https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=130.246.132.26Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]2025-06-24T20:03:22ZBenutzerbeiträgeMediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.6https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNS_spoofing&diff=217390813DNS spoofing2009-11-13T13:29:34Z<p>130.246.132.26: remove references to wikipedia</p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[DNS cache]] poisoning''' is a maliciously created or unintended situation that provides data to a caching [[name server]] that did not originate from authoritative [[Domain Name System]] (DNS) sources. This can happen through improper software design, misconfiguration of name servers, and maliciously designed scenarios exploiting the traditionally open-architecture of the DNS system. Once a DNS server has received such non-authentic data and caches it for future performance increase, it is considered ''poisoned'', supplying the non-authentic data to the clients of the server.<br />
<br />
A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an [[IP Address]] that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. If a DNS server is poisoned, it may return an incorrect IP Address, diverting traffic to another computer.<br />
<br />
==Cache poisoning attacks==<br />
Normally, a networked computer uses a DNS server provided by the computer user's organization or an [[Internet service provider]] (ISP). DNS servers are generally deployed in an organization's network to improve resolution response performance by caching previously obtained query results. Poisoning attacks on a single DNS server can affect the users serviced directly by the compromised server or indirectly by its downstream server(s) if applicable.<br />
<br />
To perform a cache poisoning attack, the attacker exploits a flaw in the DNS software. If the server does not correctly validate DNS responses to ensure that they are from an authoritative source, the server will end up caching the incorrect entries locally and serve them to other users that make the same request.<br />
<br />
This technique can be used to direct users of a website to another site, by the attacker's choosing. For example, an attacker spoofs the IP address DNS entries for a target website on a given DNS server, replacing them with the IP address of a server he controls. He then creates files on the server they control with names matching those on the target server. These files could contain [[malicious]] content, such as a [[computer worm]] or a [[computer virus]]. A user whose computer has referenced the poisoned DNS server would be tricked into accepting content coming from a non-authentic server and unknowingly download malicious content.<br />
<br />
[[China]] has been accused of engaging in DNS poisoning, as part of the [[Golden Shield Project]], for particular sites or networks which violate the policies under which the project operates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adsale.com.hk/tw/iframe/anews-s3-n4.asp |title=China's 31 provincial and municipal leaders gathered in Golden Shield Project |date=[[2002]] [[December 19]] |accessdate=2008-08-18 |language=Chinese}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Variants==<br />
In the following variants, the entries for the server <tt>ns.target[[.example]]</tt> would be poisoned and redirected to the attacker's nameserver at IP address <tt>w.x.y.z</tt>. These attacks assume that the nameserver for <tt>target.example</tt> is <tt>ns.target.example</tt>.<br />
<br />
To accomplish the attacks, the attacker must force the target DNS server to make a request for a domain controlled by one of the attacker's nameservers.<br />
<br />
===Redirect the target domain's nameserver===<br />
The first variant of DNS cache poisoning involves redirecting the nameserver of the attacker's domain to the nameserver of the target domain, then assigning that nameserver an IP address specified by the attacker.<br />
<br />
DNS server's request: what are the address records for <tt>subdomain.attacker.example</tt>?<br />
<br />
subdomain.attacker.example. IN A<br />
<br />
Attacker's response:<br />
<br />
Answer:<br />
(no response)<br />
<br />
Authority section:<br />
attacker.example. 3600 IN NS ns.target.example.<br />
<br />
Additional section:<br />
ns.target.example. IN A w.x.y.z<br />
<br />
A vulnerable server would cache the additional A-record (IP address) for <tt>ns.target.example</tt>, allowing the attacker to resolve queries to the entire <tt>target.example</tt> domain.<br />
<br />
===Redirect the NS record to another target domain===<br />
The second variant of DNS cache poisoning involves redirecting the nameserver of another domain unrelated to the original request to an IP address specified by the attacker.<br />
<br />
DNS server's request: what are the address records for <tt>subdomain.attacker.example</tt>?<br />
<br />
subdomain.attacker.example. IN A<br />
<br />
Attacker's response:<br />
<br />
Answer:<br />
(no response)<br />
<br />
Authority section:<br />
target.example. 3600 IN NS ns.attacker.example.<br />
<br />
Additional section:<br />
ns.attacker.example. IN A w.x.y.z<br />
<br />
A vulnerable server would cache the unrelated authority information for <tt>target.example</tt>'s NS-record (nameserver entry), allowing the attacker to resolve queries to the entire <tt>target.example</tt> domain.<br />
<br />
==Prevention and mitigation==<br />
Many cache poisoning attacks can be prevented on DNS servers by being less trusting of the information passed to them by other DNS servers, and ignoring any DNS records passed back which are not directly relevant to the query. For example, recent versions of [[BIND]] now perform these checks. As stated above, source port randomization for DNS requests, combined with the use of cryptographically-secure random numbers for selecting both the source port and the 16-bit [[cryptographic nonce]], can greatly reduce the probability of successful DNS race attacks.<br />
<br />
However routers, firewalls, proxies, and other gateway devices that perform [[network address translation]] (NAT), or more specifically, port address translation (PAT), often rewrite source ports in order to track connection state. When modifying source ports, PAT devices typically remove source port randomness implemented by nameservers and stub resolvers<br />
<br />
Secure DNS ([[DNSSEC]]) uses cryptographic electronic signatures signed with a trusted [[public key certificate]] to determine the authenticity of data. DNSSEC can counter cache poisoning attacks, but as of 2008 is not widely deployed.<br />
<br />
This kind of attack may also be mitigated at the [[Transport Layer]] or [[Application Layer]] to perform end-to-end validation once a connection is set up to an endpoint. A common example of this is the use of [[Transport Layer Security]] and [[digital signature]]s. For example, by using the secure version of [[HTTP]], [[HTTPS]], users may check whether the server's digital certificate is valid and belongs to a website's expected owner. Similarly, the [[Secure Shell]] remote login program checks digital certificates at endpoints (if known) before proceeding with the session. For applications that download updates automatically, the application can embed a copy of the signing certificate locally and validate the signature stored in the software update against the embedded certificate.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Root nameserver]]<br />
* [[Pharming]]<br />
* [[Mausezahn]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.trusteer.com/docs/bind9dns.html BIND 9 DNS Cache Poisoning - Discovered by Amit Klein (Trusteer)]<br />
* [http://www.scanit.be/advisory-2007-11-14.html Predictable transaction IDs in Microsoft DNS server allow cache poisoning]<br />
* [http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;241352 Microsoft Knowledge Base: How to prevent DNS cache pollution]<br />
* [http://isc.sans.org/diary.php?date=2005-04-07 SANS DNS cache poisoning update]<br />
* [http://www.dnssec.net/dns-threats.php DNS Threats & Weaknesses: research and presentations]<br />
* [http://www.hackernotcracker.com/2007-01/blocking-unwanted-domain-names-creative-usage-of-the-hosts-file.html Blocking Unwanted Domain Names] Creative Usage of the Hosts File<br />
*[http://member.dnsstuff.com/includes/ToolHandler.php?ToolFormName=vu800113 Dnsstuff.com's DNS Vulnerability Check] Test to see if you are Vulnerable<br />
*[http://www.security-database.com/toolswatch/PorkBind-1-2-Yet-another-Cache-DNS.html Security-Database Tools Watch] PorkBind Scanner for 13 DNS Flaws including the DNS Poisoning<br />
*[http://www.checkpoint.com/defense/advisories/public/dnsvideo/index.html Movie explaining DNS Cache Poisioning]<br />
*[http://www.unixwiz.net/techtips/iguide-kaminsky-dns-vuln.html An Illustrated Guide to the Kaminsky DNS Vulnerability]<br />
*[http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/800113#pat US CERT advisory : Multiple DNS implementations vulnerable to cache poisoning]<br />
*[http://www.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/16-12/ff_kaminsky Secret Geek A-Team Hacks Back, Defends Worldwide Web] An article about defending against DNS poisoning<br />
<br />
[[Category:Computer security exploits]]<br />
[[Category:Domain name system|Cache poisoning]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Cache Poisoning]]<br />
[[es:DNS Poisoning]]<br />
[[fr:Empoisonnement du cache DNS]]<br />
[[it:DNS cache poisoning]]<br />
[[hu:DNS cache poisoning]]<br />
[[ja:DNS偽装]]<br />
[[pl:Zatruwanie DNS]]<br />
[[zh:域名服務器緩存污染]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harwell_(Oxfordshire)&diff=91033055Harwell (Oxfordshire)2008-09-26T16:16:38Z<p>130.246.132.26: /* Airfield and Atomic Energy Research Establishment */ Updated current name of Harwell site to "Harwell Science and Innovation Campus"</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox UK place<br />
|official_name= Harwell<br />
|lieutenancy_england= [[Oxfordshire]]<br />
|region= South East England<br />
|country= England<br />
|latitude= 51.6<br />
|longitude= -1.29<br />
|post_town= [[Didcot|DIDCOT]]<br />
|postcode_area= OX<br />
|postcode_district= OX11<br />
|dial_code= +44-7971<br />
|shire_district= [[Vale of White Horse]]<br />
|shire_county = [[Oxfordshire]]<br />
|constituency_westminster= [[Wantage (UK Parliament constituency)|Wantage]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
'''Harwell''' is a large [[village]] and [[civil parish]] in the [[England|English]] county of [[Oxfordshire]] (formerly in [[Berkshire]]). It lies near [[The Ridgeway]] long-distance footpath, halfway between [[Abingdon, England|Abingdon, Oxfordshire]] and [[Newbury, Berkshire]] and two miles from [[Didcot]]. Harwell has a population of about 2,400.<br />
<br />
==Amenities==<br />
There are currently two [[public house]]s in the village, the White Hart and The Crispin. The two pubs are both located on the same corner of the High Street and back on to each other. Formerly there were five: The Crown is now a nursing home, while The Chequers and The Kicking Donkey have both been converted to private houses. <br />
<br />
The village supports two shops, Bobs the Butcher's and White Horse News (which doubles as an off licence). Two other general stores have closed in the village over the last 20 years, and the village bakery. At one point the village even had a brewery. This is now a private house and located opposite the White Hart public house.<br />
<br />
===St Matthew's Church===<br />
[[Image:St Matthews Church, Harwell.JPG|left|thumb|250px|St Matthew's Church in Harwell]]<br />
The village church is St Matthew's and is part of the [[Church of England]]. It was mainly built in the 13th century. It is a [[Grade 1 listed]] building and was formerly dedicated to St Mary. The nave roof dates from 1220, and the screen dividing the [[chancel]] from the body of the church also dates from the 13th century. The church is notable for the quality and age of the peal of 8 bells housed in the belfry, and 1 sanctus bell, all dating from 1611 to 1932. These are the oldest set of bells that are still in use in the World{{fact|date=June 2007}}. The tenor weighs 16 cwt. There is a single-handed clock on the tower's west face. In 1975, a two floor extension was built on the north wall which now contains a parish office. A new church hall was built in 1994.<br />
<br />
===Sport and leisure===<br />
There are a good number of clubs and societies in the village. These include an excellent Royal Legion, a lively Scout Group, an earnest Girls Brigade, a growing Horticultural Society, Harwell Feast Committee, [[Harwell Rugby Club]], Football clubs, and others.<br />
<br />
The Harwell Feast is a celebration held on the Monday of the May [[Bank Holiday]] each year. The celebrations include a parade of decorated floats and people through the village. The recreation ground is turned over to various fund raising stalls and demonstration from sheep dog handling to vintage cars. Either a cow or a couple of pigs is roasted to supply the meat for the feast.<br />
<br />
== Airfield and Atomic Energy Research Establishment ==<br />
Before 1946, Harwell was probably best known for its [[cherry]] orchards. In 1937, an airfield was built between Harwell and [[Chilton, Oxfordshire|Chilton]] and named [[RAF Harwell]]. The airfield was used during [[World War II]] to launch [[glider]]-borne troops for the [[Battle of Normandy|Normandy invasion]]. <br />
<br />
In 1946, this airfield was taken over to become the new [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment]], the main centre for [[atomic energy]] research in the UK, and become known as [[Harwell Laboratory]]. It was the site of Europe's first [[nuclear reactor]] in 1946, and once housed five nuclear reactors, all of which have been shut down. Two have been completely dismantled, and it is anticipated that the other three will be decommissioned by 2022.<br />
