assassin were transported to a parallel universe for an instant. When they returned to their own world, to the very moment they both touched the Apple, Ratonhnhaké:ton and Washington glared at each other, repulsed by seeing what each other did in the alternate world, but Washington relented and gave up the Apple. Ratonhnhaké:ton stated no man should possess its power, so the commander suggested dropping it into the ocean; Ratonhnhaké:ton took the Aquila with the Apple in a weighted bag and dropped it in the sea. In addition, Ratonhnhaké:ton's life was made accessible to an unknown group through hacking, the Erudito Collective, and the anonymous team was able to learn about the history of the Assassin Order.

====Haytham Kenway====

Haytham Kenway (voiced by Adrian Hough) is both a playable character in the first three sequences of ''Assassin's Creed III'', as well as a secondary antagonist throughout the remainder of the game.

Haytham Kenway (1725-1781) was the Templar Grand Master of British Colonial America who fathered Ratonhnhaké:ton. Born the son of an Assassin named Edward Kenway, he was taught the necessary skills to become a skilled Assassin and remained with the Order for a short period. When tragedy strikes his family, his allegiance wavers and he winds up being recruited into the Templar Order at a young age by Reginald Birch. In 1754, Birch orders Haytham to attend a play at the [[Royal Opera House|Theatre Royal]] in [[London]] to kill an Assassin named Miko who was thought to hold a key to unlocking the treasure of 'Those Who Came Before'. After completing the task, he was instructed to leave for Boston on the Providence with a list of Templars who were willing to help him in his new mission. During the trip, he helped avert a [[mutiny]] by killing the crew's ringleader, an Assassin named Louis Mills, who was placed on the ship with orders to avenge Miko's death. Upon reaching Boston, he is greeted by [[Charles Lee (general)|Charles Lee]], who proceeds to help him perform acts which aid him to gain the Templars' trust and solidify their presence in the colonies. With the treasure he seeks rumored to reside deep in the Frontier, in Kanien'keha:ka territory, Haytham elects to gain their trust by killing a slave driver named Silas Thatcher and freeing his Native American prisoners. In the process, he meets a Mohawk woman named Kaniehti:io (Ziio for short) who agrees to help him find the fabled site of 'Those Who Came Before' under the condition that he kills General [[Edward Braddock]], a former Templar who now threatens Native American lands. After successfully killing him during his [[Braddock Expedition|Expendition]], Ziio leads Haytham to a large cave where ancient inscriptions line the walls, marking the entrance to a large Temple. However, despite possessing what he thinks is the key, Haytham is denied entrance. Haytham expresses his disappointment and Ziio tries to comfort him, simultaneously expressing feelings for him which he reciprocates. It is presumed they make love in the cave before Haytham returns to Boston where he later formally inducts Lee into the Templar Order; the moment when the player realizes Haytham's true identity. Meanwhile, Ziio returns to her village to give birth and raise her son alone. Years later, Haytham is reunited unceremoniously with his son, Ratonhnhaké:ton, and engages him in brief combat. However, seeing as their goals work towards the same end, he proposes that they work together; this being bringing [[Benjamin Church]] to justice. As they traveled together, Haytham shows shadows of feelings toward his son, even expressing disheartenment and sorrow upon hearing that Ziio had perished in an attack on their village years before. When they meet with George Washington, Haytham attempts to sway Ratonhnhaké:ton to his side by showing him that Washington himself had been the one to authorize the attack on the village. Despite the hard truth, Ratonhnhaké:ton refuses to join the Templars and later parts ways with his father. As they clash one final time in New York, Haytham is felled by Ratonhnhaké:ton who stabs him in the neck with his hidden blade. Before he dies, Haytham admits that he is proud of his son, despite his ignorance.

====Aveline de Grandpré====

Aveline de Grandpré (voiced by Amber Goldfarb) (1747-unknown) is the protagonist of ''[[Assassin's Creed III: Liberation]]'', and the only playable character to date not related to Desmond Miles. The child of a [[French people|French]] merchant father and an [[African people|African]] mother, Aveline lived in New Orleans, [[Louisiana (New France)|colonial French Louisiana]], during the [[Seven Years War]] and the [[Louisiana Rebellion of 1768]].

Middle-class through her father’s wealth and her parents' [[plaçage]] marriage, Aveline became an assassin through her pity for the poor. Mentored by the ex-slave Agate, she joined the Assassins Brotherhood in 1759. Using social status to her advantage, Aveline easily moved between social strata just by altering her clothing; by doing so, she could alternate between the guise of a lady, slave, or assassin, in order to alter conspicuousness.<ref>Krupa, Daniel, (August 15, 2012), [http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/08/15/assassins-creed-iii-liberation-avelines-deadly-wardrobe Assassin's Creed III: Liberation: Aveline's Deadly Wardrobe], IGN</ref> While it is well established that Connor is an ancestor of Desmond Miles, evident by Desmond's ability to use the animus to relive Connor's, exactly whom is reliving Aveline's life is yet to be clarified. Her life was later used as a tool of propaganda by Abstergo Industries, which twisted and mounted her memories in order to show the Templars as a benevolent Order as opposed to a misguided Assassin's Brotherhood. However, Erudito, a hacking collective and opposition to Abstergo, managed to crack the code used by the Templars. Erudito used this to show the truth to some viewers, by among others examples, revealing unsweetened memories of Aveline about the cruelty of de Ferrer against the slaves of the Chichen Itza camp or the additional memories of the assassination of Madeleine after the seemingly rallying of de Grandpré to the Templars. Aveline was a skilled free-runner, who was able to navigate with ease through the urban cityscape and natural landscape, such as the Bayou. Her fighting style included dual-wielding various weapons, including a [[whip]], flintlock and musket firearms, swords and daggers, a [[blowgun|blowpipe]], a sugar-cane [[machete]] and Double-Hidden Blades. Aside from her weapons, Aveline possessed three disguises that she could make use of. Accompanying this, Aveline possessed the sixth sense casually referred to as Eagle Vision, allowing her to identify enemies, allies, hiding spots and targets of immediate importance. As she grew, Aveline developed into a strong-willed young woman, who began to notice the contrasts within society; such as freedom and enslavement, or wealth and poverty. She was torn between the different values that she had inherited from her parents, and as such, she formed her own, which included a vehement stance against slavery. As a consequence of her being pulled in either direction by the Assassins and Templars, she questioned whether fighting as an Assassin was the right thing to do or not. While in New York, she asked her fellow Assassin, Ratonhnhaké:ton, if he ever questioned their ideals; he responded without taking side with either faction, but rather explained that he trusted in his own abilities to distinguish right from wrong.

In 2013, ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' ranked her as the sixth greatest heroine in video game history, commenting: "Aveline is such an envelope-pusher: a black, female, French-speaking protagonist in this world of stereotypical white males, she represents a major step forward for diversity in games."<ref>{{cite web|last=Rougeau|first=Michael|url=http://www.complex.com/video-games/2013/01/the-50-greatest-heroines-in-video-game-history/aveline|title=50 Greatest Heroines In Video Game History|publisher=Complex|date=March 4, 2013|accessdate=March 24, 2013}}</ref>

====Edward Kenway====

Edward Kenway (d. 1735) was a privateer, pirate and member of the Assassin Order, active in and around the Caribbean during the early 18th century's [[golden age of piracy]]. He is the protagonist of the video game ''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'', as well as the father and grandfather of Haytham Kenway and Ratonhnhaké:ton respectively, the playable characters of ''Assassin's Creed III''.

===Main characters in other media===

====Nikolai Andreievich Orelov====

Nikolai Andreievich Orelov (d. 1931) was a Russian member of the Assassins and the [[Narodnaya Volya]]. He is the protagonist of the comic ''[[Assassin's Creed: The Fall]]'', and has thus far not appeared in any game. The son of Master Assassin Andrei Orelov, Nikolai joined the Order out of birthright rather than choice, and occasionally harbored some bitterness and resentment over his life being so fundamentally altered by forces beyond his control. He trained alongside [[Aleksandr Ulyanov]], whom he quickly befriended. Nikolai's greatest failure was when Aleksandr was captured as part of the [[Pervomartovtsy]]. As Aleksandr was hanged, he indicated that Nikolai was guilty of not rescuing him. The following year, Nikolai attempted to assassinate [[Tsar Alexander III]], who was in possession of a Staff of Eden. Nikolai attacked Alexander on his private train. The intensity of the fight caused the train to [[Borki train disaster|crash]]. Nikolai barely escaped, and the Tsar's injuries contributed to his death six years later. Some time later, Nikolai and his wife, Anna, lost a child, intensifying Nikolai's bitterness, which his fellow assassins occasionally found disconcerting. In 1908, Nikolai was sent to Tunguska to retrieve the Staff from a Templar research facility. The facility was inadvertently [[Tunguska event|destroyed]] when [[Nikola Tesla]] prematurely detonated his experimental mass destruction weapon, Nikolai was the only survivor. A small shard of the Staff was recovered by [[Grigori Rasputin]], but eventually recovered from his corpse. After the Russian Revolution, Nikolai retired from the Assassins to start a new life in America with his wife and children, while keeping the shard for himself. Nikolai's wife and daughter were arrested during the [[Palmer Raids]] and subsequently deported. Nikolai and his youngest son, Innokenti, lived a relatively isolative existence in the woods. In 1931, Nikolai is contacted by a fellow associate, Sergei, who tells him that the Assassins need him to return to Russia to be debriefed on his knowledge of the Tunguska event. Paranoid and mistrustful due to [[Trust Operation|recent events]], Nikolai attacks and kills Sergei, and is subsequently killed during the Assassins' retaliatory response.

====Shao Jun====

Shao Jun (voiced by [[Angela Galuppo]]) (1505-unknown) was a member of the Chinese Assassin Brotherhood, protagonist of the animated film ''[[Assassin's Creed: Embers]]'', and supporting character in [[Assassin's Creed: Revelations (novel)]] by [[Oliver Bowden]] based on the game of the same name. A former [[concubine]] of [[Zhengde|Emperor Zhèngdé]], she was rescued by the Assassins after the emperor's death, and devoted her life to the Order as a result.After some time, Zhèngdé's successor, [[Jiajing]], ordered a purge of those who opposed him, which included the Assassins. Following the Order's decline in China, Jūn and her [[Mentor]] fled west to seek out the Italian Assassin Mentor, Ezio Auditore da Firenze. Shào Jūn had the desire to learn, specifically about how the Assassin Order functioned and lived their lives. She searched for information when none was given to her, even going against the wishes of others just to learn, as evidenced by her invading Ezio's study. She was sincere about wanting to understand her Order, and took Ezio's lessons and lectures to heart. She remained restless and on-guard at all times, keeping a close eye on her surroundings for any possible threats; often staying up at night and preparing for an attack instead of sleeping. She also loved to meet and learn from new cultures and societies, often excited about the opportunity to understand people with different nationalities from her own. Shào Jūn wielded a Chinese [[jian]] as her primary weapon, with [[rope dart]]s and throwing needles tucked under her bracers as secondary weapons. Accompanying this, Jūn also had a hidden blade under her right foot, which she used in tandem with her acrobatic skills against enemies. She was extensively trained in combat by the Order, and was an adept and agile fighter, with her fighting style being heavily reminiscent of the Chinese martial art of [[Chinese martial arts#Wǔshù|wǔshù]], which involved ample flexibility and knowledge in both unarmed and sword combat. Jūn's arsenal of weapons were also fitted for her style of combat, as they were light yet deadly. To lower suspicion in public areas, she concealed her weapons in her attire, save for the jiān, which she kept sheathed across her back. In [[Assassin's Creed III]], she is briefly mentioned by Achilles Davenport, when he shows Ratonhnhaké:ton a rope dart (briefly calling by its Chinese name "''Shéng Biāo''"), and says it is one of several weapon plans (presumably plans for various Chinese weapons) introduced to the Assassin order by Shào Jūn, however Achilles dialog on her contributions to the order is interrupted when Ratonhnhaké:ton accidentally loses control of the ropes' dart, which ends up in the wall of the manor's secret training room. Afterwards, her in-game bio is unlocked also the Animus Database.

==Other major fictional characters==

===Contemporary Era (1985-present)===
*'''Dr. Warren Vidic''' (voiced by [[Philip Proctor]]) (unknown-2012) is the head of the Animus project, arch-nemesis to Desmond Miles and the main antagonist of the series. In ''Assassin's Creed I'', Vidic does not care about the Animus test subjects; his only goal is finding the Pieces of Eden, whatever the cost. He forced Subject 16 into reliving many of his ancestors lives in a bid to find the Apple; this resulted in Subject 16 losing his sense of self as the "Bleeding Effect" overcame him and drove him to insanity and suicide. As a result, Vidic is begrudgingly more lenient towards Desmond, granting him more frequent breaks on Lucy's behalf. In ''Assassin's Creed II'', Vidic makes a brief appearance during the game's ending, when he locates the Assassin hideout. Trying to recapture Desmond, he tries to make Desmond come peacefully and comments about Lucy's betrayal, telling her about the pain that he was forced to inflict on the Animus subjects as a result. After Desmond and Lucy defeat the Abstergo guards, Vidic says that Desmond should enjoy his "temporary victory", and escapes in an Abstergo van. In ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'', he makes an appearance during the multiplayer introduction cutscene giving an introduction speech to Abstergo employees about the use of the Animi (plural for the Animus) and its true purpose in exterminating the rest of the Assassin Order. Part of this scene is reused in the introduction of ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' and he eventually ordered his Master Templars (including Daniel Cross) to capture William Miles. Vidic's final appearance was in ''Assassin's Creed III'' and once again served as Desmond's arch-nemesis. When Vidic's Templar agents successfully captured William Miles, Vidic sent Desmond Miles and his team a video proposing his demands: Give him the Apple of Eden and William would be returned to them safely. Despite the fact that William would tell the team to forget him, Desmond decided to rescue his father and kill Vidic once and for all. Once Desmond arrived at the Abstergo facility in Italy, Vidic ordered him to come in peacefully. Desmond refused, killing any security guards who crossed his path while Vidic would taunt him on a loud-speaker throughout the facility. In retaliation, Warren sent Daniel Cross to deal with the Assassin threat. But once Cross had Desmond cornered, he began to suffer from the Bleeding Effect and fled trying to deal with his mental breakdown. Vidic, frustrated with Desmond, stated that he was no longer an asset to Abstergo and authorized the guards to kill him on sight. Meanwhile, Desmond pursued Cross through the Animus Training Facility and killed him. Vidic was furious at Cross's death, screaming that the Assassins only took while Templars gave the world order and peace. Eventually Desmond reached Vidic's office, where his father sat surrounded by armed guards. Vidic demanded that Desmond to hand him the Apple. Desmond reached out with the Apple in his hand, but instead of giving it to Warren, used its power to manipulate everyone in the room. As Vidic pleaded for the last time, Desmond influenced one of guards to turn his gun on Warren, shooting and finally killing him before commanding the remaining guards to kill themselves.

*'''Lucy Stillman''' (voiced by and modeled on [[Kristen Bell]]) (1988-2012) was a member of the Assassins' Order and former [[genetic memory (psychology)|genetic memory]] researcher who worked for Abstergo Industries in the Animus project. Lucy first appears at the beginning of the first game, as she and Warren Vidic argue about whether to leave Desmond in the Animus or pull him out during a fragmented memory sequence. Afterward, while Vidic explains to Desmond what the Animus does and what "genetic memories" are, Lucy explains Abstergo's goal in very broad and non-specific terms. Vidic wants to hurry Desmond along, seeing no reason to "coddle" him, but Lucy manages to convince Vidic that Desmond will be useless without time to rest from his experience. During Desmond's time in the Animus, Lucy is his chief defender, pressuring Vidic to allow Desmond more time to rest. In breaks between Animus sessions, Lucy begins to warm to Desmond, and answers what questions she can about the Animus, Abstergo and Vidic. Lucy also mentions that Desmond was not the only person Abstergo was detaining; she, too, is an unfortunate captive. Abstergo tried to silence her to keep her from speaking publicly about the Animus, but her attackers were ordered to stand down by Dr. Warren Vidic. She claimed that he saved her life that day, and she told Desmond not to judge Dr. Vidic so harshly, as he was under a lot of pressure. After a few days, Lucy hides the access codes for Desmond's door in his wardrobe so that he can roam freely about the Animus chamber, and "forgot" her security pen on the Animus so that Desmond could access her e-mail account. Eventually, she reveals herself to Desmond as an Assassin, working undercover to learn more about Abstergo's goals. After Desmond successfully retrieves the suppressed memory sequence at the end of the game, Abstergo executives order Desmond's murder, but Lucy convinces them to keep him alive to extract more information. Several hours later (''Assassin's Creed II''), Lucy returns and breaks Desmond out of the Abstergo facility, eventually escaping to an Assassin safehouse, where Rebecca Crane and Shaun Hastings are waiting with the "Animus 2.0", an improved and upgraded Animus machine of Rebecca's own design. They inform Desmond that they're going to attempt an unorthodox training regime: by using the Animus and the Bleeding Effect, they will try and "imprint" his ancestor Ezio's skills on Desmond himself, turning him into a master Assassin-by-proxy. Eventually, Abstergo tracks them to the safehouse, and the Assassins are forced to flee to a secondary facility in the north; on the way, Desmond goes back into the Animus to search Ezio and Altair's memories for any information that may help them. Shortly thereafter, they arrive at Monteriggioni (''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood''), and establish their second base. There, Lucy continues to help Desmond through the Animus 2.0. After Desmond finds the location of the Apple of Eden through Ezio's memories, Lucy, Shaun, and Rebecca accompany him deep beneath the [[Colosseum]], to a hidden vault where it resides. As Desmond holds the Apple, the goddess Juno takes control of him through it. She then forces him to stab Lucy as she knows that she is a Templar. It is revealed in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' that Lucy was killed from the stabbing. She was given a funeral and buried in a cemetery just outside of Rome. It is implied that Desmond and Lucy have feelings for each other during ''Assassin's Creed II'' and ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' and is directly stated in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'', making this partly why Desmond went into a coma. Conversations during ''Assassin's Creed III'' shows that Desmond, William, Shaun and Rebecca are aware of Lucy's betrayal. This is due to the Lost Archive DLC in Assassin's Creed: Revelations, which reveals Lucy's true allegiance. It can be presumed that Abstergo knows Lucy is dead. Some say that it is safe to assume Lucy's feelings for Desmond and her loyalty to the Templars make her really a balanced double agent for both sides, not leaning on either side too much.

*'''William "Bill" Miles''' (voiced by and modeled on [[John de Lancie]]) (b. 1948) is the father of Desmond Miles and ''de facto'' leader of the entire Assassin Order during the events of the games, having risen to the position following the death of the Mentor in 2000.

*'''Shaun Hastings''' (voiced by and modeled on [[Danny Wallace (humourist)|Danny Wallace]]) is a cynical, condescending and pessimistic member of the Assassin's team, specializing in research and information handling. Through conversations in ''Assassin's Creed II'', Desmond learns that Shaun was interested in conspiracies from an early age, and developed a love of history. Though he was unaware of the existence of modern-day Templars and Assassins, he realized that there was some power-struggle going on. Shaun attempted to tell others about his findings, not realizing that the Templars would try to silence him. Fortunately, Rebecca Crane apparently "rescued" Shaun and recruited him into the Order. This is mentioned as being unconventional, as most Assassins were usually born into the Order, not recruited.

*'''Rebecca Crane''': (voiced by and modeled on [[Eliza Schneider]]) (b. 1984) is a member of the Assassin's team. She is the creator of the Animus 2.0 – which she affectionately refers to as "Baby" – and provides [[technical support]] for the Assassins alongside her partner, Shaun Hastings. She appears to be an old friend of Lucy Stillman, although prior to the game, the two purportedly did not see one another for seven years, perhaps due to Lucy's internment at Abstergo. In ''Assassin's Creed II'', Rebecca serves as tech support for the Animus 2.0. She often leaves notes within the database entries that Shaun makes available for Desmond Miles while he is in the Animus, especially if the entries (i.e. about a particular structure) indicate the presence of a glyph or Assassin's tomb therein. The data module that Rebecca receives from Lucy with the records of the Abstergo version of the Animus allow Desmond to interact with the encrypted file Subject 16 left behind in Ezio Auditore da Firenze's memories. In ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'', Rebecca can be heard talking to Bill Miles during Desmond's coma. She returns in ''Assassin's Creed III'', and travels with everyone to "the Vault". She, once again, helps manage the Animus, and helps Desmond along when he travels to a skyscraper in New York City, a stadium in Brazil, and helps him rescue his father from the Templars at Abstergo. Later on, after Desmond inserts all three of the power sources, she, along with Desmond, William, and Shaun, enter the heart of the vault, where Desmond can either free Juno, which saves the Earth, but will unleash her, or Minerva, who recommends they all wait in the Vault for the Earth to burn, so Desmond can help make a new age for the Earth. Choosing to side with Juno, he tells everyone else to leave, as they could be hurt when Desmond frees Juno. Rebecca and the others leave, without another word.

*'''Clay Kaczmarek (Subject 16)''': (voiced by [[Cam Clarke]] in ''Assassin's Creed II'' and ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' and by Graham Cuthbertson in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'') (1982-2012), commonly known as "Subject 16", was an Assassin abducted by Abstergo directly before [[Desmond Miles]]. Dr. Warren Vidic was responsible for pushing Subject 16 to the point of insanity. In the games ''Assassin's Creed'', ''Assassin's Creed II'' and ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'', indirect references are made to the events immediately following Subject 16's insanity. The events are only revealed after finishing the first game. After completing the storyline of ''Assassin's Creed'', Desmond gains Altaïr's Eagle Vision via the "Bleeding Effect" from the Animus, which allows him to see more than is usually visible. At this point, he can use his new-found ability to see blood covering the walls and floor of the room with the Animus; the blood was used to create symbols and writings, indicating the end of the world in a variety of ways and making references to several different cultures. When Desmond enters his own room and uses Eagle Vision to view the wall behind his bed, he sees that it is almost entirely covered in blood and contains several more clues to what happened to Subject 16. Eventually it is revealed that Subject 16 felt his soul was being stolen and his mind shattered with so many memories of his ancestors, so he used his own blood to paint the clues before ending his life.<ref name="CVG Blog: Assassin's Creed Ending Explained!">{{cite web|last=Pellett |first=Matthew |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=175552 |title=CVG Blog: Assassin's Creed Ending Explained! |publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref> He is the playable character of "The Lost Archive" DLC. It is revealed he was an assassin sent to infiltrate Abstergo. He was meant to escape through the help of Lucy Stillman but was unsuccessful. No longer able to escape, he planned his suicide so that he would be able to pass his message to Desmond.

*'''Alan Rikkin''' is the CEO of Abstergo. He had sent several e-mails to Warren Vidic, one of which that details several Pieces of [[Garden of Eden|Eden]] that they believe to be nothing more than mythical tales, including [[The Holy Grail]]. Rikkin is possibly one of the three men standing in the conference room right after Desmond Miles finished the Altaïr project.

*'''Daniel Cross''' (voiced by Danny Blanco-Hall) (1974-2012) was a Templar sleeper agent and descendant of Nikolai Orelov responsible for infiltrating and killing the Mentor of the Assassins in 2000, which nearly destroyed the Brotherhood Order, and later became Abstergo's top field agent. He is Desmond's foil/counterpart and secondary antagonist in ''Assassin's Creed III''. He and Desmond would cross multiple times when Desmond would try and recover power sources for the Grand Temple around the globe. Daniel would always be one step ahead of him but would be defeated and knocked out by Desmond both times. Finally, when Desmond had returned to Abstergo in Rome to rescue his father and kill Vidic, Daniel was sent to stop Desmond in his tracks cornering him at gunpoint in the Animus chamber Desmond had previously been imprisoned in. However, before Daniel could kill him, he began to suffer from the Bleeding Effect and speaking Russian. Daniel panicked and fled, running through the facility, but was chased by Desmond into the Animi Training Program room, where he was stabbed to death at Desmond's hands.

===Late Modern Era (1750-1985)===
*'''Achilles Davenport''': (voiced by [[Roger Aaron Brown]]) (1710-early 1780's) was a Master Assassin and a [[Mentor]] for a span of time during the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[American Revolutionary War]]. The British Colonial America Brotherhood was founded by John de la Tour around the early 18th century after his arrival to the colonies. Recruited in the mid-1730s, Achilles became the Mentor of the British Colonial Assassins in 1746, as he had a gift for both recruitment and organization. Achilles also strengthened the Brotherhood's ties with the Iroquois Nations. In 1763, he was tried by the Templar leaders after the branch was decimated to all but himself, during the aftermath of the French and Indian War. In a show of mercy, Achilles was allowed to live if he resigned his role as an Assassin and moved into the wilderness. By 1770, Achilles resided at the Davenport Homestead. In that same year, he reluctantly recruited Ratonhnhaké:ton into the Assassin Order, and acted as his mentor thereafter. He provided Ratonhnhaké:ton with advice, and cautioned the younger Assassin whenever his ambition led him astray. However, Achilles passed away: when Ratonhnhaké:ton discovered his body, there was a note to him Achilles' hand apologizing that he never got to say goodbye like he wanted to. A funeral was held on the cliff behind his mansion and while others put flowers on his coffin, Ratonhnhaké:ton put a Feather in honour of the Assassins. Ratonhnhaké:ton later went back to his grave and buried the amulet with Achilles making sure that nobody could find it but Desmond. The Davenport Homestead contained the graves of Achilles' two family members; his wife, Abigail Davenport, and his son, Connor Davenport, who both died of typhoid fever shortly after the French and Indian War. Achilles also rested there after he passed in the early 1780s.

*'''Agaté''' (unknown-1777) was a former slave who, following his escape from jail, became Mentor of the New France Assassin Order in the [[Louisiana (New France)|colonial French Louisiana]]. He is an antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed III: Liberation''. Agaté personally trained Aveline de Grandpré, with whom he held a tempestuous relationship, as he disapproved of her impulsiveness, and when she acted without consulting him. After uncovering the identity of the Company Man during her mission in New York, Aveline returned to the Bayou to consult her mentor, only to find that he was under the belief that she had been turned to the Templar cause. After defeating his pawns and coming from under the influence of his hallucinogenic poison, Aveline confronted him directly at the highest point of his homestead. After trying to convince him of her loyalty, she informed him that she had no choice but to kill him. But rather than be killed by Aveline, who he had earlier labeled as 'a monster' (referring to her mixed heritage), Agate turned to face her and fell backwards to his death, thus committing suicide in front of his student. Although he appears on seldom occasions during the course of the game, Agate appeared to be a very experienced and invaluable mentor to Aveline, reminding her that her impulsiveness would lead to trouble. At times, he was harsh with her in his words, but only did such to help mold her into the Assassin that she later became. However, he also showed doubt in her loyalty to the Assassins, and on one occasion admitted to having a dream that she had turned her back on the Order. Despite all of his concerns, he seemed to genuinely care for his student, and viewed Aveline as his own child, having revealed that if he had pursued her mother, Jeanne, she could have very well been his daughter. Agate appeared to be a skilled freerunner and climber; on an occasion when he requested his student to meet him in the heart of New Orleans, Aveline found him perched atop a church roof. Agate also possessed knowledge of voodoo, and made use of it on one occasion during the events of the game. When confronted by Aveline, he used a certain hallucinogen that hindered her ability to see and made lifeless practice dolls appear to be hostile and human, as well as creating the illusion that he could vanish and reappear a distance away.

*'''Antonio de Ulloa''' was a Spanish general, explorer, author, astronomer, colonial administrator and the first Spanish governor of Louisiana. A Templar, he was pursued by the Assassin Aveline de Grandpré during the Louisiana Rebellion, but was spared by Grandpré under the promise to go into exile.

*'''Baptiste''' was a former Assassin and voodoo leader, who posed as the deceased François Mackandal and operated in the Bayou surrounding New Orleans. Secretly working for the "Company Man" with Rafael Joaquín de Ferrer, Baptiste aspired to become a formal member of the Templar Order. He was also a personal enemy of the Mentor of the Louisianan Assassins, Agaté. Sometime in 1765, "Mackandal" had amassed a small following, though he sent a letter to one of his acolytes stating that he was "in want of nothing but more men to join his ranks" of his cult for a "sacred ceremony" on the Eve of Saint John. However, this letter was intercepted by the Assassin Aveline de Grandpré, shortly after she had assassinated the troops at one of his bases, a wrecked ship in the marshlands, with the smuggler Élise Lafleur providing her with the information and transport to get there. Aveline and Élise then located Baptiste after she had cleared the man's second base, and spied on his conversation with de Ferrer. There, she learned of his aspirations to poison the nobles of New Orleans, before Aveline faced off against Baptiste in a showdown, proving victorious despite having been afflicted by a hallucinogenic drug by the voodoo leader; she had ingested an antidote beforehand in preparation to face him.

*'''Clipper Wilkinson''' (1756–unknown) was a member of the Assassin Order who lived in southern Boston during the American Revolutionary War. He was also a noted sharpshooter, who had specialized in using a musket. On recruiting Wilkinson, it allowed Ratonhnhaké:ton to use his Assassin recruits to pick off a target from a distance at any given time. Originally hailing from Virginia, Wilkinson spent his early years working as a surveyor and hunter on the frontier, before he moved to Boston after a falling out with his family, who had joined the British Army. Having heard the rumors about Ratonhnhaké:ton's battle against the British oppression, Wilkinson requested his help in finding the man responsible for organizing the forceful recruitment of young men to the British Army in southern Boston. Ratonhnhaké:ton's efforts allowed Wilkinson to discover the man's identity, and he told Ratonhnhaké:ton to join him at a meeting where the man would come out in public to address the unwilling recruits. The two then worked together in assassinating the man, and following the aftermath, Ratonhnhaké:ton concluded that the man was a member of the Templars, upon which Wilkinson agreed to join the Assassins' cause against the organization.

*'''Deborah "Dobby" Carter''' (1736-unknown) was a member of the British Colonial Brotherhood of Assassins in the latter part of the 18th century, who lived in the northern district of the colony of New York. On recruiting Carter, it allowed Ratonhnhaké:ton to use his Assassin recruits to lure away selected guards whenever they were available. Deborah Carter was born to Amos Carter, a local merchant in New York who came into heavy debt. To this, she turned to the streets at the age of ten, becoming an errand-runner and disguising herself as a boy to allow her to do so, taking on the nickname "Dobby". However, as a teenager, she had to drop her disguise since her body's growth had foiled it, though she kept the alias of "Dobby" and continued with her errand work, while also negotiating contracts between businesses. Accompanying this, Carter was known for looking out for the poor, often fighting merchants to ensure that they were not charging exorbitant prices. She met Ratonhnhaké:ton in the northern end of New York, where a famine had been affecting the population. As Ratonhnhaké:ton aided the citizens, she went on to discover that a Templar merchant had been hoarding provisions, causing the famine. With her help, Ratonhnhaké:ton assassinated the merchant, and she joined the Assassins afterwards.

*'''Duncan Little''' (1730–unknown) was an Irish member of the British Colonial Assassins who lived in the northern district of the colony of Boston during the American Revolutionary War. Here, he was recruited by the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton. On recruiting Little, it allowed Ratonhnhaké:ton to use his Assassin recruits as bodyguards. Little originally hailed from Ireland, and was the youngest son of a particularly large family. This was jokingly commented upon by Shaun Hastings in 2012 as "confusing", in regards to his surname. Later, Duncan entered into the priesthood at a young age, and was sent to Africa as a missionary in 1756. Little spent several years there, but in 1760, he returned to Ireland and subsequently left the priesthood entirely. However, the true reasons as to what motivated him to abscond the Church were unknown, since in 2012, Shaun was unable to access his records due to the Vatican having locked down their records entirely. Following this, Duncan spent some time as a passenger on a ship to Boston in 1763. From his letters, it seemed as if his family more or less drove him away, due to his split with the Catholic Church. Little then settled in Boston's northern end, where he gained a reputation as a good mediator; fair and less expensive than going before the local judiciary. Due to this, when he wasn't spending time at the local drinking house (which became known locally as "''Little's Court''"), he was helping people to solve their problems, generally by talking them down from a fight. Upon first meeting Ratonhnhaké:ton, he is quick to realize "''Connor''" isn't his real name. When Connor reveals his birth name is Ratonhnhaké:ton, Little calls it a strong name and tell Ratonhnhaké:ton he should use it more often. During a conversation in one of Boston's taverns, he confesses to Ratonhnhaké:ton he met Haytham long time ago, in London. He actually saw him kill Miko at the Opera as Duncan was only a child.

*'''Gérald Blanc''' was an accountant living in New Orleans during the end of the French and Indian War. At some point in his life, he became an associate of the Assassin Aveline de Grandpré. Later, he came to consider himself as an Assassin even if he lacked the physical training, referring to the Brotherhood as "our Order" when talking with Aveline.

*'''George Davidson''' (1752–1777) was a slave, whom the Assassin Aveline de Grandpré helped to escape from New Orleans and confined into the care of the American patriots as asked by her step-mother. Later, when Aveline was sent to New York to meet Connor in order to take down the British Officer of the loyalist Ethiopian regiment of Lord North, who had information on the identity of the "Company Man", Aveline shockingly discovered George's allegiance to the Templar Order. George was killed by Aveline, and in his dying breath, he told her that "the answer has been in her own backyard all along", prompting the Assassin to understand that the Company Man was her own step-mother, Madeleine de L'Isle.

*'''Jacob Zenger''' (1739–unknown) was a German member of the British American Assassins during the American Revolutionary War, who was recruited into the Assassin Order by Ratonhnhaké:ton in New York. On his allegiance with the Assassins, Zenger allowed Ratonhnhaké:ton the tactic of using disguised recruits to escort him past guard patrols. Jacob was born near to the town of Mannheim, in southwestern Germany. He was the son of a farmer, and one of thirteen siblings, though only four of his brothers and sisters would reach adulthood along with him. From there, Jacob married a woman named Wilhemina, of which the pair had one son. During a conversation with Ratonhnhaké:ton, he revealed that the only reason he had left his family was because his wife was the strongest person he knew. As Zenger's family was poor and his career prospects were limited in Mannheim, Jacob followed the promise of a better life and signed up as a soldier. After several years in the service, he was shipped to New York, one of the Hessians sent to fight for the British in the Revolutionary War. Like many of the Hessian troops, however, he left the service after coming overseas. Eager to reunite with his wife and son, Zenger bought a lot of land and left New York. However, after a string of crop failures, he was forced to move back to the city, taking up the only career that he could find to make ends meet - working as a bodyguard. Despite this, Jacob had been planning to bring them to the British American colonies, but waited because of the Revolutionary War and Assassin conflict. However, on receiving a letter about how strong his son had grown, Jacob sent them money they needed to come to America regardless, his excitement trumping his fears.

*'''Jamie Colley''' (voiced by Marcel Jeannin) (1744–unknown) was a member of the Assassin Order who lived in the western district of the colony of New York. On recruiting Colley, it allowed Ratonhnhaké:ton to use his Assassin recruits to ambush his targets at any given time. Jamie Colley was born in 1744, to a dock worker James Colley, and an unknown mother. As a child, he was a student at Trinity School, reported to be a bright student. The instructors noted that he "was destined for great things". At the end of the three years, he apparently left school to start earning money, as Saun states that he disappeared from the school attendance rolls. His prospects didn't improve as a teen either. He was fined several times for the charge of vagrancy several times. He started doing odd jobs around New York for various local businesses, until he began working for a physician, where his intelligence was recognised as an asset. He worked for several years as his assistant. After the Great Fire of 1776, he began working in the district affected by the fire, helping the homeless, disease-stricken populace. He recruited Ratonhnhaké:ton help in this task. Connor burnt infected blankets, killed rabid dogs, and carried smallpox victims to the clinic. When the Templars attacked Jamie's clinic, Ratonhnhaké:ton helped to defend it. Upon Ratonhnhaké:ton's instructions, Jamie ambushed the leader and killed him. After this, Ratonhnhaké:ton recruited him into the Brotherhood.

*'''Kanen'tó:kon''' (voiced by Akwiratékha Martin) (1756-1778) was a member of the Kanien'kehá:ka nation of the Mohawk Valley and a close childhood friend of Ratonhnhaké:ton. Though he initially advocated for the Kanien'kehá:ka to remain neutral in the American Revolutionary War, he and several other of his village's warriors later began to believe that they could protect their people by siding with the British. In this regard, he was manipulated by Charles Lee into believing that Ratonhnhaké:ton had joined George Washington in a campaign against the Mohawk people, prompting him to attack his former friend when he tried to intervene in a Mohawk ambush on colonial soldiers. Pinned to the ground and vulnerable to a lethal blow, Ratonhnhake:ton was forced to stab Kanen'tó:kon in the neck with his Hidden Blade, killing him. [[The Tyranny of King Washington]], Kanen'tó:kon joined a group of dissenters led by Samuel Adams in Boston, though he was eventually captured by Benjamin Franklin and sentenced to death by beheading by the King himself. Much to his surprise, he was soon released from his cell by his old friend Ratonhnhaké:ton, who had recently been brought to the same prison by Israel Putnam and escaped custody by using his Wolf Cloak ability. After dispatching several guards and reclaiming his equipment, Ratonhnhaké:ton revealed the secret behind his animal abilities; a tea brewed from the leaves of the mystical Red Willow. Kanen'tó:kon offered to drink the tea as well in order to turn the tide in the battle against King Washington, but Ratonhnhaké:ton refused, noting the inherent danger of the drink. Instead, he drank it himself, gaining the power of Eagle Flight in the process. After escaping the prison, Kanen'tó:kon engaged several Bluecoats while Ratonhnhaké:ton chased Franklin, who ultimately escaped when King Washington intervened with his Apple of Eden. Kanen'tó:kon and Sam Adams soon found an unconscious Ratonhnhaké:ton, injured from the fight, who suddenly realized that he needed to rescue Franklin from the Piece of Eden's power. After successfully recruiting the inventor and turning him away from Washington's evil, Ratonhnhaké:ton began collaborating with him to infiltrate Washington's New York headquarters. Meanwhile, Adams and Kanen'tó:kon were ambushed by the King's men at Boston Neck. General Putnam personally beat Adams to death, and severely wounded Kanen'tó:kon with a blow to the head. Upon learning of the ambush, Ratonhnhaké:ton investigated the scene of the massacre, and after discovering Adams' bloodied uniform and Kanen'tó:kon's tomahawk, he presumed both of his allies to be dead. After recruiting a captain and chartering a ship to New York with Franklin, Ratonhnhaké:ton fought his way through dozens of Bluecoats to protect the ship's crew as they made their escape into the harbor. Suddenly, Putnam appeared with a hostage Kanen'tó:kon, and threatened to shoot him if Ratonhnhaké:ton did not surrender. After dispatching the general with his animal powers, Ratonhnhaké:ton rescued Kanen'tó:kon and the pair fled to the ship and escaped to New York. When they arrived in New York Bay, the Aquila was attacked by Washington's fleet. When the ship ran out of gunpowder, Ratonhnhaké:ton ordered his men to swim to shore while he rammed the Aquila into a Man-of-War. Kanen'tó:kon swept to shore when he saw Washington threatening Franklin. He tackled the king, knocking the Apple from his hands, and fended off his guards before being shot by a firing line. Wounded, Kanen'tó:kon dragged himself to the helpless king to finish him off, but the guards fired a second time, killing him. When Ratonhnhaké:ton came ashore, he found Franklin mourning Kanen'tó:kon's sacrifice. Vengeful, Ratonhnhaké:ton undertook another spirit journey, gaining the power of Bear Might. When Ratonhnhaké:ton defeated Washington, Kanen'tó:kon's spirit appeared to him, urging him not to take the Apple for himself and to let his sacrifice be in vain.

