Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Makaton

2013-01-16T17:03:42Z

130.246.132.178:

'''Makaton''' is a language program designed to provide a means of communication to individuals who cannot communicate efficiently by speaking.<ref name=bm>Beukelman, D.R., & Mirenda, P. (2005). ''Augmentative and alternative communication: supporting children & adults with complex communication needs'' (pp.65-67). Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.</ref><ref name=gw>Grove, N., & Walker, M. (1990). The Makaton Vocabulary: using manual signs and graphic symbols to develop interpersonal communication. ''Augmentative and Alternative Communication'', 6 (1),15-28.</ref> The Makaton language programme has been effectively used with individuals who have [[cognitive impairments]], [[autism]], [[Down's syndrome]], [[specific language impairment]], [[Deafblindness|multisensory impairment]] and [[acquired]] [[neurological disorders]] that have negatively affected the ability to communicate.<ref name=bm/><ref>Le Provost, P.A. (1983). Using the Makaton vocabulary in early language training with a Down's baby: a single case study. ''Mental Handicap'', 11, 28-29.</ref>

The name "Makaton" is derived from the names of the three people who devised it: [[speech therapist]] '''Ma'''rgaret Walker, and two psychiatric hospital visitors from the [[Royal Association for Deaf people]] named '''Ka'''tharine Johnston and '''Ton'''y Cornforth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.makaton.org/about/mvdp_history.htm |title=Makaton: the early years |publisher=The Makaton Charity website |accessdate=17 May 2010 }}</ref>

Makaton is a registered trade mark of The Makaton Charity which was established in 2007.<ref>http://www.makaton.org/</ref>
The original trademark application for Makaton was filed in the UK on August 28, 1979 with registration approved as from that date under UK trade mark registration no. 1119745.<ref> http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-tm/pro-t-os/pro-t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=1119745</ref>

==Programme==
The Makaton Language Programme uses a multimodal approach to teach [[language]] and [[literacy]] skills, through instruction involving a combination of speech, [[signs]], and [[symbols|graphic symbols]] used concurrently.<ref name=gw/> It consists of a Core Vocabulary of roughly 450 concepts that are taught in a specific order (there are 8 different stages). For example, stage 1 involves teaching vocabulary for immediate needs, like 'eat' and 'drink'. Later stages contain more complex and abstract vocabulary such as time and emotions. Once basic communication has been established, the student can progress in their language use, using whatever modes are most appropriate.<ref name=gw/> Also, although the programme is organised in stages, it can be modified and tailored to the individual's needs.<ref name=bm/> In addition to the Core Vocabulary, The Makaton Charity has illustrated a Makaton resource of over 7,000 concepts.<ref name=gw/>

==Development==
Original research was conducted in 1972 which resulted in the design of the Makaton Core Vocabulary based on functional need. This original research was repeated in 1976 in a community-based environment with [[institutionalised]] [[deaf]] cognitively impaired adults resident at [[St George's Hospital]], London, to enable them to communicate using [[sign language]].<ref name=gw/><ref name=b>Byler, J.K. (1985). The Makaton Vocabulary: an analysis based on recent research. ''British Journal of Special Education'', 12 (3), 113-120.</ref><ref name=wa>Walker, M., & Armfield, A. (1981). What is the Makaton vocabulary? ''Special Education: Forward Trends'', 8 (3), 19-20.</ref> Fourteen deaf and cognitively impaired adults participated in the pilot study, and all were able to learn to use manual signs; improved behaviour was also noted.<ref name=gw/> Shortly after, this approach was modified to be used with both children and adults with severe communication difficulties (including individuals who could hear), and was used in many schools throughout the UK in order to stimulate communication and language.<ref name=gw/><ref name=b/><ref name=wa/> In the early stages of development, Makaton used only speech and manual signs (without symbols).<ref name=gw/> The Makaton Vocabulary Development Project was founded in 1976 to provide resource materials and training courses, and it became a charitable trust in 1983.<ref name=gw/><ref name=b/> By 1985, work had begun to include graphic symbols in the Makaton Language Programme, and a version including graphic symbols was published in 1986.<ref name=gw/> The Core Vocabulary was revised in 1996 to include cultural differences.