<br />
Other parts of the airfield were later used for other scientific organizations, including the [[Science and Technology Facilities Council]]'s [[Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]] which runs the [[ISIS neutron source]] and is part of the [[Diamond Light Source]] [[synchrotron]] joint venture. The Atomic Energy Research Establishment part of the airfield site is now officially called ''Harwell International Business Centre''; locally it is referred to as the "Site". The former airfield site as a whole is now known as the [[Harwell Science and Innovation Campus]].<br />
<br />
==Notable residents==<br />
*[[Christopher Elderfield]], 17th century divine and author<br />
*[[John Harewell]], 14th century [[Bishop of Bath and Wells]]<br />
*[[Klaus Fuchs]], [[nuclear]] [[Science|scientist]] and [[Communism|communist]] [[Espionage|spy]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.harwellparish.co.uk/ Harwell Village Parish Council website]<br />
* [http://www.parishes.oxford.anglican.org/harwell/ St. Matthew's Church website]<br />
* [http://www.berkshirehistory.com/villages/harwell.html Royal Berkshire History: Harwell]<br />
* [http://www.ukaea.org.uk/sites/harwell_site.shtml UKAEA Harwell]<br />
* [http://www.cclrc.ac.uk/ CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]<br />
* [http://www.diamond.ac.uk/ Diamond Light Source]<br />
* [http://www.harwell-rfc.com/ Harwell Rugby Club]<br />
{{Vale of White Horse}}<br />
[[Category:Places historically in Berkshire]]<br />
[[Category:Villages in Oxfordshire]]<br />
<br />
[[pl:Harwell]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harwell_(Oxfordshire)&diff=91033046Harwell (Oxfordshire)2008-08-01T12:00:38Z<p>130.246.132.26: /* Sport and leisure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox UK place<br />
|official_name= Harwell<br />
|lieutenancy_england= [[Oxfordshire]]<br />
|region= South East England<br />
|country= England<br />
|latitude= 51.6<br />
|longitude= -1.29<br />
|post_town= [[Didcot|DIDCOT]]<br />
|postcode_area= OX<br />
|postcode_district= OX11<br />
|dial_code= +44-7971<br />
|shire_district= [[Vale of White Horse]]<br />
|shire_county = [[Oxfordshire]]<br />
|constituency_westminster= [[Wantage (UK Parliament constituency)|Wantage]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
'''Harwell''' is a large [[village]] and [[civil parish]] in the [[England|English]] county of [[Oxfordshire]] (formerly in [[Berkshire]]). It lies near [[The Ridgeway]] long-distance footpath, halfway between [[Abingdon, England|Abingdon, Oxfordshire]] and [[Newbury, Berkshire]] and two miles from [[Didcot]]. Harwell has a population of about 2,400.<br />
<br />
==Amenities==<br />
There are currently two [[public house]]s in the village, the White Hart and The Crispin. The two pubs are both located on the same corner of the High Street and back on to each other. Formerly there were five: The Crown is now a nursing home, while The Chequers and The Kicking Donkey have both been converted to private houses. <br />
<br />
The village supports two shops, Bobs the Butcher's and White Horse News (which doubles as an off licence). Two other general stores have closed in the village over the last 20 years, and the village bakery. At one point the village even had a brewery. This is now a private house and located opposite the White Hart public house.<br />
<br />
===St Matthew's Church===<br />
[[Image:St Matthews Church, Harwell.JPG|left|thumb|250px|St Matthew's Church in Harwell]]<br />
The village church is St Matthew's and is part of the [[Church of England]]. It was mainly built in the 13th century. It is a [[Grade 1 listed]] building and was formerly dedicated to St Mary. The nave roof dates from 1220, and the screen dividing the [[chancel]] from the body of the church also dates from the 13th century. The church is notable for the quality and age of the peal of 8 bells housed in the belfry, and 1 sanctus bell, all dating from 1611 to 1932. These are the oldest set of bells that are still in use in the World{{fact|date=June 2007}}. The tenor weighs 16 cwt. There is a single-handed clock on the tower's west face. In 1975, a two floor extension was built on the north wall which now contains a parish office. A new church hall was built in 1994.<br />
<br />
===Sport and leisure===<br />
There are a good number of clubs and societies in the village. These include an excellent Royal Legion, a lively Scout Group, an earnest Girls Brigade, a growing Horticultural Society, Harwell Feast Committee, Harwell Rugby Club, Football clubs, and others.<br />
<br />
The Harwell Feast is a celebration held on the Monday of the May [[Bank Holiday]] each year. The celebrations include a parade of decorated floats and people through the village. The recreation ground is turned over to various fund raising stalls and demonstration from sheep dog handling to vintage cars. Either a cow or a couple of pigs is roasted to supply the meat for the feast.<br />
<br />
== Airfield and Atomic Energy Research Establishment ==<br />
Before 1946, Harwell was probably best known for its [[cherry]] orchards. In 1937, an airfield was built between Harwell and [[Chilton, Oxfordshire|Chilton]] and named [[RAF Harwell]]. The airfield was used during [[World War II]] to launch [[glider]]-borne troops for the [[Battle of Normandy|Normandy invasion]]. <br />
<br />
In 1946, this airfield was taken over to become the new [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment]], the main centre for [[atomic energy]] research in the UK, and become known as [[Harwell Laboratory]]. It was the site of Europe's first [[nuclear reactor]] in 1946, and once housed five nuclear reactors, all of which have been shut down. Two have been completely dismantled, and it is anticipated that the other three will be decommissioned by 2022.<br />
<br />
Other parts of the airfield were later used for other scientific organizations, including the [[Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]]. That part of the site is now known as ''Chilton/Harwell Science Campus'' and also houses the [[ISIS neutron source]] and the [[Diamond Light Source]] [[synchrotron]]. The Atomic Energy Research Establishment part of the airfield site is now officially called ''Harwell International Business Centre''; locally it is referred to as the "Site".<br />
<br />
==Notable residents==<br />
*[[Christopher Elderfield]], 17th century divine and author<br />
*[[John Harewell]], 14th century [[Bishop of Bath and Wells]]<br />
*[[Klaus Fuchs]], [[nuclear]] [[Science|scientist]] and [[Communism|communist]] [[Espionage|spy]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.harwellparish.co.uk/ Harwell Village Parish Council website]<br />
* [http://www.parishes.oxford.anglican.org/harwell/ St. Matthew's Church website]<br />
* [http://www.berkshirehistory.com/villages/harwell.html Royal Berkshire History: Harwell]<br />
* [http://www.ukaea.org.uk/harwell/ UKAEA Harwell]<br />
* [http://www.cclrc.ac.uk/ CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]<br />
* [http://www.diamond.ac.uk/ Diamond Light Source]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Places historically in Berkshire]]<br />
[[Category:Villages in Oxfordshire]]<br />
<br />
[[pl:Harwell]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harwell_(Oxfordshire)&diff=91033045Harwell (Oxfordshire)2008-08-01T11:58:36Z<p>130.246.132.26: /* Sport and leisure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox UK place<br />
|official_name= Harwell<br />
|lieutenancy_england= [[Oxfordshire]]<br />
|region= South East England<br />
|country= England<br />
|latitude= 51.6<br />
|longitude= -1.29<br />
|post_town= [[Didcot|DIDCOT]]<br />
|postcode_area= OX<br />
|postcode_district= OX11<br />
|dial_code= +44-7971<br />
|shire_district= [[Vale of White Horse]]<br />
|shire_county = [[Oxfordshire]]<br />
|constituency_westminster= [[Wantage (UK Parliament constituency)|Wantage]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
'''Harwell''' is a large [[village]] and [[civil parish]] in the [[England|English]] county of [[Oxfordshire]] (formerly in [[Berkshire]]). It lies near [[The Ridgeway]] long-distance footpath, halfway between [[Abingdon, England|Abingdon, Oxfordshire]] and [[Newbury, Berkshire]] and two miles from [[Didcot]]. Harwell has a population of about 2,400.<br />
<br />
==Amenities==<br />
There are currently two [[public house]]s in the village, the White Hart and The Crispin. The two pubs are both located on the same corner of the High Street and back on to each other. Formerly there were five: The Crown is now a nursing home, while The Chequers and The Kicking Donkey have both been converted to private houses. <br />
<br />
The village supports two shops, Bobs the Butcher's and White Horse News (which doubles as an off licence). Two other general stores have closed in the village over the last 20 years, and the village bakery. At one point the village even had a brewery. This is now a private house and located opposite the White Hart public house.<br />
<br />
===St Matthew's Church===<br />
[[Image:St Matthews Church, Harwell.JPG|left|thumb|250px|St Matthew's Church in Harwell]]<br />
The village church is St Matthew's and is part of the [[Church of England]]. It was mainly built in the 13th century. It is a [[Grade 1 listed]] building and was formerly dedicated to St Mary. The nave roof dates from 1220, and the screen dividing the [[chancel]] from the body of the church also dates from the 13th century. The church is notable for the quality and age of the peal of 8 bells housed in the belfry, and 1 sanctus bell, all dating from 1611 to 1932. These are the oldest set of bells that are still in use in the World{{fact|date=June 2007}}. The tenor weighs 16 cwt. There is a single-handed clock on the tower's west face. In 1975, a two floor extension was built on the north wall which now contains a parish office. A new church hall was built in 1994.<br />
<br />
===Sport and leisure===<br />
There are a good number of clubs and societies in the village. These include an excellent Royal Legion, a lively Scout Group, an earnest Girls Brigade, a growing Horticultural Society, Harwell Feast Committee, Football and Rugby Clubs<ref>Harwell Rugby Club [http://www.harwell-rfc.com]</ref>, and others.<br />
<br />
The Harwell Feast is a celebration held on the Monday of the May [[Bank Holiday]] each year. The celebrations include a parade of decorated floats and people through the village. The recreation ground is turned over to various fund raising stalls and demonstration from sheep dog handling to vintage cars. Either a cow or a couple of pigs is roasted to supply the meat for the feast.<br />
<br />
== Airfield and Atomic Energy Research Establishment ==<br />
Before 1946, Harwell was probably best known for its [[cherry]] orchards. In 1937, an airfield was built between Harwell and [[Chilton, Oxfordshire|Chilton]] and named [[RAF Harwell]]. The airfield was used during [[World War II]] to launch [[glider]]-borne troops for the [[Battle of Normandy|Normandy invasion]]. <br />
<br />
In 1946, this airfield was taken over to become the new [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment]], the main centre for [[atomic energy]] research in the UK, and become known as [[Harwell Laboratory]]. It was the site of Europe's first [[nuclear reactor]] in 1946, and once housed five nuclear reactors, all of which have been shut down. Two have been completely dismantled, and it is anticipated that the other three will be decommissioned by 2022.<br />
<br />
Other parts of the airfield were later used for other scientific organizations, including the [[Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]]. That part of the site is now known as ''Chilton/Harwell Science Campus'' and also houses the [[ISIS neutron source]] and the [[Diamond Light Source]] [[synchrotron]]. The Atomic Energy Research Establishment part of the airfield site is now officially called ''Harwell International Business Centre''; locally it is referred to as the "Site".<br />
<br />
==Notable residents==<br />
*[[Christopher Elderfield]], 17th century divine and author<br />
*[[John Harewell]], 14th century [[Bishop of Bath and Wells]]<br />
*[[Klaus Fuchs]], [[nuclear]] [[Science|scientist]] and [[Communism|communist]] [[Espionage|spy]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.harwellparish.co.uk/ Harwell Village Parish Council website]<br />
* [http://www.parishes.oxford.anglican.org/harwell/ St. Matthew's Church website]<br />
* [http://www.berkshirehistory.com/villages/harwell.html Royal Berkshire History: Harwell]<br />
* [http://www.ukaea.org.uk/harwell/ UKAEA Harwell]<br />
* [http://www.cclrc.ac.uk/ CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]<br />
* [http://www.diamond.ac.uk/ Diamond Light Source]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Places historically in Berkshire]]<br />
[[Category:Villages in Oxfordshire]]<br />
<br />
[[pl:Harwell]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mittlerorganisation&diff=238973403Mittlerorganisation2008-04-30T10:23:08Z<p>130.246.132.26: /* History of the term */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Merge|Quasi-governmental|Talk:Quango#Merge with Quasi-governmental|date=December 2007}}<br />
<br />
{{for|the marketing and design company|QUANGO Inc}}<br />
{{For|the record label|Quango Music Group}}<br />
<br />