*'''Kaniehtí:io''' ({{IPAc-en|g|æ|'|z|iː|'|z|iː|ɵ}}; "Gah-yet-zee-oh", shortened to Ziio/"Zee-oh", voiced by [[Kaniehtiio Horn]]) (1731-1760), or '''Ziio''' (informally), was a Kanien'keha:ka ([[Mohawk people|Mohawk]]) clanwoman and the mother of Ratonhnhaké:ton. She was also an ancestor to Desmond Miles. Prior to the [[Seven Years' War]], Kaniehtí:io was captured and escorted to the slaver Silas Thatcher, along with other members of her tribe. However, her convoy was hijacked by Haytham Kenway and his men, which led to her peoples' freedom. Later, Haytham decided that Kaniehtí:io would be a vital ally in helping his Order find the precursor site that they were looking for, as the First Civilization were considered to be sacred gods by Kaniehtí:io's people. After befriending one another, Haytham gained her trust by retrieving military plans from a fort, which allowed the pair to plan an ambush on Edward Braddock as his troops marched to [[Fort Duquesne]]. On the assassination of Braddock, Haytham and Kaniehtí:io traveled to find the entrance to the Temple; however, the amulet that Haytham had in his possession gathered no results. At this point, the two revealed their feelings for one another and shared an embrace, which later led on to the conception of Ratonhnhaké:ton. Years later, Kaniehtí:io would realize that the man she loved was a Templar, and began to fear that her son might inherit his malevolent father's ambitions. Kaniehtí:io's village was attacked by George Washington and the British Army sometime during the Seven Years' War, and in the attack, Kaniehtí:tio perished due to being pinned beneath burning rubble. As he was assaulted by Charles Lee early on, her son Ratonhnhaké:ton would go on to believe that Lee and the Templars had burned down the village and killed his mother, until his father Haytham finally told him the truth as the pair confronted George Washington years later. In [[The Tyranny of King Washington]], Sometime after George Washington obtained an Apple of Eden and became a tyrant, Kaniehtí:io snuck into Washington's fortress and stole his scepter, which housed the Apple. Israel Putnam managed to retrieve the scepter after shooting it off her back as she was making her escape. After her failed attempt, Washington sought revenge by attacking her village and the surrounding area. After Kaniehtí:io survived Washington's ordered attack, he decided to end her life himself by using the power of the Apple.

*'''Louis Mills''' (unknown-1754) was a crew-member aboard the Providence, which at one point sailed to early Boston from England, and a member of the Assassin Order. After Haytham Kenway assassinated Miko and stole his amulet inside the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden, Mills was assigned to follow Haytham on the Providence. During this time, Mills painted barrels of cargo and threw them into the ocean as the ship progressed, in order to provide a trail that another ship could follow. When Haytham was sent below decks by the captain, Mills was there to ambush him and tried to capture him. However, the far more experienced Haytham was able to kill Mills and escape.

*'''Madeleine de L'Isle''' (1732-1777) was the wife of Philippe Olivier de Grandpré, the stepmother of Aveline de Grandpré, and the main antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Liberation''. Under the alias of the "Company Man", she was also secretly the supervisor of the Templar activities in the French Louisiana territories.

*'''Oiá:ner''' was the [[Clan Mother]]of the Kanien'kehá:ka village of Kanatahséton. She and the other Kanien'kehá:ka in the village served as protectors of the sacred ground on which both their village and the Grand Temple stood. Oiá:ner was also the keeper of the tribe's "Crystal Ball" (''Piece of Eden''). In 1769, Oiá:ner showed their Crystal Ball to Ratonhnhaké:ton upon his return from a hunt and allowed him to interact with it. The Crystal Ball forced him into the Nexus, where he communicated with Juno and learned of his destiny with the Assassins. Many years later, the Clan Mother met with an adult Ratonhnhaké:ton and told him of the whereabouts of Kanen'tó:kon and other Kanien'kehá:ka men, who were attempting to attack the Continental soldiers. Some time following Kanen'tó:kon's death, Oiá:ner spoke with Ratonhnaké:ton once more, where she revealed to him that she planned to move their people to the west to avoid the American Revolutionary War, like many of the other nations had been doing. After his unpleasant reaction, she told him that she would do what was best for her people, to which Ratonhnaké:ton left the village. On his return some years later, he found the village deserted save for an old vagabond, who told him that his people had already gone

*'''Rafael Joaquín de Ferrer''' (1730s-1769) was a Spanish Templar working for the "Company Man", who ran a camp of seemingly escaped slaves in Chichen Itza, where he was conducting archaeological research in order to find an artifact of the First Civilization, the Prophecy Disk. In 1769, de Ferrer was killed by the Assassin Aveline de Grandpré who had infiltrated his labor camp and found the Piece of Eden he was looking for, which he attempted to take from her.

*'''Reginald Birch''' (voiced by [[Gideon Emery]]) (1705–1757) was the Grand Master of the British Rite of the Templar Order, and a successful English businessman. He began his dealings at a young age, and by the time he had reached his mid-20s, Birch owned several merchant ships; mainly involved with the dealing of tea to the British American colonies. Later on in his life, Birch would progress to own several businesses around London. Birch met Haytham Kenway, the son of Birch's employer - the Assassin Edward Kenway - at a young age. He recruited Haytham into the Templars after the death of Edward Kenway, personally involving himself with the boy's training. In 1754, after Haytham had retrieved the key to the undisclosed [rand Temple, Birch secured passage to Boston for Haytham to find the First Civilization storehouse and establish a permanent Templar presence in British America. Once Haytham had discovered the truth of Birch's involvement in the kidnapping of his half-sister, Jenny Kenway, and the murder of his father, the Templar stormed Birch's chateau with Jim Logan and Jenny. Following this, Birch was killed by Jenny, via a sword that Haytham had embedded into Birch's bedroom door (killing the guard on the other side) prior to a struggle between Reginald and the woman.

*'''Robert Faulkner''' (voiced by [[Kevin McNally]]) (1715-unknown) was an elderly sailor, and Ratonhnhaké:ton's first mate aboard the Aquila. Although he was the fourth generation in his family to become a sailor, he was first to be recruited into the Assassin Order. He began his career in the Royal Navy, but due to him not being able to purchase commissions, he left to work for the United Company of Merchants. Faulkner had been first mate aboard the Aquila at many times, including when it was nearly destroyed in 1768, and always refused to be promoted to captain. As he had a strong bond towards the ship, Faulkner had it towed to a location near Boston, and after the Aquila had been repaired through the funding of Ratonhnhaké:ton, he served on board as first mate once again. In [[The Tyranny of King Washington]], Faulkner lived in Boston, drowning his sorrows after Benjamin Franklin confiscated the Aquila. However, Ratonhnhaké:ton and Franklin appeared, prompting him to try to strangle him. Ratonhnhaké:ton intervened, explaining Franklin was now working with the rebels, and that he would get his ship back. While Ratonhnhaké:ton killed the snipers guarding the docks and untied the ropes docking the Aquila, Faulkner gathered a crew. They charged the docks the following morning, and swam to the drifting Aquila while Ratonhnhaké:ton held off Washington's soldiers. Eventually they all escaped on board, and sailed to New York City to confront the king. The Aquila soon engaged Washington's fleet in New York's bay, and ran out of gunpowder. Ratonhnhaké:ton ordered everyone on board to swim away to shore, while he rammed the ship into a Man-of-War.

*'''Silas Thatcher''' (1720–1754) was a high-ranking officer of the British Army, and a prolific slave trader. Silas was responsible for the ransacking of Benjamin Church's house, and his subsequent interrogation, alongside a man called "Cutter". However, shortly after he left, Haytham Kenway and Charles Lee freed their associate, through infiltrating the location Church was kept – after they determined his whereabouts through eavesdropping – and the silent assassination of Cutter and two guards. Later, while posted at Southgate Fort in Boston, he would receive deliveries of prisoners. In 1754, one such convoy, full of Mohawk tribespeople, was commandeered by Haytham and his men as a means to enter the fortification. Shortly after, on discovering the ruse, Silas ordered his men to fire on the Templars, but he was cornered by Haytham and executed by Church, as a means of payback for the latter's previous maltreatment.

*'''Stephane Chapheau''' (voiced by Shawn Baichoo) (1743–unknown) was a French taverner in Boston during the American Revolutionary War. He was aided by the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton when the British forces attempted to collect taxes from him, and was later recruited by Ratonhnhaké:ton as an apprentice. Subsequently, during the Boston Tea Party, he assisted Ratonhnhaké:ton by dropping crates of tea overboard with the other colonists. On recruiting Chapheau, it allowed Ratonhnhaké:ton to send his recruits to assassinate selected individuals, as well as to have them call forth a riot from civilians. Chapheau was born in Canada – near modern day Montréal. His father served as a cook for the French army, but was killed in the fighting at the Plains of Abraham, as he and many other untrained men were called to arms. After his death, Stephane took on work as a chef in Montréal, but moved to Boston in 1764. While Chapheau's personal letters indicated that he was looking for a less complicated life, he arrived right on the mark for the unrest that preceded the Revolutionary War. Fortunately for him, Stephane didn't really desire a quiet life – the tensions in pre-Revolution Boston suited him exactly. It was around this time that Chapheau came across the Sons of Liberty, which he greatly supported, even participating in their 1765 protests surrounding the Stamp Act. He was also present when the crowds ransacked Governor Hutchinson's house in 1765, presumably egging them on. Also, by extension, he was to be one of the crowd that witnessed the Boston Massacre. While Stephane became somewhat notorious to beginning protests, he also caused trouble on different fronts; there were several recorded fines against him for public drunkenness and brawling, spanning between 1760 and 1780.

*'''Kahionhaténion''' was a Kanien'kehá:ka, born and raised in the village of Kanatahséton, as a warrior and a hunter during the American Revolutionary War. He was also the brother of Teiowí:sonte. Kahionhaténion helped to defend Kanatahséton from an attack by Washington's troops. After the attack, Kahionhaténion and his brother, Teiowí:sonte, recovered Ratonhnhaké:ton from the village, using the powers granted them by the Red Willow. When Teiowí:sonte was captured by the Bluecoats while trying to free enslaved people from the Frontier, Kahionhaténion asked Ratonhnhaké:ton to help him find and save his brother. Despite this, Kahionhaténion and his brother were killed in battle when Bluecoats followed Ratonhnhaké:ton's tracks back to the cave that the clan were hiding in.

*'''Teiowí:sonte''' (voiced by [[Andreas Apergis]]) was a Kanien'kehá:ka warrior during the American Revolutionary War. He was also the brother of Kahionhaténion. Teiowí:sonte was born and raised in the village of Kanatahséton as a warrior and a hunter. Teiowí:sonte helped to defend Kanatahséton from an attack by King Washington, by gathering the virgin boughs of the Red Willow to brew a strength-giving tea. After the attack, Teiowí:sonte and his brother, Kahionhaténion, recovered Ratonhnhaké:ton from the village, using the powers granted them by the Red Willow. Teiowí:sonte also led Ratonhnhaké:ton to the Red Willow under the direction of Oiá:ner. Some time later, Teiowí:sonte was captured by the Bluecoats while trying to free enslaved people from the Frontier, but was rescued by Ratonhnhaké:ton and Kahionhaténion. Despite this, both Teiowí:sonte and his brother were killed in battle when Bluecoats followed Ratonhnhaké:ton's tracks back to the cave that the clan were hiding in. Teiowí:sonte shares his name with [[Teiowí:sonte Thomas Deer]], a Kanien'kehá:ka cultural counselor for Assassin's Creed III.

*'''Vásquez''' was the name of a Templar who was assumed to be the Order's "Company Man" in the French colonies of North America. He was later killed at a soirée by the Assassin Aveline de Grandpré, after having been charmed by her in her Lady attire, as part of her search to uncover the true identity of the Company Man. On his death, however, Vásquez revealed to Aveline that she had been misguided, and disclosed that the Company Man which the Assassin sought was a female in reality. This mystery woman was eventually discovered to be Madeleine de L'Isle, though Vásquez perished before he could give out her name.

===Early Modern Era (1450-1750)===
*'''Claudia Auditore da Firenze''' (voiced by [[Angela Galuppo]]) (1461-unknown) was a Florentine noblewoman during the Renaissance, and a member of the Assassin Order. She was the sister of Ezio Auditore, who became the Mentor of the Italian Assassins. In 1476, Claudia became the financial accountant of the town of Monteriggioni, which was under the leadership of her uncle Mario Auditore. The town flourished with Claudia's organization and the money made from Monteriggioni's shops and organizations, which had been opened once more. In January 1500, Monteriggioni was besieged and largely destroyed by the Borgia army, under command of Cesare Borgia, leaving the Auditore homeless. Against her brother's desire for Claudia and her mother Maria to go to their hometown of [[Florence]], Claudia and Maria followed Ezio to Rome, where Claudia became the Madame of the Rosa in Fiore, the city's most popular brothel. Eventually, after proving herself to be a worthy fighter to her brother, Ezio inducted Claudia into the Order of Assassins. The following year, Claudia was captured by Borgia die-hards, and subsequently saved by Ezio and Niccolò Machiavelli. During this time, she stepped down as the Madame of the Rosa in Fiore, and stayed in Florence with her friend Paola, in order to recover until 1507. Claudia was given temporary control of the Italian Assassins in 1510, when her brother left on a journey to the Middle East to find the library of the legendary Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, which was said to be in Masyaf. She held this position until her brother returned in late 1512, after which Ezio resigned from the Order and assigned a successor.

*'''Cristina Vespucci''' (voiced by Amber Goldfarb) (1459–1498) was a well-known Florentine beauty introduced in ''Assassin's Creed II'', though most of her story is told during the "Repressed Memory Sequences" from ''Brotherhood''. She was a first love interest of Ezio Auditore da Firenze. From an early age, Cristina caught the eyes of many boys who wanted to become intimate with her. One of those boys was Ezio, who was encouraged to go speak with Cristina by his brother one day in 1476. However, Cristina had no interest in him, and walked off. Ezio, who decided to go after her, followed Cristina to her home, where he saw her being confronted by Vieri de' Pazzi. Vieri, who had already attempted to impress Cristina on previous occasions, grew impatient when Cristina turned him down yet again. Saying that he was "tired of waiting for her to open her legs on her own", he tried to sexually assault her. However, he was interrupted by Ezio, who came to Cristina's rescue. The two engaged in a fistfight, and Ezio emerged the victor. Cristina was thankful of Ezio's actions, and thus began a relationship between the two. Ezio visited Cristina in her home quite frequently and was described to be "unbelievably dexterous", as the guards knew that he visited her, but were never able to catch him trespassing. On [[Assassin's Creed II|one occasion]] that Ezio slept with Cristina, he was discovered by her enraged father the next morning. Her father set the guards on him, demanding for his head, though he was able to escape. In 1476, directly after the Auditore execution, Cristina helped Ezio give his father and brothers the proper final rites by burning and setting their bodies adrift in the Arno river. Afterwards, Ezio asked Cristina to come with him, as he needed to leave for Monteriggioni with his family. However, Cristina refused, saying that she could not leave her family. Understanding her decision, Ezio gave her a pendant to remember him by before leaving. In 1478, by the insistence of her father, Cristina was engaged to be married to Manfredo Soderini. The day before their wedding, Ezio returned to Florence for the first time in two years, and Cristina was the first person he visited. After a short talk, she sadly told him that she had not expected him to return; before revealing her engagement, and breaking Ezio's heart. After being informed that Manfredo was being confronted by people to whom he owed a gambling debt, Ezio rushed to save Cristina's fiance. Upon killing the gamblers, Ezio hung Manfredo over a bridge and demanded to know if he truly loved Cristina, to which Manfredo sincerely replied yes. Ezio demanded that he stop gambling, and that he be a good husband to Cristina; otherwise, he would hunt him down and kill him. Afterwards, Ezio returned to Cristina and kissed her, telling her that he had made sure that Manfredo would be a good husband to her. Though she was heartbroken for losing Ezio, Cristina nevertheless married Manfredo, and the two of them began living together in Florence. Eight years later, 1486 in Venice, Cristina travelled to attend Carnevale with her husband. Noticing her there, Leonardo da Vinci remembered that she and Ezio had been close, and informed the latter of her presence. However, Ezio worried that Cristina would not agree to see him after all the years, thus he slipped a letter to her, posing as her husband and requesting her to meet him alone in an alley. Cristina obliged and the two kissed, with Cristina believing Ezio to be Manfredo, as he was wearing a mask. After discovering the truth, she yelled at Ezio for kissing her, both because she was already married and because she had not seen Ezio in so long. Cristina told Ezio that, before, she had loved him and would rather have married him, but now it was too late. She angrily told him to never look for her again and stormed off. In 1494, [[Girolamo Savonarola]] took control of Florence after Lorenzo de' Medici's death. Savonarola claimed that all Renaissance material was evil, and that they should go back to the medieval times, instigating the [[Bonfire of the Vanities]]. In 1498, Savonarola's fanatics infiltrated Cristina's and Manfredo's home to kill Manfredo. He attempted to fend them off, however, this was a vain effort as there were too many attackers, and he was gravely injured. Cristina managed to escape, but was soon cornered by the fanatics. At this point, Ezio, after hearing about what had happened from a dying Manfredo, came to her aid. The fanatics, who were taunting Cristina for the rich fineries she owned, were startled as Ezio came up behind them and yelled at Cristina to "''Run!''" Though he killed all of the soldiers, Cristina had already been mortally wounded, and was slowly dying. After showing him the pendant that she had kept with her the past twenty-two years, and telling him that she wished they could have had "a second chance" together, Cristina died in Ezio's arms.<ref>{{cite video game|title=[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]|developer=[[Ubisoft Montreal]]|level=Cristina Memory 5 – Love's Labour's Lost|quote=''[Ezio saves Cristina from the Savonarola fanatics and carries her away in search of a doctor.]'' '''Cristina''': ''[coughs]'' / '''Ezio''': Cristina, hold on! I'll get you to a doctor; you're going to be alright! / '''Cristina''': No...Ezio... ''[Ezio begins to lay her down.]'' I don't think I'll... / '''Ezio''': No! Don't go! Stay with me, Cristina! / '''Cristina''': Ezio...don't you know...? I've ''always'' been with you... / ''[Ezio takes out the pendant he'd given her over ten years ago.]'' / '''Cristina''': I wish we...could have had...a second chance... ''[Cristina Vespucci dies in Ezio's arms, her eyes closing. The saddened Ezio caresses her head.]'' / '''Ezio''': ''Requiscat in pace...'' (Rest in peace...) my love...}}</ref>

*'''Flavia Auditore da Firenze''' (voiced by [[Angela Galuppo]]) is a character in the short-film ''Assassin's Creed: Embers''. She is the daughter of Ezio Auditore da Firenze, and the next ancestor to Desmond Miles through that bloodline. She was present with her mother in Florence, when her father died of a heart attack.

*'''Mario Auditore da Monteriggioni''' (voiced by [[Fred Tatasciore]]) is a character in ''Assassin's Creed II'' and a minor character in ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood''. He is a [[condottiero]], ruler of [[Monteriggioni]], Mentor of the Italian Assassins, and the paternal uncle of Ezio Auditore da Firenze. He was well known for his love of battle. Mario was born in 1434 to the wealthy Auditore family, and he got his first taste of battle when he was six. In 1454, after his father died and brother Giovanni left for Florence, Mario became the ruler of Monteriggioni. This was a position he held until 1500. In 1476, the [[Pazzi Conspiracy]] took the life of his brother and two of his nephews. His nephew Ezio, his sister-in-law Maria, and his niece Claudia all fled to Monteriggioni seeing refuge. It was he that taught Ezio the skills to become an assassin. They forged a strong bond and soon became inseparable. In December 1499, Ezio and Mario departed for Rome to seize the Apple of Eden from Rodrigo Borgia, also known as Pope Alexander VI. Ezio managed to acquire it and give it to Mario. In January 1500, Monteriggioni was attacked by the pope's son Cesare. Mario was killed by Cesare, and the Apple of Eden was taken. Ezio eventually got the Apple back.

*'''Marcello Auditore da Firenze''' (October, 1514-unknown) was the son of the retired leader of the Italian Assassins and a former Mentor in the Assassin Order, Ezio Auditore da Firenze, and his wife Sofia Sartor. Marcello had one sister, Flavia. Marcello lived with his parents and sister in the Tuscan countryside, and at times accompanied his mother to visit his aunt Claudia. Marcello appears more often in the ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' novel, where he accompanies his mother and sister to the market in which Ezio dies, and only mentioned in ''Assassin's Creed: Embers''. In Topkapı Palace, Prince Suleiman I introduces Ezio to Ahmet as "Marcello" to hide his true identity. "Marcello" means "like a hammer" in archaic Latin.

*'''Sofia Sartor''' (voiced by Anna Tuveri) (1476-unknown) was a Venetian-Ottoman bookshop owner, and a literary enthusiast. Though born in the city of Constantinople, Sofia was forced to leave for Venice during 1499, when the Ottoman-Venetian war began. It is revealed that when Constantinople was still part of the [[Venetian Empire]], Sofia and her parents lived in Constantinople until the Venetian-Ottoman War. Sofia eventually returned to her birthplace in 1507 to run a bookstore at the old Polo trading post. During 1511, she met the Assassin Ezio Auditore da Firenze, the man who would eventually become her husband, and the father of her two children. She became the second love interest and eventual wife of Ezio Auditore da Firenze in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. Sofia was born to wealthy Venetian parents living in Constantinople. Her first appearance is at the beginning of the game, when Ezio sails from Rhodes to Constantinople. A polylingual, multicultural, and intelligent woman mature beyond her years, Sofia had a passion for literature, which fueled her decision to run her bookstore, in hopes of sharing the democratizing effect she felt in books with others. Ezio's second encounter with her was in her shop at the Old Polo Trading Post. Sofia then begins helping Ezio discover the locations of the remaining keys, while keeping his intentions and position a secret from her. Overtime their relationship strengthens that in a mission, Sofia asked Ezio to buy her some White Tulips from the local Florist. When he reached the Florist, he discovered that the Florist had ran out of Tulips, however he knows where to pick fresh tulips and asks Ezio to wait at least one hour. Due to Impatience, Ezio secretly tailed the Florist to the garden where there is fresh tulips. There, Ezio plucks three tulips by himself and makes his way to meet Sofia at a park east of the [[Hagia Sophia]]. When he meets Sofia, he finds out that Sofia had prepared a picnic for the two of them. After Ezio has obtained 4/5 of the Masyaf Keys, he leaves for the mountain hidden Templar City of [[Cappadocia]] to obtain the last key from [[Manuel Palaiologos]]. When Ezio returns to Constantinople, he discovers that Şehzade Ahmet who was in league with the Templars has killed Yusuf and kidnapped Sofia, demanding the keys in exchange for her life. Ezio agrees, but immediately gives chase upon ensuring Sofia's safety. He recovers the keys, but before he can deal with Ahmet, Selim arrives with his armies and executes Ahmet himself, after saying that their father "made his choice."Due to his son Suleiman's endorsement, Selim has Ezio leave Constantinople, warning him never to return again. Agonized, Ezio rises his sword, but is calmed by Sofia. The Couple leaves for Masyaf. They arrive at the Door of Altaïr's library where Ezio uses the five keys to activate and open it. Before he enters, Sofia tells him to "better come out of there alive". Ezio then reassures her that He "plans to". After the events of [[Assassin's Creed: Revelations|Revelations]], Ezio and Sofia are married and have two children: Flavia Auditore and Marcello Auditore. In the events of the short film ''Assassin's Creed Embers'', sometime afterward Ezio journeys to Firenze with Sofia and Flavia, despite suffering from heart problems. Sofia nags to Ezio that he should stayed home. Ezio replies by saying "I am Home" While resting on a bench and after having a short conversation with a young man with a scar on his face, similar to the sort of man he used to be. Ezio begins breathing fast and the young man tells Ezio to lie down. Despite Ezio's reluctance, he lies on the bench and rests. He then begins breathing faster. He showed his final smile to his family, exhales and dies in view of his family. The film then ends as a final letter from Ezio to Sofia is read, saying that of all the things that kept him going throughout life, love for the world around him was the strongest of them all.

*'''Tarik Barleti''' (voiced by [[J. B. Blanc]]) (1470-1511) was a character in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. Tarik Barleti is the captain of the [[Janissaries]], the personal guard of the [[Ottoman Sultan]]. Tarik was born to a Christian Albanian family, and he was taken at a young age to be trained to fight. He is a close friend of Prince [[Selim I]]. Ezio thought that Tarik to be a Templar because of his behavior, and he was selling weapons to Manuel Palaiologos, a known Templar. Ezio decided to act on his theory, and he struck Tarik down. In his final moments, Tarik revealed that he planned to attack Manuel's [[Byzantine]] Templars in Cappadocia. He made a final request to Ezio to stop the Templars. Ezio honored it. Tarik is one of the few assassination targets that is unaffiliated with the Templars or Assassins.

*'''Vali cel Tradat''' (unknown-1511) was a [[Wallachian]] noble, former Assassin and member of the Templar Order. Having served the Assassin Order for around a decade, Vali left the Assassins after they made a truce with the Ottomans; the same people who had humiliated his people, conquered Wallachia, and murdered his secret idol [[Vlad Tepes]]. Feeling betrayed, he joined the Templars, striving for vengeance against the Assassins and Ottomans.

*'''Yusuf Tazim''' (voiced by [[Chris Parson]]) is a character in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. He is an easygoing Master Assassin, and leader of the Ottoman Assassin Brotherhood, rising to the post sometime before 1511 AD. That year, he met Ezio Auditore, and he introduced Ezio to [[Constantinople]] and the Ottoman hookblade. Ezio describes Yusuf as "affable". Yusuf often talks with humor, poking fun at Ezio or at Italians in general. Furthermore, he is an expert at crafting bombs and at combat. When Ezio returns from Cappadocia, he finds Sofia Sartor's shop in ruins and Yusuf murdered at the hands of Ahmet, a note knifed to his back. The message on the note is never revealed.

===Middle Ages Era (500-1450)===
*'''Abbas Sofian''' (voiced by [[Nolan North]] in ''Assassin's Creed'' and by Yerman Gur in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'') is an Assassin seen in the first game. Abbas is the main antagonist in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'' and the main antagonist of Altaïr's story in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. He comes off as being hostile towards Altaïr, calling him the Master's favorite. In ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'', it is revealed that Abbas blames Altaïr for the disappearance and disgrace of his father, Ahmed Sofian, despite being told early on by both Altaïr and Al Mualim that his father had killed himself so as not to disgrace the Creed, something Abbas refused to believe. After Altaïr's ascension to leader of the Assassins, Abbas does not comply and seeks to kill Altaïr. He failed, however and was forgiven by Altaïr.<ref>{{cite video game |title=[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]] |developer=[[Ubisoft Montreal]] |publisher=[[Ubisoft]] |date=February 24, 2012 |platform=[[XBOX 360]], [[Personal computer|PC]] |version= |scene= |level=|isolang= |quote='''Altaïr''': I should have expelled him thirty years ago when he tried to steal the Apple. / '''Maria''': But you earned the respect of the other Assassins because you let him stay. ''}}</ref> Abbas' character and role in Altair's life is expanded even further in ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'' . Here, it is revealed that Abbas was Altaïr's best friend after the execution of Altaïr's father, Umar and Abbas' father Ahmed's suicide. They were always seen as being at each other's side and called themselves "Brothers" more than anybody in the Brotherhood. However, Abbas began to change and becoming more depressed. Thinking he was doing him a favour, Altair told Abbas that Ahmed had committed suicide in Altaïr's chambers after Umar's execution, although Abbas had believed that his father had just left the Assassin Order. This changed Abbas' personality for he rest of his and Altaïr's life as he was much more cynical and angry to Altaïr. After Al Mualim's death, Abbas attempted to become the new Mentor to the Syrian Assassins but lost to Altaïr, increasing his hatred further. When Altair left Masyaf to fight Genghis Khan, Abbas's men killed Rauf, a close friend of Altaïr, Altaïr's son Sef was also murdered and Abbas pinned the blame on Malik, who was in temporary control of Masyaf in Altair's absence. When Altaïr returned and found Abbas in control, and Malik in prison for the murder of Sef (Malik himself was later murdered and beheaded by Abbas' right hand man, Swami), Altaïr was forced to exchange the Apple of Eden to Abbas. When Abbas' right hand man, Swami, took the Apple, it began to turn him insane and he began to cut himself up, slashing his knife around and in the process, killing Altaïr's wife, Maria by slitting her throat. This prompted a devastated Altaïr to kill Swami before fleeing Masyaf with his elder son Darim. With Altaïr gone, Abbas and his Assassins became little more than murdering bandits, Abbas himself becoming nothing more than a tyrannical coward. Upon Altaïr's return nearly 20 years later, many of the Assassins still loyal to Altaïr joined him, and Abbas was finally confronted by Altaïr himself for the last time. Abbas still hated Altaïr for everything that had happened between them and that he was the true defender of Masyaf, not Altaïr. However, refusing to give up, Altaïr tells him that because of Abbas, the Assassins had lost everything they gained with Abbas in control and that he had corrupted the Order. With this Abbas ordered his remaining followers to kill Altaïr. Then Altaïr raised his arm at his bitter cold rival, and the fortress echoed with the sound of an explosion. Altair had used his newly-designed [[pistol]] for the first time to kill Abbas. It was in his dying moments that he finally made peace with Altaïr and with the truth of his father's death. After the death of Abbas, Altaïr regained his title as Mentor of the Syrian Assassins.<ref>{{cite video game |title=[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]] |developer=[[Ubisoft Montreal]] |publisher=[[Ubisoft]] |date=November 15, 2011 |platform=[[XBOX 360]], [[Personal computer|PC]] |version= |scene= |level=|isolang= |quote=''[Abbas, shot by Altaïr's pistol, falls to the floor of the "Black Room". Altaïr slowly approaches him.]''}}</ref>

*'''Abu'l Nuqoud''' (voiced by [[Fred Tatasciore]]) Damascus' Saracen merchant king. Invited many citizens living in Damascus to a grand party, where attendants received goblets they used to get wine from a wine fountain he set up in the partying area; poisoned wine that is.

*'''Lukas Zurburg''' (28 October 1322-unknown) was a German member of the Northern European Brotherhood of Assassins. Born in Essen, Lukas was recruited into the Assassin Order at the age of sixteen after a group of Assassins saved him from a thief, who tried to rob Lukas while traveling. Ten years later, the plague hit Essen, wiping out nearly half the town's population. Subsequently, a group called the Brothers of the Cross - a secret Templar organization - started traveling through Germany promising protection from the plague. Lukas suspected they were after the Ankh, an ancient artifact said to be located somewhere in central Europe. In 1350, both the Brothers of the Cross and Lukas Zurbug mysteriously vanished. Lukas had two children with Martina Wagner; Christof Ison and Wolfgang Scholz.

*'''Malik A'Sayf''' (voiced by [[Haaz Sleiman]]) (1165–1228) is a character in ''Assassin's Creed''. Malik Al-Sayf was a member of the Assassin Order in Syria during the High Middle Ages. Raised to be an Assassin, Malik learned the fighting arts that struck fear into the hearts of their enemies. He was an excellent swordsman and a devoted acolyte to the Creed, as well as a caring adult figure for his brother, Kadar. He was once a rival of Altaïr, whom he often berated for disobeying the tenets of the Assassin's Creed. His jealousy turned to hatred when Altaïr ignored the tenets of the Creed, endangered his companions' lives during the events of Solomon's Temple, and subsequently botched a mission, resulting in the death of Malik's brother (Kadar A'Sayf) as well as the injury and subsequent amputation of Malik's arm. Malik retrieved the Templar treasure that Altaïr had failed to find, and delivered it to Al Mualim. No longer able to operate as an Assassin, Malik was made the bureau leader of the Jerusalem Assassins. At first he was bitter towards Altaïr, but over time he comes to forgive him and acknowledges his own fault in his brother's death. When Altaïr returns to confront Al Mualim, Malik supports him, distracting the indoctrinated Assassins while Altaïr faces Al Mualim. After Al Mualim's death, Malik rushes to Altaïr's side as the piece of Eden becomes activated. Altaïr made Malik his close second-in-command after becoming the Mentor. As such, Malik was eventually appointed as a temporary leader in Altaïr's absence. Sometime after this, a hated rival of Altaïr's, Abbas Sofian, imprisoned Malik in Masyaf's dungeons for close to two years with false charges of murder, and had him beheaded when Altaïr returned from his quest across the Middle East. Malik's death occurred during 1228. He is not seen again for the rest of the series, but he is written off in ''Assassin's Creed II''. Altaïr makes mention of his death at the hands of Abbas in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''.

*'''Maria Thorpe''' (voiced by [[Eleanor Noble]]) (1160–1227) was an English noblewoman who became a Templar steward, and later the wife of Altaïr. As a child, Maria rejected the gender norms of her time, ultimately being disowned by her parents after annulling her arranged marriage. Seeking to fight in the Third Crusade, she disguised herself as a man and attempted to join the Templar order. The Templar master, Robert De Sable, quickly saw through her ruse, but was impressed by her deterimination and hired her as his steward. Eventually, Robert deduced that Altaïr would be coming for him, so he had Maria serve as a decoy to buy him time. Though she expected Altaïr to kill her, he instead spared her, but warned her not to follow him. After Robert was assassinated, Maria becomes obsessed with revenge. She tracked Altaïr to Acre, but he bested her again, and this time took her prisoner. She escapes in an attempt to join the Templar's new leader, Armand Bouchart, but because of her failure to kill Altaïr, and her "miraculous" escape from him, Bouchart perceives her to be either incompetent, or worse, a traitor to the Order. He places a bounty on the heads of both her and Altaïr, forcing them to work together. They fall in love after Bouchart's defeat. Maria renounces the Templars and becomes Altaïr's wife, bearing them two sons, Darim and Sef. Maria joins Altaïr and Darim to Mongolia in a bid to halt the advance of [[Genghis Khan]]. While they are away, Abbas murders Sef. Maria and Altaïr confront Abbas, and Maria is killed in the ensuing fight. Her last words to her husband were "Strength, Altaïr..."

*'''Qulan Gal''' was a member of the Mongolian Assassin Brotherhood, operating mainly in Mongolia. He was a renowned bowman, a skill which he was later hailed for by the Order. During the early 13th century, the conqueror [[Genghis Khan]] caused turmoil in Mongolia, quickly overtaking land, suspected with the usage of a Piece of Eden. As a result of Genghis Khan's tyranny, Qulan Gal swore to stand against him. Qulan Gal was one of the Order's most renowned Assassins due to his vital role in the assassination of Genghis Khan alongside Darim Ibn-La'Ahad. At some point during 1217 and 1227, Qulan Gal came into contact with the Mentor of the Levantine Assassins, Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, his wife Maria Thorpe and his son Darim Ibn-La'Ahad. In 1227, the four of them devised a plan to assassinate Genghis Khan in his camp near Xing-ging in Xu Province. While Qulan Gal and Altaïr went into the camp together, Darim covered them from a distance with his bow. However, Altaïr allowed himself to be seen and was attacked by a Mongol soldier, though Qulan Gal killed the Mongol before he could raise the alarm. Qulan Gal safely escorted Altaïr out of the camp and proceeded to make another plan with Darim. Qulan Gal and Darim then devised a plan to flush Khan out of his tent, and the latter did so after realizing the danger. Qulan Gal acted quickly and shot Khan's horse, causing him to fall off, killing him on impact. Darim shot the conqueror with his crossbow for assurance. Qulan Gal's role in the assassination of Genghis Khan, allowing the Assassin Order to spread its influence, earned Qulan Gal great praise, and a statue of Qulan Gal was built in the sanctuary underneath the Villa Auditore in Monteriggioni, Italy. By the time of the Renaissance, Qulan Gal's sarcophagus was moved to the Rocca di Ravaldino in [[Forlì]], Italy.

===Ancient Era===
*'''Darius''' was a male member of the Persian Order of Assassins during the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian Dynasty]]. In the 5th century BCE, the Templars supported the reigns and conquests of the Achaemenid kings [[Darius I]] and his son [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes I]]. Using a newly-created weapon named the hidden blade, which would later become the Assassins' iconic signature weapon, Darius personally assassinated King Xerxes I. By the Renaissance, Darius' remains were transferred to the [[Santa Maria Novella]] in Florence, Italy, where his body lay with an Assassin Seal needed to get access to the armor of Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad hidden inside the sanctuary in Monteriggioni. In 1478, his tomb was explored and sarcophagus was opened by Ezio Auditore da Firenze, who took the Seal and later obtained the armor of Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad.

*'''Iltani''' was a female member of the [[Babylon]]ian Order of Assassins during the [[Argead dynasty]]. During her lifetime, [[Alexander III of Macedon]] conquered most of South-West Asia by using a Piece of Eden. Some time prior to 10 or 11 June 323 BC, Iltani had poisoned Alexander the Great, who died as a result on 10 or 11 June 323 BC. By the time of the [[Renaissance]], Iltani's sarcophagus was moved to [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] in Florence. Fellow Assassin [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]] explored her tomb and took the seal from her sarcophagus, which helped him to acquire the armor of Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad. In the year 2000, a statue of Iltani stood in the office of the Assassin Order's Mentor in Dubai.

*'''Wei Yu''' was a member of the Chinese Order of Assassins during the imperial [[Qín Dynasty]] of China, which was ruled by Emperor [[Qin Shi Huang]], a Templar-backed tyrant who oppressed the people of China. In order to protect the people, the Assassins resolved that the land had to be freed from the Emperor's oppressive control. On September 10, 210 BC, during one of the Emperor's Eastern China tours, Wei Yu struck the Emperor with his spear, killing him. By the time of the Renaissance, Wéi Yù's sarcophagus was moved to [[San Gimignano]], Italy, on the top floor of the Torre Grossa. Fellow Assassin Ezio Auditore da Firenze would later explore his tomb and take the hidden seal from inside the sarcophagus, which would help him to obtain Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad's armor.

*'''Leonius''' was a male member of the Roman Empire Order of Assassins during Italy's [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]]. The Assassins considered the Emperor, [[Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus]]'s, commonly referred to as [[Caligula]], a tyrant and the land had to be freed of him. On 24 January, 41 A.D. Leonius stabbed Caligula, killing him. Between the time of his death and the Renaissance, Leonius' sarcophagus was moved to Venice, Italy, beneath Santa Maria della Visitazione, Venice.

*'''Aquilus''' (?-259) was a [[Gaul|Gallo]]-Roman member of the Assassin Brotherhood in [[Lyon|Lugdunum]], France, and a distant ancestor to Desmond Miles. He appears in the French comic, Assassin's Creed. Aquilus was the son of Lucius, an Assassin who raised him to be one himself. In 259, he was tasked with killing several Templars within the ranks of the [[Roman Empire]], and retrieving a special object. He entered a Roman camp asking to see its commander, General Gracchus. He planned on killing the general, but he was thwarted, stabbed, and left to die. Aquilus woke up in the home of his cousin Accipter, who had found him and brought him to his home to help him recover. Accipter informed him of recent events, and said that he had the object and would return it after Aquilus recovered. As soon as Aquilus got better, Accipter gave him the object and he returned to his father. Upon arrival, Aquilus was greeted by his father. He was then introduced to his father's old friend, [[Roman Senator]] Caius Fulvus Vultur. After dinner and the senator's retirement to his quarters, Lucius gave his son his next mission. He was to interrogate and kill, Faustin, bishop of Lugdunum. He did so and learned Vultur was a Templar. He returned to his home only to find his father dead and the object stolen. Aquilus rode for Rome to kill Vultur in revenge for his father's death. He got into the senator's estate and killed all but one of his guards. The one guard he spared showed him to Vultur's chambers where he was killed accidentally by Vultur. Before he killed the Senator, he offered to share his knowledge about the artifact with Aquilus. The artifact was called the [[Ankh]], and it was a Piece of Eden. According to [[Egyptian mythology]], [[Isis]] raised [[Osiris|Osirus]] from the dead with this object. After hearing this, he killed Vultur and returned to his home. He and his wife had a night of intimay on his return. Then he accessed the piece and found a message from his father. However, it was interrupted by a group of Roman soldiers calling for his arrest. They marched him into a near by forest to execute him. Accipter tried to save him, but it was in vain because the soldiers panicked and Aquilus died as a result.

*'''Amunet''' was a female member of the Egyptian Order of Assassins during the [[Hellenistic period]] of the [[Egypt]]ian [[Ptolemaic Dynasty]]. On 12 August 30 BCE, Amunet infiltrated [[Cleopatra VII]]'s palace. There, she killed the last pharaoh of [[Ancient Egypt]] using a venomous asp. By the [[Renaissance]], Amunet was respected as a great Assassin, and a statue of her was placed in the Assassin Sanctuary of Monteriggioni. Around this time, her sarcophagus was moved to the [[Basilica di San Marco]] in Venice, Italy.

