Pinguin-Pullover

2011-10-20T15:49:57Z

131.107.0.87: Added more current information, tidied punctuation a bit.

'''Penguin sweaters''', also known as '''penguin jumpers''',<ref>{{cite news |title= Woolly Jumpers for Oiled Penguins |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/wear/6367787.stm|work= BBC|publisher= |date= 16 February 3--7|accessdate=17 July 2009}}</ref> are [[sweater]]s which are knitted for [[penguin]]s that have been caught in [[oil slick]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartman |first=Holly |title=Penguin sweaters: Cozy tops give small birds a chance|url=http://www.factmonster.com/spot/penguinsweater.html |accessdate=2008-04-25}}</ref> When an [[oil spill]] affects penguins, they are dressed in knitted sweaters to stop them [[preening]] their feathers and to keep them warm, since the spilled oil destroys their natural oils. This also prevents them from poisoning themselves by ingesting the oil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Penguin jumpers mercy flight |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1809573.stm |accessdate=2008-04-25 | work=BBC News | date=2002-02-08}}</ref> The sweaters are removed and discarded as soon as the penguins can be washed. The original project has been completed, but the knitting pattern is still available on-line,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tct.org.au/jumper.htm|title=Penguin Conservation in Tasmania |author= Tasmanian Conservation Trust
|date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> as subsequent oil spills make it necessary.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/234842/20111020/penguin-sweaters-oil-spills.htm|title=Penguin Sweaters Help Those Affected by Oil Spills|author= International Business Times Staff Reporter
|date=20 October 2011 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=20 October 2011}}</ref> The extra sweaters are kept on behalf of the Wildlife Rescue Team.<ref>{{cite web |url=
http://theyarnkitchen.blogspot.com/2011/10/we-have-critical-mass.html|title=The Yarn Kitchen: We have Critical Mass|author= Buscke|date=17 October 2011|work= |publisher= |accessdate=20 October 2011}}</ref>

A similar penguin [[wetsuit]] has been made for a penguin who lost his feathers.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7367227.stm BBC video]</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dabbler.ca/found-items/found-items-pierre-the-penguin-gets-a-wet-suit-20080428/
|title=Found Items: Pierre the Penguin's Wetsuit |author= |date= 28 April 2008|work= |publisher= Dabbler.ca|accessdate=13 April 2010}}
</ref>

Similar garments are being made for battery chicken rehabilitation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Leslie |first=Robert |title=In from the cold: chilly chickens given a winter warmer |format=BBC article with video links |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/kent/content/articles/2008/01/29/chickens_video_feature.shtml |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*Lyrics to the [[James Gordon (Canadian musician)|James Gordon]] song, ''[[Sweaters for Penguins]]'' [http://www.sentex.net/~gormorse/MoreBasicBlackLyrics.html]

[[Category:Oil spill remediation technologies]]
[[Category:Protective gear]]
[[Category:Sweaters]]
[[Category:Penguins]]

{{ornithology-stub}}

[[ar:كنزة البطريق]]

Zimtfarn

2010-04-06T18:31:54Z

131.107.0.87: /* Classification */ Expanding 'fossil' link to 'living fossil

{{Taxobox
| name = ''Osmundastrum cinnamomeum''
| image = Cinnamon Fern Osmunda cinnamomea Plant 2000px.JPG
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Sterile fronds in late summer
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Osmundopsida]]
| ordo = [[Osmundales]]
| familia = [[Osmundaceae]]
| genus = '''''Osmundastrum'''''
| species = '''''O. cinnamomeum'''''
| binomial = ''Osmundastrum cinnamomeum''
| binomial_authority = ([[Linnaeus|L.]]) [[C. Presl]]
}}
{{italic title}}

'''''Cinnamon Fern''''' (''Osmundastrum cinnamomeum''), is a species of [[eusporangiate]] [[fern]] in the family '''[[Osmundaceae]]'''. It is native to the [[Americas]] and eastern [[Asia]], growing in swamps, bogs and moist woodlands.

[[Image:Cinnamon Fern Osmunda cinnamomea Closeup 3008px.JPG|left|thumb|Close-up of the pinnae of a sterile frond]]
In [[North America]] it occurs from southern [[Labrador]] west to [[Ontario]], and south through the [[Eastern United States|eastern]] [[United States]] to eastern [[Mexico]] and the [[West Indies]]; in [[South America]] it occurs west to [[Peru]] and south to [[Paraguay]]. In Asia it occurs from southeastern [[Siberia]] south through [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[China]] and [[Taiwan]] to [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]].