The acronyms '''Qango''' and '''Quango''', variously spelt out as QUAsi [[Non-Governmental Organisation]], '''QUasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation''', and '''QUasi-Autonomous National Government Organisation''', have been used, notably in the [[United Kingdom]], but also in [[Australia]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and other countries, to describe a range of organisations to which [[government]]s have devolved power. Confusion over the meaning of the acronym has been reflected in confusion over the use of the term, and may have contributed to its decline in use. The term Quango carries with it an implication of poor management and lack of accountability.<br />
<br />
==History of the term==<br />
<br />
The term originated as a humorous shortening of [[wikt:quasi|Quasi]]-[[NGO]], that is, an ostensibly [[non-governmental organisation]] which performs governmental functions, often with government funding or other support.<ref name="Wettenhall"> Wettenhall, R 1981 'The quango phenomenon', Current Affairs Bulletin 57(10):14-22.]</ref> There are many such organisations. In Australia and other countries, the [[Red Cross]] provides [[blood bank]] services, with government support and backing of various kinds. Examples in the United Kingdom include bodies engaged in self-regulation of various sectors, such as the [[Press Council]] and the [[Law Society]]. An essential feature of a Quango, in the original definition, was that it should not be formally part of the public sector.<br />
<br />
However, the appeal of the term was such that it was extended to a wide range of governmental organisations, such as [[executive agency|executive agencies]] (from 1988) providing health, education and other services. Particularly in the United Kingdom, this extension took place in a polemical context, being associated with claims that the proliferation of such authorities was undesirable and should be reversed [http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/watson4.html]. In the course of this process, attempts were made to derive the acronym from longer terms which did not carry the presumption that the organisation in question was non-governmental. The most popular was Quasi-Autonomous National Government Organisation, which, however, carries with it the false presumption that state and local governments cannot make use of Quangos, so leading to the parallel acronym, Qualgo.<ref>[[The Times]] "New body's waste plea." (April 18, 1986): NA. [http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=SPN.SP00 Newspapers Online. Gale.] <br />
Gale Document Number:CJ117886677. Retrieved 5 Apr, 2008. "...London Waste Regulation Authority, the first 'qualgo' formed after abolition of the Greater London Council, ... The new body is a joint board of councillors from London boroughs. 'Qualgo' stands for 'quasi-autonomous local government organization', the municipal equivalent of a quango, in which members are appointed by other councillors. " </ref><!-- This sentence seems to be some kind of original research that the word autonomous should not be used in the new acronym. So I commented it out [[WP:BRD]]. "Similarly, the insertion of the word "autonomous" does not work in a descriptive sense: the main complaint about these organisations is that they have too much autonomy, rather than, as with the original term, that their apparent autonomy conceals a close relationship with government." --><br />
<br />
Since most of such bodies are in fact part of the government in terms of funding, appointment and function, the [[acronym]] does not work as a description - these are generally not [[non-governmental organisation]]s with less autonomy than others. As a result, it has largely been abandoned in UK official usage. The less controversial term [[non-departmental public body]] (NDPB) is now used to describe many of the organisations with devolved governmental roles, in an attempt to avoid the pejorative associations of the term Quango.<br />
<br />
The UK government's definition of a non-departmental public body or quango in 1997 was:<br />
:"A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from [[Minister (government)|Ministers]]." [http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/caboff/bodies97/intro-1.htm]<br />
<br />
== United Kingdom ==<br />
<br />
The use of [[executive agency|executive ]][http://www.quangoinc.com/ agencies] with service delivery functions has developed alongside NDPBs in the UK. These agencies do not usually have a legal identity separate from that of their parent department; and, unless they have trading fund status, their accounts form part of the accounts of the parent department. The [[National Health Service|NHS]] also has bodies called [[NHS Special Health Authority|Special Health Authorities]] which are technically neither NDPBs nor executive agencies, and the [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Department of Health]] collectively describes all three types as "arm's length bodies". <br />
<br />
[[Network Rail]], the organisation responsible for the UK's railway infrastructure is a classical quango, subject to dispute over whether it is, as its formal structure suggests a non-governmental private company, or a [[state-owned enterprise]].<br />
<br />
== Republic of Ireland==<br />
The Republic of Ireland has more than 800 quangos &mdash; 482 at national level and 350 at local level. <ref>According to a survey carried out by the think-tank Tasc in 2006. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/newspapers/sunday_times/ireland/article616806.ece Focus: What's wrong with quangos?] &mdash; ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' newspaper article, [[29 October]] [[2006]]</ref> they have a combined annual budget of [[Euro|€]]13 billion and 5,784 quango members.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[Executive Agency]] <br />
*[[Departments of the United Kingdom Government]]<br />
*[[Scottish public bodies]]<br />
*[[Off-budget enterprise]]<br />
*[[Non-governmental organization]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/other/agencies/ Cabinet Office - Agencies and Public Bodies]<br />
* [http://quangos.ercouncil.org Economic Research Council - online database of all UK quangos 1998-2006]<br />
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2340529,00.html The Sunday Times Article on Quangos - Sept 2006]<br />
* [http://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2007/10/extrabudgetary-.html Richard Allen and Dimitar Radev, "Managing and Controlling Extrabudgetary Funds", OECD Journal of Budgeting, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006]<br />
* Carsten Greve, Matthew Flinders, Sandra Van Thiel (1999), Quangos—What's in a Name? Defining Quangos from a Comparative Perspective, Governance 12 (2), 129–146 doi:10.1111/0952-1895.951999095<br />
* [http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/central/1997/consult/quchap1.htm Definition of 'non-departmental public body' as synonymous with 'QUANGO']<br />
* [http://www.publicappointments.gov.uk/ UK government site about the process of making public appointments]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Acronyms]]<br />
[[Category:Government institutions]]<br />
[[Category:Political terms]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Quago]]<br />
[[nl:Zelfstandig bestuursorgaan]]<br />
[[zh:半官方機構]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quango&diff=86802344Quango2008-04-30T10:23:08Z<p>130.246.132.26: /* History of the term */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Merge|Quasi-governmental|Talk:Quango#Merge with Quasi-governmental|date=December 2007}}<br />
<br />
{{for|the marketing and design company|QUANGO Inc}}<br />
{{For|the record label|Quango Music Group}}<br />
<br />
The acronyms '''Qango''' and '''Quango''', variously spelt out as QUAsi [[Non-Governmental Organisation]], '''QUasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation''', and '''QUasi-Autonomous National Government Organisation''', have been used, notably in the [[United Kingdom]], but also in [[Australia]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and other countries, to describe a range of organisations to which [[government]]s have devolved power. Confusion over the meaning of the acronym has been reflected in confusion over the use of the term, and may have contributed to its decline in use. The term Quango carries with it an implication of poor management and lack of accountability.<br />
<br />
==History of the term==<br />
<br />
The term originated as a humorous shortening of [[wikt:quasi|Quasi]]-[[NGO]], that is, an ostensibly [[non-governmental organisation]] which performs governmental functions, often with government funding or other support.<ref name="Wettenhall"> Wettenhall, R 1981 'The quango phenomenon', Current Affairs Bulletin 57(10):14-22.]</ref> There are many such organisations. In Australia and other countries, the [[Red Cross]] provides [[blood bank]] services, with government support and backing of various kinds. Examples in the United Kingdom include bodies engaged in self-regulation of various sectors, such as the [[Press Council]] and the [[Law Society]]. An essential feature of a Quango, in the original definition, was that it should not be formally part of the public sector.<br />
<br />
However, the appeal of the term was such that it was extended to a wide range of governmental organisations, such as [[executive agency|executive agencies]] (from 1988) providing health, education and other services. Particularly in the United Kingdom, this extension took place in a polemical context, being associated with claims that the proliferation of such authorities was undesirable and should be reversed [http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/watson4.html]. In the course of this process, attempts were made to derive the acronym from longer terms which did not carry the presumption that the organisation in question was non-governmental. The most popular was Quasi-Autonomous National Government Organisation, which, however, carries with it the false presumption that state and local governments cannot make use of Quangos, so leading to the parallel acronym, Qualgo.<ref>[[The Times]] "New body's waste plea." (April 18, 1986): NA. [http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=SPN.SP00 Newspapers Online. Gale.] <br />
Gale Document Number:CJ117886677. Retrieved 5 Apr, 2008. "...London Waste Regulation Authority, the first 'qualgo' formed after abolition of the Greater London Council, ... The new body is a joint board of councillors from London boroughs. 'Qualgo' stands for 'quasi-autonomous local government organization', the municipal equivalent of a quango, in which members are appointed by other councillors. " </ref><!-- This sentence seems to be some kind of original research that the word autonomous should not be used in the new acronym. So I commented it out [[WP:BRD]]. "Similarly, the insertion of the word "autonomous" does not work in a descriptive sense: the main complaint about these organisations is that they have too much autonomy, rather than, as with the original term, that their apparent autonomy conceals a close relationship with government." --><br />
<br />
Since most of such bodies are in fact part of the government in terms of funding, appointment and function, the [[acronym]] does not work as a description - these are generally not [[non-governmental organisation]]s with less autonomy than others. As a result, it has largely been abandoned in UK official usage. The less controversial term [[non-departmental public body]] (NDPB) is now used to describe many of the organisations with devolved governmental roles, in an attempt to avoid the pejorative associations of the term Quango.<br />
<br />
The UK government's definition of a non-departmental public body or quango in 1997 was:<br />
:"A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from [[Minister (government)|Ministers]]." [http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/caboff/bodies97/intro-1.htm]<br />
<br />
== United Kingdom ==<br />
<br />
The use of [[executive agency|executive ]][http://www.quangoinc.com/ agencies] with service delivery functions has developed alongside NDPBs in the UK. These agencies do not usually have a legal identity separate from that of their parent department; and, unless they have trading fund status, their accounts form part of the accounts of the parent department. The [[National Health Service|NHS]] also has bodies called [[NHS Special Health Authority|Special Health Authorities]] which are technically neither NDPBs nor executive agencies, and the [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Department of Health]] collectively describes all three types as "arm's length bodies". <br />
<br />
[[Network Rail]], the organisation responsible for the UK's railway infrastructure is a classical quango, subject to dispute over whether it is, as its formal structure suggests a non-governmental private company, or a [[state-owned enterprise]].<br />
<br />
== Republic of Ireland==<br />
The Republic of Ireland has more than 800 quangos &mdash; 482 at national level and 350 at local level. <ref>According to a survey carried out by the think-tank Tasc in 2006. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/newspapers/sunday_times/ireland/article616806.ece Focus: What's wrong with quangos?] &mdash; ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' newspaper article, [[29 October]] [[2006]]</ref> they have a combined annual budget of [[Euro|€]]13 billion and 5,784 quango members.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[Executive Agency]] <br />
*[[Departments of the United Kingdom Government]]<br />
*[[Scottish public bodies]]<br />
*[[Off-budget enterprise]]<br />
*[[Non-governmental organization]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/other/agencies/ Cabinet Office - Agencies and Public Bodies]<br />