==="First Civilization"===
*'''Minerva''' (voiced by [[Margaret Easley]]), also known as '''Mera''', is a member of the First Civilization introduced in ''Assassin's Creed II''. She is a member of the First Civilization's ruling body, the [[Capitoline Triad]], along with [[Tinia]] and [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]]. Minerva appears to Ezio, and by extension, Desmond, in the Vatican Vault. Knowing that Desmond will eventually relive Ezio's memories, Minerva essentially uses him as a conduit. She explains that her kind are not gods, but a more advanced civilization whose technology was mistaken for magic. They engineered humans as slaves, but they rebelled. Minerva describes how war with humanity, combined with a devastating cataclysmic event, led to the downfall of their civilization and the extinction of their race. Correctly predicting that a [[2012 phenomenon|second cataclysmic event]] would eventually occur, the Triad hid away the tools humanity would need to survive in several vaults throughout the world, and devised a system by which they could communicate across time before they eventually died. She instructs Desmond to find the vaults, then disappears, leaving a confused Ezio in her wake. In ''Assassin's Creed III'', she projects herself through the past one last time and finds Desmond in the Vault. Once there, she warns him about Juno's power-hungry ambitions, hoping that he will decide not to save the world and keep Juno imprisoned. Juno turns the tables and forces Minerva to reveal Desmond's destiny and how his legacy will be manipulated if he allows the cataclysm to happen. During the conversation, Minerva displays a respect of human free will, not unlike the Assassins themselves. Minerva mentions one of her previous names as Mera, but her Etruscan name actually [[Menrva]], virtually identical to the Latin.

*'''Juno''' (voiced by Nadia Verrucci), alternately known as '''[[Uni (mythology)|Uni]]''', is a member of the Capitoline Triad. She is introduced in ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'', reiterating Minerva's warning to Desmond, but is more hostile and contemptuous of humanity (displaying a mindset similar to that of the Templars) than the other two members of the Triad. After Desmond recovers an Apple of Eden hidden by Ezio in the Roman Colosseum, Juno takes control of Desmond, forcing him to kill Lucy, and instructs him to find "the one who would accompany you through the gate. "In ''Assassins Creed III,'' after the player kills Warren Vidic and Daniel Cross, she takes the place of the modern-day main antagonist. It is revealed at the end of ''Assassin's Creed III'' that Juno sought to conquer the rejuvenating world. When she tried to use Minerva's technology for her own ends, she was found and imprisoned in the Vault, with the other two members of the Triad hoping that she would fade away in time for the devices there to be activated safely. But she endured and confronted Desmond along with Minerva when the time came to use the device. Juno spurs Minerva into showing the inevitable future if Desmond does not activate the device: humanity will start out well, but will simply sink back into their old ways and repeat the cycle all over again. Desmond decides to use the device, preventing the apocalypse, even though this would release Juno and cost him his life. Juno is released, and thanks Desmond's body before leaving her prison.

*'''Jupiter''' (voiced by [[Peter Renaday]]), also known as '''[[Tinia]]''', was a member of the Capitoline Triad. He appears to Desmond in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'', during the Nexus of Time. He elaborates more on the creation of the vaults, and shows the location of the central vault that contains all their accumulated knowledge. Although the humans tend to use his Roman name, Minerva consistently refers to him by his Etruscan name, Tinia.

*'''Aita''' was Juno's husband, who volunteered to be a test subject for one of the Capitoline Triad's attempts to preserve the First Civilization. The experiment that he took part in is left vague, but Juno suggests that it preserved his body at the cost of his mind. Juno euthanized him when his mind "became brittle", and it may be this event that caused her to turn on Minerva and Jupiter. [[Aita]] is the Etruscan name for [[Hades]] and [[Pluto]].

==Historical characters==

===Late Modern Era (1750-1985)===
*'''[[Benedict Arnold]]''' (voiced by [[Paul Hopkins]]) (1741–1801) was a General at [[West Point]]. In 1780, Ratonhnhaké:ton' was asked by General George Washington, while acting on vital [[Culper Ring]] intelligence, to expose a rumored plot to overthrow the strategically critical West Point. Ratonhnhaké:ton' worked undercover for Arnold, while flushing out the British spies. Investigating the general, Ratonhnhaké:ton' soon eavesdropped on Benedict Arnold as he was discussing plans for the British to take over the fort with John Anderson. Once the conversation had ended Benedict went back to the fort while his associate met up with redcoats to acquire a uniform. Anderson then came back to the fort but was caught when Ratonhnhaké:ton' stopped two colonials from killing him. Ratonhnhaké:ton' then pulled out a note revealing the plans for a sum of twenty thousand pounds to go to Benedict for the fort at West Point. Not knowing he was compromised, Benedict awaited for Anderson's return and also for the regulars to arrive with his money. Connor got back first and exposed Arnold for the traitor he was, right then the regulars arrived and Benedict fled the fort while the British began their assault on the fort. Once the assault ended Connor failed to reach Arnold as he had sailed away from West Point. Ultimately, Benedict Arnold had defected to the British not long after assumed being a general in the British Army. In all this event put the colonials in an uneasy position where they soon began to question loyalty with the troops and officers. In ''The Tyranny of King Washington'', where Washington ruled America as a king with an Apple of Eden, Arnold served as his right-hand man with Israel Putnam. Arnold's particular duties involved him supervising the Frontier, and suppressing any resistance, often carting the native people off as labourers. He was present during the burning of Kanatahséton, riding at Washington's side. Washington expressed doubts about his resolve and powers, but he was assured by both his generals when they reaffirmed their loyalty. Arnold also witnessed the duel between his monarch and the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton, and after Washington beat him into submission and fired two pistols at his opponent at point-blank range, Arnold handed the king a musket to kill Ratonhnhaké:ton; however, the Assassin survived the encounter. For the next five months, Arnold ruled over the Frontier in Washington's name from a secluded fort not far from Valley Forge. Arnold eventually discovered the location of the rebellious natives that had aided Ratonhnhaké:ton and sent his men after them. When Arnold's men found and killed the other survivors of the attack on the village, including its clan mother, Ratonhnhaké:ton resolved to track him down and assassinate him. Following General Putnam from Valley Forge, who had urgent need to speak to Arnold, the Assassin unleased a bear to distract the guardsmen posted outside Arnold's fortress, and snuck inside. Arnold was pacing outside the main building when the Assassin took his life. Before he died, Arnold seemed to change and regretted the acts he had done for King Washington. When Ratonhnhaké:ton declared his treachery at West Point deserved this reprisal, Arnold denied ever steping foot in West Point ever. Grabbing the Assain's arm, he confirmed Washington's power to control came from his sceptre, and he urged his killer to go to Boston and find Benjamin Franklin to defeat the Mad King. However, he said that Franklin needed to be freed from something first. Yet, despite the Assassin's questions as to what he needed to be freed from, Arnold was unable to answer, and died from his wounds. Afterwards, Putnam captured the rebel, and claimed that it was a shame Arnold died (with little remorse, it needs to be said), and then said that he was taking Ratonhnhaké:ton to Boston to show the King. Arnold's final words set in motion the search for Ben Franklin and, by extension, the downfall of King Washington.

*'''[[Benjamin Church]]''' (voiced by [[Harry Standjofski]]) (1734 – 1778) was a member of the Templar Order and a surgeon for the Continental Army. Along with Thomas Hickey and Charles Lee, Church established Templar influence within the Continental Army's side of the Revolutionary War, however like Hickey, Church was ultimately unreliable specifically due to his self-serving nature. Church's actions inadvertently benefited the Patriots, as he motivated Ratonhnhaké:ton' to aid George Washington and the Continental Army's struggle for freedom. By recovering the supplies from Church, Ratonhnhaké:ton' was able to strengthen the Continental Army leading to their victory. Furthermore, Church was responsible for recruiting Nicholas Biddle for the Templars, who ultimately strengthened the Continental Naval Fleet. Church's betrayal of the Templar Order gave rise to a change in Ratonhnhaké:ton's relationship with his father and enemy, Haytham. By becoming a mutual enemy,Ratonhnhaké:ton' and Haytham established an alliance as well as a slight father and son bond, though ultimately their differences were irreconcilable. Despite abusing his skills as a physician for personal gain, Church established a very important position in the Continental Army. His actions as Head of the Medical Wing influenced duties and responsibilities of military physicians by becoming the U.S. Army's first Surgeon General.

*'''[[Benjamin Franklin]]''' (voiced by [[Jim Ward]]) (17 January 1706 – 17 April 1790) was a [[Freemasonry|Freemason]], a noted [[polymath]], and one of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]]. Benjamin wandered around Boston near his store, and was surprised to find Haytham Kenway offer a lending hand, as those living in Boston usually refused to be of any help, and correctly assumed that Kenway was new to Boston. Franklin then charged Kenway with the task of finding stolen pages of his Almanac. Haytham interacted with Franklin, where he proposed his idea of having an older woman as a lover would benefit lives, much to Haytham's amusement. In ''The Tyranny of King Washington'', after gaining control over the area, King Washington put Franklin in charge of running Boston. While under Washington's control, Franklin was still hesitant of the King's decisions, claiming one such order to behead random civilians to be "rather harsh." After being freed from Washington's control by Ratonhnhaké:ton, Franklin sought to help the rebellion take down King Washington.

*'''[[Charles Lee (general)|Charles Lee]]''' (voiced by Neil Napier) is the main antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed III''. Charles Lee (1732 – 1782) was a British soldier, and later, a General of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War who allied himself with the Templar Order and its Grand Master, Haytham Kenway. It is implied that Lee sets fire to Ratonhnhaké:ton's village, killing his mother in the process where the then young Ratonhnhaké:ton' vowed to kill him. Many years later, during a meeting with George Washington, they meet again but failed to recognize him until after he gets falsely arrested for counterfeiting along with a Templar called Thomas Hickey. Sarcastically congratulating him for tracking him down, he frames him for a Templar plot to kill George Washington, but the plan is foiled when Washington is saved by Ratonhnhaké:ton'. Years later, residing in [[Fort Amsterdam|Fort George]] for his "own protection", he is ordered to leave for Boston by Haytham, shortly before the latter's death. Succeeding him as the next Grand Master, he vows to make his tormentor suffer, only to end up being chased by him into a half constructed ferry that's set alight, being saved at the last minute when part of the ship collapses on the Assassin, wounding him in the hip. Using the opportunity to ask him why he continues to, "fight after all his allies have abandoned him", he is told that, "because no one else will", before being wounded in the side by him. Fleeing, he's finally tracked down by his pursuer to a tavern in [[Monmouth County, New Jersey|Monmouth County]], where they both share a bottle of whiskey, before being fatally stabbed in the chest by the vengeful Assassin. The medallion (the key meant for Desmond) is taken from his body and, shortly afterwards, is buried in the grave of Ratonhnhaké:ton' Davenport, Achilles' son and the namesake of Ratonhnhaké:ton.

*'''[[Edward Braddock]]''' (1695–1755), nicknamed the Bulldog by his soldiers, was a member of the Templar Order and a general in the British Army. He can be considered to be the main antagonist of Haytham's story in ''Assassin's Creed III''. During the French and Indian War, Braddock was the commander-in-chief for the thirteen colonies of British America. He had several soldiers under his command, including John Pitcairn and Charles Lee, whom he rarely saw due to their allegiance to the Templar cause. Over the course of the war, Braddock turned away from the Templar ideals and impeded the Order's goals in the colonies, much to the chagrin of the other members. This disobedience came to a head when Braddock was confronted by Haytham Kenway, Braddock's former friend and fellow Templar, when Haytham attempted to recruit John Pitcarin for the expedition to find a First Civilization storehouse. Braddock was eventually killed by Haytham, in order to gain the trust of Kaniehtí:io, a Kanien'keha:ka woman who promised to show Haytham the location of the storehouse, in exchange for eliminating Braddock. Haytham also took the Templar ring from Braddock's finger, which was later given to Charles Lee upon the latter's initiation into the Templar Order.

*'''[[François Mackandal]]''' (unknown-1758) was a Haïtian Maroon leader and the Mentor of the Assassins in the Spanish Colonial Caribbean. During his time as Mentor, he was a teacher to Agaté, who went to become the Mentor of the Assassins in the French colonies of America.

*'''[[George Washington]]''' (voiced by [[Robin Atkin Downes]]) (1732-1799) was a Freemason, a [[spymaster]], one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783, and served as the first President of the United States from 30 April 1789 to 4 March 1797. Born February 22, 1732, in [[Westmoreland County, Virginia|Westmoreland]], [[Colony of Virginia]], in the [[British America]] colonies of North America, Washington joined the British Army during his youth and participated in the French and Indian War theatre of the Seven Year's War, fighting against the French and various indigenous tribes. Due to the lack of progress of his military career in the British Army, Washington instead turned to politics. When the American Revolutionary War broke out, Washington supported the colonists. Following the creation of the Continental Army, the Continental Congress of 1775 appointed Washington as its [[Commander-in-Chief]]. Though the Continental Army was outmatched, and had suffered many tactical losses and strategic setbacks under Washington's command, the aid of patriotic individuals such as [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]], the [[Culper Ring]], and his ally Ratonhnhaké:ton', a member of the Assassin Order, managed to gain the army small victories. Throughout his life, Washington was a landowner, a planter, soldier, politician and military hero. Despite some flaws as a leader and his poor military choices, Washington's actions were significant as an experienced officer and leader. As Commander-in-Chief, Washington was notably efficient in organizing the Continental Army by coordinating logistics, training and drilling his troops. More importantly, he maintained an elevated command presence and was a heroic icon for the Patriots, ensuring their unity, morale and dedication to the Revolution. Inadvertently, Washington was also an obstacle to the Templars, Charles Lee in particular, and their plans to control the colonies. As a result, he was unwittingly tangled in the secret war between the Templars and Assassins, and forged a highly beneficial alliance with Ratonhnhaké:ton that would greatly impact the course of the Revolution. However, the revealed truth of Washington's acts against the Native American tribes eventually alienated himself from Ratonhnhaké:ton. In 1781, Washington came into contact with an Apple of Eden, which was taken from a captured officer following the Siege of Yorktown. The American Revolution eventually ended two years later, as the Continental Army emerged victorious against the British Army, and the colonies joined together to form the United States in 1783. After the British evacuated from the colonies, Ratonhnhaké:ton met with Washington in New York. Ratonhnhaké:ton congratulated Washington for his victory, to which Washington decided to retire and settling into a quiet life. However Ratonhnhaké:ton scolded at the idea, telling Washington that he does not deserve the luxury of relinquishing his responsibility as a leader. In ''The Tyranny of King Washington'', Washington began suffering from disturbing dreams, which he suspected were coming from the Apple. In his distress, Washington sought out Ratonhnhaké:ton, and proceeded to describe the nightmares he had been experiencing. When Ratonhnhaké:ton expressed his doubts, Washington showed him the Apple. Ratonhnhaké:ton instantly recognized the familiar design of the Apple, and could sense its power; he asked Washington to hand it over, but as he touched it, Ratonhnhaké:ton entered the reality of Washington's nightmares; the world of "King" Washington. After fighting his way through this world, both Ratonhnhaké:ton and Washington were released from their dream, and Washington decided upon passing the Apple into Ratonhnhaké:ton's ownership. The commander suggested Ratonhnhaké:ton dispose of the powerful device by dropping it in a weighted bag into the sea. While Ratonhnhaké:ton did this, Washington was sitting in his office when a man suggested the United States needed a king; to which Washington famously responded that crowning another monarch for the States would ''"raise the greatest mischief that could befall my country"''. In 1789, Washington was elected the first President of the United States, a position he held until 1797. He died on December 14, 1799, at age 67, in [[Mount Vernon]], [[Virginia]], United States.

*'''King Washington''' crowned himself the King of the United States in ''The Tyranny of King Washington'', used the Apple to obtain loyalty from his troops, and ruled from a massive Pyramid palace in New York. Kaniehtí:io infiltrated the palace and stole the scepter containing the Apple, but Israel Putnam shot it off her back before she escaped, recovering it for the king. Washington responded to Kaniehtí:io's theft by launching an assault on the Frontier, burning Concord and Lexington to find her. She and her son confronted Washington in Lexington, but Ratonhnhaké:ton - who was actually the one from the original timeline - expressed confusion as to why Washington would do this. King Washington, who never knew Connor, deemed him a delusional savage and rode off. Kaniehtí:io and Ratonhnhaké:ton returned to Kanatahséton, when Washington's troops attacked. The king rode in with Arnold and Putnam at his side, and proceeded to kill Kaniehtí:io with the scepter. Ratonhnhaké:ton tried to attack the king, but he was no match for his power, and Washington proceeded to shoot him repeatedly and stab him with a bayonet. Ratonhnhaké:ton survived though, and after assassinating Arnold, he was captured by Putnam and brought to Boston as a present for the king. There, an impressed and curious Washington observed Ratonhnhaké:ton in his cell, and chose to have him executed. However, the Assassin escaped and assaulted Benjamin Franklin, severing Washington's grip on his mind. The king teleported in, refusing to have anyone meddle in his plans. However, Ratonhnhaké:ton proved to be a match for the king this time, having embarked on spirit journeys to gain the powers of the wolf and eagle. The king fled to his palace in New York, leaving Putnam in charge of Boston. When Ratonhnhaké:ton arrived in New York using the Aquila to devastate Washington's fleet, the king rode out to the west district, where he found Franklin washed ashore. Franklin vowed he would not come under Washington's spell again, so the king obliged by trying to kill him instead. Fortunately, Ratonhnhaké:ton's friend Kanen'tó:kon tackled Washington, knocking the scepter away. Kanen'tó:kon almost assassinated the helpless king, but a group of soldiers shot him to death. Washington took back the scepter and retreated to his palace. Buoyed by Ratonhnhaké:ton's destruction of the fleet, Thomas Jefferson led an attack on the Pyramid's courtyard. Ratonhnhaké:ton, having gained the power of the bear, began shaking the courtyard, Washington overheard from his throne and expressed anger that people would attack him after all he had done in the war. As unrest in the city spread, Washington tried to win popularity by declaring he would invade England and enslave its population, but this did not prevent the populace from turning on the military occupation. As fighting raged before his palace gates, Washington stood atop the Pyramid's stained glass ceiling, waiting for Ratonhnhaké:ton to confront him. When the Assassin arrived, he offered to spare Washington if he gave up the Apple, claiming the Apple controlled him, but the king refused. Ratonhnhaké:ton ended the battle by breaking the ceiling, causing the two men to fall inside the Pyramid. A mortally wounded Washington picked up the Apple and slumped into his throne. By reaching for the Apple, Ratonhnhaké:ton returned to his own time

*'''[[Israel Bissell]]''' (1752-1823) was "midnight ride" post rider in Massachusetts who brought news to American colonists of the British attack on April 19, 1775. He reportedly rode for four days and six hours covering the 345 miles from Watertown, Massachusetts to Philadelphia along the Old Post Road, shouting "To arms, to arms, the war has begun," and carrying a message from General ''[[Joseph Palmer (American Revolutionary War general)|Joseph Palmer]]'' which was copied at each of his stops and redistributed. According to legend, at the end of Bissell's first leg, in Worcester, his first horse collapsed and died from having been driven so hard. Bissell then returned to Connecticut, where he joined the Continental Army alongside his brother, Justis.

*'''[[Israel Putnam]]''' (voiced by Andreas Apergis) (1718–1790) was an American general in the Continental Army who fought with distinction at the Battle of Bunker Hill during the American Revolutionary War. During the battle, he was approached by the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton', who desired a Patriot victory as the British troops were under the command of a Templar, Major John Pitcairn. To achieve this, Putnam tasked him with disabling two British frigates who were bombarding the nearby area from the harbor. Once the deed was done, Putnam rallied his troops, delivering his famous "Whites of their Eyes" speech, as Ratonhnhaké:ton' set out to assassinate Pitcairn. He succeeded in killing the major, but nevertheless, Putnam was outnumbered and forced to retreat, granting the British a Pyrrhic victory. One year later, Ratonhnhaké:ton' was captured by the Templars and falsely accused of plotting to assassinate General George Washington, a crime the Templars themselves had committed. He later escaped execution and killed the true conspirator, Thomas Hickey, before he could strike Washington. When surrounded by armed guards after murdering Hickey, it was Putnam who arrived to vouch for Ratonhnhaké:ton' innocence, proclaiming him a hero to the Patriot cause.

*'''[[John André]]''' (2 May 1750–2 October 1780) was an officer of the British Army. He worked as a spy during the American Revolutionary War and aided in Major General Benedict Arnold's attempt to defect from the Continental Army to the British Army. Functioning as a spy in the Continental Army under the alias '''John Anderson''', André conspired with Benedict Arnold to have him become a General in the British Army and to surrender West Point to the British. He was followed by Ratonhnhaké:ton', an Assassin and ally of George Washington, and André was captured by Patriots as he was making his way out of West Point. Upon Ratonhnhaké:ton''s advise, the Patriots searched him instead of shooting him on sight and they discovered a letter revealing Arnold's betrayal. André was later hanged by the Continental Army.

*'''[[John Parker (captain)|John Parker]]''' (1729 – 1775) was an American colonial farmer, mechanic and soldier who commanded the Lexington militia at the Battle of Lexington. Parker was born in Lexington to Josiah Parker and Anne Stone. He fought during the French and Indian War, fighting in both the Siege of Louisbourg in 1758 and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759. It is this military experience that likely led to his election as captain of the militia. On 19 April 1775, Parker was in poor health as he was suffering from tuberculosis. However, he led the militia when the British Army attacked Lexington. When they opened fire, most of his men broke ranks, so he told the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton' to travel to nearby Concord and warn James Barrett, another militia captain. Later that day, he rallied his men to attack the regulars returning to Boston in an ambush known as "Parker's Revenge". Parker and his men participated in the subsequent Siege of Boston. However, he was unable to serve in the Battle of Bunker Hill in June, and died of tuberculosis the following September.

*'''[[John Pitcairn]]''' (voiced by [[Robert Lawrenson]]) (1722-1775) was [[Scottish people|Scottish]] born member of the [[Royal Marine Corps]] and the Templar Order. In 1754, Pitcairn is saved from execution by Haytham Kenway for disobeying his commander, General Edward Braddock]. Pitcairn helped Haytham kill slave trader Silas Thatcher. The next year, he arrives with Haytham to kill his former commander. After Braddock is killed, he resumes his life as a marine. In 1771, he is promoted from captain to major. In 1775, men under his command fire the first shots of the Revolutionary War at the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]]. Later that year, he is present at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]]. During the battle, he is assassinated by Ratonhnhaké:ton'. With his last breath, he states his attempt to stop the war from happening and it is Ratonhnhaké:ton''s fault the war would continue. On his dead body, there is a letter about an assassination plot to be carried out on George Washington by Thomas Hickey, a fellow Templar and Ratonhnhaké:ton''s next target.

*'''[[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette]]''' (voiced by [[Vince Corazza]]) (1757 – 1834) often known as simply '''Lafayette''', was a French aristocrat and military officer born in south central France. During the American Revolutionary War, Lafayette served as a Major-General in the Continental Army under George Washington. Blocked by British spies who learned of his support for the Patriots, Lafayette disguised himself as a woman to board a ship to America in 1777. He later recounted this to the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton' while camping in Valley Forge that winter. On June 28, 1778, Lafayette led a battalion during the battle of Monmouth, when he was given strange orders by Charles Lee to advance into enemy lines without sufficient numbers. Ratonhnhaké:ton' deduced Lee was trying to make Washington appear incompetent. In 1781, Lafayette visited the Davenport Homestead to help Ratonhnhaké:ton' gather a fleet to breach Fort George in New York. After Ratonhnhaké:ton' gained the French Navy's support, Lafayette met with him and Stephane Chapheau underground and showed them a tunnel into the military district, so Ratonhnhaké:ton' could assassinate Lee in the midst of the bombardment.

*'''[[Nicholas Biddle (naval officer)|Nicholas Biddle]]''' (voiced by [[Fred Tatasciore]]) (1750–1778) was a member of Templar Order and one of the first captains of Continental Navy during the American Revolution. While he appeared to support the Continental cause, his true plan was to patrol the Eastern Seaboard of North America for Templar benefit. Eventually, Biddle came across the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton', where the two clashed during the Battle off Barbados in 1778, with the Aquila and its crew boarding the Randolph. During this duel, Ratonhnhaké:ton' held the offense until the floorboards of the ship collapsed from underneath them. On recovering from the distraction in the cargo bay,Ratonhnhaké:ton' located and continued to strike at Biddle until he was defeated. Following this, on hearing Biddle's dying wish, Ratonhnhaké:ton' set fire to the Randolph's gunpowder reservoir, destroying the vessel to the dismay of the Assassin's first mate, Robert Faulkner, who wanted to take the Randolph as a prize.

*'''[[Paul Revere]]''' (voiced by [[Bruce Dinsmore]]) (1735 – 1818) was an American silversmith from Boston, early industrialist, and a [[Sons of Liberty]] Patriot propagandist in the American Revolution. He was erroneously most famous for the "midnight ride" of 18 April 177, where he took credit for the ride of Israel Bissell, who reportedly rode for four days and six hours covering the 345 miles from [[Watertown, Massachusetts]] to Philadelphia along the [[Old Post Road]], and who alerted Colonial militia of approaching British forces before the battles of Lexington and Concord. Historically, Paul Revere only rode from Boston to Cambridge. During the American Revolutionary War, Paul Revere became an associate of the AssassinRatonhnhaké:ton'.

*'''[[Samuel Adams]]''' (voiced by [[Mark Lindsay Chapman]]) (1722–1803) was an American statesman, political philosopher, a [[Sons of Liberty]] Patriot and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Samuel was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution. He was also one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism, which shaped the political culture of the United States. During the American Revolutionary War, Samuel met and became a trusted associate of the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton', after Achilles Davenport told Ratonhnhaké:ton', to find him on his first trip to Boston. Amongst other things, Samuel taught Ratonhnhaké:ton' how to reduce his notoriety, introduced him to the Mason tunnels underneath Boston, as well as Commander-in-Chief George Washington.

*'''[[Thomas Hickey (soldier)|Thomas Hickey]]''' (voiced by [[Allen Leech]]) (unknown-1776) was a member of the Templar Order and later a soldier in the Continental Army. During the French and Indian War, he also ran a black-market underground for use of gaining information and money for the order, while simultaneously working as an assistant to William Johnson. Hickey was a self-indulgent and lecherous man, he often lazed about in taverns, drinking much alcohol and enjoyed the company of women. Hickey took his orders and duties lightly hence was often reprimanded for his reckless and unprofessional behavior. Despite this, he was far from cowardly and was still a strong and capable fighter. Hickey had very little care and commitment to the Templar's vision of a New World Order, instead he served only as a means for personal profit and power. As a result, similar to Juan Borgia, Hickey died with little to no regret, content that he had already fulfilled his desires and earthly pleasures, even to the point of being almost nonchalant about the fact that he was about to die.

*'''[[Thomas Jefferson]]''' (13 April 1743 – 4 July 1826) was one of the American Founding Fathers of the United States, the principal author of the [[Declaration of Independence]] and the third President of the United States. During the fight against King Washington's tyranny, Thomas Jefferson was the leader of the New York rebellion. When Ratonhnhaké:ton crashed the Aquila into another ship off the shore of New York City, Washington traveled to the docks to investigate the disturbance. Jefferson seized this opportunity and infiltrated Washington's fortress. He was later quickly overwhelmed and required Ratonhnhaké:ton's assistance in order to retreat. Shaun Hasting claims Jefferson advocated the castration of homosexuals; Jefferson was actually liberalizing the law in Virginia, which previously punished anyone convicted of sodomy with death.

*'''[[Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet|William Johnson]]''' (voiced by Julian Casey) (1715-1774) was an [[Anglo-Irish]] official and a member of the Templar Order. Johnson was born in Ireland to [[Catholic]] parents. In his early twenties, he moves to America with his uncle, Admiral [[Peter Warren (Royal Navy officer)|Peter Warren]]. After some poor judgement in business on his uncle's part, Johnson buys a plot of land with the money he has and builds a house, a mill, a farm, and a store calling his land Mount Johnson. Between 1743 and 1754, Johnson becomes a liaison between the Iroquois and the [[British Government]]. In 1754, Johnson had becomes a member of the Templar Order and an ally of Haytham Kenway. He has Haytham meet his bodyguard, Thomas Hickey, and retrieve some documents stolen by his enemies. After doing this, he agrees to help Haytham kill slave trader Silas Thatcher. The next year, he goes with Haytham and the other Templars to kill General Edward Braddock. After Braddock is dead, Johnson goes back to his other line of work. In 1768, he negotiates the [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix]]. In 1773, Johnson is smuggling tea into the colonies. The Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton' realizes this and participates in the [[Boston Tea Party]], destroying Johnson's tea supply. After this loss, Johnson retreats to his estate. A year later, Johnson tries to talk the [[Iroquois]] leaders into selling their land. When the leaders refuse, he threatens to kill them. Before he can carry his threat out, he is killed by Ratonhnhaké:ton'. In his last moments, he tries to justify his actions as helping the Iroquois; by taking their land (forcibly) before the Colonists inevitably steal it from them. On his dead body, a letter is found addressing [[John Pitcairn]], a fellow Templar and Ratonhnhaké:ton''s next target.

===Early Modern Era (1450-1750)===
*'''[[Cesare Borgia]]''' (voiced by Andreas Apergis) is the main antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood''. Cesare Borgia (1475 or 1476–1507) was the son of Rodrigo Borgia. During his childhood, Cesare (along with his other siblings) was raised by his father to become one of his personal weapons. However, he was naturally ambitious and aggressive; at age 18, when he sought his brother Juan Borgia the Younger's position as Captain General of the Papal Army (Cesare was a Cardinal at the time), he had his brother assassinated. After leading the army to many victories throughout Italy, Cesare developed extreme sadism and a lust for conquest, having the primary goal to unify all of Italy and conquer all of Spain. He later came to the absurd conclusion that he could not be killed by mortal men and that he would lead mankind into a new era, a belief that would stay with him for the rest of his life. In effect, he and his father were continually at odds. That he is rarely referred to as a Templar, the game suggests that he may have abandoned his Templar duty, conquering for the sake of his own ego. Near the end of his life he was imprisoned before escaping and raising an army for a last stand before being thrown off a wall by Ezio, ending his life.

*'''[[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci]]''' (voiced by [[Carlos Ferro]]) (1452–1519) was an [[Italian Renaissance]] polymath: his genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. His lifelong friendship with Ezio Auditore begins when Ezio's mother, Maria, has her son help Leonardo move some paintings from his new workshop. Leonardo comments that his current work lacks purpose, but Maria is confident that he will go on to do great things. After Ezio's father and brothers are murdered by Rodrigo Borgia's men, Ezio brings to Leonardo two objects from his father's study: a broken hidden blade, and a page from the mysterious Codex written by Altaïr. Leonardo repairs the blade and deciphers the codex, fascinated by the technological secrets it alludes to. As Ezio continues his Assassin training, Leonardo makes several upgrades to Ezio's weapons and armor, including a poison blade, a gun, and a poison dart launcher. Some time after Ezio foils the Pazzi conspiracy, Leonardo receives a commission from a Venetian noble, prompting him to set up a new workshop in Venice. As Ezio had his own business in the city, he accompanied him. He developed an interest in flight, and invented an [[Leonardo da Vinci#Engineering and inventions|experimental flying machine]], which Ezio used on one of his missions. After seeing the Apple of Eden, Leonardo marveled at the futuristic visions it showed him. He then developed an interest in the findings of [[Pythagoras]], and was eventually able to create a map leading to a temple built by his followers. Eventually, Leonardo was blackmailed by Cesare Borgia into designing Templar war machines. He continued to support Ezio, in secret, until he was kidnapped by a third party, the Cult of Hermes, who wanted him to lead them to the Temple of Pythagorias. He is eventually rescued by Ezio, and despite his injuries, explores the Temple, fascinated by the numeric codes found within. Although Leonardo does not appear in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'', the novelization describes him dying peacefully at his home in [[Amboise]], with his friends (including Ezio, who is now retired from the Assassins) at his side. In ''Assassin's Creed 3'', the Darvenport Homestead's residential carpenter obtained some of Leonardo's blueprints and, at Connor's request, build a prototype replica of the original flying machine.

*'''[[Lucrezia Borgia]]''' (voiced by [[Liane Balaban]]) (April 18, 1480–June 24, 1519) is the secondary antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood''. She is the daughter of Rodrigo Borgia and the sister of Cesare Borgia. She is first seen in a portrait in ''Assassin's Creed II'' as a little girl with brown hair. She appears in ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' as a buxom woman, her hair now blonde. She is shown to have incestuous affairs with both her father and her brother, the latter of whom tells her that she will be his queen. She has secured a political advantage for her family by marrying many powerful nobles and then having them disgraced or killed soon thereafter. She grows tired of Cesare's womanizing ways, however, and plans to leave the Vatican. Despite this, she still warns her brother of the poisoned apple he received from Rodrigo. In turn, Cesare beat her until she revealed the Piece of Eden's location. Disillusioned by his actions, she helped Ezio find said Piece of Eden and left the Vatican behind. Her in-game portrait reveals that she and her husband fled Rome and relocated to Ferrara where she encountered Ezio again in 1506 while he was looking for the first da Vinci painting, Annunciation.

*'''[[Manuel Palaiologos]]''' (voiced by [[Vlasta Vrana]]) (1454-1512) is the heir to the lost [[Byzantine Empire]] throne. Manuel is a major Templar Leader and the secondary antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. He is conspiring in taking back Constantinople (Turkish: Istanbul / Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολη) with the help of Sulemon Heir of the Sultan of Ottoman Empire. He is assassinated by Ezio in the Templar-controlled city of Cappadocia.

*'''[[Pope Alexander VI|Rodrigo de Lanzol y Borgia]]''' (voiced by Manuel Tadros) is the main antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Lineage'', ''Assassin's Creed II'', and ''Assassin's Creed: Renaissance''. Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (January 1, 1431–August 18, 1503), born [[Roderic Llançol]], later [[Roderic de Borja i Borja]], was the leader of the Knights Templar during the Renaissance in Italy. He was elected Pope from 1492 to 1503 as Alexander VI. His enemies called him "The Spaniard" (due to his Spanish origins) while his Templar followers called him "Maestro" ("Master" in Italian and "teacher" in Spanish). He was one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes, and his surname (Italianized as Borgia) became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. Borgia was elected Pope in 1492 and established his power in Rome; his true intent, however, was to gain access to the vault that lies under the Vatican, where, according to Borgia, God Himself rested. Borgia appeared as a minor character in ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'', which takes place in 1503, the last year of his papacy. He is killed after he is murdered by Casare, who is poisoned by Rodrigo only seconds before.

*'''[[Ishak Pasha]]''' (unknown-1497) was a Croat or Greek who became an Ottoman general, statesman and Grand Vizier. He was also, secretly, the Master Assassin leader and Mentor of the Ottoman Assassin Brotherhood in Constantinople. Ishak Pasha was largely responsible for the established peace between the Assassins and the Ottomans during the early 16th century, as well as being the individual responsible for finding and recruiting the future Master Assassin, Yusuf Tazim. In 1476, Ishak participated in the Ottoman military crackdown on a Hungarian uprising, defeating the rebel leader; a Templar named Vlad Tepe (Dracula). 34 years later, Sultan [[Bayezid II]] entrusted Armor of Ishak Pasha to the Janissary Murat Bin Husn, who hid it in the [[Hagia Sophia]] to ensure its safety. However, some months later, the Mentor of the Italian Assassins, a man named Ezio Auditore da Firenze, found the scattered memoirs of Ishak Pasha, and used them to locate the armor from underneath the structure.

*'''[[Niccolò Machiavelli|Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli]]''' (voiced by Shawn Baichoo) (1469–1527) is a supporting character of ''Assassin's Creed II'' and ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood''. He was an Italian philosopher and writer, and a member of the Assassin Order. Considered one of the main founders of modern political science, he was a diplomat, political philosopher, musician, and playwright, but foremost, he was a civil servant of the Florentine Republic. With the Assassin Order, Niccolò primarily worked with his ally Ezio Auditore da Firenze, and helped him with driving the Orsi brothers from Forlì and with removing the monk Girolamo Savonarola from power in Florence to obtain the "Apple of Eden" - an ancient artifact - from him. Two years later, Machiavelli took up the position of leader of the Italian Assassins, after the death of previous leader Mario Auditore. Once again joined by Ezio, they fought against the corrupted Borgia family, which ruled over Rome. Eventually successful in their goal, Machiavelli joined Ezio and Leonardo da Vinci in chasing Cesare Borgia in Valencia. Machiavelli then focused on his duties in the Florentine government, leading the Florentine militia until he was defeated, arrested and deprived of office.

*'''[[Piri Reis|Haci Ahmed Muhiddin Piri]]''' (c. 1467-c. 1554), more commonly known as '''Piri Reis''' for his legendary stature in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Navy, was a famed admiral and cartographer. Unknown to most, Piri was also a member of the Assassin Order, and a Master Assassin of the Ottoman Assassin Brotherhood. Though not involving himself in missions of violence, Piri served the Assassins as a technician and intelligence gatherer, primarily providing them with materials and methods for crafting bombs. He was a trusted friend of the Turkish Assassin leader Yusuf Tazim, and also later befriended Ezio Auditore da Firenze. the Mentor of the Italian Assassin Brotherhood. By 1513, Piri continued his work as a cartographer, and produced what would come to be known as his most famous map, which contained one of the earliest, accurate depictions of the eastern shore of South America. In around the 1550s, by the time he was 80, Piri had become a legend in the Ottoman Navy, and was officially granted the title of "Reis" or "Admiral." In ''Assassin's Creed II: Discovery'', [[Christoffa Corombo]]'s atlas contained a Piri Reis map, which was rescued from Templar hands by Ezio. In one of Abstergo Industries' dossiers, it was speculated that Piri's map of Europe was secretly a map of the First Civilization Temples].

*'''[[Şehzade Ahmet]]''' (voiced by [[Tamer Hassan]]) is the main antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. Şehzade Ahmet, (1465-1512), was the eldest living son of Bayezid II and brother to Selim I. Sharing many characteristics with his father, he was believed to be the perfect candidate for the sultan's heir, even more so when he served as governor of [[Amasya]]. However, many of the Ottoman Empire (The Janissaries in particular) deem him to be an unfit ruler in times of war and times of peace. Furthermore, they do not see him as a traditional Sultan and thus do not support him. He sets up the unsuccessful ambush and capture of Prince Suleiman by Byzantine Templars, intending to have him rescued, subsequently making Ahmet appear to be a brave hero. His plans fail, but while Ezio is away in Cappadocia, Ahmet takes Sofia Sartor hostage and demands Ezio exchanges the Masyaf key for her. After the exchange Ahmet flees the city and Ezio follows him with Sofia. After Ezio catches up with him, Ahmet's brother Selim arrives. Selim proclaims his authority as the new Sultan and kills his own brother by strangling him and then tossing him off of a cliff.

*'''[[Edward Thatch]]''' (1680-1718) infamously known as '''Blackbeard''', was a [[pirate]] [[Captain (nautical)|captain]] who sailed the [[West Indies]] and the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] during the early 18th century, on a ship named the [[Queen Anne's Revenge]]. Thatch met his fate on November 22, 1718 at the hands of [[Royal Navy]] [[Lieutenant]] [[Robert Maynard]] and his crew.

===Middle Ages Era (500-1450)===
*'''[[Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad]]''' (voiced by [[Richard Cansino]]) Saladin's regent in Jerusalem who enjoyed carrying out executions, loved fear, and loved power over the people.

*'''[[Garnier de Nablus]]''' (voiced by Hubert Fielden) the tenth Grand Master of the Knights Hospitalier in Acre. Experimented and tortured innocent people and lunatics he picked up off the streets of Acre, claiming they were his children and that he was helping them.

*'''[[Ibn Jubayr]]''' (voiced by [[Fred Tatasciore]]) Damascus' Saracen chief scholar and leader of "The Illuminated." Intended to have all texts in Damascus burned, claiming that these texts led people astray.