==International use==
The Makaton Core Vocabulary is adapted for use in different countries; signs from each country's [[Deaf community]] are used, along with culturally relevant Makaton symbols.<ref name=bm/> For example, in the [[United Kingdom]], Makaton uses signs from [[British Sign Language]] (BSL); the signs are mainly from the ''London and South East England'' regional dialect<ref name=mcv>The Makaton Charity (2010). ''Makaton Core Vocabulary Signs''. 1996 Revisions, page iv.</ref><ref name=lsers>Elton, Frances and Squelch, Linda ''London and South East Regional Signs''. Lexisigns (2009), http://www.lexisigns.co.uk</ref> Makaton is used extensively throughout the UK, but has also been adapted for use in over 40 countries, including [[Poland]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Portugal]], [[Greece]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Japan]].<ref name=bm/>

<big>'''Evidence:'''</big>
* Harrison, D. and Virden, F. (2011). Assistant practitioners lead way. ''British Journal of Healthcare Assistants'', 5(8),409.
* Hooper, H. and Walker, M. (2002) Makaton peer tutoring evaluation: 10 years on. ''BJLD'' 30: 38–42.
* Reeves, D. (2011). Applying choices and possibilities. ''Speech and Language Therapy in Practice'', (3)4-6.
* Sheehy, K. and Duffy, H. (2009). Attitudes to Makaton in the ages of integration and inclusion, ''International Journal of Special Education'', 24, 2.

==Training and resources==
The Makaton Charity:
*Delivers training to over 30,000 parents, carers and professionals
*Develops and produces a wide range of resources (books, DVDs and computer based resources)
*Provides a free family advisory service for information, advice and support for parents, family members and professionals working with children.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/somethingspecial Something Special CBeebies programme to teach all ages Makaton]
* [http://www.makaton.org The Makaton Charity website]

{{sign language navigation}}

[[Category:Sign systems]]
[[Category:Augmentative and alternative communication]]
[[Category:Speech and language pathology]]
[[Category:Sign language]]

[[cs:Makaton]]
[[fr:Makaton]]
[[ru:Макатон]]
[[simple:Makaton]]
[[ar:الماكاثون]]

Makaton

2013-01-16T17:01:43Z

130.246.132.178:

'''Makaton''' is a language program designed to provide a means of communication to individuals who cannot communicate efficiently by speaking.<ref name=bm>Beukelman, D.R., & Mirenda, P. (2005). ''Augmentative and alternative communication: supporting children & adults with complex communication needs'' (pp.65-67). Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.</ref><ref name=gw>Grove, N., & Walker, M. (1990). The Makaton Vocabulary: using manual signs and graphic symbols to develop interpersonal communication. ''Augmentative and Alternative Communication'', 6 (1),15-28.</ref> The Makaton language programme has been effectively used with individuals who have [[cognitive impairments]], [[autism]], [[Down's syndrome]], [[specific language impairment]], [[Deafblindness|multisensory impairment]] and [[acquired]] [[neurological disorders]] that have negatively affected the ability to communicate.<ref name=bm/><ref>Le Provost, P.A. (1983). Using the Makaton vocabulary in early language training with a Down's baby: a single case study. ''Mental Handicap'', 11, 28-29.</ref>

The name "Makaton" is derived from the names of the three people who devised it: [[speech therapist]] '''Ma'''rgaret Walker, and two psychiatric hospital visitors from the [[Royal Association for Deaf people]] named '''Ka'''tharine Johnston and '''Ton'''y Cornforth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.makaton.org/about/mvdp_history.htm |title=Makaton: the early years |publisher=The Makaton Charity website |accessdate=17 May 2010 }}</ref> Makaton is a registered trade mark of The Makaton Charity which was established in 2007.<ref>http://www.makaton.org/</ref>