* [http://quangos.ercouncil.org Economic Research Council - online database of all UK quangos 1998-2006]<br />
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2340529,00.html The Sunday Times Article on Quangos - Sept 2006]<br />
* [http://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2007/10/extrabudgetary-.html Richard Allen and Dimitar Radev, "Managing and Controlling Extrabudgetary Funds", OECD Journal of Budgeting, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006]<br />
* Carsten Greve, Matthew Flinders, Sandra Van Thiel (1999), Quangos—What's in a Name? Defining Quangos from a Comparative Perspective, Governance 12 (2), 129–146 doi:10.1111/0952-1895.951999095<br />
* [http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/central/1997/consult/quchap1.htm Definition of 'non-departmental public body' as synonymous with 'QUANGO']<br />
* [http://www.publicappointments.gov.uk/ UK government site about the process of making public appointments]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Acronyms]]<br />
[[Category:Government institutions]]<br />
[[Category:Political terms]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Quago]]<br />
[[nl:Zelfstandig bestuursorgaan]]<br />
[[zh:半官方機構]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mittlerorganisation&diff=238973402Mittlerorganisation2008-04-30T10:22:10Z<p>130.246.132.26: /* History of the term */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Merge|Quasi-governmental|Talk:Quango#Merge with Quasi-governmental|date=December 2007}}<br />
<br />
{{for|the marketing and design company|QUANGO Inc}}<br />
{{For|the record label|Quango Music Group}}<br />
<br />
The acronyms '''Qango''' and '''Quango''', variously spelt out as QUAsi [[Non-Governmental Organisation]], '''QUasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation''', and '''QUasi-Autonomous National Government Organisation''', have been used, notably in the [[United Kingdom]], but also in [[Australia]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and other countries, to describe a range of organisations to which [[government]]s have devolved power. Confusion over the meaning of the acronym has been reflected in confusion over the use of the term, and may have contributed to its decline in use. The term Quango carries with it an implication of poor management and lack of accountability.<br />
<br />
==History of the term==<br />
<br />
The term originated as a humorous shortening of [[wikt:quasi|Quasi]]-[[NGO]], that is, an ostensibly [[non-governmental organisation]] which performs governmental functions, often with government funding or other support.<ref name="Wettenhall"> Wettenhall, R 1981 'The quango phenomenon', Current Affairs Bulletin 57(10):14-22.]</ref> There are many such organisations. In Australia and other countries, the [[Red Cross]] provides [[blood bank]] services, with government support and backing of various kinds. Examples in the United Kingdom include bodies engaged in self-regulation of various sectors, such as the [[Press Council]] and the [[Law Society]]. An essential feature of a Quango, in the original definition, was that it should not be formally part of the public sector.<br />
<br />
However, the appeal of the term was such that it was extended to a wide range of governmental organisations, such as [[executive agency|executive agencies]] (from 1988) providing health, education and other services. Particularly in the United Kingdom, this extension took place in a polemical context, being associated with claims that the proliferation of such authorities was undesirable and should be reversed [http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/watson4.html]. In the course of this process, attempts were made to derive the acronym from longer terms which did not carry the presumption that the organisation in question was non-governmental. The most popular was Quasi-Autonomous National Government Organisation, which, however, carries with it the false presumption that state and local governments cannot make use of Quangos, so leading to the parallel acronym, Qualgo.<ref>[[The Times]] "New body's waste plea." (April 18, 1986): NA. [http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=SPN.SP00 Newspapers Online. Gale.] <br />
Gale Document Number:CJ117886677. Retrieved 5 Apr, 2008. "...London Waste Regulation Authority, the first 'qualgo' formed after abolition of the Greater London Council, ... The new body is a joint board of councillors from London boroughs. 'Qualgo' stands for 'quasi-autonomous local government organization', the municipal equivalent of a quango, in which members are appointed by other councillors. " </ref><!-- This sentence seems to be some kind of original research that the word autonomous should not be used in the new acronym. So I commented it out [[WP:BRD]]. "Similarly, the insertion of the word "autonomous" does not work in a descriptive sense: the main complaint about these organisations is that they have too much autonomy, rather than, as with the original term, that their apparent autonomy conceals a close relationship with government." --><br />
<br />
Since most of such bodies are in fact part of the government in terms of funding, appointment and function, the [[acronym]] does not work as a description - these are generally not [[non-governmental organisation]]s with less autonomy than others. As a result, it has largely been abandoned in UK official usage. The less controversial term [[non-departmental public body]] (NDPB) is now used to describe many of the organisations with devolved governmental roles, in an attempt to avoid the pejorative associations of the term Quango.<br />
<br />
The UK government's definition of a non-departmental public body or quango in 1997 was:<br />
:"A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from [[Minister]]s." [http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/caboff/bodies97/intro-1.htm]<br />
<br />
== United Kingdom ==<br />
<br />
The use of [[executive agency|executive ]][http://www.quangoinc.com/ agencies] with service delivery functions has developed alongside NDPBs in the UK. These agencies do not usually have a legal identity separate from that of their parent department; and, unless they have trading fund status, their accounts form part of the accounts of the parent department. The [[National Health Service|NHS]] also has bodies called [[NHS Special Health Authority|Special Health Authorities]] which are technically neither NDPBs nor executive agencies, and the [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Department of Health]] collectively describes all three types as "arm's length bodies". <br />
<br />
[[Network Rail]], the organisation responsible for the UK's railway infrastructure is a classical quango, subject to dispute over whether it is, as its formal structure suggests a non-governmental private company, or a [[state-owned enterprise]].<br />
<br />
== Republic of Ireland==<br />
The Republic of Ireland has more than 800 quangos &mdash; 482 at national level and 350 at local level. <ref>According to a survey carried out by the think-tank Tasc in 2006. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/newspapers/sunday_times/ireland/article616806.ece Focus: What's wrong with quangos?] &mdash; ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' newspaper article, [[29 October]] [[2006]]</ref> they have a combined annual budget of [[Euro|€]]13 billion and 5,784 quango members.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[Executive Agency]] <br />
*[[Departments of the United Kingdom Government]]<br />
*[[Scottish public bodies]]<br />
*[[Off-budget enterprise]]<br />
*[[Non-governmental organization]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/other/agencies/ Cabinet Office - Agencies and Public Bodies]<br />
* [http://quangos.ercouncil.org Economic Research Council - online database of all UK quangos 1998-2006]<br />
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2340529,00.html The Sunday Times Article on Quangos - Sept 2006]<br />
* [http://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2007/10/extrabudgetary-.html Richard Allen and Dimitar Radev, "Managing and Controlling Extrabudgetary Funds", OECD Journal of Budgeting, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006]<br />
* Carsten Greve, Matthew Flinders, Sandra Van Thiel (1999), Quangos—What's in a Name? Defining Quangos from a Comparative Perspective, Governance 12 (2), 129–146 doi:10.1111/0952-1895.951999095<br />
* [http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/central/1997/consult/quchap1.htm Definition of 'non-departmental public body' as synonymous with 'QUANGO']<br />
* [http://www.publicappointments.gov.uk/ UK government site about the process of making public appointments]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Acronyms]]<br />
[[Category:Government institutions]]<br />
[[Category:Political terms]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Quago]]<br />
[[nl:Zelfstandig bestuursorgaan]]<br />
[[zh:半官方機構]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quango&diff=86802343Quango2008-04-30T10:22:10Z<p>130.246.132.26: /* History of the term */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Merge|Quasi-governmental|Talk:Quango#Merge with Quasi-governmental|date=December 2007}}<br />
<br />
{{for|the marketing and design company|QUANGO Inc}}<br />
{{For|the record label|Quango Music Group}}<br />
<br />
The acronyms '''Qango''' and '''Quango''', variously spelt out as QUAsi [[Non-Governmental Organisation]], '''QUasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation''', and '''QUasi-Autonomous National Government Organisation''', have been used, notably in the [[United Kingdom]], but also in [[Australia]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and other countries, to describe a range of organisations to which [[government]]s have devolved power. Confusion over the meaning of the acronym has been reflected in confusion over the use of the term, and may have contributed to its decline in use. The term Quango carries with it an implication of poor management and lack of accountability.<br />
<br />
==History of the term==<br />
<br />
The term originated as a humorous shortening of [[wikt:quasi|Quasi]]-[[NGO]], that is, an ostensibly [[non-governmental organisation]] which performs governmental functions, often with government funding or other support.<ref name="Wettenhall"> Wettenhall, R 1981 'The quango phenomenon', Current Affairs Bulletin 57(10):14-22.]</ref> There are many such organisations. In Australia and other countries, the [[Red Cross]] provides [[blood bank]] services, with government support and backing of various kinds. Examples in the United Kingdom include bodies engaged in self-regulation of various sectors, such as the [[Press Council]] and the [[Law Society]]. An essential feature of a Quango, in the original definition, was that it should not be formally part of the public sector.<br />
<br />
However, the appeal of the term was such that it was extended to a wide range of governmental organisations, such as [[executive agency|executive agencies]] (from 1988) providing health, education and other services. Particularly in the United Kingdom, this extension took place in a polemical context, being associated with claims that the proliferation of such authorities was undesirable and should be reversed [http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/watson4.html]. In the course of this process, attempts were made to derive the acronym from longer terms which did not carry the presumption that the organisation in question was non-governmental. The most popular was Quasi-Autonomous National Government Organisation, which, however, carries with it the false presumption that state and local governments cannot make use of Quangos, so leading to the parallel acronym, Qualgo.<ref>[[The Times]] "New body's waste plea." (April 18, 1986): NA. [http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=SPN.SP00 Newspapers Online. Gale.] <br />
Gale Document Number:CJ117886677. Retrieved 5 Apr, 2008. "...London Waste Regulation Authority, the first 'qualgo' formed after abolition of the Greater London Council, ... The new body is a joint board of councillors from London boroughs. 'Qualgo' stands for 'quasi-autonomous local government organization', the municipal equivalent of a quango, in which members are appointed by other councillors. " </ref><!-- This sentence seems to be some kind of original research that the word autonomous should not be used in the new acronym. So I commented it out [[WP:BRD]]. "Similarly, the insertion of the word "autonomous" does not work in a descriptive sense: the main complaint about these organisations is that they have too much autonomy, rather than, as with the original term, that their apparent autonomy conceals a close relationship with government." --><br />
<br />
Since most of such bodies are in fact part of the government in terms of funding, appointment and function, the [[acronym]] does not work as a description - these are generally not [[non-governmental organisation]]s with less autonomy than others. As a result, it has largely been abandoned in UK official usage. The less controversial term [[non-departmental public body]] (NDPB) is now used to describe many of the organisations with devolved governmental roles, in an attempt to avoid the pejorative associations of the term Quango.<br />
<br />
The UK government's definition of a non-departmental public body or quango in 1997 was:<br />
:"A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from [[Minister]]s." [http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/caboff/bodies97/intro-1.htm]<br />
<br />
== United Kingdom ==<br />
<br />