*'''[[Master Sibrand|Sibrand]]''' (voiced by [[Arthur Holden]]) German Crusader and the first Grand Master of the Knights Teutonic in Acre. Intended to have all ships submitted to him for him to use in a blockade against Richard.

*'''[[Robert de Sablé]]''' (voiced by Jean-Philippe Dandenaud) was one of the nine assassination targets assigned by Al Mualim for Altaïr to kill. De Sablé was a lieutenant under [[Richard the Lionheart]], and Grand Master of the Knights Templar] during the [[Third Crusade]]. He serves as an antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed'' (although he is built up to be the main villain until his eventual assassination) and one of two antagonists (the other being [[Armand Bouchart]]) in ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade''. Born into a powerful family, Robert de Sablé was immersed from birth into nobility, though events during de Sablé's life are difficult to pin down; at some point he became lord and ruler of [[Briollay]], France. Subsequently, de Sablé entered into the order of Knights Templar and reigned as their "Grand Master" from 1191 to 1193. During the Third Crusade, de Sablé and the Knights Templar laid siege to the city of [[Acre]], which soon fell; throughout August 1191, they also recaptured many fortresses and cities along the Palestinian coast, which had been lost previously. Grand Master of the Knights Templar, de Sablé follows a goal similar to the Assassins (in that he is attempting to end the war in the [[Holy Land]]). Al Mualim has no objections against him ending the Crusade, but is more against the way de Sablé attempts to do so—the Assassins would have people find peace themselves, but the Templar would force their "peace" onto others and attempt to control them.

*'''[[Rashid ad-Din Sinan]]''', commonly known as '''Al Mualim''' (Arabic: "The Teacher") (voiced by [[Peter Renaday]]) or '''The Old Man of the Mountain''', is based on the real-life [[Rashid ad-Din Sinan]], the ersian Hashshashin leader in the Syrian town of [[Masyaf]]. He is eventually revealed to be the main antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed'' and the secondary antagonist in ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade''. He was the Assassin's Mentor who secretly led a double life as a Templar; he was also seen as a wizened old man whom Altaïr saw as a father figure. After Altaïr broke all three tenets of the Assassin's Creed in one mission, Al Mualim reduced Altaïr to the rank of an initiate, and gave him a list of nine men to kill in order for Altaïr to redeem himself and bring an end to the Crusade. In fact, Altaïr was killing "rival" members of the Templar Order so that Al Mualim could keep the Piece of Eden for himself. Altaïr eventually assassinates the ninth target, Robert de Sablé, but with his dying breath, de Sablé tells Altaïr of Al Mualim's true plans. Altaïr returns to Masyaf to find that the citizens are being controlled by the Apple, wielded by Al Mualim. Al Mualim himself broke all three tenets of the Creed, leading to a fight between himself and Altaïr, and after a lengthy battle Al Mualim is killed by his student and Altaïr takes possession of The Apple. Al Mualim is back in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' in one of the memories of Altaïr. In the memory, Altair burns Al Mualim's body on a pyre, ensuring that he can never return. This is a move that unnerves many of the other Assassins, but eventually Altaïr is forgiven and accepted as the new master.

*'''[[William V of Montferrat|William of Montferrat]]''' (voiced by [[Harry Standjofski]]) an Italian Crusader and Richard the Lionheart's regent in Acre. Intended to kill Richard and give Acre to his son.

===Ancient Era===
*'''[[Alexander III of Macedon]]''' (356 BCE - 323 BCE), commonly known as '''Alexander the Great''', was a king of the [[Macedonian Empire]], and one of the most successful conquerors in history. Alexander's empire was so successful because of the Templars, who entrusted the Staff of Eden in him. Thanks to them, his empire spanned from [[Greece]] to [[India]]. Alexander died in [[Babylon]] in 323 BCE after he was poisoned by the Assassin Iltani.

*'''[[Julius Caesar|Gaius Julius Caesar]]''' (13 July 100 BCE - 15 March 44 BCE), commonly known as '''Julius Caesar''' was a prominent general in the [[Roman army]] and a notable politician. He played a key role in transforming the flagging [[Roman Republic]] to the seemingly unstoppable [[Roman Empire]]. He was killed due to his Templar affiliations.Caesar gained his fame on military campaigns in [[Gaul]], where he conquered what is present-day [[France]], [[Germany]], and [[Belgium]]. In 50 BCE, Caesar was called back to Rome, and he feared he might be prosecuted for insubordination and treason. Caesar brought one of his legions with him and started a [[Caesar's Civil War|civil war]]. During this conflict, Caesar was made [[Roman dictator|Dictator of Rome]]. [[Roman Senator]]s feared Caesar's in increasing military power, and also hated him due to the fact he was supported by the Templars. On March 15, 44 BCE, also known as the [[Ides of March]], the Senators planned their strike. A group Roman Senators, who were also Assassins, led by Brutus and Cassius, stabbed Caesar twenty-three times in the [[Roman Senate]]. The Senators thought that by ending Caesar's life, they had helped save [[Rome]], but they actually put Rome in chaos. For the next thirteen years, civil war raged through the Roman Republic. The outcome was the birth of the Roman Empire.

*'''[[Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger]]''' (early BCE June 85 – late BCE October 42), more commonly known simply as '''Brutus''', was a politician of the late [[Roman Republic]], a member of the Roman Republic and the Order of Assassins. Most notably, Brutus held a leading role in the assassination conspiracy against the consul [[Julius Caesar|Gaius Julius Caesar]]. Sometime prior to 45 BC, Brutus became a member of the Roman Senate, as well as the [[Assassins|Assassin Order]]. Many of his Assassin brothers also shared his role as both senator and Liberatore. Around this time, many senators began to fear Caesar's growing power following his appointment as dictator, so the Assassins began to plan his downfall. For some time, Brutus' dreams were haunted by a mysterious cavern that he found himself compelled to find. Eventually, he was led to discover the sealed First Civilization vault, hidden beneath what would eventually become the [[Santa Maria Aracoeli]]. As he had been assigned by [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]] as the one to come of with the plan of assassinating Caesar, Brutus designated the temple preceding the vault as a meeting place for his co-conspirators. Whenever his fellow Assassins left after their council meetings, Brutus would explore the cavern on his own, coming across what had supposedly drawn him to the location, "Whispers. Lights flickering through cracks in the earth. A doorway that is also a puzzle." Inspired and encouraged by the visions he had seen in the vault, Brutus devised the plan for the assassination alongside forty of his fellow Assassins and senators. As dictated to him by his visions, Brutus scheduled their attack for the Ides of March. Caesar resisted at first, but resigned himself to his fate upon recognizing Brutus, and was eventually killed, "stabbed twenty-three times by his own countrymen, many of whom he once considered friends." Driven to severe guilt from his actions, Brutus later returned to the [[Colosseo|Colosseum]], and abandoned the dagger he had used to strike down Caesar within the vault. Brutus settled in Crete from 44 to 42 BC, but was later defeated in battle and upon fleeing, committed suicide. After Brutus' death, his followers gathered in Philippi, Macedonia, and tried to use the Shroud of Eden to bring him back. However, the Shroud was not capable of such restoration, and though Brutus opened his eyes and moved, he did not appear to breathe, and eventually fell still in a seeming second death.

*'''[[Gaius Cassius Longinus]]''' (c. 85 BCE - 3 October 42 BCE), commonly known as '''Cassius''', was an Assassin, a [[Roman Senator]], and the brother-in-law of [[Brutus]]. On March 15, 44 BCE, Cassius was part of the group Senators who stabbed [[Julius Caesar]]. Two years later, he committed suicide with Brutus in Phillipi, after a [[Battle of Phillipi|battle]] with Caesar's allies went disastrously.

*'''[[Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator]]''' (69 BCE - 12 August 30 BCE), commonly known as '''Cleopatra''' was the last [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]ian [[pharaoh]] and a member of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]]. She initially shared power with her father, and later, her brothers, who she married. With the help of the Templars, she became the sole ruler of [[Egypt]]. This also helped her become an ally of Julius Caesar. After Caesar's death, she allied her self with [[Mark Antony]], whom she had a relationship with. In 30 BCE, Antony committed suicide at the [[Battle of Actium]]. Soon afterwards, Cleopatran was poisoned by the Assassin Amunet with an [[asp (reptile)|asp]].

*'''[[Jesus of Nazareth]]''' (7-2 BCE - 30-36 CE), also known as '''Jesus Christ''', is one of the central figures in [[Christianity]], and the [[Messiah]] foretold in the [[Old Testament]]. He was able to perform his miracles due to the fact he had the Shroud of Eden. The Templars had him [[crucified]] in order to get the Piece of Eden.

*'''[[Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus]]''' (31 August 12 CE - 24 January 41 CE) commonly known as '''Caligula''', was the third [[emperor]] of the [[Roman Empire]], his predecessor being [[Tiberius]]. In 37, Caligula came to power. In his reign, he became notorius for his cruelty and was backed by the Templars. On January 24, 41, he was assassinated by the Assassin Leonius with a [[dagger]].

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%"
! Characters
! width="14%" | ''[[Assassin's Creed (video game)|Assassin's Creed]]'' (2007)
! width="14%" | ''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' (2009)
! width="14%" | ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' (2010)
! width="14%" | ''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' (2011)
! width="14%" | ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' (2012)
! width="14%" | ''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' (2013)
|-
! Desmond Miles
| colspan="5" | [[Nolan North]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! Lucy Stillman
| colspan="4" | [[Kristen Bell]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! Rebecca Crane
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="4" | [[Eliza Jane Schneider]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! Shaun Hastings
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="4" | [[Danny Wallace (humourist)|Danny Wallace]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! William "Bill" Miles
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | Nick Jameson
| colspan="2" | [[John de Lancie]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! Altair Ibn-La'Ahad
| colspan="1" | [[Philip Shahbaz]]
| colspan="1" | No voice actor
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | [[Cas Anvar]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! Ezio Auditore da Firenze
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="3" | [[Roger Craig Smith]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! Haytham Kenway
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | [[Adrian Hough]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! Ratonhnhaké:ton (Connor)
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | [[Noah Watts]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-

! Edward Kenway
| colspan="5" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | ''Unknown''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://assassinscreed.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Characters Characters - The Assassin's Creed Wiki] ([[Wikia]])

{{Assassin's Creed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Characters Of Assassin's Creed}}
[[Category:Assassin's Creed characters| ]]
[[Category:Lists of video game characters|Assassins Creed]]

Benutzer:Tobiasi0/Liste der Charaktere von Assassin's Creed

2013-06-13T04:27:13Z

150.101.101.27: /* Ezio Auditore da Firenze */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Assassin's Creed'' characters}}
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The following is a list of major characters with major contributions in the ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'' video games and media franchise. Some of them are completely fictional and some are partially based on the real-world historical figures.

{{TOC right|limit=3}}

==Factions==
{{Section OR|date=March 2013}}

===The Assassin Order===
The '''Assassins''' are the recurring [[anti-hero]]es and protagonists of the series, based on the real-world [[Assassins]]. The Assassin Order, whose various sects have been known, at various times, as the '''Brotherhood'''; '''Liberalis Circulum''' (Circle of Liberals), during classical Roman times;<ref name="French comic - Tome 3">''Assassin's Creed'' comic: Volume 3, "Accipiter"</ref> the '''Hashshashin''' (users of [[Hashish]]<ref>Lewis, Bernard (1967), ''The Assassins: a Radical Sect of Islam'', pp 30-31, Oxford University Press</ref>), during the [[High Middle Ages]], and more, are an multiethnic, multireligious, and multinational organized order of assassins. The Assassins have existed, if not as an organized order, since the dawn of ancient history, throughout the [[Ancient Rome|Roman Antiquity]], the [[Middle Ages]], the [[Renaissance]], the [[Industrial Revolution]] and into the 21st century.

The contemporary Assassins, through Desmond Mile's use of the Animus, seek [[historical revisionism]]. They are rediscovering their Order's obscured origins, and in that process, learned that much of recorded history is a lie; that it has been honed like a weapon by their enemies, the Templars, who historically sought to suppressed 'The Truth'. In pre-modern times, the Assassins provided swift justice to those who believed they are above the laws of nature and society, and believed that they fought on the behalf of those who did not possess the abilities, resources, or knowledge to speak out against those who abused their power. However, in order to ascertain which death might best assist the Assassins' goals, extensive political knowledge was required for target selection. Thus, the Assassins endeavored to remain in tune with the ever-changing politics surrounding them. Branded as 'outcasts', the Assassins were mostly feared by the general populace, due to their terrifying reputation for taking life in public before many witnesses, as their primary method of ensuring peace — so as to bring fear into the hearts of those who might abuse their power or corrupt the innocent — before vanishing into the crowd without a trace. They are the sworn enemies of the Templars', against whom they fought a continuous, recondite war, throughout the entirety of recorded human history. Where Assassins seek to disseminate and preserve knowledge, the Templars seek to alter and suppress it. Whereas the Templars' sought the power to save humanity from itself by controlling free will, the Assassin Order fought to ensure the survival of libertarianism and individualism, as it allowed for the progression of new ideas and the growth of individuality. The Templar's are convinced that people must be conditioned, controlled, led, coerced, regulated, or nudged to do the right thing; the "right thing" being determined by The Templar’s idea of truth and imposed by force on others for the good of society. The Assassins' fundamentally disagree with The Templar's philosophy of "social conditioning"; they believe this only causes people to live a life where they are sheltered or protected from the consequences of their actions, and therefore never learned how to be better—to live up to their own potential. From the Assassin's perspective, the solution is not to impose rules based on [[subjective reality]], but to allow [[natural law]] to take its course; that responsibility and self-control earned through experience are the best teachers.

To understand the Assassins, it is important to understand The Creed: it is the underlying motivation of every Assassin throughout the Order's history. The order believed in a strong set of values that strictly governed their way of life. Ezio Auditore once spoke of the maxim at length with Sofia Sartor, who found it rather cynical. However, he told her that the maxim was not a doctrine to be followed, but merely an observation of objective reality in the world. This Creed consisted of three tenets: "Stay your blade from the flesh of an innocent..."; "Hide in plain sight, be one with the crowd..." and "Never compromise the Brotherhood." With few exceptions, breaking any of these tenets of the Creed led to the swift execution of the Assassin involved. These tenets permeated every aspect of the Assassins' daily life, as well as their fight for "pursuit of harmony through free will" and "peace in all things". Throughout history, that usually meant killing anyone who became too powerful or greedy; in modern times, it means subversion of established regimes and changing the system from within. The Assassins carried out their duties through politically strategic assassination, in the hope that killing one individual would lead to the salvation of thousands. Through his observations, Altaïr describes the inherent contradictions and hypocrisy between the Creed, and the actions of the Assassins who followed it. There are three known historically citable sources for “Nothing is true, everything is permitted”. The first is the 1938 novel ''[[Alamut]]'' by the Slovene writer [[Vladimir Bartol]] which was the basis/inspiration for the first ''Assassin's Creed'' game. The next source is a quote mistakenly attributed to the 1880 novel ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'' by [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]], "If God doesn't exist, everything is permitted". The exact phrase, “Nothing is true, Everything is permitted” appeared that same year as "Nichts ist wahr, Alles ist erlaubt", in ''[[Thus Spoke Zarathustra]]'' by [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]. This term may have been a reference to the third philosophical branch known as [[ethics]], which concerns itself with human activities: Those actions with a positive outcome are good and those with a negative outcome are bad; it is impossible to determine right action from wrong action without considering the context. That is where the first two branches come in, [[metaphysics]] (what is reality?) and [[epistemology]] (what is knowledge?). Together, these two branches pose the ultimate question in all of philosophy, “What is Truth?” If there is no truth, then there are no moral limitations to action and thus is every action permitted. Thus "The Assassin's Creed", may be philosophical comment on the denial of subjective reality and its power over people's ability to engage in free will to act; this is not only important to humanity in general, but particularly to the romantic, since individualism is built upon volition and fettered volition is not true freedom at all but a form of slavery.

===The Templar Order===
The '''Templars''', are the recurring [[anti-villain]]s and antagonists of the series. The Templar Order is a [[secret society]] that principally chose to infiltrate and control pre-existing political institutions, such as the [[Roman Senate]]; and the [[Byzantine Empire]]; during the Crusades the Templar's existed as the unusually conspicuous '''Order of the Knights Templar''' (based on the real-world [[Knights Templar]]), while during the Renaissance, they were centered around the [[Papacy]] and the [[Borgia]] family. During the 20th and 21st centuries, the public face of the Order became '''Abstergo Industries''', a monastic military order-turned-corporate giant. Much like the Assassins, the Templars have existed through the entirety of recorded human history. They are a secret society of people whose only goal is "save humanity from itself." To achieve their goal, the Templars plan to obtain the Pieces of Eden, which will allow them to control human minds.

The Templars control the flow of the modern world through political, scientific, cultural, intelligence, economic, and "[[secret history]]" means. Dr. Warren Vidic's recent invention of the Animus has allowed the Templars to acquire vast knowledge via their consumer's ancestors (whom are deceived into believing they playing "video games"), while simultaneously altering evidences, motivations, and decision-making processes surrounding historical events and suppressing objective facts in order to sway public opinions in their favor. The Templars sought to create a perfect world, although the means by which they aimed to do so - through force, control and the destruction of free will - directly contrasted the ideals of their sworn enemies, the Assassin Order. Because of this difference in ideology, the Templars became involved in a covert war against the Assassins, spanning centuries, with their opposition's motivating belief being that mankind should always have the ability to choose; to have the freedom of liberty, even if it meant accepting that humanity would always be flawed in their ways. The [[New World Order (conspiracy theory)|New World Order]] was the ultimate goal for the Templar Order, a concept of worldwide peace for humanity under the control and supervision of the Templars, with the stated ideology that advocates "security" over "freedom". For centuries, the Templars engaged in a secret war with the Assassins – who believed that humanity could achieve peace using free will – in order to achieve the New World Order. When the Templars founded Abstergo Industries in 1937, the company managed to manipulate and puppeteer many important political figures to pursue their own goals. Governed by the belief that humankind needed order, discipline, and control in order to mask its barbaric nature, the Templars planned to create a new world in which they possessed absolute control. The proclaimed new world seemed to be based on a utopian ideal, a world completely free of bigotry. However, the Templars also emphasized the establishment of a small [[geniocracy|geniocratic]] ruling elite, who would control all aspects of civilization; from culture and education, to military force and food distribution. The Templars' rule would be one of authoritarianism and so-called "benign tyranny," as although they would systematically eliminate discrimination, racism, poverty, and the petty machinations of the warlords and princes of the time, they would simply replace that disordered chaos with their own arbitrary orders. At its core, the Templars' goal of order was very similar to the Creed of their enemies, the Assassins. However, the latter sought peace through the education of the people, rather than through their control.

"The Great Purge" referred to an Abstergo Industries operation, with the intent to ensure the global eradication of the Assassin Order. After Daniel Cross, a Templar sleeper agent who had infiltrated the Order, was allowed to meet The Mentor of the Assassins in [[Dubai]], CE 2000, he acted upon an impulse implanted into his brain by Abstergo to kill The Mentor. Successful in his objective, Daniel returned to Abstergo's [[Philadelphia]] facility and revealed the locations of all the Assassin camps and safehouses he had come into contact with over the previous two years, after which Abstergo initiated "The Great Purge;" the elimination of the Assassin's global network. Nearly all Assassins within their compounds, including children, were subjected to [[targeted killing]] and/or massacred by military agents under order of Abstergo Industries. While the operation was a victory for the Templars, and the Assassins never recovered, Daniel had not visited a number of off-the-grid settlements, allowing them to remain unscathed; the few remaining Assassins were forced into hiding, and from then on, remained under the radar, operating in small four-man cells to avoid being tracked down and eliminated. The [[Denver International Airport]] satellite accident, or simply the DIA satellite accident, was an incident that took place at Denver International Airport in the early 21st century, that resulted in a large number of casualties and the destruction of one of the First Civilization's Pieces of Eden – an Apple of Eden – which was held by Abstergo Industries at the time. Dr. Warren Vidic was responsible for preparing the final report for the incident, which indicated that the Abstergo Project Lead at Denver had killed everyone there before the company's clean-up crew had arrived. At least one civilian, believed to have been a baggage handler at the time, found out about the incident. By September 4, 2012, this survivor threatened to expose Abstergo's involvement in the event.

==Fictional characters==

===Player characters===

====Desmond Miles====
{{main|Desmond Miles}}

====Altaïr ibn-La'Ahad====
{{main|Altaïr ibn-La'Ahad}}

====Ezio Auditore da Frenze====
{{main|Ezio Auditore da Frenze}}

====Ratonhnhaké:ton====
'''Ratonhnhaké:ton''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ə|d|uː|n|'|h|ə|g|eɪ|d|uː|n}}; "Ra-doon-ha-gay-doon"; ''life that is scratched'', referring to a struggle to survive.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCDvBPQtIec AssassinsCreedUK: ''Inside Assassin's Creed III Episode One'']</ref>) (1756-unknown), also known by the adopted name of '''Connor''', is the protagonist of ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'', voiced by and modeled on [[Noah Watts]]. Since every Kanien'keha:ka name is unique, at the advice of their Mohawk cultural consultants, Ubisoft agreed not to trademark the name "Ratonhnhaké:ton".<ref>[http://techland.time.com/2012/09/05/assassins-creed-iiis-connor-kenway-how-ubisoft-avoided-stereotypes-and-made-a-real-character/ TIME: ''Assassin's Creed III's Connor: How Ubisoft Avoided Stereotypes and Made a Real Character'']</ref> Contrary to several known Assassins who possessed connections to eagles, Ratonhnhaké:ton was more closely likened to a wolf. Born in Colonial America to an [[English people|English]] father, Haytham Kenway, and a [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] (Kanien'keha:ka) mother, Kaniehti:io. Ratonhnhaké:ton was raised by his mother among the Kanien'keha:ka during the [[Seven Years' War]].

Ratonhnhaké:ton's village was attacked and burned to the ground and his mother killed, which is how he gained incentive to seek justice and fight tyranny, coming across the Assassin's Order. Ratonhnhaké:ton was trained by a former Mentor named Achilles Davenport, who named him Connor (after his son) in order to mask his mixed ethinicity. Ratonhnhaké:ton was skilled at climbing and maneuvering from trees and mountain cliffs with the same as in a traditional urban environment; was skilled at [[naval warfare]], being the captain of the Assassin Navy's flagship, ''The Aquila''; and was skilled at foraging, tracking, hunting, skinning animals, then selling their pelts, due to his Iroquois heritage. In combat, Ratonhnhaké:ton employed ''predator''-style maneuvers, martial arts techniques and stealth tactics, and was capable of wielding ''many'' weapons; including the signature [[Hidden blade (Assassins Creed)|double-hidden blade]], capable of rotating out into a wield-able knife on his left hand; dual-flintlock pistols and muskets; poison and [[rope dart]]s; smoke bombs and trip mines; clubs, swords, daggers, throwing knives; spears and heavy weapons; a bow and arrows; and, most noticeably, a unique [[tomahawk (axe)|tomahawk]] with its blade shaped as the Assassin insignia. During the [[American Revolution]], Ratonhnhaké:ton found himself allying with many of its important key figures.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Matt |title=Liberty and Death: Assassin's Creed III |journal=[[Game Informer]] |issue=228 |year=2012 |month=April |pages=38–50}}</ref> Ratonhnhaké:ton's actions allowed his descendant, Desmond Miles, to find the key to the Grand Temple through the Animus and save Earth from the solar flare. He also eradicated most of the Templar Order's influence and control in British Colonial America with his assassinations of their leaders. Along with this, his work in the Colonial cities of [[Boston]] and [[New York City|New York]] strengthened the Assassin Brotherhood with more recruits, as well as assist the people of the region. His support of the [[Continental Army]] led to many victories, eventually allowing the Colonist to break off from the British. In the process though, his work allowed the Americans to force his people farther west, away from their homelands. As the Captain of the Aquila, he was a major contributor to the safety of trade-passages around the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean Islands. As the owner of the Davenport Homestead's lands, he also helped several colonists that were experiencing hardships around the area. In ''The Tyranny of King Washington'', Washington was plagued by horrific nightmares and sought Ratonhnhaké:ton out for help, which he revealed were caused by an Apple of Eden that Washington recovered from an officer after the Siege of Yorktown. Ratonhnhaké:ton convinced Washington to hand him the Apple, but as he took the Apple from his hands, both the Commander and the Assassin were transported to a parallel universe for an instant. When they returned to their own world, to the very moment they both touched the Apple, Ratonhnhaké:ton and Washington glared at each other, repulsed by seeing what each other did in the alternate world, but Washington relented and gave up the Apple. Ratonhnhaké:ton stated no man should possess its power, so the commander suggested dropping it into the ocean; Ratonhnhaké:ton took the Aquila with the Apple in a weighted bag and dropped it in the sea. In addition, Ratonhnhaké:ton's life was made accessible to an unknown group through hacking, the Erudito Collective, and the anonymous team was able to learn about the history of the Assassin Order.

====Haytham Kenway====

Haytham Kenway (voiced by Adrian Hough) is both a playable character in the first three sequences of ''Assassin's Creed III'', as well as a secondary antagonist throughout the remainder of the game.

Haytham Kenway (1725-1781) was the Templar Grand Master of British Colonial America who fathered Ratonhnhaké:ton. Born the son of an Assassin named Edward Kenway, he was taught the necessary skills to become a skilled Assassin and remained with the Order for a short period. When tragedy strikes his family, his allegiance wavers and he winds up being recruited into the Templar Order at a young age by Reginald Birch. In 1754, Birch orders Haytham to attend a play at the [[Royal Opera House|Theatre Royal]] in [[London]] to kill an Assassin named Miko who was thought to hold a key to unlocking the treasure of 'Those Who Came Before'. After completing the task, he was instructed to leave for Boston on the Providence with a list of Templars who were willing to help him in his new mission. During the trip, he helped avert a [[mutiny]] by killing the crew's ringleader, an Assassin named Louis Mills, who was placed on the ship with orders to avenge Miko's death. Upon reaching Boston, he is greeted by [[Charles Lee (general)|Charles Lee]], who proceeds to help him perform acts which aid him to gain the Templars' trust and solidify their presence in the colonies. With the treasure he seeks rumored to reside deep in the Frontier, in Kanien'keha:ka territory, Haytham elects to gain their trust by killing a slave driver named Silas Thatcher and freeing his Native American prisoners. In the process, he meets a Mohawk woman named Kaniehti:io (Ziio for short) who agrees to help him find the fabled site of 'Those Who Came Before' under the condition that he kills General [[Edward Braddock]], a former Templar who now threatens Native American lands. After successfully killing him during his [[Braddock Expedition|Expendition]], Ziio leads Haytham to a large cave where ancient inscriptions line the walls, marking the entrance to a large Temple. However, despite possessing what he thinks is the key, Haytham is denied entrance. Haytham expresses his disappointment and Ziio tries to comfort him, simultaneously expressing feelings for him which he reciprocates. It is presumed they make love in the cave before Haytham returns to Boston where he later formally inducts Lee into the Templar Order; the moment when the player realizes Haytham's true identity. Meanwhile, Ziio returns to her village to give birth and raise her son alone. Years later, Haytham is reunited unceremoniously with his son, Ratonhnhaké:ton, and engages him in brief combat. However, seeing as their goals work towards the same end, he proposes that they work together; this being bringing [[Benjamin Church]] to justice. As they traveled together, Haytham shows shadows of feelings toward his son, even expressing disheartenment and sorrow upon hearing that Ziio had perished in an attack on their village years before. When they meet with George Washington, Haytham attempts to sway Ratonhnhaké:ton to his side by showing him that Washington himself had been the one to authorize the attack on the village. Despite the hard truth, Ratonhnhaké:ton refuses to join the Templars and later parts ways with his father. As they clash one final time in New York, Haytham is felled by Ratonhnhaké:ton who stabs him in the neck with his hidden blade. Before he dies, Haytham admits that he is proud of his son, despite his ignorance.

====Aveline de Grandpré====

Aveline de Grandpré (voiced by Amber Goldfarb) (1747-unknown) is the protagonist of ''[[Assassin's Creed III: Liberation]]'', and the only playable character to date not related to Desmond Miles. The child of a [[French people|French]] merchant father and an [[African people|African]] mother, Aveline lived in New Orleans, [[Louisiana (New France)|colonial French Louisiana]], during the [[Seven Years War]] and the [[Louisiana Rebellion of 1768]].

Middle-class through her father’s wealth and her parents' [[plaçage]] marriage, Aveline became an assassin through her pity for the poor. Mentored by the ex-slave Agate, she joined the Assassins Brotherhood in 1759. Using social status to her advantage, Aveline easily moved between social strata just by altering her clothing; by doing so, she could alternate between the guise of a lady, slave, or assassin, in order to alter conspicuousness.<ref>Krupa, Daniel, (August 15, 2012), [http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/08/15/assassins-creed-iii-liberation-avelines-deadly-wardrobe Assassin's Creed III: Liberation: Aveline's Deadly Wardrobe], IGN</ref> While it is well established that Connor is an ancestor of Desmond Miles, evident by Desmond's ability to use the animus to relive Connor's, exactly whom is reliving Aveline's life is yet to be clarified. Her life was later used as a tool of propaganda by Abstergo Industries, which twisted and mounted her memories in order to show the Templars as a benevolent Order as opposed to a misguided Assassin's Brotherhood. However, Erudito, a hacking collective and opposition to Abstergo, managed to crack the code used by the Templars. Erudito used this to show the truth to some viewers, by among others examples, revealing unsweetened memories of Aveline about the cruelty of de Ferrer against the slaves of the Chichen Itza camp or the additional memories of the assassination of Madeleine after the seemingly rallying of de Grandpré to the Templars. Aveline was a skilled free-runner, who was able to navigate with ease through the urban cityscape and natural landscape, such as the Bayou. Her fighting style included dual-wielding various weapons, including a [[whip]], flintlock and musket firearms, swords and daggers, a [[blowgun|blowpipe]], a sugar-cane [[machete]] and Double-Hidden Blades. Aside from her weapons, Aveline possessed three disguises that she could make use of. Accompanying this, Aveline possessed the sixth sense casually referred to as Eagle Vision, allowing her to identify enemies, allies, hiding spots and targets of immediate importance. As she grew, Aveline developed into a strong-willed young woman, who began to notice the contrasts within society; such as freedom and enslavement, or wealth and poverty. She was torn between the different values that she had inherited from her parents, and as such, she formed her own, which included a vehement stance against slavery. As a consequence of her being pulled in either direction by the Assassins and Templars, she questioned whether fighting as an Assassin was the right thing to do or not. While in New York, she asked her fellow Assassin, Ratonhnhaké:ton, if he ever questioned their ideals; he responded without taking side with either faction, but rather explained that he trusted in his own abilities to distinguish right from wrong.

In 2013, ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' ranked her as the sixth greatest heroine in video game history, commenting: "Aveline is such an envelope-pusher: a black, female, French-speaking protagonist in this world of stereotypical white males, she represents a major step forward for diversity in games."<ref>{{cite web|last=Rougeau|first=Michael|url=http://www.complex.com/video-games/2013/01/the-50-greatest-heroines-in-video-game-history/aveline|title=50 Greatest Heroines In Video Game History|publisher=Complex|date=March 4, 2013|accessdate=March 24, 2013}}</ref>

====Edward Kenway====

Edward Kenway (d. 1735) was a privateer, pirate and member of the Assassin Order, active in and around the Caribbean during the early 18th century's [[golden age of piracy]]. He is the protagonist of the video game ''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'', as well as the father and grandfather of Haytham Kenway and Ratonhnhaké:ton respectively, the playable characters of ''Assassin's Creed III''.

===Main characters in other media===

====Nikolai Andreievich Orelov====

Nikolai Andreievich Orelov (d. 1931) was a Russian member of the Assassins and the [[Narodnaya Volya]]. He is the protagonist of the comic ''[[Assassin's Creed: The Fall]]'', and has thus far not appeared in any game. The son of Master Assassin Andrei Orelov, Nikolai joined the Order out of birthright rather than choice, and occasionally harbored some bitterness and resentment over his life being so fundamentally altered by forces beyond his control. He trained alongside [[Aleksandr Ulyanov]], whom he quickly befriended. Nikolai's greatest failure was when Aleksandr was captured as part of the [[Pervomartovtsy]]. As Aleksandr was hanged, he indicated that Nikolai was guilty of not rescuing him. The following year, Nikolai attempted to assassinate [[Tsar Alexander III]], who was in possession of a Staff of Eden. Nikolai attacked Alexander on his private train. The intensity of the fight caused the train to [[Borki train disaster|crash]]. Nikolai barely escaped, and the Tsar's injuries contributed to his death six years later. Some time later, Nikolai and his wife, Anna, lost a child, intensifying Nikolai's bitterness, which his fellow assassins occasionally found disconcerting. In 1908, Nikolai was sent to Tunguska to retrieve the Staff from a Templar research facility. The facility was inadvertently [[Tunguska event|destroyed]] when [[Nikola Tesla]] prematurely detonated his experimental mass destruction weapon, Nikolai was the only survivor. A small shard of the Staff was recovered by [[Grigori Rasputin]], but eventually recovered from his corpse. After the Russian Revolution, Nikolai retired from the Assassins to start a new life in America with his wife and children, while keeping the shard for himself. Nikolai's wife and daughter were arrested during the [[Palmer Raids]] and subsequently deported. Nikolai and his youngest son, Innokenti, lived a relatively isolative existence in the woods. In 1931, Nikolai is contacted by a fellow associate, Sergei, who tells him that the Assassins need him to return to Russia to be debriefed on his knowledge of the Tunguska event. Paranoid and mistrustful due to [[Trust Operation|recent events]], Nikolai attacks and kills Sergei, and is subsequently killed during the Assassins' retaliatory response.

====Shao Jun====

Shao Jun (voiced by [[Angela Galuppo]]) (1505-unknown) was a member of the Chinese Assassin Brotherhood, protagonist of the animated film ''[[Assassin's Creed: Embers]]'', and supporting character in [[Assassin's Creed: Revelations (novel)]] by [[Oliver Bowden]] based on the game of the same name. A former [[concubine]] of [[Zhengde|Emperor Zhèngdé]], she was rescued by the Assassins after the emperor's death, and devoted her life to the Order as a result.After some time, Zhèngdé's successor, [[Jiajing]], ordered a purge of those who opposed him, which included the Assassins. Following the Order's decline in China, Jūn and her [[Mentor]] fled west to seek out the Italian Assassin Mentor, Ezio Auditore da Firenze. Shào Jūn had the desire to learn, specifically about how the Assassin Order functioned and lived their lives. She searched for information when none was given to her, even going against the wishes of others just to learn, as evidenced by her invading Ezio's study. She was sincere about wanting to understand her Order, and took Ezio's lessons and lectures to heart. She remained restless and on-guard at all times, keeping a close eye on her surroundings for any possible threats; often staying up at night and preparing for an attack instead of sleeping. She also loved to meet and learn from new cultures and societies, often excited about the opportunity to understand people with different nationalities from her own. Shào Jūn wielded a Chinese [[jian]] as her primary weapon, with [[rope dart]]s and throwing needles tucked under her bracers as secondary weapons. Accompanying this, Jūn also had a hidden blade under her right foot, which she used in tandem with her acrobatic skills against enemies. She was extensively trained in combat by the Order, and was an adept and agile fighter, with her fighting style being heavily reminiscent of the Chinese martial art of [[Chinese martial arts#Wǔshù|wǔshù]], which involved ample flexibility and knowledge in both unarmed and sword combat. Jūn's arsenal of weapons were also fitted for her style of combat, as they were light yet deadly. To lower suspicion in public areas, she concealed her weapons in her attire, save for the jiān, which she kept sheathed across her back. In [[Assassin's Creed III]], she is briefly mentioned by Achilles Davenport, when he shows Ratonhnhaké:ton a rope dart (briefly calling by its Chinese name "''Shéng Biāo''"), and says it is one of several weapon plans (presumably plans for various Chinese weapons) introduced to the Assassin order by Shào Jūn, however Achilles dialog on her contributions to the order is interrupted when Ratonhnhaké:ton accidentally loses control of the ropes' dart, which ends up in the wall of the manor's secret training room. Afterwards, her in-game bio is unlocked also the Animus Database.

==Other major fictional characters==

===Contemporary Era (1985-present)===
*'''Dr. Warren Vidic''' (voiced by [[Philip Proctor]]) (unknown-2012) is the head of the Animus project, arch-nemesis to Desmond Miles and the main antagonist of the series. In ''Assassin's Creed I'', Vidic does not care about the Animus test subjects; his only goal is finding the Pieces of Eden, whatever the cost. He forced Subject 16 into reliving many of his ancestors lives in a bid to find the Apple; this resulted in Subject 16 losing his sense of self as the "Bleeding Effect" overcame him and drove him to insanity and suicide. As a result, Vidic is begrudgingly more lenient towards Desmond, granting him more frequent breaks on Lucy's behalf. In ''Assassin's Creed II'', Vidic makes a brief appearance during the game's ending, when he locates the Assassin hideout. Trying to recapture Desmond, he tries to make Desmond come peacefully and comments about Lucy's betrayal, telling her about the pain that he was forced to inflict on the Animus subjects as a result. After Desmond and Lucy defeat the Abstergo guards, Vidic says that Desmond should enjoy his "temporary victory", and escapes in an Abstergo van. In ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'', he makes an appearance during the multiplayer introduction cutscene giving an introduction speech to Abstergo employees about the use of the Animi (plural for the Animus) and its true purpose in exterminating the rest of the Assassin Order. Part of this scene is reused in the introduction of ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' and he eventually ordered his Master Templars (including Daniel Cross) to capture William Miles. Vidic's final appearance was in ''Assassin's Creed III'' and once again served as Desmond's arch-nemesis. When Vidic's Templar agents successfully captured William Miles, Vidic sent Desmond Miles and his team a video proposing his demands: Give him the Apple of Eden and William would be returned to them safely. Despite the fact that William would tell the team to forget him, Desmond decided to rescue his father and kill Vidic once and for all. Once Desmond arrived at the Abstergo facility in Italy, Vidic ordered him to come in peacefully. Desmond refused, killing any security guards who crossed his path while Vidic would taunt him on a loud-speaker throughout the facility. In retaliation, Warren sent Daniel Cross to deal with the Assassin threat. But once Cross had Desmond cornered, he began to suffer from the Bleeding Effect and fled trying to deal with his mental breakdown. Vidic, frustrated with Desmond, stated that he was no longer an asset to Abstergo and authorized the guards to kill him on sight. Meanwhile, Desmond pursued Cross through the Animus Training Facility and killed him. Vidic was furious at Cross's death, screaming that the Assassins only took while Templars gave the world order and peace. Eventually Desmond reached Vidic's office, where his father sat surrounded by armed guards. Vidic demanded that Desmond to hand him the Apple. Desmond reached out with the Apple in his hand, but instead of giving it to Warren, used its power to manipulate everyone in the room. As Vidic pleaded for the last time, Desmond influenced one of guards to turn his gun on Warren, shooting and finally killing him before commanding the remaining guards to kill themselves.