===Characteristics===

It is a [[deciduous]] [[herbaceous]] plant which produces separate fertile and sterile [[frond]]s. The sterile fronds are spreading, 30-150 cm tall and 15-20 cm broad, pinnate, with pinnae 5-10 cm long and 2-2.5 cm broad, deeply lobed (so the fronds are nearly, but not quite, bipinnate). The fertile [[spore]]-bearing fronds are erect and shorter, 20-45 cm tall; they become [[cinnamon]]-colored, which gives the species its name. The fertile leaves appear first; their green color slowly becomes brown as the season progresses and the spores are dropped. The spore-bearing stems persist after the sterile fronds are killed by frost, until the next season. The spores must develop within a few weeks or fail.

This fern forms huge clonal colonies in [[swamp]]y areas. These ferns form massive rootstocks with densely-matted, wiry roots. This root mass is an excellent substrate for many [[Epiphyte|epiphytal]] plants. They are often harvested as [[osmunda fiber]] and used [[Horticulture|horticulturally]], especially in propagating and growing [[orchid]]s. Cinnamon Ferns do not actually produce cinnamon.

==Classification==
Traditionally, this plant has been classified as ''Osmunda cinnamomea'' [[Linnaeus|L.]]. However, recent genetic and morphological evidence (Metzgar et al. 2008; Jud et al. 2008) clearly demonstrate that the cinnamon fern is a sister species to the entire rest of the living '''[[Osmundaceae]]'''. [[Cladistics|Cladistically]], it is either necessary then to include all species of the Osmundaceae, including ''[[Todea]]'' and ''[[Leptopteris]]'' in the genus ''[[Osmunda]]'', or else it is necessary to segregate the genus ''Osmundastrum''. ''O. cinnamomeum'' is the sole living species in the genus,<ref name="weakley">{{cite web | url = http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm | title = Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas | author = Alan S. Weakley | date = April 2008 }}</ref> although it is possible that some additional fossils should be assigned to ''Osmundastrum''.<ref name="jud">{{citation | author = Jud, Nathan, Gar W. Rothwell, and Ruth A. Stockey | year = 2008 | title = ''Todea'' from the Lower Cretaceous of western North America: implications for the phylogeny, systematics, and evolution of modern Osmundaceae | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 95 | pages = 330–339 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.95.3.330 }}</ref>

Formerly, some authors included the interrupted fern, ''[[Osmunda claytoniana]]'', in the genus or section ''Osmundastrum'', because of its gross apparent morphological similarities. However, detailed morphology and genetic analysis have proven that the interrupted fern is actually a true ''Osmunda''. This is borne out by the fact that it is known to hybridize with the royal fern, ''[[Osmunda regalis]]'' to produce ''Osmunda × ruggii'' in a family in which hybrids are rare, while ''Osmundastrum cinnamomeum'' has no known hybrids.

''O. cinnamomeum'' is considered a [[living fossil]] because it has been identified in the geologic record as far back as 75 million years ago.<ref name="jud"/>

The Asian and American populations of cinnamon fern are generally considered to be [[variety (botany)|varieties]] of a single species, but some botanists classify them as separate species.<ref name="weakley"/>

[[Image:cinnamon fern.jpg|thumb|A large cinnamon fern outcropping.]]

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
*Metzgar, Jordan S., Judith E. Skog, Elizabeth A. Zimmer, and Kathleen M. Pryer (2008). "The Paraphyly of ''Osmunda'' is Confirmed by Phylogenetic Analyses of Seven Plastid Loci." <u>Systematic Botany</u>, 33(1): pp. 31–36.
*Serbet, Rudolf, and Gar W. Rothwell (1999). "''Osmunda cinnamomea'' (Osmundaceae) in the Upper Cretaceous of western North America: Additional evidence for exceptional species longevity among filicalean ferns." <u>International Journal of Plant Sciences</u>, 160: 425-433.

==External links==
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?402103 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Osmunda cinnamomea'']
*{{ITIS | ID = 17219 | taxon = Osmunda cinnamomea | year = 2006 | date = September 25 }}
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200002992 Flora of North America: ''Osmunda cinnamomea'']
*[http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=5109&flora_id=1 Flora of N.Amer-RangeMap: ''Osmunda cinnamomea'']
*[http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/udth/bin/fot1.exe/browse?bid=1&page=82 Flora of Taiwan: ''Osmunda cinnamomea'']
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=OSCI USDA database information]
*[http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/ferns/osmundacinn.html Description/picture]

[[Category:Osmundales]]
[[Category:Fern species]]
[[Category:Flora of Eastern Canada]]
[[Category:Flora of Alabama]]
[[Category:Flora of Florida]]
[[Category:Flora of Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Flora of Illinois]]
[[Category:Flora of Indiana]]
[[Category:Flora of Kentucky]]
[[Category:Flora of Maryland]]
[[Category:Flora of New Jersey]]
[[Category:Flora of New York]]
[[Category:Flora of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Flora of Ohio]]
[[Category:Flora of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Flora of South Carolina]]
[[Category:Flora of Tennessee]]
[[Category:Flora of Virginia]]
[[Category:Flora of West Virginia]]

[[no:Kanelbregneslekten]]

Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Pinguin-Pullover

Zimtfarn