The use of [[executive agency|executive ]][http://www.quangoinc.com/ agencies] with service delivery functions has developed alongside NDPBs in the UK. These agencies do not usually have a legal identity separate from that of their parent department; and, unless they have trading fund status, their accounts form part of the accounts of the parent department. The [[National Health Service|NHS]] also has bodies called [[NHS Special Health Authority|Special Health Authorities]] which are technically neither NDPBs nor executive agencies, and the [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Department of Health]] collectively describes all three types as "arm's length bodies". <br />
<br />
[[Network Rail]], the organisation responsible for the UK's railway infrastructure is a classical quango, subject to dispute over whether it is, as its formal structure suggests a non-governmental private company, or a [[state-owned enterprise]].<br />
<br />
== Republic of Ireland==<br />
The Republic of Ireland has more than 800 quangos &mdash; 482 at national level and 350 at local level. <ref>According to a survey carried out by the think-tank Tasc in 2006. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/newspapers/sunday_times/ireland/article616806.ece Focus: What's wrong with quangos?] &mdash; ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' newspaper article, [[29 October]] [[2006]]</ref> they have a combined annual budget of [[Euro|€]]13 billion and 5,784 quango members.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[Executive Agency]] <br />
*[[Departments of the United Kingdom Government]]<br />
*[[Scottish public bodies]]<br />
*[[Off-budget enterprise]]<br />
*[[Non-governmental organization]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/other/agencies/ Cabinet Office - Agencies and Public Bodies]<br />
* [http://quangos.ercouncil.org Economic Research Council - online database of all UK quangos 1998-2006]<br />
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2340529,00.html The Sunday Times Article on Quangos - Sept 2006]<br />
* [http://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2007/10/extrabudgetary-.html Richard Allen and Dimitar Radev, "Managing and Controlling Extrabudgetary Funds", OECD Journal of Budgeting, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006]<br />
* Carsten Greve, Matthew Flinders, Sandra Van Thiel (1999), Quangos—What's in a Name? Defining Quangos from a Comparative Perspective, Governance 12 (2), 129–146 doi:10.1111/0952-1895.951999095<br />
* [http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/central/1997/consult/quchap1.htm Definition of 'non-departmental public body' as synonymous with 'QUANGO']<br />
* [http://www.publicappointments.gov.uk/ UK government site about the process of making public appointments]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Acronyms]]<br />
[[Category:Government institutions]]<br />
[[Category:Political terms]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Quago]]<br />
[[nl:Zelfstandig bestuursorgaan]]<br />
[[zh:半官方機構]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk_(Lied)&diff=256532971Talk (Lied)2007-08-09T09:17:07Z<p>130.246.132.26: /* Music video */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Single <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Songs --><br />
| Name = Talk<br />
| Cover = Coldplay - Talk.jpg<br />
| Caption = UK (7" and CD), Australia, Canada, Japan, and U.S. cover<br />
| Artist = [[Coldplay]]<br />
| from Album = [[X&Y]]<br />
| A-side = <br />
| B-side = "[[Gravity (Embrace song)|Gravity]]", "Sleeping Sun"<br />
| Released = [[December 19]] [[2005]]<br />
| Format = [[gramophone record|7"]], [[CD single|CD]], [[DVD single|DVD]]<br />
| Recorded = <br />
| Genre = [[Alternative rock]]<br />
| Length = 5:11 (album version)<br/>4:29 (radio edit)<br />
| Label = [[Parlophone]]<br />
| Writer = [[Guy Berryman]], [[Jonny Buckland]], [[Will Champion]], [[Chris Martin]], [[Ralf Hütter]], [[Karl Bartos]], [[Emil Schult]]<br />
| Producer = Coldplay, [[Danton Supple]]<br />
| Certification = <br />
| Chart position = * #1 ([[Dutch Top 40]])<br />
* #1 (Canada [[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems|BDS]])<br />
* #3 ([[Latvia]])<br />
* #5 (U.S. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Modern Rock Tracks|Modern Rock]])<br />
* #10 ([[UK Singles Chart]])<br />
* #86 (U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]])<br />
| Last single = "[[Fix You]]"<br/>(2005)<br />
| This single = "Talk"<br/>(2005)<br />
| Next single = "[[The Hardest Part (Coldplay song)|The Hardest Part]]"<br/>(2006)<br />
| Misc = {{Extra album cover<br />
| Upper caption = Alternate cover<br />
| Background = khaki<br />
| Cover = Coldplay - Talk DVD.jpg<br />
| Lower caption = UK (DVD) cover }}<br />
{{Extra tracklisting<br />
| Album = [[X&Y]]<br />
| Type = studio<br />
| prev_track = "Fix You"<br />
| prev_no = 4<br />
| this_track = </b>"Talk"<br />
| track_no = 5<br />
| next_track = "X&Y"<br />
| next_no = 6<br />
}}}}<br />
<br />
"'''Talk'''" is a song recorded by [[England|English]] [[rock band]] [[Coldplay]] and originally released as the fifth track on their third [[album]] ''[[X&Y]]'', released in June 2005. In December 2005, the song was released as the third [[single (music)|single]] from that album, becoming a substantial hit across the world (see [[2005 in music]]). In the [[United Kingdom]], "Talk" entered the [[UK Singles Chart]] at #10 (see [[2005 in British music]]), and elsewhere in the world its success varied: it reached #1 in the [[Netherlands]]' [[Dutch Top 40]] and the top five in [[Canada]]'s [[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems|BDS]] chart. Both the song and its "Thin White Duke" remix were nominated for the [[2007 Grammy Awards]], the latter of which won.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Coldplay received permission from the [[electronic music]] band [[Kraftwerk]] to use the main riff from their song "[[Computer Love]]" (German version: "Computerliebe"), from their 1981 studio LP ''[[Computer World]]'' (German version: ''Computerwelt''), for "Talk", replacing Kraftwerk's [[synthesizer]]s with guitars. Subsequently [[Bastard pop|mash-up]] artist RIAA combined "Computer Love" with "Talk" to create the song "Kraftplay". Presciently the [[I Love Music]] website had humorously imagined the results of such a collaboration[http://ilx.wh3rd.net/thread.php?msgid=5386727] several months before it appeared.<br />
<br />
The band recorded three separate versions of "Talk"; the one found on ''X&Y'' was based on an early cut of the song. A newer version of the track (with a different set of lyrics) was leaked onto the internet in March 2005. "Talk" was originally intended to be a [[b-side]] for the single "[[Speed of Sound (song)|Speed of Sound]]" before becoming the last addition to ''X&Y's'' track listing.<br />
<br />
This song was performed live at the 2005 [[MTV Europe Music Awards]] on [[3 November]] in [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] and live at the [[Grammy Awards of 2006|2006 Grammy Awards]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[United States]].<br />
<br />
"[[Gravity (song)|Gravity]]", the single's b-side, was originally written by [[Chris Martin]] for the British band [[Embrace (British band)|Embrace]], and is found on their album ''[[Out of Nothing (album)|Out of Nothing]]''. The song charted at number seven in the UK. Many editions of the single also included "Sleeping Sun" as a second b-side.<br />
<br />
The song was also used as the basis of a downloadable [[hoax]] track entitled "Talk to David" [http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-audio/Guardian/audio/2006/03/31/talk_to_david.mp3] produced as an [[April Fools Day]] prank by the [[UK]] [[The Guardian]] newspaper. This featured lyrics purporting to give support to [[Conservative Party (Britain)|Conservative]] opposition party leader [[David Cameron]] [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1744448,00.html].<br />
<br />
==Chart performance==<br />
By mid-October, "Talk" had been added to the playlists of twenty-six U.S. [[alternative rock]] stations. Stations that offered early airtime to "Talk" include [[KTCL]] ([[Denver, Colorado|Denver]]), [[WEND]] ([[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]]), [[KNDD]] ([[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]]), [[KUCD]] ([[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]]), [[WFNX]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]) and [[z103.5]] in [[Toronto]].<br />
<br />
A month later, "Talk" was being supported by sixty-one U.S. alternative rock stations. On [[18 November]] 2005, the single debuted at number thirty-two on the U.S. [[Modern Rock Tracks]] chart. "Talk" peaked at number five on the chart, a significant improvement from the performance of "[[Fix You]]", and matching that of "Speed of Sound".<br />
<br />
On [[31 December]] 2005, it "[[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles|bubbled under]]" the Hot 100. It finally charted on the [[Billboard Hot 100]] on [[25 February]] [[2006]] and peaked at number eighty-six.<br />
<br />
By then, the song had gained additional exposure in other genres. "Talk" reached number ten on the [[Adult Top 40]], which covers [[Adult Contemporary#Hot Adult Contemporary|Hot Adult Contemporary]] music. It topped the [[Hot Dance Club Play]] chart as "Talk ([[Junkie XL]]/[[François Kevorkian|Francois K]]/[[Stuart Price|J. Lu Cont]] [[remix|Mixes]])".<br />
<br />
It reached number four on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]] in late 2005 and topped the Canadian [[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems|BDS]] Airplay Chart for four weeks in early 2006.<br />
<br />
==Music video==<br />
[[Image:ColdplayTalkVideo.png|right|250px|thumb|The "Talk" music video is a homage to B-grade sci-fi movies.]]<br />
The [[music video]] for "Talk" was helmed by director/photographer [[Anton Corbijn]]. Corbijn had previously directed the video for "[[All These Things That I've Done]]" by [[The Killers (band)|The Killers]].<br />
<br />
Filming took place on [[November 5]] and [[November 6]] at [[Ealing Studios]], [[London]], just before the band began an European leg on the [[Twisted Logic Tour]]. The [[black-and-white]] clip invokes a [[B-movie]] [[science fiction]] theme, with imagery ranging from a [[flying saucer]] to [[Anaglyph image|3D glasses]].<br />
<br />
It seems the entire video can in fact be viewed in three dimensions using Anaglyphic 3D glasses like the ones worn by the band. Due to the red (left eye) and blue (right eye) edges that define a stereoscopic image. However the effect is subtle and best appreciated with a high resolution version.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}<br />
<br />
The main plot line of the music video features Coldplay as [[astronaut]]s landing on an alien planet, where they re-activate a dormant [[robot]]. The robot in the video bears a strong physical resemblance to the original [[Marvin the Paranoid Android]] from ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (television series)|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' television series. (The robot also closely resembles the robot from [[Beastie Boys|The Beastie Boy's]] song ''[[Intergalactic (song)|Intergalactic]]'', and also possibly the robot Torg from the 60's B-movie ''[[Santa Claus Conquers The Martians]]'') A previous Coldplay track, "[[Don't Panic (single)|Don't Panic]]" also referenced the series with its title. At one point of the clip, [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitle]]s present the lyrics of the song spelt backwards just like in the video for "[[No Surprises]]" by [[Radiohead]]. At the very end of the video, there is whistling that resembles [[The Clangers]].<br />
<br />
The video was extremely popular in [[Poland]]. It spent thirteen weeks at number one on [[MTV]] [[Poland]] Top 20 Chart and 47 out of 50 days (because it was [[List of TRL Poland retired videos|retired]]) at number one on ''[[TRL Poland]]''.<br />
<br />
A [[code|coded message]] for [[Make Trade Fair]], one of the band's chief charitable causes, is supposedly hidden to robot's control button scheme, in the X&Y code. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}<br />
<br />
==Track listings==<br />
{{copycontrol}}<br />
===In the UK===<br />
*[[Promotional single|Promo]] released in early [[November 2005]]<br />
#"Talk" (radio edit) – 4:29<br />
*7" <small>R6679</small><br />
#"Talk" (radio edit) – 4:29<br />
#"Gravity" – 6:12<br />
*CD <small>CDR6679</small><br />
#"Talk" (radio edit) – 4:29<br />
#"Sleeping Sun" – 3:09<br />
*DVD <small>DVDR6679</small><br />
#"Talk" (radio edit) – 4:29<br />
#"Gravity" – 6:12<br />
#"[[Speed of Sound (single)|Speed of Sound]]" (video)<br />
#"Talk" (video)<br />
#Behind-the-scenes footage from "Talk" video shoot<br />
*12" <small>12R6679</small>: ''The Remixes'', released [[6 March]] [[2006]]<br />
#"Talk" (Thin White Duke mix) – 8:27<br />
#"Talk" (Francois K Dub) – 9:04<br />
#"Talk" (Junkie XL mix) – 11:45<br />
===In The Netherlands===<br />
A special three part single was released over three weeks in December featuring live tracks recorded at the Gelredome in 2005.<br />
*CD1 (digipak) <small>3490932</small> released [[2 December]] [[2005]]<br />
#"Talk" (radio edit)<br />
#"Swallowed In the Sea" (live)<br />
#"God Put A Smile Upon Your Face" (live)<br />
*CD2 <small>3490962</small> released [[9 December]] [[2005]]<br />
#"Talk" (album version)<br />
#"Square One" (live)<br />
#"Clocks" (live)<br />
*CD3 <small>3490972</small> released [[16 December]] [[2005]]<br />
#"Talk" (live)<br />
#"'Til Kingdom Come" (live)<br />
#"Fix You" (live)<br />
===In Australia===<br />