*'''Lucy Stillman''' (voiced by and modeled on [[Kristen Bell]]) (1988-2012) was a member of the Assassins' Order and former [[genetic memory (psychology)|genetic memory]] researcher who worked for Abstergo Industries in the Animus project. Lucy first appears at the beginning of the first game, as she and Warren Vidic argue about whether to leave Desmond in the Animus or pull him out during a fragmented memory sequence. Afterward, while Vidic explains to Desmond what the Animus does and what "genetic memories" are, Lucy explains Abstergo's goal in very broad and non-specific terms. Vidic wants to hurry Desmond along, seeing no reason to "coddle" him, but Lucy manages to convince Vidic that Desmond will be useless without time to rest from his experience. During Desmond's time in the Animus, Lucy is his chief defender, pressuring Vidic to allow Desmond more time to rest. In breaks between Animus sessions, Lucy begins to warm to Desmond, and answers what questions she can about the Animus, Abstergo and Vidic. Lucy also mentions that Desmond was not the only person Abstergo was detaining; she, too, is an unfortunate captive. Abstergo tried to silence her to keep her from speaking publicly about the Animus, but her attackers were ordered to stand down by Dr. Warren Vidic. She claimed that he saved her life that day, and she told Desmond not to judge Dr. Vidic so harshly, as he was under a lot of pressure. After a few days, Lucy hides the access codes for Desmond's door in his wardrobe so that he can roam freely about the Animus chamber, and "forgot" her security pen on the Animus so that Desmond could access her e-mail account. Eventually, she reveals herself to Desmond as an Assassin, working undercover to learn more about Abstergo's goals. After Desmond successfully retrieves the suppressed memory sequence at the end of the game, Abstergo executives order Desmond's murder, but Lucy convinces them to keep him alive to extract more information. Several hours later (''Assassin's Creed II''), Lucy returns and breaks Desmond out of the Abstergo facility, eventually escaping to an Assassin safehouse, where Rebecca Crane and Shaun Hastings are waiting with the "Animus 2.0", an improved and upgraded Animus machine of Rebecca's own design. They inform Desmond that they're going to attempt an unorthodox training regime: by using the Animus and the Bleeding Effect, they will try and "imprint" his ancestor Ezio's skills on Desmond himself, turning him into a master Assassin-by-proxy. Eventually, Abstergo tracks them to the safehouse, and the Assassins are forced to flee to a secondary facility in the north; on the way, Desmond goes back into the Animus to search Ezio and Altair's memories for any information that may help them. Shortly thereafter, they arrive at Monteriggioni (''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood''), and establish their second base. There, Lucy continues to help Desmond through the Animus 2.0. After Desmond finds the location of the Apple of Eden through Ezio's memories, Lucy, Shaun, and Rebecca accompany him deep beneath the [[Colosseum]], to a hidden vault where it resides. As Desmond holds the Apple, the goddess Juno takes control of him through it. She then forces him to stab Lucy as she knows that she is a Templar. It is revealed in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' that Lucy was killed from the stabbing. She was given a funeral and buried in a cemetery just outside of Rome. It is implied that Desmond and Lucy have feelings for each other during ''Assassin's Creed II'' and ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' and is directly stated in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'', making this partly why Desmond went into a coma. Conversations during ''Assassin's Creed III'' shows that Desmond, William, Shaun and Rebecca are aware of Lucy's betrayal. This is due to the Lost Archive DLC in Assassin's Creed: Revelations, which reveals Lucy's true allegiance. It can be presumed that Abstergo knows Lucy is dead. Some say that it is safe to assume Lucy's feelings for Desmond and her loyalty to the Templars make her really a balanced double agent for both sides, not leaning on either side too much.

*'''William "Bill" Miles''' (voiced by and modeled on [[John de Lancie]]) (b. 1948) is the father of Desmond Miles and ''de facto'' leader of the entire Assassin Order during the events of the games, having risen to the position following the death of the Mentor in 2000.

*'''Shaun Hastings''' (voiced by and modeled on [[Danny Wallace (humourist)|Danny Wallace]]) is a cynical, condescending and pessimistic member of the Assassin's team, specializing in research and information handling. Through conversations in ''Assassin's Creed II'', Desmond learns that Shaun was interested in conspiracies from an early age, and developed a love of history. Though he was unaware of the existence of modern-day Templars and Assassins, he realized that there was some power-struggle going on. Shaun attempted to tell others about his findings, not realizing that the Templars would try to silence him. Fortunately, Rebecca Crane apparently "rescued" Shaun and recruited him into the Order. This is mentioned as being unconventional, as most Assassins were usually born into the Order, not recruited.

*'''Rebecca Crane''': (voiced by and modeled on [[Eliza Schneider]]) (b. 1984) is a member of the Assassin's team. She is the creator of the Animus 2.0 – which she affectionately refers to as "Baby" – and provides [[technical support]] for the Assassins alongside her partner, Shaun Hastings. She appears to be an old friend of Lucy Stillman, although prior to the game, the two purportedly did not see one another for seven years, perhaps due to Lucy's internment at Abstergo. In ''Assassin's Creed II'', Rebecca serves as tech support for the Animus 2.0. She often leaves notes within the database entries that Shaun makes available for Desmond Miles while he is in the Animus, especially if the entries (i.e. about a particular structure) indicate the presence of a glyph or Assassin's tomb therein. The data module that Rebecca receives from Lucy with the records of the Abstergo version of the Animus allow Desmond to interact with the encrypted file Subject 16 left behind in Ezio Auditore da Firenze's memories. In ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'', Rebecca can be heard talking to Bill Miles during Desmond's coma. She returns in ''Assassin's Creed III'', and travels with everyone to "the Vault". She, once again, helps manage the Animus, and helps Desmond along when he travels to a skyscraper in New York City, a stadium in Brazil, and helps him rescue his father from the Templars at Abstergo. Later on, after Desmond inserts all three of the power sources, she, along with Desmond, William, and Shaun, enter the heart of the vault, where Desmond can either free Juno, which saves the Earth, but will unleash her, or Minerva, who recommends they all wait in the Vault for the Earth to burn, so Desmond can help make a new age for the Earth. Choosing to side with Juno, he tells everyone else to leave, as they could be hurt when Desmond frees Juno. Rebecca and the others leave, without another word.

*'''Clay Kaczmarek (Subject 16)''': (voiced by [[Cam Clarke]] in ''Assassin's Creed II'' and ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' and by Graham Cuthbertson in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'') (1982-2012), commonly known as "Subject 16", was an Assassin abducted by Abstergo directly before [[Desmond Miles]]. Dr. Warren Vidic was responsible for pushing Subject 16 to the point of insanity. In the games ''Assassin's Creed'', ''Assassin's Creed II'' and ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'', indirect references are made to the events immediately following Subject 16's insanity. The events are only revealed after finishing the first game. After completing the storyline of ''Assassin's Creed'', Desmond gains Altaïr's Eagle Vision via the "Bleeding Effect" from the Animus, which allows him to see more than is usually visible. At this point, he can use his new-found ability to see blood covering the walls and floor of the room with the Animus; the blood was used to create symbols and writings, indicating the end of the world in a variety of ways and making references to several different cultures. When Desmond enters his own room and uses Eagle Vision to view the wall behind his bed, he sees that it is almost entirely covered in blood and contains several more clues to what happened to Subject 16. Eventually it is revealed that Subject 16 felt his soul was being stolen and his mind shattered with so many memories of his ancestors, so he used his own blood to paint the clues before ending his life.<ref name="CVG Blog: Assassin's Creed Ending Explained!">{{cite web|last=Pellett |first=Matthew |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=175552 |title=CVG Blog: Assassin's Creed Ending Explained! |publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref> He is the playable character of "The Lost Archive" DLC. It is revealed he was an assassin sent to infiltrate Abstergo. He was meant to escape through the help of Lucy Stillman but was unsuccessful. No longer able to escape, he planned his suicide so that he would be able to pass his message to Desmond.

*'''Alan Rikkin''' is the CEO of Abstergo. He had sent several e-mails to Warren Vidic, one of which that details several Pieces of [[Garden of Eden|Eden]] that they believe to be nothing more than mythical tales, including [[The Holy Grail]]. Rikkin is possibly one of the three men standing in the conference room right after Desmond Miles finished the Altaïr project.

*'''Daniel Cross''' (voiced by Danny Blanco-Hall) (1974-2012) was a Templar sleeper agent and descendant of Nikolai Orelov responsible for infiltrating and killing the Mentor of the Assassins in 2000, which nearly destroyed the Brotherhood Order, and later became Abstergo's top field agent. He is Desmond's foil/counterpart and secondary antagonist in ''Assassin's Creed III''. He and Desmond would cross multiple times when Desmond would try and recover power sources for the Grand Temple around the globe. Daniel would always be one step ahead of him but would be defeated and knocked out by Desmond both times. Finally, when Desmond had returned to Abstergo in Rome to rescue his father and kill Vidic, Daniel was sent to stop Desmond in his tracks cornering him at gunpoint in the Animus chamber Desmond had previously been imprisoned in. However, before Daniel could kill him, he began to suffer from the Bleeding Effect and speaking Russian. Daniel panicked and fled, running through the facility, but was chased by Desmond into the Animi Training Program room, where he was stabbed to death at Desmond's hands.

===Late Modern Era (1750-1985)===
*'''Achilles Davenport''': (voiced by [[Roger Aaron Brown]]) (1710-early 1780's) was a Master Assassin and a [[Mentor]] for a span of time during the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[American Revolutionary War]]. The British Colonial America Brotherhood was founded by John de la Tour around the early 18th century after his arrival to the colonies. Recruited in the mid-1730s, Achilles became the Mentor of the British Colonial Assassins in 1746, as he had a gift for both recruitment and organization. Achilles also strengthened the Brotherhood's ties with the Iroquois Nations. In 1763, he was tried by the Templar leaders after the branch was decimated to all but himself, during the aftermath of the French and Indian War. In a show of mercy, Achilles was allowed to live if he resigned his role as an Assassin and moved into the wilderness. By 1770, Achilles resided at the Davenport Homestead. In that same year, he reluctantly recruited Ratonhnhaké:ton into the Assassin Order, and acted as his mentor thereafter. He provided Ratonhnhaké:ton with advice, and cautioned the younger Assassin whenever his ambition led him astray. However, Achilles passed away: when Ratonhnhaké:ton discovered his body, there was a note to him Achilles' hand apologizing that he never got to say goodbye like he wanted to. A funeral was held on the cliff behind his mansion and while others put flowers on his coffin, Ratonhnhaké:ton put a Feather in honour of the Assassins. Ratonhnhaké:ton later went back to his grave and buried the amulet with Achilles making sure that nobody could find it but Desmond. The Davenport Homestead contained the graves of Achilles' two family members; his wife, Abigail Davenport, and his son, Connor Davenport, who both died of typhoid fever shortly after the French and Indian War. Achilles also rested there after he passed in the early 1780s.

*'''Agaté''' (unknown-1777) was a former slave who, following his escape from jail, became Mentor of the New France Assassin Order in the [[Louisiana (New France)|colonial French Louisiana]]. He is an antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed III: Liberation''. Agaté personally trained Aveline de Grandpré, with whom he held a tempestuous relationship, as he disapproved of her impulsiveness, and when she acted without consulting him. After uncovering the identity of the Company Man during her mission in New York, Aveline returned to the Bayou to consult her mentor, only to find that he was under the belief that she had been turned to the Templar cause. After defeating his pawns and coming from under the influence of his hallucinogenic poison, Aveline confronted him directly at the highest point of his homestead. After trying to convince him of her loyalty, she informed him that she had no choice but to kill him. But rather than be killed by Aveline, who he had earlier labeled as 'a monster' (referring to her mixed heritage), Agate turned to face her and fell backwards to his death, thus committing suicide in front of his student. Although he appears on seldom occasions during the course of the game, Agate appeared to be a very experienced and invaluable mentor to Aveline, reminding her that her impulsiveness would lead to trouble. At times, he was harsh with her in his words, but only did such to help mold her into the Assassin that she later became. However, he also showed doubt in her loyalty to the Assassins, and on one occasion admitted to having a dream that she had turned her back on the Order. Despite all of his concerns, he seemed to genuinely care for his student, and viewed Aveline as his own child, having revealed that if he had pursued her mother, Jeanne, she could have very well been his daughter. Agate appeared to be a skilled freerunner and climber; on an occasion when he requested his student to meet him in the heart of New Orleans, Aveline found him perched atop a church roof. Agate also possessed knowledge of voodoo, and made use of it on one occasion during the events of the game. When confronted by Aveline, he used a certain hallucinogen that hindered her ability to see and made lifeless practice dolls appear to be hostile and human, as well as creating the illusion that he could vanish and reappear a distance away.

*'''Antonio de Ulloa''' was a Spanish general, explorer, author, astronomer, colonial administrator and the first Spanish governor of Louisiana. A Templar, he was pursued by the Assassin Aveline de Grandpré during the Louisiana Rebellion, but was spared by Grandpré under the promise to go into exile.

*'''Baptiste''' was a former Assassin and voodoo leader, who posed as the deceased François Mackandal and operated in the Bayou surrounding New Orleans. Secretly working for the "Company Man" with Rafael Joaquín de Ferrer, Baptiste aspired to become a formal member of the Templar Order. He was also a personal enemy of the Mentor of the Louisianan Assassins, Agaté. Sometime in 1765, "Mackandal" had amassed a small following, though he sent a letter to one of his acolytes stating that he was "in want of nothing but more men to join his ranks" of his cult for a "sacred ceremony" on the Eve of Saint John. However, this letter was intercepted by the Assassin Aveline de Grandpré, shortly after she had assassinated the troops at one of his bases, a wrecked ship in the marshlands, with the smuggler Élise Lafleur providing her with the information and transport to get there. Aveline and Élise then located Baptiste after she had cleared the man's second base, and spied on his conversation with de Ferrer. There, she learned of his aspirations to poison the nobles of New Orleans, before Aveline faced off against Baptiste in a showdown, proving victorious despite having been afflicted by a hallucinogenic drug by the voodoo leader; she had ingested an antidote beforehand in preparation to face him.

*'''Clipper Wilkinson''' (1756–unknown) was a member of the Assassin Order who lived in southern Boston during the American Revolutionary War. He was also a noted sharpshooter, who had specialized in using a musket. On recruiting Wilkinson, it allowed Ratonhnhaké:ton to use his Assassin recruits to pick off a target from a distance at any given time. Originally hailing from Virginia, Wilkinson spent his early years working as a surveyor and hunter on the frontier, before he moved to Boston after a falling out with his family, who had joined the British Army. Having heard the rumors about Ratonhnhaké:ton's battle against the British oppression, Wilkinson requested his help in finding the man responsible for organizing the forceful recruitment of young men to the British Army in southern Boston. Ratonhnhaké:ton's efforts allowed Wilkinson to discover the man's identity, and he told Ratonhnhaké:ton to join him at a meeting where the man would come out in public to address the unwilling recruits. The two then worked together in assassinating the man, and following the aftermath, Ratonhnhaké:ton concluded that the man was a member of the Templars, upon which Wilkinson agreed to join the Assassins' cause against the organization.

*'''Deborah "Dobby" Carter''' (1736-unknown) was a member of the British Colonial Brotherhood of Assassins in the latter part of the 18th century, who lived in the northern district of the colony of New York. On recruiting Carter, it allowed Ratonhnhaké:ton to use his Assassin recruits to lure away selected guards whenever they were available. Deborah Carter was born to Amos Carter, a local merchant in New York who came into heavy debt. To this, she turned to the streets at the age of ten, becoming an errand-runner and disguising herself as a boy to allow her to do so, taking on the nickname "Dobby". However, as a teenager, she had to drop her disguise since her body's growth had foiled it, though she kept the alias of "Dobby" and continued with her errand work, while also negotiating contracts between businesses. Accompanying this, Carter was known for looking out for the poor, often fighting merchants to ensure that they were not charging exorbitant prices. She met Ratonhnhaké:ton in the northern end of New York, where a famine had been affecting the population. As Ratonhnhaké:ton aided the citizens, she went on to discover that a Templar merchant had been hoarding provisions, causing the famine. With her help, Ratonhnhaké:ton assassinated the merchant, and she joined the Assassins afterwards.

*'''Duncan Little''' (1730–unknown) was an Irish member of the British Colonial Assassins who lived in the northern district of the colony of Boston during the American Revolutionary War. Here, he was recruited by the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton. On recruiting Little, it allowed Ratonhnhaké:ton to use his Assassin recruits as bodyguards. Little originally hailed from Ireland, and was the youngest son of a particularly large family. This was jokingly commented upon by Shaun Hastings in 2012 as "confusing", in regards to his surname. Later, Duncan entered into the priesthood at a young age, and was sent to Africa as a missionary in 1756. Little spent several years there, but in 1760, he returned to Ireland and subsequently left the priesthood entirely. However, the true reasons as to what motivated him to abscond the Church were unknown, since in 2012, Shaun was unable to access his records due to the Vatican having locked down their records entirely. Following this, Duncan spent some time as a passenger on a ship to Boston in 1763. From his letters, it seemed as if his family more or less drove him away, due to his split with the Catholic Church. Little then settled in Boston's northern end, where he gained a reputation as a good mediator; fair and less expensive than going before the local judiciary. Due to this, when he wasn't spending time at the local drinking house (which became known locally as "''Little's Court''"), he was helping people to solve their problems, generally by talking them down from a fight. Upon first meeting Ratonhnhaké:ton, he is quick to realize "''Connor''" isn't his real name. When Connor reveals his birth name is Ratonhnhaké:ton, Little calls it a strong name and tell Ratonhnhaké:ton he should use it more often. During a conversation in one of Boston's taverns, he confesses to Ratonhnhaké:ton he met Haytham long time ago, in London. He actually saw him kill Miko at the Opera as Duncan was only a child.

*'''Gérald Blanc''' was an accountant living in New Orleans during the end of the French and Indian War. At some point in his life, he became an associate of the Assassin Aveline de Grandpré. Later, he came to consider himself as an Assassin even if he lacked the physical training, referring to the Brotherhood as "our Order" when talking with Aveline.

*'''George Davidson''' (1752–1777) was a slave, whom the Assassin Aveline de Grandpré helped to escape from New Orleans and confined into the care of the American patriots as asked by her step-mother. Later, when Aveline was sent to New York to meet Connor in order to take down the British Officer of the loyalist Ethiopian regiment of Lord North, who had information on the identity of the "Company Man", Aveline shockingly discovered George's allegiance to the Templar Order. George was killed by Aveline, and in his dying breath, he told her that "the answer has been in her own backyard all along", prompting the Assassin to understand that the Company Man was her own step-mother, Madeleine de L'Isle.

*'''Jacob Zenger''' (1739–unknown) was a German member of the British American Assassins during the American Revolutionary War, who was recruited into the Assassin Order by Ratonhnhaké:ton in New York. On his allegiance with the Assassins, Zenger allowed Ratonhnhaké:ton the tactic of using disguised recruits to escort him past guard patrols. Jacob was born near to the town of Mannheim, in southwestern Germany. He was the son of a farmer, and one of thirteen siblings, though only four of his brothers and sisters would reach adulthood along with him. From there, Jacob married a woman named Wilhemina, of which the pair had one son. During a conversation with Ratonhnhaké:ton, he revealed that the only reason he had left his family was because his wife was the strongest person he knew. As Zenger's family was poor and his career prospects were limited in Mannheim, Jacob followed the promise of a better life and signed up as a soldier. After several years in the service, he was shipped to New York, one of the Hessians sent to fight for the British in the Revolutionary War. Like many of the Hessian troops, however, he left the service after coming overseas. Eager to reunite with his wife and son, Zenger bought a lot of land and left New York. However, after a string of crop failures, he was forced to move back to the city, taking up the only career that he could find to make ends meet - working as a bodyguard. Despite this, Jacob had been planning to bring them to the British American colonies, but waited because of the Revolutionary War and Assassin conflict. However, on receiving a letter about how strong his son had grown, Jacob sent them money they needed to come to America regardless, his excitement trumping his fears.

*'''Jamie Colley''' (voiced by Marcel Jeannin) (1744–unknown) was a member of the Assassin Order who lived in the western district of the colony of New York. On recruiting Colley, it allowed Ratonhnhaké:ton to use his Assassin recruits to ambush his targets at any given time. Jamie Colley was born in 1744, to a dock worker James Colley, and an unknown mother. As a child, he was a student at Trinity School, reported to be a bright student. The instructors noted that he "was destined for great things". At the end of the three years, he apparently left school to start earning money, as Saun states that he disappeared from the school attendance rolls. His prospects didn't improve as a teen either. He was fined several times for the charge of vagrancy several times. He started doing odd jobs around New York for various local businesses, until he began working for a physician, where his intelligence was recognised as an asset. He worked for several years as his assistant. After the Great Fire of 1776, he began working in the district affected by the fire, helping the homeless, disease-stricken populace. He recruited Ratonhnhaké:ton help in this task. Connor burnt infected blankets, killed rabid dogs, and carried smallpox victims to the clinic. When the Templars attacked Jamie's clinic, Ratonhnhaké:ton helped to defend it. Upon Ratonhnhaké:ton's instructions, Jamie ambushed the leader and killed him. After this, Ratonhnhaké:ton recruited him into the Brotherhood.

*'''Kanen'tó:kon''' (voiced by Akwiratékha Martin) (1756-1778) was a member of the Kanien'kehá:ka nation of the Mohawk Valley and a close childhood friend of Ratonhnhaké:ton. Though he initially advocated for the Kanien'kehá:ka to remain neutral in the American Revolutionary War, he and several other of his village's warriors later began to believe that they could protect their people by siding with the British. In this regard, he was manipulated by Charles Lee into believing that Ratonhnhaké:ton had joined George Washington in a campaign against the Mohawk people, prompting him to attack his former friend when he tried to intervene in a Mohawk ambush on colonial soldiers. Pinned to the ground and vulnerable to a lethal blow, Ratonhnhake:ton was forced to stab Kanen'tó:kon in the neck with his Hidden Blade, killing him. [[The Tyranny of King Washington]], Kanen'tó:kon joined a group of dissenters led by Samuel Adams in Boston, though he was eventually captured by Benjamin Franklin and sentenced to death by beheading by the King himself. Much to his surprise, he was soon released from his cell by his old friend Ratonhnhaké:ton, who had recently been brought to the same prison by Israel Putnam and escaped custody by using his Wolf Cloak ability. After dispatching several guards and reclaiming his equipment, Ratonhnhaké:ton revealed the secret behind his animal abilities; a tea brewed from the leaves of the mystical Red Willow. Kanen'tó:kon offered to drink the tea as well in order to turn the tide in the battle against King Washington, but Ratonhnhaké:ton refused, noting the inherent danger of the drink. Instead, he drank it himself, gaining the power of Eagle Flight in the process. After escaping the prison, Kanen'tó:kon engaged several Bluecoats while Ratonhnhaké:ton chased Franklin, who ultimately escaped when King Washington intervened with his Apple of Eden. Kanen'tó:kon and Sam Adams soon found an unconscious Ratonhnhaké:ton, injured from the fight, who suddenly realized that he needed to rescue Franklin from the Piece of Eden's power. After successfully recruiting the inventor and turning him away from Washington's evil, Ratonhnhaké:ton began collaborating with him to infiltrate Washington's New York headquarters. Meanwhile, Adams and Kanen'tó:kon were ambushed by the King's men at Boston Neck. General Putnam personally beat Adams to death, and severely wounded Kanen'tó:kon with a blow to the head. Upon learning of the ambush, Ratonhnhaké:ton investigated the scene of the massacre, and after discovering Adams' bloodied uniform and Kanen'tó:kon's tomahawk, he presumed both of his allies to be dead. After recruiting a captain and chartering a ship to New York with Franklin, Ratonhnhaké:ton fought his way through dozens of Bluecoats to protect the ship's crew as they made their escape into the harbor. Suddenly, Putnam appeared with a hostage Kanen'tó:kon, and threatened to shoot him if Ratonhnhaké:ton did not surrender. After dispatching the general with his animal powers, Ratonhnhaké:ton rescued Kanen'tó:kon and the pair fled to the ship and escaped to New York. When they arrived in New York Bay, the Aquila was attacked by Washington's fleet. When the ship ran out of gunpowder, Ratonhnhaké:ton ordered his men to swim to shore while he rammed the Aquila into a Man-of-War. Kanen'tó:kon swept to shore when he saw Washington threatening Franklin. He tackled the king, knocking the Apple from his hands, and fended off his guards before being shot by a firing line. Wounded, Kanen'tó:kon dragged himself to the helpless king to finish him off, but the guards fired a second time, killing him. When Ratonhnhaké:ton came ashore, he found Franklin mourning Kanen'tó:kon's sacrifice. Vengeful, Ratonhnhaké:ton undertook another spirit journey, gaining the power of Bear Might. When Ratonhnhaké:ton defeated Washington, Kanen'tó:kon's spirit appeared to him, urging him not to take the Apple for himself and to let his sacrifice be in vain.

*'''Kaniehtí:io''' ({{IPAc-en|g|æ|'|z|iː|'|z|iː|ɵ}}; "Gah-yet-zee-oh", shortened to Ziio/"Zee-oh", voiced by [[Kaniehtiio Horn]]) (1731-1760), or '''Ziio''' (informally), was a Kanien'keha:ka ([[Mohawk people|Mohawk]]) clanwoman and the mother of Ratonhnhaké:ton. She was also an ancestor to Desmond Miles. Prior to the [[Seven Years' War]], Kaniehtí:io was captured and escorted to the slaver Silas Thatcher, along with other members of her tribe. However, her convoy was hijacked by Haytham Kenway and his men, which led to her peoples' freedom. Later, Haytham decided that Kaniehtí:io would be a vital ally in helping his Order find the precursor site that they were looking for, as the First Civilization were considered to be sacred gods by Kaniehtí:io's people. After befriending one another, Haytham gained her trust by retrieving military plans from a fort, which allowed the pair to plan an ambush on Edward Braddock as his troops marched to [[Fort Duquesne]]. On the assassination of Braddock, Haytham and Kaniehtí:io traveled to find the entrance to the Temple; however, the amulet that Haytham had in his possession gathered no results. At this point, the two revealed their feelings for one another and shared an embrace, which later led on to the conception of Ratonhnhaké:ton. Years later, Kaniehtí:io would realize that the man she loved was a Templar, and began to fear that her son might inherit his malevolent father's ambitions. Kaniehtí:io's village was attacked by George Washington and the British Army sometime during the Seven Years' War, and in the attack, Kaniehtí:tio perished due to being pinned beneath burning rubble. As he was assaulted by Charles Lee early on, her son Ratonhnhaké:ton would go on to believe that Lee and the Templars had burned down the village and killed his mother, until his father Haytham finally told him the truth as the pair confronted George Washington years later. In [[The Tyranny of King Washington]], Sometime after George Washington obtained an Apple of Eden and became a tyrant, Kaniehtí:io snuck into Washington's fortress and stole his scepter, which housed the Apple. Israel Putnam managed to retrieve the scepter after shooting it off her back as she was making her escape. After her failed attempt, Washington sought revenge by attacking her village and the surrounding area. After Kaniehtí:io survived Washington's ordered attack, he decided to end her life himself by using the power of the Apple.

*'''Louis Mills''' (unknown-1754) was a crew-member aboard the Providence, which at one point sailed to early Boston from England, and a member of the Assassin Order. After Haytham Kenway assassinated Miko and stole his amulet inside the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden, Mills was assigned to follow Haytham on the Providence. During this time, Mills painted barrels of cargo and threw them into the ocean as the ship progressed, in order to provide a trail that another ship could follow. When Haytham was sent below decks by the captain, Mills was there to ambush him and tried to capture him. However, the far more experienced Haytham was able to kill Mills and escape.

*'''Madeleine de L'Isle''' (1732-1777) was the wife of Philippe Olivier de Grandpré, the stepmother of Aveline de Grandpré, and the main antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Liberation''. Under the alias of the "Company Man", she was also secretly the supervisor of the Templar activities in the French Louisiana territories.

*'''Oiá:ner''' was the [[Clan Mother]]of the Kanien'kehá:ka village of Kanatahséton. She and the other Kanien'kehá:ka in the village served as protectors of the sacred ground on which both their village and the Grand Temple stood. Oiá:ner was also the keeper of the tribe's "Crystal Ball" (''Piece of Eden''). In 1769, Oiá:ner showed their Crystal Ball to Ratonhnhaké:ton upon his return from a hunt and allowed him to interact with it. The Crystal Ball forced him into the Nexus, where he communicated with Juno and learned of his destiny with the Assassins. Many years later, the Clan Mother met with an adult Ratonhnhaké:ton and told him of the whereabouts of Kanen'tó:kon and other Kanien'kehá:ka men, who were attempting to attack the Continental soldiers. Some time following Kanen'tó:kon's death, Oiá:ner spoke with Ratonhnaké:ton once more, where she revealed to him that she planned to move their people to the west to avoid the American Revolutionary War, like many of the other nations had been doing. After his unpleasant reaction, she told him that she would do what was best for her people, to which Ratonhnaké:ton left the village. On his return some years later, he found the village deserted save for an old vagabond, who told him that his people had already gone

*'''Rafael Joaquín de Ferrer''' (1730s-1769) was a Spanish Templar working for the "Company Man", who ran a camp of seemingly escaped slaves in Chichen Itza, where he was conducting archaeological research in order to find an artifact of the First Civilization, the Prophecy Disk. In 1769, de Ferrer was killed by the Assassin Aveline de Grandpré who had infiltrated his labor camp and found the Piece of Eden he was looking for, which he attempted to take from her.

*'''Reginald Birch''' (voiced by [[Gideon Emery]]) (1705–1757) was the Grand Master of the British Rite of the Templar Order, and a successful English businessman. He began his dealings at a young age, and by the time he had reached his mid-20s, Birch owned several merchant ships; mainly involved with the dealing of tea to the British American colonies. Later on in his life, Birch would progress to own several businesses around London. Birch met Haytham Kenway, the son of Birch's employer - the Assassin Edward Kenway - at a young age. He recruited Haytham into the Templars after the death of Edward Kenway, personally involving himself with the boy's training. In 1754, after Haytham had retrieved the key to the undisclosed [rand Temple, Birch secured passage to Boston for Haytham to find the First Civilization storehouse and establish a permanent Templar presence in British America. Once Haytham had discovered the truth of Birch's involvement in the kidnapping of his half-sister, Jenny Kenway, and the murder of his father, the Templar stormed Birch's chateau with Jim Logan and Jenny. Following this, Birch was killed by Jenny, via a sword that Haytham had embedded into Birch's bedroom door (killing the guard on the other side) prior to a struggle between Reginald and the woman.

*'''Robert Faulkner''' (voiced by [[Kevin McNally]]) (1715-unknown) was an elderly sailor, and Ratonhnhaké:ton's first mate aboard the Aquila. Although he was the fourth generation in his family to become a sailor, he was first to be recruited into the Assassin Order. He began his career in the Royal Navy, but due to him not being able to purchase commissions, he left to work for the United Company of Merchants. Faulkner had been first mate aboard the Aquila at many times, including when it was nearly destroyed in 1768, and always refused to be promoted to captain. As he had a strong bond towards the ship, Faulkner had it towed to a location near Boston, and after the Aquila had been repaired through the funding of Ratonhnhaké:ton, he served on board as first mate once again. In [[The Tyranny of King Washington]], Faulkner lived in Boston, drowning his sorrows after Benjamin Franklin confiscated the Aquila. However, Ratonhnhaké:ton and Franklin appeared, prompting him to try to strangle him. Ratonhnhaké:ton intervened, explaining Franklin was now working with the rebels, and that he would get his ship back. While Ratonhnhaké:ton killed the snipers guarding the docks and untied the ropes docking the Aquila, Faulkner gathered a crew. They charged the docks the following morning, and swam to the drifting Aquila while Ratonhnhaké:ton held off Washington's soldiers. Eventually they all escaped on board, and sailed to New York City to confront the king. The Aquila soon engaged Washington's fleet in New York's bay, and ran out of gunpowder. Ratonhnhaké:ton ordered everyone on board to swim away to shore, while he rammed the ship into a Man-of-War.

*'''Silas Thatcher''' (1720–1754) was a high-ranking officer of the British Army, and a prolific slave trader. Silas was responsible for the ransacking of Benjamin Church's house, and his subsequent interrogation, alongside a man called "Cutter". However, shortly after he left, Haytham Kenway and Charles Lee freed their associate, through infiltrating the location Church was kept – after they determined his whereabouts through eavesdropping – and the silent assassination of Cutter and two guards. Later, while posted at Southgate Fort in Boston, he would receive deliveries of prisoners. In 1754, one such convoy, full of Mohawk tribespeople, was commandeered by Haytham and his men as a means to enter the fortification. Shortly after, on discovering the ruse, Silas ordered his men to fire on the Templars, but he was cornered by Haytham and executed by Church, as a means of payback for the latter's previous maltreatment.

*'''Stephane Chapheau''' (voiced by Shawn Baichoo) (1743–unknown) was a French taverner in Boston during the American Revolutionary War. He was aided by the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton when the British forces attempted to collect taxes from him, and was later recruited by Ratonhnhaké:ton as an apprentice. Subsequently, during the Boston Tea Party, he assisted Ratonhnhaké:ton by dropping crates of tea overboard with the other colonists. On recruiting Chapheau, it allowed Ratonhnhaké:ton to send his recruits to assassinate selected individuals, as well as to have them call forth a riot from civilians. Chapheau was born in Canada – near modern day Montréal. His father served as a cook for the French army, but was killed in the fighting at the Plains of Abraham, as he and many other untrained men were called to arms. After his death, Stephane took on work as a chef in Montréal, but moved to Boston in 1764. While Chapheau's personal letters indicated that he was looking for a less complicated life, he arrived right on the mark for the unrest that preceded the Revolutionary War. Fortunately for him, Stephane didn't really desire a quiet life – the tensions in pre-Revolution Boston suited him exactly. It was around this time that Chapheau came across the Sons of Liberty, which he greatly supported, even participating in their 1765 protests surrounding the Stamp Act. He was also present when the crowds ransacked Governor Hutchinson's house in 1765, presumably egging them on. Also, by extension, he was to be one of the crowd that witnessed the Boston Massacre. While Stephane became somewhat notorious to beginning protests, he also caused trouble on different fronts; there were several recorded fines against him for public drunkenness and brawling, spanning between 1760 and 1780.

*'''Kahionhaténion''' was a Kanien'kehá:ka, born and raised in the village of Kanatahséton, as a warrior and a hunter during the American Revolutionary War. He was also the brother of Teiowí:sonte. Kahionhaténion helped to defend Kanatahséton from an attack by Washington's troops. After the attack, Kahionhaténion and his brother, Teiowí:sonte, recovered Ratonhnhaké:ton from the village, using the powers granted them by the Red Willow. When Teiowí:sonte was captured by the Bluecoats while trying to free enslaved people from the Frontier, Kahionhaténion asked Ratonhnhaké:ton to help him find and save his brother. Despite this, Kahionhaténion and his brother were killed in battle when Bluecoats followed Ratonhnhaké:ton's tracks back to the cave that the clan were hiding in.

*'''Teiowí:sonte''' (voiced by [[Andreas Apergis]]) was a Kanien'kehá:ka warrior during the American Revolutionary War. He was also the brother of Kahionhaténion. Teiowí:sonte was born and raised in the village of Kanatahséton as a warrior and a hunter. Teiowí:sonte helped to defend Kanatahséton from an attack by King Washington, by gathering the virgin boughs of the Red Willow to brew a strength-giving tea. After the attack, Teiowí:sonte and his brother, Kahionhaténion, recovered Ratonhnhaké:ton from the village, using the powers granted them by the Red Willow. Teiowí:sonte also led Ratonhnhaké:ton to the Red Willow under the direction of Oiá:ner. Some time later, Teiowí:sonte was captured by the Bluecoats while trying to free enslaved people from the Frontier, but was rescued by Ratonhnhaké:ton and Kahionhaténion. Despite this, both Teiowí:sonte and his brother were killed in battle when Bluecoats followed Ratonhnhaké:ton's tracks back to the cave that the clan were hiding in. Teiowí:sonte shares his name with [[Teiowí:sonte Thomas Deer]], a Kanien'kehá:ka cultural counselor for Assassin's Creed III.

*'''Vásquez''' was the name of a Templar who was assumed to be the Order's "Company Man" in the French colonies of North America. He was later killed at a soirée by the Assassin Aveline de Grandpré, after having been charmed by her in her Lady attire, as part of her search to uncover the true identity of the Company Man. On his death, however, Vásquez revealed to Aveline that she had been misguided, and disclosed that the Company Man which the Assassin sought was a female in reality. This mystery woman was eventually discovered to be Madeleine de L'Isle, though Vásquez perished before he could give out her name.

===Early Modern Era (1450-1750)===
*'''Claudia Auditore da Firenze''' (voiced by [[Angela Galuppo]]) (1461-unknown) was a Florentine noblewoman during the Renaissance, and a member of the Assassin Order. She was the sister of Ezio Auditore, who became the Mentor of the Italian Assassins. In 1476, Claudia became the financial accountant of the town of Monteriggioni, which was under the leadership of her uncle Mario Auditore. The town flourished with Claudia's organization and the money made from Monteriggioni's shops and organizations, which had been opened once more. In January 1500, Monteriggioni was besieged and largely destroyed by the Borgia army, under command of Cesare Borgia, leaving the Auditore homeless. Against her brother's desire for Claudia and her mother Maria to go to their hometown of [[Florence]], Claudia and Maria followed Ezio to Rome, where Claudia became the Madame of the Rosa in Fiore, the city's most popular brothel. Eventually, after proving herself to be a worthy fighter to her brother, Ezio inducted Claudia into the Order of Assassins. The following year, Claudia was captured by Borgia die-hards, and subsequently saved by Ezio and Niccolò Machiavelli. During this time, she stepped down as the Madame of the Rosa in Fiore, and stayed in Florence with her friend Paola, in order to recover until 1507. Claudia was given temporary control of the Italian Assassins in 1510, when her brother left on a journey to the Middle East to find the library of the legendary Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, which was said to be in Masyaf. She held this position until her brother returned in late 1512, after which Ezio resigned from the Order and assigned a successor.

*'''Cristina Vespucci''' (voiced by Amber Goldfarb) (1459–1498) was a well-known Florentine beauty introduced in ''Assassin's Creed II'', though most of her story is told during the "Repressed Memory Sequences" from ''Brotherhood''. She was a first love interest of Ezio Auditore da Firenze. From an early age, Cristina caught the eyes of many boys who wanted to become intimate with her. One of those boys was Ezio, who was encouraged to go speak with Cristina by his brother one day in 1476. However, Cristina had no interest in him, and walked off. Ezio, who decided to go after her, followed Cristina to her home, where he saw her being confronted by Vieri de' Pazzi. Vieri, who had already attempted to impress Cristina on previous occasions, grew impatient when Cristina turned him down yet again. Saying that he was "tired of waiting for her to open her legs on her own", he tried to sexually assault her. However, he was interrupted by Ezio, who came to Cristina's rescue. The two engaged in a fistfight, and Ezio emerged the victor. Cristina was thankful of Ezio's actions, and thus began a relationship between the two. Ezio visited Cristina in her home quite frequently and was described to be "unbelievably dexterous", as the guards knew that he visited her, but were never able to catch him trespassing. On [[Assassin's Creed II|one occasion]] that Ezio slept with Cristina, he was discovered by her enraged father the next morning. Her father set the guards on him, demanding for his head, though he was able to escape. In 1476, directly after the Auditore execution, Cristina helped Ezio give his father and brothers the proper final rites by burning and setting their bodies adrift in the Arno river. Afterwards, Ezio asked Cristina to come with him, as he needed to leave for Monteriggioni with his family. However, Cristina refused, saying that she could not leave her family. Understanding her decision, Ezio gave her a pendant to remember him by before leaving. In 1478, by the insistence of her father, Cristina was engaged to be married to Manfredo Soderini. The day before their wedding, Ezio returned to Florence for the first time in two years, and Cristina was the first person he visited. After a short talk, she sadly told him that she had not expected him to return; before revealing her engagement, and breaking Ezio's heart. After being informed that Manfredo was being confronted by people to whom he owed a gambling debt, Ezio rushed to save Cristina's fiance. Upon killing the gamblers, Ezio hung Manfredo over a bridge and demanded to know if he truly loved Cristina, to which Manfredo sincerely replied yes. Ezio demanded that he stop gambling, and that he be a good husband to Cristina; otherwise, he would hunt him down and kill him. Afterwards, Ezio returned to Cristina and kissed her, telling her that he had made sure that Manfredo would be a good husband to her. Though she was heartbroken for losing Ezio, Cristina nevertheless married Manfredo, and the two of them began living together in Florence. Eight years later, 1486 in Venice, Cristina travelled to attend Carnevale with her husband. Noticing her there, Leonardo da Vinci remembered that she and Ezio had been close, and informed the latter of her presence. However, Ezio worried that Cristina would not agree to see him after all the years, thus he slipped a letter to her, posing as her husband and requesting her to meet him alone in an alley. Cristina obliged and the two kissed, with Cristina believing Ezio to be Manfredo, as he was wearing a mask. After discovering the truth, she yelled at Ezio for kissing her, both because she was already married and because she had not seen Ezio in so long. Cristina told Ezio that, before, she had loved him and would rather have married him, but now it was too late. She angrily told him to never look for her again and stormed off. In 1494, [[Girolamo Savonarola]] took control of Florence after Lorenzo de' Medici's death. Savonarola claimed that all Renaissance material was evil, and that they should go back to the medieval times, instigating the [[Bonfire of the Vanities]]. In 1498, Savonarola's fanatics infiltrated Cristina's and Manfredo's home to kill Manfredo. He attempted to fend them off, however, this was a vain effort as there were too many attackers, and he was gravely injured. Cristina managed to escape, but was soon cornered by the fanatics. At this point, Ezio, after hearing about what had happened from a dying Manfredo, came to her aid. The fanatics, who were taunting Cristina for the rich fineries she owned, were startled as Ezio came up behind them and yelled at Cristina to "''Run!''" Though he killed all of the soldiers, Cristina had already been mortally wounded, and was slowly dying. After showing him the pendant that she had kept with her the past twenty-two years, and telling him that she wished they could have had "a second chance" together, Cristina died in Ezio's arms.<ref>{{cite video game|title=[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]|developer=[[Ubisoft Montreal]]|level=Cristina Memory 5 – Love's Labour's Lost|quote=''[Ezio saves Cristina from the Savonarola fanatics and carries her away in search of a doctor.]'' '''Cristina''': ''[coughs]'' / '''Ezio''': Cristina, hold on! I'll get you to a doctor; you're going to be alright! / '''Cristina''': No...Ezio... ''[Ezio begins to lay her down.]'' I don't think I'll... / '''Ezio''': No! Don't go! Stay with me, Cristina! / '''Cristina''': Ezio...don't you know...? I've ''always'' been with you... / ''[Ezio takes out the pendant he'd given her over ten years ago.]'' / '''Cristina''': I wish we...could have had...a second chance... ''[Cristina Vespucci dies in Ezio's arms, her eyes closing. The saddened Ezio caresses her head.]'' / '''Ezio''': ''Requiscat in pace...'' (Rest in peace...) my love...}}</ref>

*'''Flavia Auditore da Firenze''' (voiced by [[Angela Galuppo]]) is a character in the short-film ''Assassin's Creed: Embers''. She is the daughter of Ezio Auditore da Firenze, and the next ancestor to Desmond Miles through that bloodline. She was present with her mother in Florence, when her father died of a heart attack.

*'''Mario Auditore da Monteriggioni''' (voiced by [[Fred Tatasciore]]) is a character in ''Assassin's Creed II'' and a minor character in ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood''. He is a [[condottiero]], ruler of [[Monteriggioni]], Mentor of the Italian Assassins, and the paternal uncle of Ezio Auditore da Firenze. He was well known for his love of battle. Mario was born in 1434 to the wealthy Auditore family, and he got his first taste of battle when he was six. In 1454, after his father died and brother Giovanni left for Florence, Mario became the ruler of Monteriggioni. This was a position he held until 1500. In 1476, the [[Pazzi Conspiracy]] took the life of his brother and two of his nephews. His nephew Ezio, his sister-in-law Maria, and his niece Claudia all fled to Monteriggioni seeing refuge. It was he that taught Ezio the skills to become an assassin. They forged a strong bond and soon became inseparable. In December 1499, Ezio and Mario departed for Rome to seize the Apple of Eden from Rodrigo Borgia, also known as Pope Alexander VI. Ezio managed to acquire it and give it to Mario. In January 1500, Monteriggioni was attacked by the pope's son Cesare. Mario was killed by Cesare, and the Apple of Eden was taken. Ezio eventually got the Apple back.

*'''Marcello Auditore da Firenze''' (October, 1514-unknown) was the son of the retired leader of the Italian Assassins and a former Mentor in the Assassin Order, Ezio Auditore da Firenze, and his wife Sofia Sartor. Marcello had one sister, Flavia. Marcello lived with his parents and sister in the Tuscan countryside, and at times accompanied his mother to visit his aunt Claudia. Marcello appears more often in the ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' novel, where he accompanies his mother and sister to the market in which Ezio dies, and only mentioned in ''Assassin's Creed: Embers''. In Topkapı Palace, Prince Suleiman I introduces Ezio to Ahmet as "Marcello" to hide his true identity. "Marcello" means "like a hammer" in archaic Latin.

*'''Sofia Sartor''' (voiced by Anna Tuveri) (1476-unknown) was a Venetian-Ottoman bookshop owner, and a literary enthusiast. Though born in the city of Constantinople, Sofia was forced to leave for Venice during 1499, when the Ottoman-Venetian war began. It is revealed that when Constantinople was still part of the [[Venetian Empire]], Sofia and her parents lived in Constantinople until the Venetian-Ottoman War. Sofia eventually returned to her birthplace in 1507 to run a bookstore at the old Polo trading post. During 1511, she met the Assassin Ezio Auditore da Firenze, the man who would eventually become her husband, and the father of her two children. She became the second love interest and eventual wife of Ezio Auditore da Firenze in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. Sofia was born to wealthy Venetian parents living in Constantinople. Her first appearance is at the beginning of the game, when Ezio sails from Rhodes to Constantinople. A polylingual, multicultural, and intelligent woman mature beyond her years, Sofia had a passion for literature, which fueled her decision to run her bookstore, in hopes of sharing the democratizing effect she felt in books with others. Ezio's second encounter with her was in her shop at the Old Polo Trading Post. Sofia then begins helping Ezio discover the locations of the remaining keys, while keeping his intentions and position a secret from her. Overtime their relationship strengthens that in a mission, Sofia asked Ezio to buy her some White Tulips from the local Florist. When he reached the Florist, he discovered that the Florist had ran out of Tulips, however he knows where to pick fresh tulips and asks Ezio to wait at least one hour. Due to Impatience, Ezio secretly tailed the Florist to the garden where there is fresh tulips. There, Ezio plucks three tulips by himself and makes his way to meet Sofia at a park east of the [[Hagia Sophia]]. When he meets Sofia, he finds out that Sofia had prepared a picnic for the two of them. After Ezio has obtained 4/5 of the Masyaf Keys, he leaves for the mountain hidden Templar City of [[Cappadocia]] to obtain the last key from [[Manuel Palaiologos]]. When Ezio returns to Constantinople, he discovers that Şehzade Ahmet who was in league with the Templars has killed Yusuf and kidnapped Sofia, demanding the keys in exchange for her life. Ezio agrees, but immediately gives chase upon ensuring Sofia's safety. He recovers the keys, but before he can deal with Ahmet, Selim arrives with his armies and executes Ahmet himself, after saying that their father "made his choice."Due to his son Suleiman's endorsement, Selim has Ezio leave Constantinople, warning him never to return again. Agonized, Ezio rises his sword, but is calmed by Sofia. The Couple leaves for Masyaf. They arrive at the Door of Altaïr's library where Ezio uses the five keys to activate and open it. Before he enters, Sofia tells him to "better come out of there alive". Ezio then reassures her that He "plans to". After the events of [[Assassin's Creed: Revelations|Revelations]], Ezio and Sofia are married and have two children: Flavia Auditore and Marcello Auditore. In the events of the short film ''Assassin's Creed Embers'', sometime afterward Ezio journeys to Firenze with Sofia and Flavia, despite suffering from heart problems. Sofia nags to Ezio that he should stayed home. Ezio replies by saying "I am Home" While resting on a bench and after having a short conversation with a young man with a scar on his face, similar to the sort of man he used to be. Ezio begins breathing fast and the young man tells Ezio to lie down. Despite Ezio's reluctance, he lies on the bench and rests. He then begins breathing faster. He showed his final smile to his family, exhales and dies in view of his family. The film then ends as a final letter from Ezio to Sofia is read, saying that of all the things that kept him going throughout life, love for the world around him was the strongest of them all.

*'''Tarik Barleti''' (voiced by [[J. B. Blanc]]) (1470-1511) was a character in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. Tarik Barleti is the captain of the [[Janissaries]], the personal guard of the [[Ottoman Sultan]]. Tarik was born to a Christian Albanian family, and he was taken at a young age to be trained to fight. He is a close friend of Prince [[Selim I]]. Ezio thought that Tarik to be a Templar because of his behavior, and he was selling weapons to Manuel Palaiologos, a known Templar. Ezio decided to act on his theory, and he struck Tarik down. In his final moments, Tarik revealed that he planned to attack Manuel's [[Byzantine]] Templars in Cappadocia. He made a final request to Ezio to stop the Templars. Ezio honored it. Tarik is one of the few assassination targets that is unaffiliated with the Templars or Assassins.

*'''Vali cel Tradat''' (unknown-1511) was a [[Wallachian]] noble, former Assassin and member of the Templar Order. Having served the Assassin Order for around a decade, Vali left the Assassins after they made a truce with the Ottomans; the same people who had humiliated his people, conquered Wallachia, and murdered his secret idol [[Vlad Tepes]]. Feeling betrayed, he joined the Templars, striving for vengeance against the Assassins and Ottomans.

*'''Yusuf Tazim''' (voiced by [[Chris Parson]]) is a character in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. He is an easygoing Master Assassin, and leader of the Ottoman Assassin Brotherhood, rising to the post sometime before 1511 AD. That year, he met Ezio Auditore, and he introduced Ezio to [[Constantinople]] and the Ottoman hookblade. Ezio describes Yusuf as "affable". Yusuf often talks with humor, poking fun at Ezio or at Italians in general. Furthermore, he is an expert at crafting bombs and at combat. When Ezio returns from Cappadocia, he finds Sofia Sartor's shop in ruins and Yusuf murdered at the hands of Ahmet, a note knifed to his back. The message on the note is never revealed.

===Middle Ages Era (500-1450)===
*'''Abbas Sofian''' (voiced by [[Nolan North]] in ''Assassin's Creed'' and by Yerman Gur in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'') is an Assassin seen in the first game. Abbas is the main antagonist in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'' and the main antagonist of Altaïr's story in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. He comes off as being hostile towards Altaïr, calling him the Master's favorite. In ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'', it is revealed that Abbas blames Altaïr for the disappearance and disgrace of his father, Ahmed Sofian, despite being told early on by both Altaïr and Al Mualim that his father had killed himself so as not to disgrace the Creed, something Abbas refused to believe. After Altaïr's ascension to leader of the Assassins, Abbas does not comply and seeks to kill Altaïr. He failed, however and was forgiven by Altaïr.<ref>{{cite video game |title=[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]] |developer=[[Ubisoft Montreal]] |publisher=[[Ubisoft]] |date=February 24, 2012 |platform=[[XBOX 360]], [[Personal computer|PC]] |version= |scene= |level=|isolang= |quote='''Altaïr''': I should have expelled him thirty years ago when he tried to steal the Apple. / '''Maria''': But you earned the respect of the other Assassins because you let him stay. ''}}</ref> Abbas' character and role in Altair's life is expanded even further in ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'' . Here, it is revealed that Abbas was Altaïr's best friend after the execution of Altaïr's father, Umar and Abbas' father Ahmed's suicide. They were always seen as being at each other's side and called themselves "Brothers" more than anybody in the Brotherhood. However, Abbas began to change and becoming more depressed. Thinking he was doing him a favour, Altair told Abbas that Ahmed had committed suicide in Altaïr's chambers after Umar's execution, although Abbas had believed that his father had just left the Assassin Order. This changed Abbas' personality for he rest of his and Altaïr's life as he was much more cynical and angry to Altaïr. After Al Mualim's death, Abbas attempted to become the new Mentor to the Syrian Assassins but lost to Altaïr, increasing his hatred further. When Altair left Masyaf to fight Genghis Khan, Abbas's men killed Rauf, a close friend of Altaïr, Altaïr's son Sef was also murdered and Abbas pinned the blame on Malik, who was in temporary control of Masyaf in Altair's absence. When Altaïr returned and found Abbas in control, and Malik in prison for the murder of Sef (Malik himself was later murdered and beheaded by Abbas' right hand man, Swami), Altaïr was forced to exchange the Apple of Eden to Abbas. When Abbas' right hand man, Swami, took the Apple, it began to turn him insane and he began to cut himself up, slashing his knife around and in the process, killing Altaïr's wife, Maria by slitting her throat. This prompted a devastated Altaïr to kill Swami before fleeing Masyaf with his elder son Darim. With Altaïr gone, Abbas and his Assassins became little more than murdering bandits, Abbas himself becoming nothing more than a tyrannical coward. Upon Altaïr's return nearly 20 years later, many of the Assassins still loyal to Altaïr joined him, and Abbas was finally confronted by Altaïr himself for the last time. Abbas still hated Altaïr for everything that had happened between them and that he was the true defender of Masyaf, not Altaïr. However, refusing to give up, Altaïr tells him that because of Abbas, the Assassins had lost everything they gained with Abbas in control and that he had corrupted the Order. With this Abbas ordered his remaining followers to kill Altaïr. Then Altaïr raised his arm at his bitter cold rival, and the fortress echoed with the sound of an explosion. Altair had used his newly-designed [[pistol]] for the first time to kill Abbas. It was in his dying moments that he finally made peace with Altaïr and with the truth of his father's death. After the death of Abbas, Altaïr regained his title as Mentor of the Syrian Assassins.<ref>{{cite video game |title=[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]] |developer=[[Ubisoft Montreal]] |publisher=[[Ubisoft]] |date=November 15, 2011 |platform=[[XBOX 360]], [[Personal computer|PC]] |version= |scene= |level=|isolang= |quote=''[Abbas, shot by Altaïr's pistol, falls to the floor of the "Black Room". Altaïr slowly approaches him.]''}}</ref>

*'''Abu'l Nuqoud''' (voiced by [[Fred Tatasciore]]) Damascus' Saracen merchant king. Invited many citizens living in Damascus to a grand party, where attendants received goblets they used to get wine from a wine fountain he set up in the partying area; poisoned wine that is.

*'''Lukas Zurburg''' (28 October 1322-unknown) was a German member of the Northern European Brotherhood of Assassins. Born in Essen, Lukas was recruited into the Assassin Order at the age of sixteen after a group of Assassins saved him from a thief, who tried to rob Lukas while traveling. Ten years later, the plague hit Essen, wiping out nearly half the town's population. Subsequently, a group called the Brothers of the Cross - a secret Templar organization - started traveling through Germany promising protection from the plague. Lukas suspected they were after the Ankh, an ancient artifact said to be located somewhere in central Europe. In 1350, both the Brothers of the Cross and Lukas Zurbug mysteriously vanished. Lukas had two children with Martina Wagner; Christof Ison and Wolfgang Scholz.

*'''Malik A'Sayf''' (voiced by [[Haaz Sleiman]]) (1165–1228) is a character in ''Assassin's Creed''. Malik Al-Sayf was a member of the Assassin Order in Syria during the High Middle Ages. Raised to be an Assassin, Malik learned the fighting arts that struck fear into the hearts of their enemies. He was an excellent swordsman and a devoted acolyte to the Creed, as well as a caring adult figure for his brother, Kadar. He was once a rival of Altaïr, whom he often berated for disobeying the tenets of the Assassin's Creed. His jealousy turned to hatred when Altaïr ignored the tenets of the Creed, endangered his companions' lives during the events of Solomon's Temple, and subsequently botched a mission, resulting in the death of Malik's brother (Kadar A'Sayf) as well as the injury and subsequent amputation of Malik's arm. Malik retrieved the Templar treasure that Altaïr had failed to find, and delivered it to Al Mualim. No longer able to operate as an Assassin, Malik was made the bureau leader of the Jerusalem Assassins. At first he was bitter towards Altaïr, but over time he comes to forgive him and acknowledges his own fault in his brother's death. When Altaïr returns to confront Al Mualim, Malik supports him, distracting the indoctrinated Assassins while Altaïr faces Al Mualim. After Al Mualim's death, Malik rushes to Altaïr's side as the piece of Eden becomes activated. Altaïr made Malik his close second-in-command after becoming the Mentor. As such, Malik was eventually appointed as a temporary leader in Altaïr's absence. Sometime after this, a hated rival of Altaïr's, Abbas Sofian, imprisoned Malik in Masyaf's dungeons for close to two years with false charges of murder, and had him beheaded when Altaïr returned from his quest across the Middle East. Malik's death occurred during 1228. He is not seen again for the rest of the series, but he is written off in ''Assassin's Creed II''. Altaïr makes mention of his death at the hands of Abbas in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''.

*'''Maria Thorpe''' (voiced by [[Eleanor Noble]]) (1160–1227) was an English noblewoman who became a Templar steward, and later the wife of Altaïr. As a child, Maria rejected the gender norms of her time, ultimately being disowned by her parents after annulling her arranged marriage. Seeking to fight in the Third Crusade, she disguised herself as a man and attempted to join the Templar order. The Templar master, Robert De Sable, quickly saw through her ruse, but was impressed by her deterimination and hired her as his steward. Eventually, Robert deduced that Altaïr would be coming for him, so he had Maria serve as a decoy to buy him time. Though she expected Altaïr to kill her, he instead spared her, but warned her not to follow him. After Robert was assassinated, Maria becomes obsessed with revenge. She tracked Altaïr to Acre, but he bested her again, and this time took her prisoner. She escapes in an attempt to join the Templar's new leader, Armand Bouchart, but because of her failure to kill Altaïr, and her "miraculous" escape from him, Bouchart perceives her to be either incompetent, or worse, a traitor to the Order. He places a bounty on the heads of both her and Altaïr, forcing them to work together. They fall in love after Bouchart's defeat. Maria renounces the Templars and becomes Altaïr's wife, bearing them two sons, Darim and Sef. Maria joins Altaïr and Darim to Mongolia in a bid to halt the advance of [[Genghis Khan]]. While they are away, Abbas murders Sef. Maria and Altaïr confront Abbas, and Maria is killed in the ensuing fight. Her last words to her husband were "Strength, Altaïr..."

*'''Qulan Gal''' was a member of the Mongolian Assassin Brotherhood, operating mainly in Mongolia. He was a renowned bowman, a skill which he was later hailed for by the Order. During the early 13th century, the conqueror [[Genghis Khan]] caused turmoil in Mongolia, quickly overtaking land, suspected with the usage of a Piece of Eden. As a result of Genghis Khan's tyranny, Qulan Gal swore to stand against him. Qulan Gal was one of the Order's most renowned Assassins due to his vital role in the assassination of Genghis Khan alongside Darim Ibn-La'Ahad. At some point during 1217 and 1227, Qulan Gal came into contact with the Mentor of the Levantine Assassins, Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, his wife Maria Thorpe and his son Darim Ibn-La'Ahad. In 1227, the four of them devised a plan to assassinate Genghis Khan in his camp near Xing-ging in Xu Province. While Qulan Gal and Altaïr went into the camp together, Darim covered them from a distance with his bow. However, Altaïr allowed himself to be seen and was attacked by a Mongol soldier, though Qulan Gal killed the Mongol before he could raise the alarm. Qulan Gal safely escorted Altaïr out of the camp and proceeded to make another plan with Darim. Qulan Gal and Darim then devised a plan to flush Khan out of his tent, and the latter did so after realizing the danger. Qulan Gal acted quickly and shot Khan's horse, causing him to fall off, killing him on impact. Darim shot the conqueror with his crossbow for assurance. Qulan Gal's role in the assassination of Genghis Khan, allowing the Assassin Order to spread its influence, earned Qulan Gal great praise, and a statue of Qulan Gal was built in the sanctuary underneath the Villa Auditore in Monteriggioni, Italy. By the time of the Renaissance, Qulan Gal's sarcophagus was moved to the Rocca di Ravaldino in [[Forlì]], Italy.

===Ancient Era===
*'''Darius''' was a male member of the Persian Order of Assassins during the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian Dynasty]]. In the 5th century BCE, the Templars supported the reigns and conquests of the Achaemenid kings [[Darius I]] and his son [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes I]]. Using a newly-created weapon named the hidden blade, which would later become the Assassins' iconic signature weapon, Darius personally assassinated King Xerxes I. By the Renaissance, Darius' remains were transferred to the [[Santa Maria Novella]] in Florence, Italy, where his body lay with an Assassin Seal needed to get access to the armor of Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad hidden inside the sanctuary in Monteriggioni. In 1478, his tomb was explored and sarcophagus was opened by Ezio Auditore da Firenze, who took the Seal and later obtained the armor of Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad.

*'''Iltani''' was a female member of the [[Babylon]]ian Order of Assassins during the [[Argead dynasty]]. During her lifetime, [[Alexander III of Macedon]] conquered most of South-West Asia by using a Piece of Eden. Some time prior to 10 or 11 June 323 BC, Iltani had poisoned Alexander the Great, who died as a result on 10 or 11 June 323 BC. By the time of the [[Renaissance]], Iltani's sarcophagus was moved to [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] in Florence. Fellow Assassin [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]] explored her tomb and took the seal from her sarcophagus, which helped him to acquire the armor of Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad. In the year 2000, a statue of Iltani stood in the office of the Assassin Order's Mentor in Dubai.

*'''Wei Yu''' was a member of the Chinese Order of Assassins during the imperial [[Qín Dynasty]] of China, which was ruled by Emperor [[Qin Shi Huang]], a Templar-backed tyrant who oppressed the people of China. In order to protect the people, the Assassins resolved that the land had to be freed from the Emperor's oppressive control. On September 10, 210 BC, during one of the Emperor's Eastern China tours, Wei Yu struck the Emperor with his spear, killing him. By the time of the Renaissance, Wéi Yù's sarcophagus was moved to [[San Gimignano]], Italy, on the top floor of the Torre Grossa. Fellow Assassin Ezio Auditore da Firenze would later explore his tomb and take the hidden seal from inside the sarcophagus, which would help him to obtain Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad's armor.

*'''Leonius''' was a male member of the Roman Empire Order of Assassins during Italy's [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]]. The Assassins considered the Emperor, [[Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus]]'s, commonly referred to as [[Caligula]], a tyrant and the land had to be freed of him. On 24 January, 41 A.D. Leonius stabbed Caligula, killing him. Between the time of his death and the Renaissance, Leonius' sarcophagus was moved to Venice, Italy, beneath Santa Maria della Visitazione, Venice.

*'''Aquilus''' (?-259) was a [[Gaul|Gallo]]-Roman member of the Assassin Brotherhood in [[Lyon|Lugdunum]], France, and a distant ancestor to Desmond Miles. He appears in the French comic, Assassin's Creed. Aquilus was the son of Lucius, an Assassin who raised him to be one himself. In 259, he was tasked with killing several Templars within the ranks of the [[Roman Empire]], and retrieving a special object. He entered a Roman camp asking to see its commander, General Gracchus. He planned on killing the general, but he was thwarted, stabbed, and left to die. Aquilus woke up in the home of his cousin Accipter, who had found him and brought him to his home to help him recover. Accipter informed him of recent events, and said that he had the object and would return it after Aquilus recovered. As soon as Aquilus got better, Accipter gave him the object and he returned to his father. Upon arrival, Aquilus was greeted by his father. He was then introduced to his father's old friend, [[Roman Senator]] Caius Fulvus Vultur. After dinner and the senator's retirement to his quarters, Lucius gave his son his next mission. He was to interrogate and kill, Faustin, bishop of Lugdunum. He did so and learned Vultur was a Templar. He returned to his home only to find his father dead and the object stolen. Aquilus rode for Rome to kill Vultur in revenge for his father's death. He got into the senator's estate and killed all but one of his guards. The one guard he spared showed him to Vultur's chambers where he was killed accidentally by Vultur. Before he killed the Senator, he offered to share his knowledge about the artifact with Aquilus. The artifact was called the [[Ankh]], and it was a Piece of Eden. According to [[Egyptian mythology]], [[Isis]] raised [[Osiris|Osirus]] from the dead with this object. After hearing this, he killed Vultur and returned to his home. He and his wife had a night of intimay on his return. Then he accessed the piece and found a message from his father. However, it was interrupted by a group of Roman soldiers calling for his arrest. They marched him into a near by forest to execute him. Accipter tried to save him, but it was in vain because the soldiers panicked and Aquilus died as a result.

*'''Amunet''' was a female member of the Egyptian Order of Assassins during the [[Hellenistic period]] of the [[Egypt]]ian [[Ptolemaic Dynasty]]. On 12 August 30 BCE, Amunet infiltrated [[Cleopatra VII]]'s palace. There, she killed the last pharaoh of [[Ancient Egypt]] using a venomous asp. By the [[Renaissance]], Amunet was respected as a great Assassin, and a statue of her was placed in the Assassin Sanctuary of Monteriggioni. Around this time, her sarcophagus was moved to the [[Basilica di San Marco]] in Venice, Italy.

==="First Civilization"===
*'''Minerva''' (voiced by [[Margaret Easley]]), also known as '''Mera''', is a member of the First Civilization introduced in ''Assassin's Creed II''. She is a member of the First Civilization's ruling body, the [[Capitoline Triad]], along with [[Tinia]] and [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]]. Minerva appears to Ezio, and by extension, Desmond, in the Vatican Vault. Knowing that Desmond will eventually relive Ezio's memories, Minerva essentially uses him as a conduit. She explains that her kind are not gods, but a more advanced civilization whose technology was mistaken for magic. They engineered humans as slaves, but they rebelled. Minerva describes how war with humanity, combined with a devastating cataclysmic event, led to the downfall of their civilization and the extinction of their race. Correctly predicting that a [[2012 phenomenon|second cataclysmic event]] would eventually occur, the Triad hid away the tools humanity would need to survive in several vaults throughout the world, and devised a system by which they could communicate across time before they eventually died. She instructs Desmond to find the vaults, then disappears, leaving a confused Ezio in her wake. In ''Assassin's Creed III'', she projects herself through the past one last time and finds Desmond in the Vault. Once there, she warns him about Juno's power-hungry ambitions, hoping that he will decide not to save the world and keep Juno imprisoned. Juno turns the tables and forces Minerva to reveal Desmond's destiny and how his legacy will be manipulated if he allows the cataclysm to happen. During the conversation, Minerva displays a respect of human free will, not unlike the Assassins themselves. Minerva mentions one of her previous names as Mera, but her Etruscan name actually [[Menrva]], virtually identical to the Latin.

*'''Juno''' (voiced by Nadia Verrucci), alternately known as '''[[Uni (mythology)|Uni]]''', is a member of the Capitoline Triad. She is introduced in ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'', reiterating Minerva's warning to Desmond, but is more hostile and contemptuous of humanity (displaying a mindset similar to that of the Templars) than the other two members of the Triad. After Desmond recovers an Apple of Eden hidden by Ezio in the Roman Colosseum, Juno takes control of Desmond, forcing him to kill Lucy, and instructs him to find "the one who would accompany you through the gate. "In ''Assassins Creed III,'' after the player kills Warren Vidic and Daniel Cross, she takes the place of the modern-day main antagonist. It is revealed at the end of ''Assassin's Creed III'' that Juno sought to conquer the rejuvenating world. When she tried to use Minerva's technology for her own ends, she was found and imprisoned in the Vault, with the other two members of the Triad hoping that she would fade away in time for the devices there to be activated safely. But she endured and confronted Desmond along with Minerva when the time came to use the device. Juno spurs Minerva into showing the inevitable future if Desmond does not activate the device: humanity will start out well, but will simply sink back into their old ways and repeat the cycle all over again. Desmond decides to use the device, preventing the apocalypse, even though this would release Juno and cost him his life. Juno is released, and thanks Desmond's body before leaving her prison.

*'''Jupiter''' (voiced by [[Peter Renaday]]), also known as '''[[Tinia]]''', was a member of the Capitoline Triad. He appears to Desmond in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'', during the Nexus of Time. He elaborates more on the creation of the vaults, and shows the location of the central vault that contains all their accumulated knowledge. Although the humans tend to use his Roman name, Minerva consistently refers to him by his Etruscan name, Tinia.

*'''Aita''' was Juno's husband, who volunteered to be a test subject for one of the Capitoline Triad's attempts to preserve the First Civilization. The experiment that he took part in is left vague, but Juno suggests that it preserved his body at the cost of his mind. Juno euthanized him when his mind "became brittle", and it may be this event that caused her to turn on Minerva and Jupiter. [[Aita]] is the Etruscan name for [[Hades]] and [[Pluto]].

==Historical characters==

===Late Modern Era (1750-1985)===
*'''[[Benedict Arnold]]''' (voiced by [[Paul Hopkins]]) (1741–1801) was a General at [[West Point]]. In 1780, Ratonhnhaké:ton' was asked by General George Washington, while acting on vital [[Culper Ring]] intelligence, to expose a rumored plot to overthrow the strategically critical West Point. Ratonhnhaké:ton' worked undercover for Arnold, while flushing out the British spies. Investigating the general, Ratonhnhaké:ton' soon eavesdropped on Benedict Arnold as he was discussing plans for the British to take over the fort with John Anderson. Once the conversation had ended Benedict went back to the fort while his associate met up with redcoats to acquire a uniform. Anderson then came back to the fort but was caught when Ratonhnhaké:ton' stopped two colonials from killing him. Ratonhnhaké:ton' then pulled out a note revealing the plans for a sum of twenty thousand pounds to go to Benedict for the fort at West Point. Not knowing he was compromised, Benedict awaited for Anderson's return and also for the regulars to arrive with his money. Connor got back first and exposed Arnold for the traitor he was, right then the regulars arrived and Benedict fled the fort while the British began their assault on the fort. Once the assault ended Connor failed to reach Arnold as he had sailed away from West Point. Ultimately, Benedict Arnold had defected to the British not long after assumed being a general in the British Army. In all this event put the colonials in an uneasy position where they soon began to question loyalty with the troops and officers. In ''The Tyranny of King Washington'', where Washington ruled America as a king with an Apple of Eden, Arnold served as his right-hand man with Israel Putnam. Arnold's particular duties involved him supervising the Frontier, and suppressing any resistance, often carting the native people off as labourers. He was present during the burning of Kanatahséton, riding at Washington's side. Washington expressed doubts about his resolve and powers, but he was assured by both his generals when they reaffirmed their loyalty. Arnold also witnessed the duel between his monarch and the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton, and after Washington beat him into submission and fired two pistols at his opponent at point-blank range, Arnold handed the king a musket to kill Ratonhnhaké:ton; however, the Assassin survived the encounter. For the next five months, Arnold ruled over the Frontier in Washington's name from a secluded fort not far from Valley Forge. Arnold eventually discovered the location of the rebellious natives that had aided Ratonhnhaké:ton and sent his men after them. When Arnold's men found and killed the other survivors of the attack on the village, including its clan mother, Ratonhnhaké:ton resolved to track him down and assassinate him. Following General Putnam from Valley Forge, who had urgent need to speak to Arnold, the Assassin unleased a bear to distract the guardsmen posted outside Arnold's fortress, and snuck inside. Arnold was pacing outside the main building when the Assassin took his life. Before he died, Arnold seemed to change and regretted the acts he had done for King Washington. When Ratonhnhaké:ton declared his treachery at West Point deserved this reprisal, Arnold denied ever steping foot in West Point ever. Grabbing the Assain's arm, he confirmed Washington's power to control came from his sceptre, and he urged his killer to go to Boston and find Benjamin Franklin to defeat the Mad King. However, he said that Franklin needed to be freed from something first. Yet, despite the Assassin's questions as to what he needed to be freed from, Arnold was unable to answer, and died from his wounds. Afterwards, Putnam captured the rebel, and claimed that it was a shame Arnold died (with little remorse, it needs to be said), and then said that he was taking Ratonhnhaké:ton to Boston to show the King. Arnold's final words set in motion the search for Ben Franklin and, by extension, the downfall of King Washington.

*'''[[Benjamin Church]]''' (voiced by [[Harry Standjofski]]) (1734 – 1778) was a member of the Templar Order and a surgeon for the Continental Army. Along with Thomas Hickey and Charles Lee, Church established Templar influence within the Continental Army's side of the Revolutionary War, however like Hickey, Church was ultimately unreliable specifically due to his self-serving nature. Church's actions inadvertently benefited the Patriots, as he motivated Ratonhnhaké:ton' to aid George Washington and the Continental Army's struggle for freedom. By recovering the supplies from Church, Ratonhnhaké:ton' was able to strengthen the Continental Army leading to their victory. Furthermore, Church was responsible for recruiting Nicholas Biddle for the Templars, who ultimately strengthened the Continental Naval Fleet. Church's betrayal of the Templar Order gave rise to a change in Ratonhnhaké:ton's relationship with his father and enemy, Haytham. By becoming a mutual enemy,Ratonhnhaké:ton' and Haytham established an alliance as well as a slight father and son bond, though ultimately their differences were irreconcilable. Despite abusing his skills as a physician for personal gain, Church established a very important position in the Continental Army. His actions as Head of the Medical Wing influenced duties and responsibilities of military physicians by becoming the U.S. Army's first Surgeon General.

*'''[[Benjamin Franklin]]''' (voiced by [[Jim Ward]]) (17 January 1706 – 17 April 1790) was a [[Freemasonry|Freemason]], a noted [[polymath]], and one of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]]. Benjamin wandered around Boston near his store, and was surprised to find Haytham Kenway offer a lending hand, as those living in Boston usually refused to be of any help, and correctly assumed that Kenway was new to Boston. Franklin then charged Kenway with the task of finding stolen pages of his Almanac. Haytham interacted with Franklin, where he proposed his idea of having an older woman as a lover would benefit lives, much to Haytham's amusement. In ''The Tyranny of King Washington'', after gaining control over the area, King Washington put Franklin in charge of running Boston. While under Washington's control, Franklin was still hesitant of the King's decisions, claiming one such order to behead random civilians to be "rather harsh." After being freed from Washington's control by Ratonhnhaké:ton, Franklin sought to help the rebellion take down King Washington.

*'''[[Charles Lee (general)|Charles Lee]]''' (voiced by Neil Napier) is the main antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed III''. Charles Lee (1732 – 1782) was a British soldier, and later, a General of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War who allied himself with the Templar Order and its Grand Master, Haytham Kenway. It is implied that Lee sets fire to Ratonhnhaké:ton's village, killing his mother in the process where the then young Ratonhnhaké:ton' vowed to kill him. Many years later, during a meeting with George Washington, they meet again but failed to recognize him until after he gets falsely arrested for counterfeiting along with a Templar called Thomas Hickey. Sarcastically congratulating him for tracking him down, he frames him for a Templar plot to kill George Washington, but the plan is foiled when Washington is saved by Ratonhnhaké:ton'. Years later, residing in [[Fort Amsterdam|Fort George]] for his "own protection", he is ordered to leave for Boston by Haytham, shortly before the latter's death. Succeeding him as the next Grand Master, he vows to make his tormentor suffer, only to end up being chased by him into a half constructed ferry that's set alight, being saved at the last minute when part of the ship collapses on the Assassin, wounding him in the hip. Using the opportunity to ask him why he continues to, "fight after all his allies have abandoned him", he is told that, "because no one else will", before being wounded in the side by him. Fleeing, he's finally tracked down by his pursuer to a tavern in [[Monmouth County, New Jersey|Monmouth County]], where they both share a bottle of whiskey, before being fatally stabbed in the chest by the vengeful Assassin. The medallion (the key meant for Desmond) is taken from his body and, shortly afterwards, is buried in the grave of Ratonhnhaké:ton' Davenport, Achilles' son and the namesake of Ratonhnhaké:ton.

*'''[[Edward Braddock]]''' (1695–1755), nicknamed the Bulldog by his soldiers, was a member of the Templar Order and a general in the British Army. He can be considered to be the main antagonist of Haytham's story in ''Assassin's Creed III''. During the French and Indian War, Braddock was the commander-in-chief for the thirteen colonies of British America. He had several soldiers under his command, including John Pitcairn and Charles Lee, whom he rarely saw due to their allegiance to the Templar cause. Over the course of the war, Braddock turned away from the Templar ideals and impeded the Order's goals in the colonies, much to the chagrin of the other members. This disobedience came to a head when Braddock was confronted by Haytham Kenway, Braddock's former friend and fellow Templar, when Haytham attempted to recruit John Pitcarin for the expedition to find a First Civilization storehouse. Braddock was eventually killed by Haytham, in order to gain the trust of Kaniehtí:io, a Kanien'keha:ka woman who promised to show Haytham the location of the storehouse, in exchange for eliminating Braddock. Haytham also took the Templar ring from Braddock's finger, which was later given to Charles Lee upon the latter's initiation into the Templar Order.

*'''[[François Mackandal]]''' (unknown-1758) was a Haïtian Maroon leader and the Mentor of the Assassins in the Spanish Colonial Caribbean. During his time as Mentor, he was a teacher to Agaté, who went to become the Mentor of the Assassins in the French colonies of America.

*'''[[George Washington]]''' (voiced by [[Robin Atkin Downes]]) (1732-1799) was a Freemason, a [[spymaster]], one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783, and served as the first President of the United States from 30 April 1789 to 4 March 1797. Born February 22, 1732, in [[Westmoreland County, Virginia|Westmoreland]], [[Colony of Virginia]], in the [[British America]] colonies of North America, Washington joined the British Army during his youth and participated in the French and Indian War theatre of the Seven Year's War, fighting against the French and various indigenous tribes. Due to the lack of progress of his military career in the British Army, Washington instead turned to politics. When the American Revolutionary War broke out, Washington supported the colonists. Following the creation of the Continental Army, the Continental Congress of 1775 appointed Washington as its [[Commander-in-Chief]]. Though the Continental Army was outmatched, and had suffered many tactical losses and strategic setbacks under Washington's command, the aid of patriotic individuals such as [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]], the [[Culper Ring]], and his ally Ratonhnhaké:ton', a member of the Assassin Order, managed to gain the army small victories. Throughout his life, Washington was a landowner, a planter, soldier, politician and military hero. Despite some flaws as a leader and his poor military choices, Washington's actions were significant as an experienced officer and leader. As Commander-in-Chief, Washington was notably efficient in organizing the Continental Army by coordinating logistics, training and drilling his troops. More importantly, he maintained an elevated command presence and was a heroic icon for the Patriots, ensuring their unity, morale and dedication to the Revolution. Inadvertently, Washington was also an obstacle to the Templars, Charles Lee in particular, and their plans to control the colonies. As a result, he was unwittingly tangled in the secret war between the Templars and Assassins, and forged a highly beneficial alliance with Ratonhnhaké:ton that would greatly impact the course of the Revolution. However, the revealed truth of Washington's acts against the Native American tribes eventually alienated himself from Ratonhnhaké:ton. In 1781, Washington came into contact with an Apple of Eden, which was taken from a captured officer following the Siege of Yorktown. The American Revolution eventually ended two years later, as the Continental Army emerged victorious against the British Army, and the colonies joined together to form the United States in 1783. After the British evacuated from the colonies, Ratonhnhaké:ton met with Washington in New York. Ratonhnhaké:ton congratulated Washington for his victory, to which Washington decided to retire and settling into a quiet life. However Ratonhnhaké:ton scolded at the idea, telling Washington that he does not deserve the luxury of relinquishing his responsibility as a leader. In ''The Tyranny of King Washington'', Washington began suffering from disturbing dreams, which he suspected were coming from the Apple. In his distress, Washington sought out Ratonhnhaké:ton, and proceeded to describe the nightmares he had been experiencing. When Ratonhnhaké:ton expressed his doubts, Washington showed him the Apple. Ratonhnhaké:ton instantly recognized the familiar design of the Apple, and could sense its power; he asked Washington to hand it over, but as he touched it, Ratonhnhaké:ton entered the reality of Washington's nightmares; the world of "King" Washington. After fighting his way through this world, both Ratonhnhaké:ton and Washington were released from their dream, and Washington decided upon passing the Apple into Ratonhnhaké:ton's ownership. The commander suggested Ratonhnhaké:ton dispose of the powerful device by dropping it in a weighted bag into the sea. While Ratonhnhaké:ton did this, Washington was sitting in his office when a man suggested the United States needed a king; to which Washington famously responded that crowning another monarch for the States would ''"raise the greatest mischief that could befall my country"''. In 1789, Washington was elected the first President of the United States, a position he held until 1797. He died on December 14, 1799, at age 67, in [[Mount Vernon]], [[Virginia]], United States.