*CD <small>3507172</small> released [[16 January]] [[2006]] by [[Capitol Records]]<br />
#"Talk" (radio edit) – 4:29<br />
#"Sleeping Sun" – 3:09<br />
#"Gravity" – 6:12<br />
===In Canada and Japan===<br />
*CD <small>TOCP-40185</small> released [[25 January]] [[2006]] by [[Toshiba-EMI]]<br />
#"Talk" (radio edit) – 4:29<br />
#"Sleeping Sun" – 3:09<br />
===In the U.S.===<br />
*Promo released in [[February 2006]]<br />
#"Talk" (edit) - 4:05<br />
#"Talk" (album version) - 5:12<br />
*[[iTunes Music Store|iTunes]] EP released [[7 February]] [[2006]]<br />
#"Talk" (Junkie XL mix) – 11:45<br />
#"Talk" (Francois K Dub) – 9:04<br />
#"Talk" (Thin White Duke mix) – 8:27<br />
<br />
==Other cover images==<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Coldplay Talk - The Remixes.jpg|UK (12" ''The Remixes'')<br />
Image:Coldplay Talk - Dutch CD1.jpg|The Netherlands (CD1)<br />
Image:Coldplay Talk - Dutch CD2.jpg|The Netherlands (CD2)<br />
Image:Coldplay Talk - Dutch CD3.jpg|The Netherlands (CD3)<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.coldplay.com/ Official website]<br />
*[http://www.coldplaying.com Official Fansite]<br />
*[http://www.wikicoldplay.com Coldplay Wiki]<br />
<br />
{{Coldplay}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2005 singles]]<br />
[[Category:Coldplay songs]]<br />
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]<br />
[[Category:Number-one singles in the Netherlands]]<br />
[[Category:Number-one singles on the Canadian airplay chart]]<br />
[[Category:Parlophone singles]]<br />
[[Category:Music videos directed by Anton Corbijn]]<br />
<br />
[[es:Talk (single)]]<br />
[[ka:Talk (სიმღერა)]]<br />
[[nl:Talk (single)]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Connolley&diff=75532645William Connolley2007-01-04T14:13:02Z<p>130.246.132.26: /* Internet activities */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:William Connolley.jpg|thumb|right|2000/06 near [[Lescun]]]]<br />
'''William Michael Connolley ''' ([[April 12]], [[1964]] - ) is a [[climate modeller]]. Connolley is a Senior Scientific Officer in the Physical Sciences Division in the [[Antarctic Climate and the Earth System]] project at the [[British Antarctic Survey]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Connolley holds a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in mathematics and [[Doctor of Philosophy]]. from the [[University of Oxford]] for his work on [[numerical analysis]].<ref>[http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/staff-profiles/template.php?user=wmc#biography British Antarctic Survey Website]</ref> Connolley has authored and co-authored many articles in the field of [[Climatology|climatological research]], and it is his view that there is a [[Scientific opinion on climate change|consensus]] in the scientific community about [[climate change]] topics such as [[global warming]]; and believes that the various reports from the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) summarise this consensus[http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=86].<br />
<br />
Connolley serves as a parish councillor in the village of [[Coton, Cambridgeshire|Coton]] (near Cambridge, England)<ref>[http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/staff-profiles/template.php?user=wmc#external British Antarctic Survey Website]</ref> , and has stood as a [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green]] candidate for either [[South Cambridgeshire]] District Council or [[Cambridgeshire]] County Council in the years from 2001 to 2005.<ref>[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jonqin/Cambsgreen/PEOPLE/People.htm The Green Party South Cambs]</ref><br />
<br />
===Sea ice===<br />
One of Connolley's current research interests is [[sea ice]], its observations and modelling, in [[global climate model]]s (GCM), especially the [[HadCM3]] GCM. Around Antarctica, direct observations of sea ice are sparse, and even the most easily observable quantity, ice fraction, is not directly available; satellite [[SSMI|Special Sensor Microwave/Imager]] (SSMI) based observations are used instead. However, different [[algorithm]]s produce somewhat different results, sufficiently so that verification of GCM output becomes difficult. Hence Connolley has studied the validation of the SSMI products against more direct observations from [[upward looking sonar]] observations in the [[Weddell Sea]] area. In his investigation, the results indicate the Bootstrap product appears to "''fit better''" than the [[NASA]] Team product, and is it indicated by Connolley that the GCM results are more realistic than previous results [http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/wmc/papers/ULS-grl-2005.pdf].<br />
<br />
=== Internet activities ===<br />
Connolley has long had an interest in confronting the notion that "all scientists were predicting an ice age in the [[1970s]]" (known as [[global cooling]])[http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=94][http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/iceage/]. Connolley maintains a webpage analysing papers relevant to this issue. Connolley actively posts to newsgroups such as [[sci.environment]], writes for [[RealClimate]], maintains a personal blog, and contributes to [[Wikipedia]]. According to Connolley, his activities in various outlets are to support his belief that scientists can and should participate in the public understanding of science{{fact}}.<br />
<br />
In 2005, the journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] wrote a comparison of the relative reliability of Wikipedia and Brittanica<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jim Giles|journal=Nature|title=Special Report: Internet encyclopaedias go head to head|year=2005|volume=438|pages=900-901}}</ref>, in which Connolley was discussed as an example of an expert who regularly contributes to Wikipedia.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jim Giles|journal=Nature|title=Challenges of Being a Wikipedian|year=2005|volume=438|pages=900-901}}.</ref> A July 2006 [[New Yorker magazine]] article on Wikipedia describes Connolley as "a victim of an edit war over the entry on global warming", and states "Connolley believes that Wikipedia 'gives no privilege to those who know what they’re talking about'". [http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact] An October 2006 Nature article on the "rival" [[Citizendium]] project quotes Connolley as saying that "some scientists have become frustrated with Wikipedia" but adds that he believes that "conflict can sometimes result in better articles". [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/full/443493a.html]<br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
* Connolley, W. M. [http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/wmc/papers/ULS-grl-2005.pdf Sea ice concentrations in the Weddell Sea: A comparison of SSM/I, ULS, and GCM data]. GRL 32 (7): art. no. L07501 [[2 April]] [[2005]]; see also [http://mustelid.blogspot.com/2005/05/sea-ice-what-i-do-in-my-spare-time.html Sea ice: What I do in my spare time] for a popular exposition<br />
* Connolley, W.M., J.M. Gregory, E. Hunke and A.J. Mclaren (2004), On The Consistent Scaling Of Terms In The Sea - Ice Dynamics Equation, ''J . Phys . Oceangr.'' 34 (7): 1776-1780 July [[2004]]<br />
* Marshall, G.J., P.A. Stott, J. Turner, W.M. Connolley, J.C. King and T.A. Lachlancope (2004), Causes Of Exceptional Atmospheric Circulation Changes In The Southern Hemisphere, ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' 31(14): Art . No. L14205 [[July 30]] [[2004]]<br />
* J. C. King, J. Turner, G. J. Marshall, W. M. Connolley, and T. A. Lachlan-Cope. Antarctic Peninsula climate variability and its causes as revealed by instrumental records. ''Antarctic Research Series'' v79, pp17-30. <br />
* J. Turner, S. A. Harangozo, J. C. King, W. Connolley, T. Lachlan-Cope, and G. J. Marshall. 2003. An exceptional winter sea ice retreat/advance in the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica. ''Atmos. Ocean'' 41 (2) 2003, 171-185.<br />
* D. G. Vaughan, G. J. Marshall, W. M. Connolley, C. L. Parkinson, R. Mulvaney, D. A. Hodgson, J. C. King, C. J. Pudsey, and J. Turner. Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. ''Climatic Change'', 60 (3): 243-274 October [[2003]]<br />
* Translation of ''Fourier 1827: MEMOIRE sur les temperatures du globe terrestre et des espaces planetaires'' [http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/fourier_1827/]<br />
* Connolley, W. M., 2002, Long-term variation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave, Connolley, W. M., doi:10.1029/2000JC000380, JGR 108(C4)<br />
* Vaughan, D.G., G.J. Marshall, W.M. Connolley, J.C. King and R. Mulvaney. 2001. Climate change - devil in the detail. ''Science'', 293, 1777-1779. Abstract: [[7 September]] [[2001]]<br />
* Tom A. Lachlan-Cope, William M. Connolley, and John Turner, The Role of the Non-Axisymmetric Antarctic Orography in Forcing the Observed Pattern of Variability of the Antarctic Climate, ''Geophysical Research Letters'', 2001, v28 no 21, pp 4111-4114.<br />
* W. M. Connolley and S. A. Harangozo, A comparison of five numerical weather prediction analysis climatologies in southern high latitudes, ''J. Climate'', v14, [[1 January]] [[2001]], pp 30-44.<br />
* Turner, J, W Connolley, D Cresswell and S A Harangozo (2001). The simulation of Antarctic sea ice in the Hadley Centre climate model (HadCM3). ''Ann. Glaciol.'', 33, 585-591.<br />
<br />
== External articles ==<br />
* [http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/ William Connolley] (Personal website)<br />
** Connolley's webpage [http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/iceage/ analysing papers relevant to a modern Ice Age].<br />
* "''[http://scienceblogs.com/stoat Stoat]; Taking science by the throat ...''" (Connolley's personal blog)<br />
* [http://www.realclimate.org RealClimate] [[RealClimate]]<br />
* [http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/wmc/ Work website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:1964 births|Connolley, William]]<br />
[[Category:British bloggers|Connolley, William]]<br />
[[Category:Climatologists|Connolley, William]]<br />
[[Category:Green Party of England and Wales politicians|Connolley, William]]<br />
[[Category:Living people|Connolley, William]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<div class="references-small"><br />
<references/><br />
</div></div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434938Sea of Faith2006-11-23T06:52:05Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of [[God]] is a [[sacred]] but nevertheless human expression. Such ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a saving ''lifebelt'' for those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering a non-[[Supernatural|supernatural]] expression of religious faith.<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
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The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
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SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
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"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
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==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
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While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Sea Of Faith Network]]<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434937Sea of Faith2006-11-21T05:39:57Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a ''[[sacred]]'' but nevertheless human expression. Such ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a saving ''lifebelt'' for those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering a non-[[Supernatural|supernatural]] expression of religious faith.<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Sea Of Faith Network]]<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434935Sea of Faith2006-11-21T05:38:33Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a ''[[sacred]]'' but nevertheless human expression. Such ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a saving ''lifebelt'' for those who find themselves spiritually 'at sea' by offering a non-[[Supernatural|supernatural]] expression of religious faith.<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Sea Of Faith Network]]<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434934Sea of Faith2006-11-20T19:48:44Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a ''[[sacred]]'' but nevertheless human expression. Such ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a saving ''lifebelt'' for those who find themselves spiritually 'at sea' by offering a non-[[Supernatural|supernatural]] expression of religious faith.<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Sea Of Faith Network]]<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434933Sea of Faith2006-11-20T19:48:07Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is nevertheless a ''[[sacred]]'' but human expression. Such ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a saving ''lifebelt'' for those who find themselves spiritually 'at sea' by offering a non-[[Supernatural|supernatural]] expression of religious faith.<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Sea Of Faith Network]]<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434932Sea of Faith2006-11-20T19:46:46Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our ''[[sacred]]'' concept of ''God'' is nevertheless a human expression. Such ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a saving ''lifebelt'' for those who find themselves spiritually 'at sea' by offering a non-[[Supernatural|supernatural]] expression of religious faith.<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Sea Of Faith Network]]<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434921Sea of Faith2006-11-20T09:44:36Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is expressed in human yet ''sacred'' language. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a saving ''lifebelt'' for those who find themselves spiritually ''at sea'' by offering a non-supernatural expression of religious faith.<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434920Sea of Faith2006-11-20T09:42:45Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is expressed in human yet ''sacred'' language. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a saving ''lifebelt'' for those who find themselves spiritually ''at sea'' by offering a non-supernatural account of religious faith.<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434919Sea of Faith2006-11-20T09:41:00Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a human yet ''sacred'' expression. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a saving ''lifebelt'' for those who find themselves spiritually ''at sea'' by offering a non-supernatural account of religious faith.<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434918Sea of Faith2006-11-20T09:38:17Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a human yet ''sacred'' expression. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a ''lifebelt'', saving those who find themselves spiritually ''at sea'' by offering a non-supernatural account of religious faith.<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434917Sea of Faith2006-11-20T09:35:31Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a human yet ''sacred'' expression. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering a non-supernatural account of religious faith.<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434916Sea of Faith2006-11-20T09:34:13Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a human yet ''sacred'' expression. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering an entirely human yet ''sacred'' interpretation of religious faith. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434915Sea of Faith2006-11-20T09:32:24Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a sacred ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a ''sacred'' but human expression. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering an entirely human yet ''sacred'' interpretation of religious faith. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434914Sea of Faith2006-11-20T09:31:58Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a sacred ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is indeed ''sacred'' but human expression. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering an entirely human yet ''sacred'' interpretation of religious faith. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434912Sea of Faith2006-11-19T13:55:05Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a sacred ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is indeed ''sacred'' but human, expressed in terms of human language. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering an entirely human yet ''sacred'' interpretation of religious faith. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434911Sea of Faith2006-11-19T13:49:28Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a sacred ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a ''sacred'' human creation, expressed in terms of human language. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering an entirely human yet ''sacred'' interpretation of religious faith. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434910Sea of Faith2006-11-19T13:49:10Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a sacred ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a ''sacred'' human creation, expressed in terms of human language. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering an entirely human yet ''sacred'' interpretation of faith. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434909Sea of Faith2006-11-19T13:47:54Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a sacred ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a ''sacred'' human creation, expressed in terms of human language. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering an entirely ''human'' interpretation of faith. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434908Sea of Faith2006-11-19T13:46:53Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a sacred ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a human creation, expressed in terms of human language. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. <br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering an entirely ''human'' interpretation of faith. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434907Sea of Faith2006-11-19T13:45:34Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a human creation, expressed in terms of human language. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. The SoF acknowledges that religious faith is a ''sacred'' human creation.<br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering an entirely ''human'' interpretation of faith. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434906Sea of Faith2006-11-19T13:44:04Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a human creation. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. The SoF acknowledges that religious faith is a ''sacred'' human creation.<br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering an entirely ''human'' interpretation of faith. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434905Sea of Faith2006-11-19T13:42:46Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a human creation. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. The SoF argues that even if religious faith is a ''human'' creation then it can still be ''sacred''.<br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering an entirely ''human'' interpretation of faith. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Faith&diff=209434904Sea of Faith2006-11-19T13:40:58Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:SOGLogo1a.jpg]]<br />
<br />
The '''Sea of Faith (SoF)''' is a ''religious'' network of groups aiming to explore and promote the idea of religious faith as a ''human'' creation; this includes the idea that our concept of ''God'' is a human creation. These ideas span [[liberal religion]] and [[religious humanism]]. The SoF questions the premise that because faith is a ''human'' creation then it cannot be ''sacred''.<br />
<br />
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to theologian [[Don Cupitt]]'s [[eponymous]] book and television series. The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] includes the UK, Australia, New Zealand with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. <br />
<br />
The SoF logo depicts a lifebelt, saving those who find themselves spiritually "at sea" by offering an entirely ''human'' interpretation of faith. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Sea Of Faith Network]] takes its name from the 1984 television series and book of the same name written and presented by [[Don Cupitt]]. In this six-part series, the philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest and one-time Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] surveyed western thinking about religion and charted the transition from traditional realist religion to the 20th century view that religion is simply a human creation.<br />
<br />
The name Sea of Faith (SoF) is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'' in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the sea of faith is withdrawing like the ebbing tide. <br />
<br />
Following the television series a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers they organised the first UK conference in 1988. A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
This is referred to as the [[Sea Of Faith Network]]. In addition to ''national'' conferences, a number of ''regional'' conferences and promotional events are held each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration. <br />
<br />
In the UK the magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly. It has a circulation beyond its membership, and the network runs a web site, http://www.sofn.org.uk, and an on-line discussion group. <br />
<br />
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa and France. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation". In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other. Some members describe themselves as on the Liberal or Radical wing of conventional belief (see [[Liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves Religious or Christian Humanists (see [[Humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist or nontheist.<br />
<br />
SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
SoF is most closely associated with the [[anti-realism|non-realist]] approach to religion. This refers to the belief that God has no 'real', objective or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is 'real' in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but He has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion. Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism - miracles, afterlife and the agency of spirits.<br />
<br />
"God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power". (''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980) Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity". It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<br />
<br />
==Founder's influence==<br />
Since he began writing in 1971 Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change. Thus, in his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and The ''Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism&mdash;there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God. <br />
<br />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club. Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dover Beach]]<br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
*[[Religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal religion]]<br />
*[[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
*[[Religious humanism]]<br />
*[[Christian humanism]]<br />
*[[Progressive Christianity]]<br />
*[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]]<br />
*[[Fundamentalism]]<br />
*[[Religious Society of Friends]]<br />
*[[Unitarian Universalism]]<br />
<br />
====Humanism====<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Rationalism]]<br />
*[[Bright (movement)]]<br />
*[[Secularism]]<br />
*[[Secular humanism]]<br />
*[[British Humanist Association]]<br />
*[[South Place Ethical Society]]<br />
*[[Atheism]]<br />
*[[Agnosticism]]<br />
*[[Nontheism]]<br />
<br />
====Philosophy====<br />
*[[Anti-realism]]<br />
*[[Humanism]]<br />
*[[Don Cupitt]]<br />
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]<br />
*[[Critical realism]]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X<br />
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4 <br />
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987 <br />
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993 <br />
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993 <br />
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996 <br />
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997 <br />
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3<br />
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]<br />
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)] <br />
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)] <br />
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sea_of_faith_magazine.htm ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of the ''Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)''<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm BBC article] The vicars who don't believe in God<br />
[[Category:Atheism]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theology]]<br />
[[Category:Humanism]]<br />
[[Category:Rationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Brigstocke&diff=220883244Marcus Brigstocke2006-10-24T14:12:58Z<p>130.246.132.26: /* Biography */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Marcus Brigstocke.jpg|thumb|right|Marcus Brigstocke]]<br />
'''Marcus Brigstocke''' (born May 8th 1973) is an [[England|English]] [[comedian]] and [[satirist]] who has worked extensively in [[stand-up comedy]], [[television]] and [[radio]]. He is particularly associated with the 6.30pm comedy slot on [[BBC Radio 4]], having frequently appeared on several of its shows concurrently.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Many of the central themes of Brigstocke's work (essentially the hypocrisy of the affluent) were first addressed during his time as a student at the [[University of Bristol]]. While at Bristol he often performed in the comedy trio ''Club Seals'', which later made the transition to TV in the series of short programmes ''We Are History''. Very few of the conventions and institutions of the bourgeoisie have escaped his ire, be it the middle-class obsession with heritage (''[[The Museum of Everything]]''), the turpitude of contemporary business culture (''[[Think the Unthinkable]]''), or English provincial parochialism (''[[Giles Wemmbley-Hogg Goes Off]]''). However, Brigstocke's favourite joke is to impersonate DJ [[Tim Westwood]], whom Brigstocke portrays as an archetypal [[wigger]], making much of his father (formerly) being an [[Anglican]] bishop. <br />
<br />