*'''King Washington''' crowned himself the King of the United States in ''The Tyranny of King Washington'', used the Apple to obtain loyalty from his troops, and ruled from a massive Pyramid palace in New York. Kaniehtí:io infiltrated the palace and stole the scepter containing the Apple, but Israel Putnam shot it off her back before she escaped, recovering it for the king. Washington responded to Kaniehtí:io's theft by launching an assault on the Frontier, burning Concord and Lexington to find her. She and her son confronted Washington in Lexington, but Ratonhnhaké:ton - who was actually the one from the original timeline - expressed confusion as to why Washington would do this. King Washington, who never knew Connor, deemed him a delusional savage and rode off. Kaniehtí:io and Ratonhnhaké:ton returned to Kanatahséton, when Washington's troops attacked. The king rode in with Arnold and Putnam at his side, and proceeded to kill Kaniehtí:io with the scepter. Ratonhnhaké:ton tried to attack the king, but he was no match for his power, and Washington proceeded to shoot him repeatedly and stab him with a bayonet. Ratonhnhaké:ton survived though, and after assassinating Arnold, he was captured by Putnam and brought to Boston as a present for the king. There, an impressed and curious Washington observed Ratonhnhaké:ton in his cell, and chose to have him executed. However, the Assassin escaped and assaulted Benjamin Franklin, severing Washington's grip on his mind. The king teleported in, refusing to have anyone meddle in his plans. However, Ratonhnhaké:ton proved to be a match for the king this time, having embarked on spirit journeys to gain the powers of the wolf and eagle. The king fled to his palace in New York, leaving Putnam in charge of Boston. When Ratonhnhaké:ton arrived in New York using the Aquila to devastate Washington's fleet, the king rode out to the west district, where he found Franklin washed ashore. Franklin vowed he would not come under Washington's spell again, so the king obliged by trying to kill him instead. Fortunately, Ratonhnhaké:ton's friend Kanen'tó:kon tackled Washington, knocking the scepter away. Kanen'tó:kon almost assassinated the helpless king, but a group of soldiers shot him to death. Washington took back the scepter and retreated to his palace. Buoyed by Ratonhnhaké:ton's destruction of the fleet, Thomas Jefferson led an attack on the Pyramid's courtyard. Ratonhnhaké:ton, having gained the power of the bear, began shaking the courtyard, Washington overheard from his throne and expressed anger that people would attack him after all he had done in the war. As unrest in the city spread, Washington tried to win popularity by declaring he would invade England and enslave its population, but this did not prevent the populace from turning on the military occupation. As fighting raged before his palace gates, Washington stood atop the Pyramid's stained glass ceiling, waiting for Ratonhnhaké:ton to confront him. When the Assassin arrived, he offered to spare Washington if he gave up the Apple, claiming the Apple controlled him, but the king refused. Ratonhnhaké:ton ended the battle by breaking the ceiling, causing the two men to fall inside the Pyramid. A mortally wounded Washington picked up the Apple and slumped into his throne. By reaching for the Apple, Ratonhnhaké:ton returned to his own time

*'''[[Israel Bissell]]''' (1752-1823) was "midnight ride" post rider in Massachusetts who brought news to American colonists of the British attack on April 19, 1775. He reportedly rode for four days and six hours covering the 345 miles from Watertown, Massachusetts to Philadelphia along the Old Post Road, shouting "To arms, to arms, the war has begun," and carrying a message from General ''[[Joseph Palmer (American Revolutionary War general)|Joseph Palmer]]'' which was copied at each of his stops and redistributed. According to legend, at the end of Bissell's first leg, in Worcester, his first horse collapsed and died from having been driven so hard. Bissell then returned to Connecticut, where he joined the Continental Army alongside his brother, Justis.

*'''[[Israel Putnam]]''' (voiced by Andreas Apergis) (1718–1790) was an American general in the Continental Army who fought with distinction at the Battle of Bunker Hill during the American Revolutionary War. During the battle, he was approached by the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton', who desired a Patriot victory as the British troops were under the command of a Templar, Major John Pitcairn. To achieve this, Putnam tasked him with disabling two British frigates who were bombarding the nearby area from the harbor. Once the deed was done, Putnam rallied his troops, delivering his famous "Whites of their Eyes" speech, as Ratonhnhaké:ton' set out to assassinate Pitcairn. He succeeded in killing the major, but nevertheless, Putnam was outnumbered and forced to retreat, granting the British a Pyrrhic victory. One year later, Ratonhnhaké:ton' was captured by the Templars and falsely accused of plotting to assassinate General George Washington, a crime the Templars themselves had committed. He later escaped execution and killed the true conspirator, Thomas Hickey, before he could strike Washington. When surrounded by armed guards after murdering Hickey, it was Putnam who arrived to vouch for Ratonhnhaké:ton' innocence, proclaiming him a hero to the Patriot cause.

*'''[[John André]]''' (2 May 1750–2 October 1780) was an officer of the British Army. He worked as a spy during the American Revolutionary War and aided in Major General Benedict Arnold's attempt to defect from the Continental Army to the British Army. Functioning as a spy in the Continental Army under the alias '''John Anderson''', André conspired with Benedict Arnold to have him become a General in the British Army and to surrender West Point to the British. He was followed by Ratonhnhaké:ton', an Assassin and ally of George Washington, and André was captured by Patriots as he was making his way out of West Point. Upon Ratonhnhaké:ton''s advise, the Patriots searched him instead of shooting him on sight and they discovered a letter revealing Arnold's betrayal. André was later hanged by the Continental Army.

*'''[[John Parker (captain)|John Parker]]''' (1729 – 1775) was an American colonial farmer, mechanic and soldier who commanded the Lexington militia at the Battle of Lexington. Parker was born in Lexington to Josiah Parker and Anne Stone. He fought during the French and Indian War, fighting in both the Siege of Louisbourg in 1758 and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759. It is this military experience that likely led to his election as captain of the militia. On 19 April 1775, Parker was in poor health as he was suffering from tuberculosis. However, he led the militia when the British Army attacked Lexington. When they opened fire, most of his men broke ranks, so he told the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton' to travel to nearby Concord and warn James Barrett, another militia captain. Later that day, he rallied his men to attack the regulars returning to Boston in an ambush known as "Parker's Revenge". Parker and his men participated in the subsequent Siege of Boston. However, he was unable to serve in the Battle of Bunker Hill in June, and died of tuberculosis the following September.

*'''[[John Pitcairn]]''' (voiced by [[Robert Lawrenson]]) (1722-1775) was [[Scottish people|Scottish]] born member of the [[Royal Marine Corps]] and the Templar Order. In 1754, Pitcairn is saved from execution by Haytham Kenway for disobeying his commander, General Edward Braddock]. Pitcairn helped Haytham kill slave trader Silas Thatcher. The next year, he arrives with Haytham to kill his former commander. After Braddock is killed, he resumes his life as a marine. In 1771, he is promoted from captain to major. In 1775, men under his command fire the first shots of the Revolutionary War at the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]]. Later that year, he is present at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]]. During the battle, he is assassinated by Ratonhnhaké:ton'. With his last breath, he states his attempt to stop the war from happening and it is Ratonhnhaké:ton''s fault the war would continue. On his dead body, there is a letter about an assassination plot to be carried out on George Washington by Thomas Hickey, a fellow Templar and Ratonhnhaké:ton''s next target.

*'''[[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette]]''' (voiced by [[Vince Corazza]]) (1757 – 1834) often known as simply '''Lafayette''', was a French aristocrat and military officer born in south central France. During the American Revolutionary War, Lafayette served as a Major-General in the Continental Army under George Washington. Blocked by British spies who learned of his support for the Patriots, Lafayette disguised himself as a woman to board a ship to America in 1777. He later recounted this to the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton' while camping in Valley Forge that winter. On June 28, 1778, Lafayette led a battalion during the battle of Monmouth, when he was given strange orders by Charles Lee to advance into enemy lines without sufficient numbers. Ratonhnhaké:ton' deduced Lee was trying to make Washington appear incompetent. In 1781, Lafayette visited the Davenport Homestead to help Ratonhnhaké:ton' gather a fleet to breach Fort George in New York. After Ratonhnhaké:ton' gained the French Navy's support, Lafayette met with him and Stephane Chapheau underground and showed them a tunnel into the military district, so Ratonhnhaké:ton' could assassinate Lee in the midst of the bombardment.

*'''[[Nicholas Biddle (naval officer)|Nicholas Biddle]]''' (voiced by [[Fred Tatasciore]]) (1750–1778) was a member of Templar Order and one of the first captains of Continental Navy during the American Revolution. While he appeared to support the Continental cause, his true plan was to patrol the Eastern Seaboard of North America for Templar benefit. Eventually, Biddle came across the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton', where the two clashed during the Battle off Barbados in 1778, with the Aquila and its crew boarding the Randolph. During this duel, Ratonhnhaké:ton' held the offense until the floorboards of the ship collapsed from underneath them. On recovering from the distraction in the cargo bay,Ratonhnhaké:ton' located and continued to strike at Biddle until he was defeated. Following this, on hearing Biddle's dying wish, Ratonhnhaké:ton' set fire to the Randolph's gunpowder reservoir, destroying the vessel to the dismay of the Assassin's first mate, Robert Faulkner, who wanted to take the Randolph as a prize.

*'''[[Paul Revere]]''' (voiced by [[Bruce Dinsmore]]) (1735 – 1818) was an American silversmith from Boston, early industrialist, and a [[Sons of Liberty]] Patriot propagandist in the American Revolution. He was erroneously most famous for the "midnight ride" of 18 April 177, where he took credit for the ride of Israel Bissell, who reportedly rode for four days and six hours covering the 345 miles from [[Watertown, Massachusetts]] to Philadelphia along the [[Old Post Road]], and who alerted Colonial militia of approaching British forces before the battles of Lexington and Concord. Historically, Paul Revere only rode from Boston to Cambridge. During the American Revolutionary War, Paul Revere became an associate of the AssassinRatonhnhaké:ton'.

*'''[[Samuel Adams]]''' (voiced by [[Mark Lindsay Chapman]]) (1722–1803) was an American statesman, political philosopher, a [[Sons of Liberty]] Patriot and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Samuel was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution. He was also one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism, which shaped the political culture of the United States. During the American Revolutionary War, Samuel met and became a trusted associate of the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton', after Achilles Davenport told Ratonhnhaké:ton', to find him on his first trip to Boston. Amongst other things, Samuel taught Ratonhnhaké:ton' how to reduce his notoriety, introduced him to the Mason tunnels underneath Boston, as well as Commander-in-Chief George Washington.

*'''[[Thomas Hickey (soldier)|Thomas Hickey]]''' (voiced by [[Allen Leech]]) (unknown-1776) was a member of the Templar Order and later a soldier in the Continental Army. During the French and Indian War, he also ran a black-market underground for use of gaining information and money for the order, while simultaneously working as an assistant to William Johnson. Hickey was a self-indulgent and lecherous man, he often lazed about in taverns, drinking much alcohol and enjoyed the company of women. Hickey took his orders and duties lightly hence was often reprimanded for his reckless and unprofessional behavior. Despite this, he was far from cowardly and was still a strong and capable fighter. Hickey had very little care and commitment to the Templar's vision of a New World Order, instead he served only as a means for personal profit and power. As a result, similar to Juan Borgia, Hickey died with little to no regret, content that he had already fulfilled his desires and earthly pleasures, even to the point of being almost nonchalant about the fact that he was about to die.

*'''[[Thomas Jefferson]]''' (13 April 1743 – 4 July 1826) was one of the American Founding Fathers of the United States, the principal author of the [[Declaration of Independence]] and the third President of the United States. During the fight against King Washington's tyranny, Thomas Jefferson was the leader of the New York rebellion. When Ratonhnhaké:ton crashed the Aquila into another ship off the shore of New York City, Washington traveled to the docks to investigate the disturbance. Jefferson seized this opportunity and infiltrated Washington's fortress. He was later quickly overwhelmed and required Ratonhnhaké:ton's assistance in order to retreat. Shaun Hasting claims Jefferson advocated the castration of homosexuals; Jefferson was actually liberalizing the law in Virginia, which previously punished anyone convicted of sodomy with death.

*'''[[Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet|William Johnson]]''' (voiced by Julian Casey) (1715-1774) was an [[Anglo-Irish]] official and a member of the Templar Order. Johnson was born in Ireland to [[Catholic]] parents. In his early twenties, he moves to America with his uncle, Admiral [[Peter Warren (Royal Navy officer)|Peter Warren]]. After some poor judgement in business on his uncle's part, Johnson buys a plot of land with the money he has and builds a house, a mill, a farm, and a store calling his land Mount Johnson. Between 1743 and 1754, Johnson becomes a liaison between the Iroquois and the [[British Government]]. In 1754, Johnson had becomes a member of the Templar Order and an ally of Haytham Kenway. He has Haytham meet his bodyguard, Thomas Hickey, and retrieve some documents stolen by his enemies. After doing this, he agrees to help Haytham kill slave trader Silas Thatcher. The next year, he goes with Haytham and the other Templars to kill General Edward Braddock. After Braddock is dead, Johnson goes back to his other line of work. In 1768, he negotiates the [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix]]. In 1773, Johnson is smuggling tea into the colonies. The Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton' realizes this and participates in the [[Boston Tea Party]], destroying Johnson's tea supply. After this loss, Johnson retreats to his estate. A year later, Johnson tries to talk the [[Iroquois]] leaders into selling their land. When the leaders refuse, he threatens to kill them. Before he can carry his threat out, he is killed by Ratonhnhaké:ton'. In his last moments, he tries to justify his actions as helping the Iroquois; by taking their land (forcibly) before the Colonists inevitably steal it from them. On his dead body, a letter is found addressing [[John Pitcairn]], a fellow Templar and Ratonhnhaké:ton''s next target.

===Early Modern Era (1450-1750)===
*'''[[Cesare Borgia]]''' (voiced by Andreas Apergis) is the main antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood''. Cesare Borgia (1475 or 1476–1507) was the son of Rodrigo Borgia. During his childhood, Cesare (along with his other siblings) was raised by his father to become one of his personal weapons. However, he was naturally ambitious and aggressive; at age 18, when he sought his brother Juan Borgia the Younger's position as Captain General of the Papal Army (Cesare was a Cardinal at the time), he had his brother assassinated. After leading the army to many victories throughout Italy, Cesare developed extreme sadism and a lust for conquest, having the primary goal to unify all of Italy and conquer all of Spain. He later came to the absurd conclusion that he could not be killed by mortal men and that he would lead mankind into a new era, a belief that would stay with him for the rest of his life. In effect, he and his father were continually at odds. That he is rarely referred to as a Templar, the game suggests that he may have abandoned his Templar duty, conquering for the sake of his own ego. Near the end of his life he was imprisoned before escaping and raising an army for a last stand before being thrown off a wall by Ezio, ending his life.

*'''[[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci]]''' (voiced by [[Carlos Ferro]]) (1452–1519) was an [[Italian Renaissance]] polymath: his genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. His lifelong friendship with Ezio Auditore begins when Ezio's mother, Maria, has her son help Leonardo move some paintings from his new workshop. Leonardo comments that his current work lacks purpose, but Maria is confident that he will go on to do great things. After Ezio's father and brothers are murdered by Rodrigo Borgia's men, Ezio brings to Leonardo two objects from his father's study: a broken hidden blade, and a page from the mysterious Codex written by Altaïr. Leonardo repairs the blade and deciphers the codex, fascinated by the technological secrets it alludes to. As Ezio continues his Assassin training, Leonardo makes several upgrades to Ezio's weapons and armor, including a poison blade, a gun, and a poison dart launcher. Some time after Ezio foils the Pazzi conspiracy, Leonardo receives a commission from a Venetian noble, prompting him to set up a new workshop in Venice. As Ezio had his own business in the city, he accompanied him. He developed an interest in flight, and invented an [[Leonardo da Vinci#Engineering and inventions|experimental flying machine]], which Ezio used on one of his missions. After seeing the Apple of Eden, Leonardo marveled at the futuristic visions it showed him. He then developed an interest in the findings of [[Pythagoras]], and was eventually able to create a map leading to a temple built by his followers. Eventually, Leonardo was blackmailed by Cesare Borgia into designing Templar war machines. He continued to support Ezio, in secret, until he was kidnapped by a third party, the Cult of Hermes, who wanted him to lead them to the Temple of Pythagorias. He is eventually rescued by Ezio, and despite his injuries, explores the Temple, fascinated by the numeric codes found within. Although Leonardo does not appear in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'', the novelization describes him dying peacefully at his home in [[Amboise]], with his friends (including Ezio, who is now retired from the Assassins) at his side. In ''Assassin's Creed 3'', the Darvenport Homestead's residential carpenter obtained some of Leonardo's blueprints and, at Connor's request, build a prototype replica of the original flying machine.

*'''[[Lucrezia Borgia]]''' (voiced by [[Liane Balaban]]) (April 18, 1480–June 24, 1519) is the secondary antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood''. She is the daughter of Rodrigo Borgia and the sister of Cesare Borgia. She is first seen in a portrait in ''Assassin's Creed II'' as a little girl with brown hair. She appears in ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' as a buxom woman, her hair now blonde. She is shown to have incestuous affairs with both her father and her brother, the latter of whom tells her that she will be his queen. She has secured a political advantage for her family by marrying many powerful nobles and then having them disgraced or killed soon thereafter. She grows tired of Cesare's womanizing ways, however, and plans to leave the Vatican. Despite this, she still warns her brother of the poisoned apple he received from Rodrigo. In turn, Cesare beat her until she revealed the Piece of Eden's location. Disillusioned by his actions, she helped Ezio find said Piece of Eden and left the Vatican behind. Her in-game portrait reveals that she and her husband fled Rome and relocated to Ferrara where she encountered Ezio again in 1506 while he was looking for the first da Vinci painting, Annunciation.

*'''[[Manuel Palaiologos]]''' (voiced by [[Vlasta Vrana]]) (1454-1512) is the heir to the lost [[Byzantine Empire]] throne. Manuel is a major Templar Leader and the secondary antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. He is conspiring in taking back Constantinople (Turkish: Istanbul / Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολη) with the help of Sulemon Heir of the Sultan of Ottoman Empire. He is assassinated by Ezio in the Templar-controlled city of Cappadocia.

*'''[[Pope Alexander VI|Rodrigo de Lanzol y Borgia]]''' (voiced by Manuel Tadros) is the main antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Lineage'', ''Assassin's Creed II'', and ''Assassin's Creed: Renaissance''. Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (January 1, 1431–August 18, 1503), born [[Roderic Llançol]], later [[Roderic de Borja i Borja]], was the leader of the Knights Templar during the Renaissance in Italy. He was elected Pope from 1492 to 1503 as Alexander VI. His enemies called him "The Spaniard" (due to his Spanish origins) while his Templar followers called him "Maestro" ("Master" in Italian and "teacher" in Spanish). He was one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes, and his surname (Italianized as Borgia) became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. Borgia was elected Pope in 1492 and established his power in Rome; his true intent, however, was to gain access to the vault that lies under the Vatican, where, according to Borgia, God Himself rested. Borgia appeared as a minor character in ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'', which takes place in 1503, the last year of his papacy. He is killed after he is murdered by Casare, who is poisoned by Rodrigo only seconds before.

*'''[[Ishak Pasha]]''' (unknown-1497) was a Croat or Greek who became an Ottoman general, statesman and Grand Vizier. He was also, secretly, the Master Assassin leader and Mentor of the Ottoman Assassin Brotherhood in Constantinople. Ishak Pasha was largely responsible for the established peace between the Assassins and the Ottomans during the early 16th century, as well as being the individual responsible for finding and recruiting the future Master Assassin, Yusuf Tazim. In 1476, Ishak participated in the Ottoman military crackdown on a Hungarian uprising, defeating the rebel leader; a Templar named Vlad Tepe (Dracula). 34 years later, Sultan [[Bayezid II]] entrusted Armor of Ishak Pasha to the Janissary Murat Bin Husn, who hid it in the [[Hagia Sophia]] to ensure its safety. However, some months later, the Mentor of the Italian Assassins, a man named Ezio Auditore da Firenze, found the scattered memoirs of Ishak Pasha, and used them to locate the armor from underneath the structure.

*'''[[Niccolò Machiavelli|Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli]]''' (voiced by Shawn Baichoo) (1469–1527) is a supporting character of ''Assassin's Creed II'' and ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood''. He was an Italian philosopher and writer, and a member of the Assassin Order. Considered one of the main founders of modern political science, he was a diplomat, political philosopher, musician, and playwright, but foremost, he was a civil servant of the Florentine Republic. With the Assassin Order, Niccolò primarily worked with his ally Ezio Auditore da Firenze, and helped him with driving the Orsi brothers from Forlì and with removing the monk Girolamo Savonarola from power in Florence to obtain the "Apple of Eden" - an ancient artifact - from him. Two years later, Machiavelli took up the position of leader of the Italian Assassins, after the death of previous leader Mario Auditore. Once again joined by Ezio, they fought against the corrupted Borgia family, which ruled over Rome. Eventually successful in their goal, Machiavelli joined Ezio and Leonardo da Vinci in chasing Cesare Borgia in Valencia. Machiavelli then focused on his duties in the Florentine government, leading the Florentine militia until he was defeated, arrested and deprived of office.

*'''[[Piri Reis|Haci Ahmed Muhiddin Piri]]''' (c. 1467-c. 1554), more commonly known as '''Piri Reis''' for his legendary stature in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Navy, was a famed admiral and cartographer. Unknown to most, Piri was also a member of the Assassin Order, and a Master Assassin of the Ottoman Assassin Brotherhood. Though not involving himself in missions of violence, Piri served the Assassins as a technician and intelligence gatherer, primarily providing them with materials and methods for crafting bombs. He was a trusted friend of the Turkish Assassin leader Yusuf Tazim, and also later befriended Ezio Auditore da Firenze. the Mentor of the Italian Assassin Brotherhood. By 1513, Piri continued his work as a cartographer, and produced what would come to be known as his most famous map, which contained one of the earliest, accurate depictions of the eastern shore of South America. In around the 1550s, by the time he was 80, Piri had become a legend in the Ottoman Navy, and was officially granted the title of "Reis" or "Admiral." In ''Assassin's Creed II: Discovery'', [[Christoffa Corombo]]'s atlas contained a Piri Reis map, which was rescued from Templar hands by Ezio. In one of Abstergo Industries' dossiers, it was speculated that Piri's map of Europe was secretly a map of the First Civilization Temples].

*'''[[Şehzade Ahmet]]''' (voiced by [[Tamer Hassan]]) is the main antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. Şehzade Ahmet, (1465-1512), was the eldest living son of Bayezid II and brother to Selim I. Sharing many characteristics with his father, he was believed to be the perfect candidate for the sultan's heir, even more so when he served as governor of [[Amasya]]. However, many of the Ottoman Empire (The Janissaries in particular) deem him to be an unfit ruler in times of war and times of peace. Furthermore, they do not see him as a traditional Sultan and thus do not support him. He sets up the unsuccessful ambush and capture of Prince Suleiman by Byzantine Templars, intending to have him rescued, subsequently making Ahmet appear to be a brave hero. His plans fail, but while Ezio is away in Cappadocia, Ahmet takes Sofia Sartor hostage and demands Ezio exchanges the Masyaf key for her. After the exchange Ahmet flees the city and Ezio follows him with Sofia. After Ezio catches up with him, Ahmet's brother Selim arrives. Selim proclaims his authority as the new Sultan and kills his own brother by strangling him and then tossing him off of a cliff.

*'''[[Edward Thatch]]''' (1680-1718) infamously known as '''Blackbeard''', was a [[pirate]] [[Captain (nautical)|captain]] who sailed the [[West Indies]] and the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] during the early 18th century, on a ship named the [[Queen Anne's Revenge]]. Thatch met his fate on November 22, 1718 at the hands of [[Royal Navy]] [[Lieutenant]] [[Robert Maynard]] and his crew.

===Middle Ages Era (500-1450)===
*'''[[Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad]]''' (voiced by [[Richard Cansino]]) Saladin's regent in Jerusalem who enjoyed carrying out executions, loved fear, and loved power over the people.

*'''[[Garnier de Nablus]]''' (voiced by Hubert Fielden) the tenth Grand Master of the Knights Hospitalier in Acre. Experimented and tortured innocent people and lunatics he picked up off the streets of Acre, claiming they were his children and that he was helping them.

*'''[[Ibn Jubayr]]''' (voiced by [[Fred Tatasciore]]) Damascus' Saracen chief scholar and leader of "The Illuminated." Intended to have all texts in Damascus burned, claiming that these texts led people astray.

*'''[[Master Sibrand|Sibrand]]''' (voiced by [[Arthur Holden]]) German Crusader and the first Grand Master of the Knights Teutonic in Acre. Intended to have all ships submitted to him for him to use in a blockade against Richard.

*'''[[Robert de Sablé]]''' (voiced by Jean-Philippe Dandenaud) was one of the nine assassination targets assigned by Al Mualim for Altaïr to kill. De Sablé was a lieutenant under [[Richard the Lionheart]], and Grand Master of the Knights Templar] during the [[Third Crusade]]. He serves as an antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed'' (although he is built up to be the main villain until his eventual assassination) and one of two antagonists (the other being [[Armand Bouchart]]) in ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade''. Born into a powerful family, Robert de Sablé was immersed from birth into nobility, though events during de Sablé's life are difficult to pin down; at some point he became lord and ruler of [[Briollay]], France. Subsequently, de Sablé entered into the order of Knights Templar and reigned as their "Grand Master" from 1191 to 1193. During the Third Crusade, de Sablé and the Knights Templar laid siege to the city of [[Acre]], which soon fell; throughout August 1191, they also recaptured many fortresses and cities along the Palestinian coast, which had been lost previously. Grand Master of the Knights Templar, de Sablé follows a goal similar to the Assassins (in that he is attempting to end the war in the [[Holy Land]]). Al Mualim has no objections against him ending the Crusade, but is more against the way de Sablé attempts to do so—the Assassins would have people find peace themselves, but the Templar would force their "peace" onto others and attempt to control them.

*'''[[Rashid ad-Din Sinan]]''', commonly known as '''Al Mualim''' (Arabic: "The Teacher") (voiced by [[Peter Renaday]]) or '''The Old Man of the Mountain''', is based on the real-life [[Rashid ad-Din Sinan]], the ersian Hashshashin leader in the Syrian town of [[Masyaf]]. He is eventually revealed to be the main antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed'' and the secondary antagonist in ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade''. He was the Assassin's Mentor who secretly led a double life as a Templar; he was also seen as a wizened old man whom Altaïr saw as a father figure. After Altaïr broke all three tenets of the Assassin's Creed in one mission, Al Mualim reduced Altaïr to the rank of an initiate, and gave him a list of nine men to kill in order for Altaïr to redeem himself and bring an end to the Crusade. In fact, Altaïr was killing "rival" members of the Templar Order so that Al Mualim could keep the Piece of Eden for himself. Altaïr eventually assassinates the ninth target, Robert de Sablé, but with his dying breath, de Sablé tells Altaïr of Al Mualim's true plans. Altaïr returns to Masyaf to find that the citizens are being controlled by the Apple, wielded by Al Mualim. Al Mualim himself broke all three tenets of the Creed, leading to a fight between himself and Altaïr, and after a lengthy battle Al Mualim is killed by his student and Altaïr takes possession of The Apple. Al Mualim is back in ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' in one of the memories of Altaïr. In the memory, Altair burns Al Mualim's body on a pyre, ensuring that he can never return. This is a move that unnerves many of the other Assassins, but eventually Altaïr is forgiven and accepted as the new master.

*'''[[William V of Montferrat|William of Montferrat]]''' (voiced by [[Harry Standjofski]]) an Italian Crusader and Richard the Lionheart's regent in Acre. Intended to kill Richard and give Acre to his son.

===Ancient Era===
*'''[[Alexander III of Macedon]]''' (356 BCE - 323 BCE), commonly known as '''Alexander the Great''', was a king of the [[Macedonian Empire]], and one of the most successful conquerors in history. Alexander's empire was so successful because of the Templars, who entrusted the Staff of Eden in him. Thanks to them, his empire spanned from [[Greece]] to [[India]]. Alexander died in [[Babylon]] in 323 BCE after he was poisoned by the Assassin Iltani.

*'''[[Julius Caesar|Gaius Julius Caesar]]''' (13 July 100 BCE - 15 March 44 BCE), commonly known as '''Julius Caesar''' was a prominent general in the [[Roman army]] and a notable politician. He played a key role in transforming the flagging [[Roman Republic]] to the seemingly unstoppable [[Roman Empire]]. He was killed due to his Templar affiliations.Caesar gained his fame on military campaigns in [[Gaul]], where he conquered what is present-day [[France]], [[Germany]], and [[Belgium]]. In 50 BCE, Caesar was called back to Rome, and he feared he might be prosecuted for insubordination and treason. Caesar brought one of his legions with him and started a [[Caesar's Civil War|civil war]]. During this conflict, Caesar was made [[Roman dictator|Dictator of Rome]]. [[Roman Senator]]s feared Caesar's in increasing military power, and also hated him due to the fact he was supported by the Templars. On March 15, 44 BCE, also known as the [[Ides of March]], the Senators planned their strike. A group Roman Senators, who were also Assassins, led by Brutus and Cassius, stabbed Caesar twenty-three times in the [[Roman Senate]]. The Senators thought that by ending Caesar's life, they had helped save [[Rome]], but they actually put Rome in chaos. For the next thirteen years, civil war raged through the Roman Republic. The outcome was the birth of the Roman Empire.

*'''[[Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger]]''' (early BCE June 85 – late BCE October 42), more commonly known simply as '''Brutus''', was a politician of the late [[Roman Republic]], a member of the Roman Republic and the Order of Assassins. Most notably, Brutus held a leading role in the assassination conspiracy against the consul [[Julius Caesar|Gaius Julius Caesar]]. Sometime prior to 45 BC, Brutus became a member of the Roman Senate, as well as the [[Assassins|Assassin Order]]. Many of his Assassin brothers also shared his role as both senator and Liberatore. Around this time, many senators began to fear Caesar's growing power following his appointment as dictator, so the Assassins began to plan his downfall. For some time, Brutus' dreams were haunted by a mysterious cavern that he found himself compelled to find. Eventually, he was led to discover the sealed First Civilization vault, hidden beneath what would eventually become the [[Santa Maria Aracoeli]]. As he had been assigned by [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]] as the one to come of with the plan of assassinating Caesar, Brutus designated the temple preceding the vault as a meeting place for his co-conspirators. Whenever his fellow Assassins left after their council meetings, Brutus would explore the cavern on his own, coming across what had supposedly drawn him to the location, "Whispers. Lights flickering through cracks in the earth. A doorway that is also a puzzle." Inspired and encouraged by the visions he had seen in the vault, Brutus devised the plan for the assassination alongside forty of his fellow Assassins and senators. As dictated to him by his visions, Brutus scheduled their attack for the Ides of March. Caesar resisted at first, but resigned himself to his fate upon recognizing Brutus, and was eventually killed, "stabbed twenty-three times by his own countrymen, many of whom he once considered friends." Driven to severe guilt from his actions, Brutus later returned to the [[Colosseo|Colosseum]], and abandoned the dagger he had used to strike down Caesar within the vault. Brutus settled in Crete from 44 to 42 BC, but was later defeated in battle and upon fleeing, committed suicide. After Brutus' death, his followers gathered in Philippi, Macedonia, and tried to use the Shroud of Eden to bring him back. However, the Shroud was not capable of such restoration, and though Brutus opened his eyes and moved, he did not appear to breathe, and eventually fell still in a seeming second death.

*'''[[Gaius Cassius Longinus]]''' (c. 85 BCE - 3 October 42 BCE), commonly known as '''Cassius''', was an Assassin, a [[Roman Senator]], and the brother-in-law of [[Brutus]]. On March 15, 44 BCE, Cassius was part of the group Senators who stabbed [[Julius Caesar]]. Two years later, he committed suicide with Brutus in Phillipi, after a [[Battle of Phillipi|battle]] with Caesar's allies went disastrously.

*'''[[Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator]]''' (69 BCE - 12 August 30 BCE), commonly known as '''Cleopatra''' was the last [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]ian [[pharaoh]] and a member of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]]. She initially shared power with her father, and later, her brothers, who she married. With the help of the Templars, she became the sole ruler of [[Egypt]]. This also helped her become an ally of Julius Caesar. After Caesar's death, she allied her self with [[Mark Antony]], whom she had a relationship with. In 30 BCE, Antony committed suicide at the [[Battle of Actium]]. Soon afterwards, Cleopatran was poisoned by the Assassin Amunet with an [[asp (reptile)|asp]].

*'''[[Jesus of Nazareth]]''' (7-2 BCE - 30-36 CE), also known as '''Jesus Christ''', is one of the central figures in [[Christianity]], and the [[Messiah]] foretold in the [[Old Testament]]. He was able to perform his miracles due to the fact he had the Shroud of Eden. The Templars had him [[crucified]] in order to get the Piece of Eden.

*'''[[Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus]]''' (31 August 12 CE - 24 January 41 CE) commonly known as '''Caligula''', was the third [[emperor]] of the [[Roman Empire]], his predecessor being [[Tiberius]]. In 37, Caligula came to power. In his reign, he became notorius for his cruelty and was backed by the Templars. On January 24, 41, he was assassinated by the Assassin Leonius with a [[dagger]].

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%"
! Characters
! width="14%" | ''[[Assassin's Creed (video game)|Assassin's Creed]]'' (2007)
! width="14%" | ''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' (2009)
! width="14%" | ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' (2010)
! width="14%" | ''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' (2011)
! width="14%" | ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' (2012)
! width="14%" | ''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' (2013)
|-
! Desmond Miles
| colspan="5" | [[Nolan North]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! Lucy Stillman
| colspan="4" | [[Kristen Bell]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! Rebecca Crane
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="4" | [[Eliza Jane Schneider]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! Shaun Hastings
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="4" | [[Danny Wallace (humourist)|Danny Wallace]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! William "Bill" Miles
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | Nick Jameson
| colspan="2" | [[John de Lancie]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! Altair Ibn-La'Ahad
| colspan="1" | [[Philip Shahbaz]]
| colspan="1" | No voice actor
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | [[Cas Anvar]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! Ezio Auditore da Firenze
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="3" | [[Roger Craig Smith]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! Haytham Kenway
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | [[Adrian Hough]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |

|-
! Ratonhnhaké:ton (Connor)
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | [[Noah Watts]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-

! Edward Kenway
| colspan="5" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | ''Unknown''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://assassinscreed.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Characters Characters - The Assassin's Creed Wiki] ([[Wikia]])

{{Assassin's Creed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Characters Of Assassin's Creed}}
[[Category:Assassin's Creed characters| ]]
[[Category:Lists of video game characters|Assassins Creed]]

Benutzer:SelbsthilfeSchlafapnoe/Schlafapnoe

2012-02-16T23:58:07Z

150.101.101.27: /* Signs and symptoms */

{{Infobox disease
| Name = Sleep apnea
| Image = Obstruction ventilation apnée sommeil.svg
| Caption = Obstructive sleep apnea
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|G|47|3|g|40}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|327.23}}, {{ICD9|780.57}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj = ped
| eMedicineTopic = 2114
| MeshID = D012891
}}

'''Sleep apnea''' (or '''sleep apnoea''' in [[British English]]; {{IPA-en|æpˈniːə}}) is a [[sleep disorder]] characterized by abnormal pauses in [[breath]]ing or instances of abnormally low breathing, during [[sleep]]. Each pause in breathing, called an [[apnea]], can last from a few seconds to minutes, and may occur 5 to 30 times or more an hour.<ref name='NHLBI2009May'>{{Cite web| url = http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/SleepApnea/SleepApnea_WhatIs.html | title = Sleep Apnea: What Is Sleep Apnea? | accessdate = 2010-08-05 | date = 2009-05 | work = NHLBI: Health Information for the Public | publisher = U.S. Department of Health and Human Services }}</ref> Similarly, each abnormally low breathing event is called a [[hypopnea]]. Sleep apnea is diagnosed with an overnight sleep test called a [[polysomnogram]], or "sleep study".

There are three forms of sleep apnea: [[Central sleep apnea|central]] (CSA), [[Obstructive sleep apnea|obstructive]] (OSA), and complex or mixed sleep apnea (''i.e.'', a combination of central and obstructive) constituting 0.4%, 84% and 15% of cases respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morgenthaler TI, Kagramanov V, Hanak V, Decker PA |title=Complex sleep apnea syndrome: is it a unique clinical syndrome? |journal=Sleep |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=1203–9 |year=2006 |month=September |pmid=17040008 |url=http://www.journalsleep.org/ViewAbstract.aspx?pid=26630 |laysummary=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/09/060901161349.htm |laysource=[[Science Daily]] |laydate={{Date|2006-09-04|mdy}}}}</ref> In CSA, breathing is interrupted by a lack of respiratory effort; in OSA, breathing is interrupted by a physical block to airflow despite respiratory effort, and [[snoring]] is common.

Regardless of type, an individual with sleep apnea is rarely aware of having difficulty breathing, even upon awakening.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/SleepApnea/SleepApnea_Summary.html | title = Sleep Apnea: Key Points | work = NHLBI: Health Information for the Public | publisher = U.S. Department of Health and Human Services }}</ref> Sleep apnea is recognized as a problem by others witnessing the individual during episodes or is suspected because of its effects on the body (''[[sequela]]e''). Symptoms may be present for years (or even decades) without identification, during which time the sufferer may become conditioned to the daytime sleepiness and [[Fatigue (medical)|fatigue]] associated with significant levels of sleep disturbance.