With a successful radio career including ''[[The Now Show]]'' with [[Steve Punt]] and [[Hugh Dennis]], he retains a [[Cult figure|cult]] following. ''The Now Show'' also provides an outlet for his fierce dislike of [[David Blaine]], referring to Blaine himself as ''[[Git]] Wizard'', and his "[[David Blaine#Above the Below|Above The Below]]" stunt as Freakdangle. Brigstocke hailed the failure of Blaine's "[[David Blaine#Drowned Alive|Drowned Alive]]" as proof that Blaine is "not special; not magic; just a moist git". He is increasingly enjoying mainstream success, recently having appeared on such broadly popular TV shows such as ''[[Have I Got News for You]]'' and ''[[Jack Dee]]'s Live at the Apollo'' series.<br />
<br />
One of his best-known jokes is "Computer games can't affect kids that much. I mean, if [[Pac-Man|Pacman]] had affected us as kids we'd all be running around in darkened rooms, munching pills and listening to repetitive music." This is also a good example of the sort of [[One-liner joke|one-liners]] Brigstocke usually comes up with, though it is also often attributed to a [[Nintendo]] employee.<br />
<br />
He plays an arts journalist named Marcus in the [[Neil Gaiman]] film ''[[A Short Film About John Bolton]]'', and a radio DJ in the [[Richard Curtis]] film ''[[Love Actually]]''.<br />
<br />
On [[9 April]] [[2006]], Brigstocke appeared in BBC Radio 4's Classic Serial adaptation of ''[[The Code of the Woosters]]'' as [[Bertie Wooster]] with [[Andrew Sachs]] as [[Jeeves]].<br />
<br />
{{Listen|filename=Giles Wemmbley-Hogg Goes Off - China excerpt.ogg|title=Giles Wemmbley-Hogg Goes Off - China excerpt|description=The opening scene from an edition of ''Giles Wemmbley-Hogg Goes Off''}}.<br />
<br />
He also hosts his own chat show on BBC4, [[The Late Edition]], which has been described as "[[Newsnight]] with jokes"<br />
<br />
===''Excuse My French'' (BBC2)===<br />
{{main|Excuse My French (2006 TV series)}}<br />
<br />
Brigstocke recently took part in the [[BBC]] programme ''Excuse My French'', which was broadcast on BBC2. On the programme he, [[Ron Atkinson]] and [[Esther Rantzen]] were immersed in the French language by staying in a remote town in the [[Provence]] region, being compelled to adapt to the French lifestyle and speak the language. His ultimate assignment was to perform a live stand-up comedy act in French to a French audience, a task in which he excelled. <br />
<br />
According to the programme, he continues to learn French, and has since performed more stand up in France (predominantly in English, but with sections in French).<br />
<br />
===Kristian Wilson===<br />
Said to be the CEO of the [[Nintendo|Nintendo Gaming Corporation]], Kristian Wilson is the apocryphal author of the following quote: ''"If Pac-Man had affected us as kids, we'd all be running around in a darkened room munching pills and listening to repetitive music."''<br />
<br />
The CEO of Nintendo from [[1950]] to present is [[Hiroshi Yamauchi]]. Whether or not Kristian Wilson exists remains to be determined, but the authorship of the quote attributed to him or her is clear. It is a joke that was penned by Brigstocke, who has said the following about the matter:<br />
<br />
::''"Ah! Bloody Pacman....It is my joke. I wrote it, then I took the rest of the day off as I was so chuffed with it. I am gutted that it has been claimed and passed around by so many people. Intellectual property law will not save me, the false claims will continue until I am man enough to give it all up. All I can say is -- it seems that it is very unlikely that it was written by a Nintendo employee in 1989, being as Pac Man was still around and not much of a childhood memory, there were very few claims that gaming influenced childrens behaviour, and that the wording of it is identical to how it has been deliverd in my stand up routine for 6 years! For those that are interested it has also been atributed to Bill Gates, but then so has Windows! Bitter? Well perhaps just a little. It was sent to me by someone at Channel 4 a few years back after I did it on Channel 4 in a late night stand up show! Hope that clears everything up."''<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Brigstocke is [[dyslexic]], and has admitted that he has to take extra preparation when using an [[autocue]].<br />
<br />
Brigstocke lives in South London, with university sweetheart Sophie Prideaux. The couple have two children. He is committed to non-violence and is an active campaigner for [[CND]] and ''"Campaign Against Arms Trade"''. He is fanatical about [[snowboarding]] – so much so he has set up a stand up tour in the Alps – and adores music and movies.<br />
<br />
==Selected radio==<br />
*''[[The Now Show]]''<br />
*''[[Giles Wemmbley Hogg Goes Off]]''<br />
*''We Are History''<br />
*''[[The Museum of Everything]]''<br />
*''As Safe As Houses''<br />
<br />
==Selected television==<br />
*''[[The Savages (TV series)|The Savages]]''<br />
*''[[We are History|We Are History]]''<br />
*''[[The Late Edition]]''<br />
*''[[My Hero]]''<br />
*''[[Stupid!]]''<br />
*''[[Have I Got News For You]]''<br />
*''[[Excuse My French (2006 TV series)|Excuse My French]]''<br />
<br />
{{wikiquote|Marcus Brigstocke}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.marcusbrigstocke.com His official website] which includes an extensive [[biography]]<br />
*{{imdb name|id=0109274|name=Marcus Brigstocke}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1973 births|Brigstocke, Marcus]]<br />
[[Category:Living people|Brigstocke, Marcus]]<br />
[[Category:People with dyslexia|Brigstocke, Marcus]]<br />
[[Category:University of Bristol alumni|Brigstocke, Marcus]]<br />
[[Category:British radio writers|Brigstocke, Marcus]]<br />
[[Category:English actors|Brigstocke, Marcus]]<br />
[[Category:English comedians|Brigstocke, Marcus]]<br />
[[Category:Just a Minute panellists|Brigstocke, Marcus]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harwell_(Oxfordshire)&diff=91033011Harwell (Oxfordshire)2006-03-27T11:08:23Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:St Matthews Church, Harwell.JPG|thumb|250px|St Matthews Church in Harwell.]]<br />
<br />
'''Harwell''' is a small village in [[Oxfordshire]], [[England]] (previously in [[Berkshire]]). It lies near [[The Ridgeway]] long-distance footpath, halfway between [[Abingdon, England|Abingdon, Oxfordshire]] and [[Newbury, Berkshire]] and two miles from [[Didcot]].<br />
<br />
Before 1946, Harwell was probably best known for its [[cherry]] orchards. In [[1937]], an airfield was built between Harwell and [[Chilton, Oxfordshire|Chilton]] and named [[RAF Harwell]]. The airfield was used during [[World War II]] to launch [[glider]]-borne troops for the [[Battle of Normandy|Normandy invasion]]. <br />
<br />
In 1946, this airfield was taken over to become the new [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment]], the main centre for [[atomic energy]] research in the UK, and become known as [[Harwell Laboratory]]. It was the site of Europe's first [[nuclear reactor]] in [[1946]], and once housed five nuclear reactors, all of which have been shut down. Two have been completely dismantled, and it is anticipated that the other three will be decommisioned by [[2022]].<br />
<br />
Other parts of the airfield were later used for other scientific organizations, including the [[Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]]. That part of the site is now known as ''Chilton/Harwell Science Campus'' and also houses the [[ISIS neutron source]] and the [[Diamond Light Source]] [[synchrotron]]. The Atomic Energy Research Establishment part of the airfield site is now officially called ''Harwell International Business Centre''; locally it is referred to as the "Atomic".<br />
<br />
Harwell has a population of about 2,400.<br />
<br />
There are currently two public houses in the village, the White Hart and The Crispin. The two pubs are both located on the same corner of the High Street and back on to each other. Formerly there were five; The Crown is now a nursing home, The Chequers a private house and the Kicking Donkey was demolished to make way for housing. <br />
The village supports two shops, Bobs the Butchers which includes the Post Office and White Horse News which doubles as an off licence. Two other general stores have closed in the village over the last 20 years and the village bakery. At one point the village even had a brewery; this is now a private house and located opposite the White Horse public house.<br />
<br />
<!-- Image missing:<br />
[[Image:Harwell_church.jpg|frame|left|St. Matthews Church]]<br />
--><br />
<br />
The Village church is St Matthews and is part of the [[Church of England]]. The church is notable for the quality and age of the 8 peels of bells housed in the belfry. St Matthews, was mainly built in the [[13th century]], it is a [[Grade 1 listed]] building and was formerly dedicated to St Mary. The nave roof is from 1220, and the screen dividing the chancel from the body of the church also dates from the 13th century. The award-winning tower has 8 bells and 1 Sanctus bell dating from 1611 to 1932. The tenor weighs 16 cwt. There is a single-handed clock on the tower's west face. In 1975, a two floor extension was built on the north wall which now contains a parish office. A new church hall was built in 1994. <br />
<br />
== Social life ==<br />
<br />
There are a good number of clubs and societies in the village. These include an excellent Royal Legion, a lively Scout Group, an earnest Girls Brigade, a growing Horticultural Society, Harwell Feast Committee, Football and Rugby Clubs and others.<br />
<br />
=== The Harwell Feast ===<br />
This celebration is held on the Monday of the May bank holiday each year. The celebrations include a parade of decorate floats and people through the village. The recreation ground is turned over to various fund raising stalls and demonstration from sheep dog handling to vintage cars. Either a cow or a couple of pigs will be roasted to supply the meat for the feast.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.harwellparish.co.uk/ Harwell Parish website]<br />
* [http://www.ukaea.org.uk/harwell/ UKAEA Harwell]<br />
* [http://www.cclrc.ac.uk/ CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]<br />
* [http://www.diamond.ac.uk/ Diamond Light Source]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Oxfordshire]]<br />
<br />
[[pl:Harwell]]</div>130.246.132.26https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caus_Castle&diff=151367756Caus Castle2006-03-06T15:31:31Z<p>130.246.132.26: </p>
<hr />
<div>Caus Castle is situated up on the eastern foothills of the Long Mountain guarding <br />
the route from [[Shrewsbury, Shropshire]] to [[Montgomery, Powys]].<br />
<br />
The early outer earthworks of the site are probably an Iron Age fort, while the later [[motte-and-bailey]] is of Norman construction.<br />
<br />
Roger le Corbet (or Fitz Corbet) was granted several manors in [[Shropshire]] in 1069 <br />
by [[William the Conquerer]] as the Barony of Caus for his role in the invasion <br />
of England. They were named after Roger's Normandy estate in the [[Pays de Caux]]. <br />
The Corbets owed fealty to [[Roger de Montgomery]], [[Earl of Shrewsbury]] to help <br />
control the borders of Wales with absolute control over their [[demesne]]. Caus <br />
Castle was built by Roger le Corbet in the late 11th century as a high motte with a very small summit<br />
on which stood a tower and a strongly defended inner bailey.<br />
<br />
The castle was sufficiently important that the Crown took an interest in its maintenance. <br />
[[Henry II of England]] had it garrisoned in 1165. <br />
In 1198 Roger Corbet re-built the tower, keep and curtain wall in stone. <br />
During the late 12th century a town or borough was <br />
founded in the large outer Bailey.<br />
A royal grant of 50 marks was made in 1263 towards further building work, when<br />
D-shape towers were added to the curtain wall.<br />
On the death of Beatrice Corbet in 1347 Caus <br />
passed to the [[Earl of Stafford]]. <br />
<br />
Caus was garrisoned by the [[Seneschal]] Griffith ap <br />
Ieuan ap Madoc ap Gwenwys against the rebellion of [[Owain Glyndŵr]] in the 1400's, <br />
but following calls from Welsh graduates in law and students in the <br />
[[University of Oxford]] he changed sides and supported Glyndŵr. As a result his family lands and role<br />
at Caus Castle were forfeited in 1404, only to be restored by [[Henry V of England]] in 1419 after his sons Ieuan ap Griffith and <br />
Sir Griffith Vaughan captured [[John Oldcastle]] for Lord Charlton of Powis. Prior to the main conflict in the<br />
[[Wars of the Roses]], in 1443 Sir Griffith Vaughan (or Gruffydd Fychan), Ieuan ap Griffith and their tenants murdered Sir Christopher <br />
Talbot, son of [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury]] and champion tilter of England, at Caus <br />
Castle for which their family lands were again forfeited, this time to [[Henry VI of England]]. The <br />
[[Earl of Stafford]] rarely used the castle in the 15th and 16th centuries so that it <br />
decayed, and was finally deserted after it was destroyed in 1645.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Barker, P.A. (1981). ''Caus Castle and Hawcocks Mount'' Archaeological Journal Vol138 p34<br />
* Chitty, L. F. (1954). ''Caus Castle'' The Hundred-and-First Annual Meeting: Programme, CAA p19-21<br />
* Williams G. (1998). ''Sir Gruffydd Fychan (?-1447)'' Montgomeryshire Collections Vol 86, p17-28<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of Shropshire]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Shropshire]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Shropshire]]<br />
[[Category:Castles in England]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in England]]</div>130.246.132.26