==Signs and symptoms==n FELICIA ABRRY <3 <3
Sleep apnea affects not only adults but some children as well.<ref>[El-Ad, B., & Lavie, P. (2005) Effect of sleep apnea on cognition and mood. International Review of Psychiatry, 17(4), 277-282. doi:10.1080/09540260500104508 http://content.ebscohost.com/pdf17_20/pdf/2005/IRO/01Aug05/17523101.pdf?T=P&P=AN&K=17523101&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLU40dvuOLCmr0mep7ZSsaa4S7WWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrrku1r65PuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]</ref> As stated by El-Ad, “patients complain about excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and impaired alertness.”<ref>[El-Ad, B., & Lavie, P. (2005). Effect of sleep apnea on cognition and mood. International Review of Psychiatry, 17(4), 277-282. doi:10.1080/09540260500104508 http://content.ebscohost.com/pdf17_20/pdf/2005/IRO/01Aug05/17523101.pdf?T=P&P=AN&K=17523101&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLU40dvuOLCmr0mep7ZSsaa4S7WWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrrku1r65PuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]</ref> In other words, common effects of sleep apnea include daytime fatigue, a slower reaction time, and vision problems. <ref>[El-Ad, B., & Lavie, P. (2005). Effect of sleep apnea on cognition and mood. International Review of Psychiatry, 17(4), 277-282. doi:10.1080/09540260500104508 http://content.ebscohost.com/pdf17_20/pdf/2005/IRO/01Aug05/17523101.pdf?T=P&P=AN&K=17523101&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLU40dvuOLCmr0mep7ZSsaa4S7WWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrrku1r65PuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]</ref> Moreover, patients are examined using “standard test batteries” in order to further identify parts of the brain that are affected by sleep apnea.<ref>[El-Ad, B., & Lavie, P. (2005). Effect of sleep apnea on cognition and mood. International Review of Psychiatry, 17(4), 277-282. doi:10.1080/09540260500104508 http://content.ebscohost.com/pdf17_20/pdf/2005/IRO/01Aug05/17523101.pdf?T=P&P=AN&K=17523101&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLU40dvuOLCmr0mep7ZSsaa4S7WWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrrku1r65PuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]</ref> Tests have shown that certain parts of the brain cause different effects. The “executive functioning” part of the brain affects the way the patient plans and initiates tasks.<ref>[El-Ad, B., & Lavie, P. (2005). Effect of sleep apnea on cognition and mood. International Review of Psychiatry, 17(4), 277-282. doi:10.1080/09540260500104508 http://content.ebscohost.com/pdf17_20/pdf/2005/IRO/01Aug05/17523101.pdf?T=P&P=AN&K=17523101&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLU40dvuOLCmr0mep7ZSsaa4S7WWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrrku1r65PuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]</ref> Second, the part of the brain that deals with attention causes difficulty in paying attention, working effectively and processing information when in a waking state.<ref>[El-Ad, B., & Lavie, P. (2005). Effect of sleep apnea on cognition and mood. International Review of Psychiatry, 17(4), 277-282. doi:10.1080/09540260500104508 http://content.ebscohost.com/pdf17_20/pdf/2005/IRO/01Aug05/17523101.pdf?T=P&P=AN&K=17523101&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLU40dvuOLCmr0mep7ZSsaa4S7WWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrrku1r65PuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]</ref> Thirdly, the part of the brain that uses memory and learning is also affected.<ref>[http://content.ebscohost.com/pdf17_20/pdf/2005/IRO/01Aug05/17523101.pdf?T=P&P=AN&K=17523101&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLU40dvuOLCmr0mep7ZSsaa4S7WWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrrku1r65PuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]</ref> Due to the disruption in daytime cognitive state, behavioral effects are also present.<ref>[ALOIA, M. S., SWEET, L. H., JERSKEY, B. A., ZIMMERMAN, M., TODD ARNEDT, J., & MILLMAN, R. P. (2009). Treatment effects on brain activity during a working memory task in obstructive sleep apnea. Journal of Sleep Research, 18(4), 404-410. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00755.x
]</ref> This includes moodiness, belligerence, as well as a decrease in attentiveness and drive.<ref>[ALOIA, M. S., SWEET, L. H., JERSKEY, B. A., ZIMMERMAN, M., TODD ARNEDT, J., & MILLMAN, R. P. (2009). Treatment effects on brain activity during a working memory task in obstructive sleep apnea. Journal of Sleep Research, 18(4), 404-410. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00755.x
]</ref> These effects become very difficult to deal with, thus the development of depression may transpire.<ref>[Sculthorpe, L. D., & Douglass, A. B. (2010). Sleep Pathologies in Depression and the Clinical Utility of Polysomnography. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(7), 413-421. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.]</ref> Finally, because there are many factors that could lead to some of the effects previously listed, some patients are not aware that they suffer from sleep apnea and are either misdiagnosed, or just ignore the symptoms altogether.<ref>[El-Ad, B., & Lavie, P. (2005). Effect of sleep apnea on cognition and mood. International Review of Psychiatry, 17(4), 277-282. doi:10.1080/09540260500104508 http://content.ebscohost.com/pdf17_20/pdf/2005/IRO/01Aug05/17523101.pdf?T=P&P=AN&K=17523101&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLU40dvuOLCmr0mep7ZSsaa4S7WWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrrku1r65PuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA]</ref>

==Diagnosis==
The diagnosis of sleep apnea is based on the conjoint evaluation of clinical symptoms (e.g. excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue) and of the results of a formal sleep study ([[polysomnography]], or reduced channels home based test). The latter aims at establishing an "objective" diagnosis indicator linked to the quantity of apneic events per hour of sleep (Apnea Hypopnea Index([[Apnea-hypopnea index|AHI]]), or Respiratory Disturbance Index ([[Respiratory Disturbance Index|RDI]])), associated to a formal threshold, above which a patient is considered as suffering from sleep apnea, and the severity of their sleep apnea can then be quantified.

Nevertheless, due to the number and variability in the actual symptoms and nature of apneic events (e.g., hypopnea vs apnea, central vs obstructive), the variability of patients' physiologies, and the intrinsic imperfections of the experimental setups and methods, this field is opened to debate.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Redline S, Budhiraja R, Kapur V ''et al.'' | title= Reliability and validity of respiratory event measurement and scoring |journal=J Clin Sleep Med |year= 2007 |volume=3|issue=2|pages=169–200 | pmid=17557426 }}</ref>
Within this context, the definition of an apneic event depends on several factors (e.g. patient's age) and account for this variability through a multi-criteria decision rule described in several, sometimes conflicting, guidelines.<ref>{{cite journal | author=AASM Task Force |year=1999 |title= Sleep–Related Breathing Disorders in Adults-Recommendations for Syndrome Definition and Measurement Techniques in Clinical Research |journal= SLEEP |volume= 22 |issue= 5 |pages=667–689 | pmid=10450601 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Ruehland WR, Rochford PD, O'Donoghue FJ, Pierce RJ, Singh P, Thornton AT | year = 2009 | title = The new aasm criteria for scoring hypopneas: Impact on the apnea hypopnea index | url = | journal = SLEEP | volume = 32 | issue = 2| pages = 150–157 | pmid = 19238801 | pmc = 2635578 }}</ref> One example of a commonly adopted definition of an apnea (for an adult) includes a minimum 10 second interval between breaths, with either a neurological arousal (a 3-second or greater shift in [[EEG]] frequency, measured at C3, C4, O1, or O2) or a [[blood]] [[oxygen]] desaturation of 3–4% or greater, or both arousal and desaturation.

===Oximetry===
[[Oximetry]], which may be performed overnight in a patient's home, is an easier alternative to formal sleep study ([[polysomnography]]). In one study, normal overnight oximetry was very [[Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]] and so if normal, sleep apnea was unlikely.<ref name="pmid8357109">{{Cite pmid|8357109}}</ref> In addition, home oximetry may be equally effective in guiding prescription for automatically self-adjusting [[continuous positive airway pressure]].<ref name="pmid15486338">{{cite journal| author=Whitelaw WA, Brant RF, Flemons WW| title=Clinical usefulness of home oximetry compared with polysomnography for assessment of sleep apnea. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2005 | volume= 171 | issue= 2 | pages= 188–93 | pmid=15486338 | doi=10.1164/rccm.200310-1360OC | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15486338 }} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15989309 Review in: ACP J Club. 2005 Jul-Aug;143(1):21]</ref>

==Classification==
===Obstructive sleep apnea===

{{Main|Obstructive sleep apnea}}
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common category of sleep-disordered breathing. The muscle tone of the body ordinarily relaxes during sleep, and at the level of the throat the human airway is composed of collapsible walls of soft tissue which can obstruct breathing during sleep. Mild occasional sleep apnea, such as many people experience during an [[upper respiratory infection]], may not be important, but chronic severe obstructive sleep apnea requires treatment to prevent low blood oxygen ([[hypoxemia]]), [[sleep deprivation]], and other complications.

Individuals with low muscle tone and soft tissue around the airway (e.g., because of obesity) and structural features that give rise to a narrowed airway are at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea. The elderly are more likely to have OSA than young people. Men are more likely to suffer sleep apnea than women and children are, though it is not uncommon in the last two population groups.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/SleepApnea/SleepApnea_WhoIsAtRisk.html | title = Sleep Apnea: Who Is At Risk for Sleep Apnea? | work = NHLBI: Health Information for the Public | publisher = U.S. Department of Health and Human Services }}</ref>

The risk of OSA rises with increasing body weight, active smoking and age. In addition, patients with diabetes or "borderline" diabetes have up to three times the risk of having OSA.

Common symptoms include loud [[snoring]], restless sleep, and sleepiness during the daytime. Diagnostic tests include home [[oximetry]] or [[polysomnography]] in a sleep clinic.

Some treatments involve lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol or muscle relaxants, losing weight, and quitting smoking. Many people benefit from sleeping at a 30-degree elevation of the upper body<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Neill AM, Angus SM, Sajkov D, McEvoy RD |title=Effects of sleep posture on upper airway stability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=155 |issue=1 |pages=199–204 |year=1997 |month=January |pmid=9001312}}</ref> or higher, as if in a [[recliner]]. Doing so helps prevent the gravitational collapse of the airway. [[Human anatomical terms#Anatomical directions|Lateral positions]] (sleeping on a side), as opposed to [[supine position]]s (sleeping on the back), are also recommended as a treatment for sleep apnea,<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Guo |last1=Xiheng |first2=Wang |last2=Chen |first3=Zhang |last3=Hongyu |first4=Kong |last4=Weimin |first5=An |last5=Li |first6=Liu |last6=Li |first7=Weng |last7=Xinzhi |year=2003 |url=http://www.cardinal.com/mps/focus/respiratory/abstracts/abstracts/ab2003/OF-03-249.asp |title=The Study Of The Influence Of Sleep Position On Sleep Apnea |publisher=[[Cardinal Health]]}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Loord H, Hultcrantz E |title=Positioner--a method for preventing sleep apnea |journal=Acta Oto-laryngologica |volume=127 |issue=8 |pages=861–8 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17762999 |doi=10.1080/00016480601089390}}</ref><ref name=pmid16944673>{{Cite journal|author=Szollosi I, Roebuck T, Thompson B, Naughton MT |title=Lateral sleeping position reduces severity of central sleep apnea / Cheyne-Stokes respiration |journal=Sleep |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=1045–51 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16944673 |url=http://www.journalsleep.org/ViewAbstract.aspx?pid=26613}}</ref> largely because the gravitational component is smaller in the lateral position. Some people benefit from [[Mandibular advancement splint|various kinds of oral appliances]] to keep the airway open during sleep. [[Continuous positive airway pressure]] (CPAP) is the most effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnea.<ref>Vennelle M; White S; Riha RL; Mackay T; Engleman HM; Douglas NJ. Randomized controlled trial of variable-pressure versus fixed-pressure continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment for patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). SLEEP 2010;33(2):267-271.</ref> There are also surgical procedures to remove and tighten tissue and widen the airway.

As already mentioned, snoring is a common finding in people with this syndrome. Snoring is the turbulent sound of air moving through the back of the mouth, nose, and throat. Although not everyone who snores is experiencing difficulty breathing, snoring in combination with other conditions such as overweight and obesity has been found to be highly predictive of OSA risk.<ref name="snoring">{{Cite journal|author=Morris LG, Kleinberger A, Lee KC, Liberatore LA, Burschtin O |title=Rapid risk stratification for obstructive sleep apnea, based on snoring severity and body mass index |journal=Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery |volume=139 |issue=5 |pages=615–8 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=18984252 |doi=10.1016/j.otohns.2008.08.026}}</ref> The loudness of the snoring is not indicative of the severity of obstruction, however. If the upper airways are tremendously obstructed, there may not be enough air movement to make much sound. Even the loudest snoring does not mean that an individual has sleep apnea syndrome. The sign that is most suggestive of sleep apneas occurs when snoring ''stops''.

Other indicators include (but are not limited to): [[hypersomnolence]], obesity BMI >30, large neck circumference ({{Convert|16|in|abbr=on}} in women, {{Convert|17|in|abbr=on}} in men), enlarged tonsils and large tongue volume, [[micrognathia]], morning headaches, irritability/mood-swings/depression, learning and/or memory difficulties, and sexual dysfunction.

The term "sleep-disordered breathing" is commonly used in the U.S. to describe the full range of breathing problems during sleep in which not enough air reaches the lungs ([[hypopnea]] and apnea). Sleep-disordered breathing is associated with an increased risk of [[cardiovascular disease]], [[stroke]], [[high blood pressure]], [[arrhythmias]], [[diabetes]], and [[sleep deprived driving]] accidents.<ref name="Arrhythmias">{{Cite journal|author=Yan-fang S, Yu-ping W |title=Sleep-disordered breathing: impact on functional outcome of ischemic stroke patients |journal=Sleep Medicine |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=717–9 |year=2009 |month=August |pmid=19168390 |doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2008.08.006}}</ref><ref name="hypertension children">{{Cite journal|author=Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, ''et al.'' |title=Blood pressure associated with sleep-disordered breathing in a population sample of children |journal=Hypertension |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=841–6 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=18838624 |doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.116756}}</ref><ref name="stroke">{{Cite journal|author=Leung RS |title=Sleep-disordered breathing: autonomic mechanisms and arrhythmias |journal=Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=324–38 |year=2009 |pmid=19110134 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2008.06.002}}</ref><ref name="HBP">{{Cite journal|author=Silverberg DS, Iaina A, Oksenberg A |title=Treating obstructive sleep apnea improves essential hypertension and life |journal=American Family Physician |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=229–36 |year=2002 |month=January |pmid=11820487 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020115/229.html}}</ref> When high blood pressure is caused by OSA, it is distinctive in that, unlike most cases of high blood pressure (so-called [[essential hypertension]]), the readings do ''not'' drop significantly when the individual is sleeping.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grigg-Damberger M |title=Why a polysomnogram should become part of the diagnostic evaluation of stroke and transient ischemic attack |journal=Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=21–38 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16514349 |doi=10.1097/01.wnp.0000201077.44102.80}}</ref> [[Stroke]] is associated with obstructive sleep apnea.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Lichtman JH, Brass LM, Mohsenin V |title=Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=19 |pages=2034–41 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16282178 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa043104}}</ref>

In the June 27, 2008, edition of the journal ''Neuroscience Letters'', researchers revealed that people with OSA show tissue loss in brain regions that help store memory, thus linking OSA with memory loss.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kumar R, Birrer BV, Macey PM, ''et al.'' |title=Reduced mammillary body volume in patients with obstructive sleep apnea |journal=Neuroscience Letters |volume=438 |issue=3 |pages=330–4 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18486338 |doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.071}}</ref> Using [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), the scientists discovered that sleep apnea patients' [[mammillary bodies]] were nearly 20 percent smaller, particularly on the left side. One of the key investigators hypothesized that repeated drops in oxygen lead to the brain injury.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kumar R, Birrer BV, Macey PM, ''et al.'' |title=Reduced mammillary body volume in patients with obstructive sleep apnea |journal=Neuroscience Letters |volume=438 |issue=3 |pages=330–4 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18486338 |doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.071 |laysummary=http://newswise.com/articles/view/541519/ |laysource=Newswise |laydate={{Date|2008-06-06|mdy}}}}</ref>

===Central sleep apnea===
{{Refimprove|date=May 2010}}
{{Main|Central sleep apnea}}
In pure central sleep apnea or [[Cheyne-Stokes respiration]], the brain's respiratory control centers are imbalanced during sleep. Blood levels of carbon dioxide, and the neurological feedback mechanism that monitors them, do not react quickly enough to maintain an even respiratory rate, with the entire system cycling between apnea and hyperpnea, even during wakefulness. The sleeper stops breathing and then starts again. There is no effort made to breathe during the pause in breathing: there are no chest movements and no struggling. After the episode of apnea, breathing may be faster (hyperpnea) for a period of time, a compensatory mechanism to blow off retained waste gases and absorb more oxygen.

While sleeping, a normal individual is "at rest" as far as cardiovascular workload is concerned. Breathing is regular in a healthy person during sleep, and oxygen levels and carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream stay fairly constant. The respiratory drive is so strong that even conscious efforts to hold one's breath do not overcome it. Any sudden drop in oxygen or excess of carbon dioxide (even if tiny) strongly stimulates the brain's respiratory centers to breathe.

In central sleep apnea, the basic neurological controls for breathing rate malfunction and fail to give the signal to inhale, causing the individual to miss one or more cycles of breathing. If the pause in breathing is long enough, the percentage of oxygen in the circulation will drop to a lower than normal level ([[hypoxaemia]]) and the concentration of carbon dioxide will build to a higher than normal level ([[hypercapnia]]). In turn, these conditions of [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] and [[hypercapnia]] will trigger ''additional'' effects on the body. Brain cells need constant oxygen to live, and if the level of blood oxygen goes low enough for long enough, the consequences of brain damage and even death will occur. Fortunately, central sleep apnea is more often a chronic condition that causes much milder effects than sudden death. The exact effects of the condition will depend on how severe the apnea is and on the individual characteristics of the person having the apnea. Several examples are discussed below, and more about the nature of the condition is presented in the section on Clinical Details.

In any person, hypoxia and hypercapnia have certain common effects on the body. The heart rate will increase, unless there are such severe co-existing problems with the heart muscle itself or the autonomic nervous system that makes this compensatory increase impossible. The more translucent areas of the body will show a bluish or dusky cast from [[cyanosis]], which is the change in hue that occurs owing to lack of oxygen in the blood ("turning blue"). Overdoses of drugs that are respiratory depressants (such as heroin, and other opiates) kill by damping the activity of the brain's respiratory control centers. In central sleep apnea, the effects of sleep ''alone'' can remove the brain's mandate for the body to breathe.

* Normal Respiratory Drive: After exhalation, the blood level of oxygen decreases and that of carbon dioxide increases. Exchange of gases with a lungful of fresh air is necessary to replenish oxygen and rid the bloodstream of built-up carbon dioxide. Oxygen and carbon dioxide receptors in the blood stream (called [[chemoreceptors]]) send nerve impulses to the brain, which then signals reflex opening of the [[larynx]] (so that the opening between the vocal cords enlarges) and movements of the rib cage muscles and [[Diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]]. These muscles expand the [[Human thorax|thorax]] (chest cavity) so that a partial vacuum is made within the lungs and air rushes in to fill it.
* Physiologic effects of central apnea: During central apneas, the central respiratory drive is absent, and the brain does ''not'' respond to changing blood levels of the respiratory gases. No breath is taken despite the normal signals to inhale. The immediate effects of central sleep apnea on the body depend on how long the failure to breathe endures. At worst, central sleep apnea may cause sudden death. Short of death, drops in blood oxygen may trigger [[seizure]]s, even in the absence of [[epilepsy]]. In people ''with'' epilepsy, the hypoxia caused by apnea may trigger seizures that had previously been well controlled by medications {{Verify source|date=May 2010}}. In other words, a seizure disorder may become unstable in the presence of sleep apnea. In adults with [[coronary artery disease]], a severe drop in blood oxygen level can cause [[angina]], [[arrhythmia]]s, or heart attacks ([[myocardial infarction]]). Longstanding recurrent episodes of apnea, over months and years, may cause an increase in carbon dioxide levels that can change the pH of the blood enough to cause a [[metabolic acidosis]].
It also causes a slight struggling that the person is not aware of. If not recognized by anyone awake it may lead to death, or any other problems. This is similar to an asthma attack but not quite the same -- it gives you a feeling as if you are being strangled by someone.

===Mixed apnea and complex sleep apnea===
Some people with sleep apnea have a combination of both types. When obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is severe and longstanding, episodes of central apnea sometimes develop. The exact mechanism of the loss of central respiratory drive during sleep in OSA is unknown but is most commonly related to acid-base and CO2 feedback malfunctions stemming from [[heart failure]]. There is a constellation of diseases and symptoms relating to body mass, cardiovascular, respiratory, and occasionally, neurological dysfunction that have a synergistic effect in sleep-disordered breathing. In some cases, a side effect from the lack of sleep is a mild case of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) where the subject has had minimal sleep and this extreme fatigue over time takes its toll on the subject. The presence of central sleep apnea without an obstructive component is a common result of chronic [[opiate]] use (or abuse) owing to the characteristic respiratory depression caused by large doses of narcotics.

Complex sleep apnea has recently been described by researchers as a novel presentation of sleep apnea.{{Dubious|date=May 2010}} Patients with complex sleep apnea exhibit OSA, but upon application of positive airway pressure the patient exhibits persistent central sleep apnea. This central apnea is most commonly noted while on CPAP therapy after the obstructive component has been eliminated. This has long been seen in sleep laboratories and has historically been managed either by CPAP or BiLevel therapy. Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) modes of therapy have been introduced to attempt to manage this complex sleep apnea. Studies have demonstrated marginally superior performance of the adaptive servo ventilators in treating Cheyne-Stokes breathing; however, no longitudinal studies have yet been published, nor have any results been generated that suggest any differential outcomes versus standard CPAP therapy. At the AARC 2006 in Las Vegas, NV, researchers reported successful treatment of hundreds of patients on ASV therapy; however, these results have not been reported in peer-reviewed publications {{As of|2007|7|lc=on}}.

An important finding by Dernaika et al. suggests that transient central apnea produced during CPAP titration (the so-called "complex sleep apnea") is "…transient and self-limited."<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dernaika T, Tawk M, Nazir S, Younis W, Kinasewitz GT |title=The significance and outcome of continuous positive airway pressure-related central sleep apnea during split-night sleep studies |journal=Chest |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=81–7 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17475636 |doi=10.1378/chest.06-2562}}</ref> The central apneas may in fact be secondary to sleep fragmentation during the titration process. {{As of|2007|7}}, there has been no alternate convincing evidence produced that these central sleep apnea events associated with CPAP therapy for obstructive sleep apnea are of any significant pathophysiologic importance.{{Update after|2010|09|15|date=October 2010}}

Research is ongoing, however, at the Harvard Medical School, including adding dead space to positive airway pressure for treatment of complex sleep-disordered breathing.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thomas RJ |title=Effect of added dead space to positive airway pressure for treatment of complex sleep-disordered breathing |journal=Sleep Medicine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=177–8 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15716223 |doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2004.11.004}}</ref>

==Treatment==

Treatment often starts with behavioral therapy. For mild cases of sleep apnea, physicians often recommend sleeping on one's side, which can prevent the tongue and palate from falling backwards in the throat and blocking the airway. Many patients are told to avoid alcohol, sleeping pills, and other sedatives, which can relax throat muscles, contributing to the collapse of the airway at night.<ref name=SleepApneaTreatments />

For moderate to severe sleep apnea, the most common treatment is the use of a [[Positive airway pressure#Continuous pressure devices|continuous positive airway pressure]] (CPAP) or Automatic Positive Airway Pressure (APAP) device,<ref name=SleepApneaTreatments>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/SleepApnea/SleepApnea_Treatments.html |title=How Is Sleep Apnea Treated? |publisher=[[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]]}}</ref> which 'splints' the patient's airway open during sleep by means of a flow of pressurized air into the throat. The patient typically wears a plastic facial mask, which is connected by a flexible tube to a small bedside CPAP machine. The CPAP machine generates the required air pressure to keep the patient's airways open during sleep. Advanced models may warm or humidify the air and monitor the patient's breathing to ensure proper treatment. Although CPAP therapy is extremely effective in reducing apneas and less expensive than other treatments, some patients find it extremely uncomfortable. Many patients refuse to continue the therapy or fail to use their CPAP machines on a nightly basis.

In addition to CPAP, dentists specializing in sleep disorders can prescribe Oral Appliance Therapy (OAT). The oral appliance is a custom-made mouthpiece that shifts the lower jaw forward, opening up the airway. OAT is usually successful in patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Machado MA, Juliano L, Taga M, de Carvalho LB, do Prado LB, do Prado GF |title=Titratable mandibular repositioner appliances for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: are they an option? |journal=Sleep & Breathing |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=225–31 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=17440760 |doi=10.1007/s11325-007-0109-y}}</ref> OAT is a relatively new treatment option for sleep apnea in the United States, but it is much more common in Canada and Europe.

Several surgical procedures are used to treat sleep apnea, although they are normally a second line of treatment for those who reject CPAP treatment or are not helped by it. Surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea needs to be individualized in order to address all anatomical areas of obstruction. Often, correction of the nasal passages needs to be performed in addition to correction of the oropharynx passage. Septoplasty and turbinate surgery may improve the nasal airway. Tonsillectomy and [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]] (UPPP or UP3) are available to address pharyngeal obstruction. Base-of-tongue advancement by means of advancing the genial tubercle of the mandible may help with the lower pharynx. A myriad of other techniques is available, including hyoid bone myotomy and suspension and various radiofrequency technologies.

[[File:Cautérisation des parties molles - apnée du sommeil.svg|thumb|Illustration of surgery on the mouth and throat]]

Other surgery options may attempt to shrink or stiffen excess tissue in the mouth or throat; procedures done at either a doctor's office or a hospital. Small shots or other treatments, sometimes in a series, are used for shrinkage, while the insertion of a small piece of stiff plastic is used in the case of surgery whose goal is to stiffen tissues.<ref name=SleepApneaTreatments/>

The Pillar Procedure is a minimally invasive treatment for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. This procedure was FDA indicated in 2004. During this procedure, three to six+ dacron (the material used in permanent sutures) strips are inserted into the soft palate, using a modified syringe and local anesthetic. While the procedure was initially approved for the insertion of three "pillars" into the soft palate, it was found that there was a significant dosage response to more pillars, with appropriate candidates. After this brief and virtually painless outpatient operation, which usually lasts no more than 30 minutes, the soft palate is more rigid and snoring and sleep apnea can be reduced. This procedure addresses one of the most common causes of snoring and sleep apnea - vibration or collapse of the soft palate (the soft part of the roof of the mouth). If there are other factors contributing to snoring or sleep apnea, such as the nasal airway or an enlarged tongue, it will likely need to be combined with other treatments to be more effective.

Possibly owing to changes in pulmonary oxygen stores, sleeping on one's side (as opposed to on one's back) has been found to be helpful for central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSA-CSR).<ref name=pmid16944673/>

Medications like [[Acetazolamide]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=White DP, Zwillich CW, Pickett CK, Douglas NJ, Findley LJ, Weil JV |title=Central sleep apnea: Improvement with acetazolamide therapy |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=142 |issue=10 |pages=1816–9 |year=1982 |month=October |pmid=6812522 |doi = 10.1001/archinte.142.10.1816 |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/142/10/1816}}</ref><ref name=PsychToday>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/sleep-apnea |title=Sleep Apnea |work=Diagnosis Dictionary |publisher=[[Psychology Today]]}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2010}} lower blood [[pH]] and encourage respiration. Low doses of oxygen are also used as a treatment for hypoxia but are discouraged due to side effects.{{Dubious|date=May 2010}}<ref name=PsychToday />{{Failed verification|date=May 2010}}<ref name="pmid11181239">{{Cite journal|author=Mayos M, Hernández Plaza L, Farré A, Mota S, Sanchis J |title=[The effect of nocturnal oxygen therapy in patients with sleep apnea syndrome and chronic airflow limitation] |language=Spanish |journal=Archivos de Bronconeumología |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=65–8 |year=2001 |month=February |pmid=11181239 |url=http://www.elsevier.es/revistas/0300-2896/37/65}}</ref><ref name="pmid2609134">{{Cite journal|author=Breitenbücher A, Keller-Wossidlo H, Keller R |title=[Transtracheal oxygen therapy in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome] |language=German |journal=Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift |volume=119 |issue=46 |pages=1638–41 |year=1989 |month=November |pmid=2609134}}</ref>

===Surgery===
CPAP is the most consistently safe and effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnea, but it is not a cure. People are less likely to use it in the long term.<ref name='Hsu2003'>{{Cite journal|author=Hsu AA, Lo C |title=Continuous positive airway pressure therapy in sleep apnoea |journal=Respirology |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=447–54 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=14708553 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00494.x}}</ref> The Stanford Center for Excellence in Sleep Disorders Medicine achieved a 95% cure rate of sleep apnea patients by surgery.<ref name='Li1999'>{{Cite journal|author=Li KK, Riley RW, Powell NB, Troell R, Guilleminault C |title=Overview of phase II surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome |journal=Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal |volume=78 |issue=11 |pages=851, 854–7 |year=1999 |month=November |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/-a058062604 |pmid=10581838}}</ref> [[Maxillomandibular advancement]] (MMA) is considered the most effective surgery for sleep apnea patients,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prinsell JR |title=Maxillomandibular advancement surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=133 |issue=11 |pages=1489–97; quiz 1539–40 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12462692 |url=http://jada.ada.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12462692}}</ref> because it increases the posterior airway space (PAS).<ref name="Lye KW et al 2008 968-72">{{Cite journal|author=Lye KW, Waite PD, Meara D, Wang D |title=Quality of life evaluation of maxillomandibular advancement surgery for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea |journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=968–72 |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18423288 |doi=10.1016/j.joms.2007.11.031}}</ref> The main benefit of the operation is that the oxygen saturation in the arterial blood increases.<ref name="Lye KW et al 2008 968-72"/> In a study published in 2008, 93.3.% of surgery patients achieved an adequate quality of life based on the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ).<ref name="Lye KW et al 2008 968-72"/> Surgery led to a significant increase in general productivity, social outcome, activity level, vigilance, intimacy and sex.<ref name="Lye KW et al 2008 968-72"/> Overall risks of MMA surgery are low: The Stanford University Sleep Disorders Center found 4 failures in a series of 177 patients, or about one out of 44 patients.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Li KK, Powell NB, Riley RW, Troell RJ, Guilleminault C |title=Long-Term Results of Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery |journal=Sleep & Breathing |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=137–140 |year=2000 |pmid=11868133 |doi=10.1007/s11325-000-0137-3}}</ref> However, health professionals are often unsure as to who should be referred for surgery and when to do so: some factors in referral may include failed use of CPAP or device use; anatomy which favors rather than impeding surgery; or significant craniofacial abnormalities which hinder device use.<ref name="auspre01">{{cite journal |author=MacKay, Stuart |title=Treatments for snoring in adults |journal=Australian Prescriber |issue=34 |pages=77–79 |year=2011 |month=June |url=http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/34/3/77/9 }}</ref>

{{Ref improve section|date=July 2009}}
Several inpatient and outpatient procedures use sedation. Many drugs and agents used during surgery to relieve pain and to depress consciousness remain in the body at low amounts for hours or even days afterwards. In an individual with either central, obstructive or mixed sleep apnea, these low doses may be enough to cause life-threatening irregularities in breathing or collapses in a patient’s airways.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=T. Scott |last1=Johnson |first2=William A. |last2=Broughton |first3=Jerry |last3=Halberstadt |title=Sleep Apnea-The Phantom of the Night: Overcome Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Win Your Hidden Struggle to Breathe, Sleep, and Live |publisher=New Technology Publishing |location= |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=978-1-882431-05-2}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Use of analgesics and sedatives in these patients postoperatively should therefore be minimized or avoided.

Surgery on the mouth and throat, as well as dental surgery and procedures, can result in postoperative swelling of the lining of the mouth and other areas that affect the airway. Even when the surgical procedure is designed to improve the airway, such as tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or tongue reduction, swelling may negate some of the effects in the immediate postoperative period. Once the swelling resolves and the palate becomes tightened by postoperative scarring, however, the full benefit of the surgery may be noticed.

Sleep apnea patients undergoing any medical treatment must make sure his or her doctor and/or anesthetist are informed about their condition. Alternate and emergency procedures may be necessary to maintain the airway of sleep apnea patients.<ref>http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/SleepApnea/SleepApnea_LivingWith.html</ref> If an individual suspects he or she may have sleep apnea, communication with their doctor about possible preprocedure screening may be in order.

===Alternative treatments===
A 2005 study in the British Medical Journal found that learning and practicing the [[didgeridoo]] helped reduce snoring and sleep apnea as well as daytime sleepiness. This appears to work by strengthening muscles in the upper airway, thus reducing their tendency to collapse during sleep.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Puhan MA, Suarez A, Lo Cascio C, Zahn A, Heitz M, Braendli O |title=Didgeridoo playing as alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: randomised controlled trial |journal=BMJ |volume=332 |issue=7536 |pages=266–70 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16377643 |pmc=1360393 |doi=10.1136/bmj.38705.470590.55}}</ref>

Other studies have also suggested that strengthening the muscles around the upper airway may combat sleep apnea. A 2009 study published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Clinical Care Medicine found that patients who practiced a series of tongue and throat exercises for 30 minutes a day showed a marked decline in sleep apnea symptoms after three months. Patients experienced an average of 39% fewer apnea episodes after successfully completing the treatments.<ref>
Kátia C. Guimarães, Luciano F. Drager, Pedro R. Genta, Bianca F. Marcondes and Geraldo Lorenzi-Filho Effects of Oropharyngeal Exercises on Patients with Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 179. pp. 962-966, (2009) </ref>

==Epidemiology==
The Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study estimated in 1993 that roughly one in every 15 Americans were affected by at least moderate sleep apnea.<ref name="pmid8464434" /><ref name="pmid19690624" /> It also estimated that in middle-age as many as nine percent of women and 24 percent of men were affected, undiagnosed and untreated.<ref name="pmid8464434">{{Cite journal|author=Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S |title=The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=328 |issue=17 |pages=1230–5 |year=1993 |month=April |pmid=8464434 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199304293281704}}</ref><ref name="pmid19690624">{{Cite journal|author=Lee W, Nagubadi S, Kryger MH, Mokhlesi B |title=Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population-based perspective |journal=Expert Rev Respir Med |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=349–64 |date=June 1, 2008 |pmid=19690624 |pmc=2727690 |doi=10.1586/17476348.2.3.349}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Young T, Peppard PE, Gottlieb DJ |title=Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population health perspective |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=165 |issue=9 |pages=1217–39 |year=2002 |month=May |pmid=11991871 |doi=10.1164/rccm.2109080}}</ref>

The costs of untreated sleep apnea reach further than just health issues. It is estimated that in the U.S. the average untreated sleep apnea patient's annual health care costs $1,336 more than an individual without sleep apnea. This may cause $3.4 billion/year in additional medical costs. Whether medical cost savings occur with treatment of sleep apnea remains to be determined.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kapur V, Blough DK, Sandblom RE, ''et al.'' |title=The medical cost of undiagnosed sleep apnea |journal=Sleep |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=749–55 |year=1999 |month=September |pmid=10505820 |url=http://www.journalsleep.org/ViewAbstract.aspx?pid=24161}}</ref>

==History==
The clinical picture of this condition has long been recognized as a character trait, without an understanding of the disease process. The term "[[Pickwickian syndrome]]" that is sometimes used for the syndrome was coined by the famous early 20th century physician, [[William Osler]], who must have been a reader of [[Charles Dickens]]. The description of Joe, "the fat boy" in Dickens's novel ''[[The Pickwick Papers]]'', is an accurate clinical picture of an adult with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

The early reports of obstructive sleep apnea in the medical literature described individuals who were very severely affected, often presenting with severe [[hypoxemia]], [[hypercapnia]] and [[congestive heart failure]].

The management of obstructive sleep apnea was revolutionized with the introduction of [[continuous positive airway pressure]] (CPAP), first described in 1981 by Colin Sullivan and associates in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sullivan CE, Issa FG, Berthon-Jones M, Eves L. |title=Reversal of obstructive sleep apnoea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=8225 |pages=862–5 |year=1981|month=April |pmid= 6112294 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6112294 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92140-1}}</ref> The first models were bulky and noisy, but the design was rapidly improved and by the late 1980s CPAP was widely adopted. The availability of an effective treatment stimulated an aggressive search for affected individuals and led to the establishment of hundreds of specialized clinics dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of [[sleep disorders]]. Though many types of sleep problems are recognized, the vast majority of patients attending these centers have sleep-disordered breathing.

==See also==
* [[Catathrenia]]
* [[Deviated septum]]
* [[Marfan syndrome]]
* [[Narcolepsy]]
* [[Obesity hypoventilation syndrome]]
* [[Ondine's curse]]
* [[Sleep medicine]]
* [[Snoring]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===General references===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Kalra M, Chakraborty R |title=Genetic susceptibility to obstructive sleep apnea in the obese child |journal=Sleep Medicine |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=169–75 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17275401 |doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2006.09.003}}
* {{Cite journal|author= |title=Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. The Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force |journal=Sleep |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=667–89 |year=1999 |month=August |pmid=10450601}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Bell RB, Turvey TA |title=Skeletal advancement for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children |journal=The Cleft Palate-craniofacial Journal |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=147–54 |year=2001 |month=March |pmid=11294542 |doi=10.1597/1545-1569(2001)038<0147:SAFTTO>2.0.CO;2}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Caples SM, Gami AS, Somers VK |title=Obstructive sleep apnea |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=187–97 |year=2005 |month=February |pmid=15684207 |doi=10.1001/archinte.142.1.187}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Cohen MM, Kreiborg S |title=Upper and lower airway compromise in the Apert syndrome |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=90–3 |year=1992 |month=September |pmid=1519659 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320440121}}
* {{Cite journal|author=de Miguel-Díez J, Villa-Asensi JR, Alvarez-Sala JL |title=Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in children with Down syndrome: polygraphic findings in 108 children |journal=Sleep |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1006–9 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=14746382}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Mathur R, Douglas NJ |title=Relation between sudden infant death syndrome and adult sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome |journal=Lancet |volume=344 |issue=8925 |pages=819–20 |year=1994 |month=September |pmid=7916096 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92375-2}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Mortimore IL, Douglas NJ |title=Palatal muscle EMG response to negative pressure in awake sleep apneic and control subjects |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=156 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=867–73 |year=1997 |month=September |pmid=9310006 |url=http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9310006}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Perkins JA, Sie KC, Milczuk H, Richardson MA |title=Airway management in children with craniofacial anomalies |journal=The Cleft Palate-craniofacial Journal |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=135–40 |year=1997 |month=March |pmid=9138508 |doi=10.1597/1545-1569(1997)034<0135:AMICWC>2.3.CO;2}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Sculerati N, Gottlieb MD, Zimbler MS, Chibbaro PD, McCarthy JG |title=Airway management in children with major craniofacial anomalies |journal=The Laryngoscope |volume=108 |issue=12 |pages=1806–12 |year=1998 |month=December |pmid=9851495 |doi=10.1097/00005537-199812000-00008}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Shepard JW, Thawley SE |title=Localization of upper airway collapse during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea |journal=The American Review of Respiratory Disease |volume=141 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=1350–5 |year=1990 |month=May |pmid=2339852}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Sher AE |title=Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a complex disorder of the upper airway |journal=Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=593–608 |year=1990 |month=August |pmid=2199896}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Shott SR, Amin R, Chini B, Heubi C, Hotze S, Akers R |title=Obstructive sleep apnea: Should all children with Down syndrome be tested? |journal=Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery |volume=132 |issue=4 |pages=432–6 |year=2006 |month=April |pmid=16618913 |doi=10.1001/archotol.132.4.432}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Shouldice RB, O'Brien LM, O'Brien C, de Chazal P, Gozal D, Heneghan C |title=Detection of obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric subjects using surface lead electrocardiogram features |journal=Sleep |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=784–92 |year=2004 |month=June |pmid=15283015}}
* {{Cite book|first1=Thomas E. |last1=Andreoli |first2=Russell La Fayette |last2=Cecil |first3=Charles C. J. |last3=Carpenter |first4=Robert C. |last4=Griggs |first5=Joseph |last5=Loscalzo |chapter=Disordered Breathing |title=Cecil essentials of medicine |publisher=W.B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2001 |pages=210–211 |isbn=978-0-7216-8179-5}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Strollo PJ, Rogers RM |title=Obstructive sleep apnea |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=334 |issue=2 |pages=99–104 |year=1996 |month=January |pmid=8531966 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199601113340207}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Sullivan CE, Issa FG, Berthon-Jones M, Eves L |title=Reversal of obstructive sleep apnoea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=8225 |pages=862–5 |year=1981 |month=April |pmid=6112294 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92140-1}}
*In May 2011, the [[Special English|VOA Special English]] service of the [[Voice of America]] broadcast a program on sleep apnea. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at [http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/health/Why-Sleep-Apnea-Raises-Risk-of-Stroke-Heart-Attack-121192474.html Why Sleep Apnea Raises Risk of Stroke, Heart Attack].

{{refend}}

==External links==

{{dmoz|Sleep apnea}}

{{Diseases of the nervous system}}
{{SleepSeries2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sleep Apnea}}
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category:Sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Sleep physiology]]
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]

[[ca:Apnea del son]]
[[da:Søvnapnø]]
[[de:Schlafapnoe-Syndrom]]
[[et:Uneapnoe]]
[[el:Άπνοια ύπνου]]
[[es:Síndrome de apnea-hipopnea durante el sueño]]
[[eo:Dormapneo]]
[[eu:Loaren apnearen sindrome]]
[[fr:Syndrome d'apnées du sommeil]]
[[id:Apnea tidur]]
[[is:Kæfisvefn]]
[[it:Sindrome delle apnee nel sonno]]
[[he:דום נשימה בשינה]]
[[ml:കൂര്‍ക്കം വലി]]
[[nl:Slaapapneu]]
[[ja:睡眠時無呼吸症候群]]
[[no:Søvnapné]]
[[nn:Søvnapné]]
[[pl:Zespół bezdechu śródsennego]]
[[pt:Apnéia de sono]]
[[ru:Апноэ во сне]]
[[simple:Sleep apnea]]
[[fi:Uniapnea]]
[[sv:Sömnapné]]
[[te:స్లీప్ అప్నియా]]
[[tr:Uyku Apnesi]]
[[uk:Апное уві сні]]
[[zh-yue:睡眠窒息症]]
[[zh:睡眠呼吸暂停]]