. The original trademark application for Makaton was filed in the UK on August 28, 1979 with registration approved as from that date under UK trade mark registration no. 1119745.<ref> http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-tm/pro-t-os/pro-t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=1119745</ref>

==Programme==
The Makaton Language Programme uses a multimodal approach to teach [[language]] and [[literacy]] skills, through instruction involving a combination of speech, [[signs]], and [[symbols|graphic symbols]] used concurrently.<ref name=gw/> It consists of a Core Vocabulary of roughly 450 concepts that are taught in a specific order (there are 8 different stages). For example, stage 1 involves teaching vocabulary for immediate needs, like 'eat' and 'drink'. Later stages contain more complex and abstract vocabulary such as time and emotions. Once basic communication has been established, the student can progress in their language use, using whatever modes are most appropriate.<ref name=gw/> Also, although the programme is organised in stages, it can be modified and tailored to the individual's needs.<ref name=bm/> In addition to the Core Vocabulary, The Makaton Charity has illustrated a Makaton resource of over 7,000 concepts.<ref name=gw/>

==Development==
Original research was conducted in 1972 which resulted in the design of the Makaton Core Vocabulary based on functional need. This original research was repeated in 1976 in a community-based environment with [[institutionalised]] [[deaf]] cognitively impaired adults resident at [[St George's Hospital]], London, to enable them to communicate using [[sign language]].<ref name=gw/><ref name=b>Byler, J.K. (1985). The Makaton Vocabulary: an analysis based on recent research. ''British Journal of Special Education'', 12 (3), 113-120.</ref><ref name=wa>Walker, M., & Armfield, A. (1981). What is the Makaton vocabulary? ''Special Education: Forward Trends'', 8 (3), 19-20.</ref> Fourteen deaf and cognitively impaired adults participated in the pilot study, and all were able to learn to use manual signs; improved behaviour was also noted.<ref name=gw/> Shortly after, this approach was modified to be used with both children and adults with severe communication difficulties (including individuals who could hear), and was used in many schools throughout the UK in order to stimulate communication and language.<ref name=gw/><ref name=b/><ref name=wa/> In the early stages of development, Makaton used only speech and manual signs (without symbols).<ref name=gw/> The Makaton Vocabulary Development Project was founded in 1976 to provide resource materials and training courses, and it became a charitable trust in 1983.<ref name=gw/><ref name=b/> By 1985, work had begun to include graphic symbols in the Makaton Language Programme, and a version including graphic symbols was published in 1986.<ref name=gw/> The Core Vocabulary was revised in 1996 to include cultural differences.

==International use==
The Makaton Core Vocabulary is adapted for use in different countries; signs from each country's [[Deaf community]] are used, along with culturally relevant Makaton symbols.<ref name=bm/> For example, in the [[United Kingdom]], Makaton uses signs from [[British Sign Language]] (BSL); the signs are mainly from the ''London and South East England'' regional dialect<ref name=mcv>The Makaton Charity (2010). ''Makaton Core Vocabulary Signs''. 1996 Revisions, page iv.</ref><ref name=lsers>Elton, Frances and Squelch, Linda ''London and South East Regional Signs''. Lexisigns (2009), http://www.lexisigns.co.uk</ref> Makaton is used extensively throughout the UK, but has also been adapted for use in over 40 countries, including [[Poland]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Portugal]], [[Greece]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Japan]].<ref name=bm/>

<big>'''Evidence:'''</big>
* Harrison, D. and Virden, F. (2011). Assistant practitioners lead way. ''British Journal of Healthcare Assistants'', 5(8),409.
* Hooper, H. and Walker, M. (2002) Makaton peer tutoring evaluation: 10 years on. ''BJLD'' 30: 38–42.
* Reeves, D. (2011). Applying choices and possibilities. ''Speech and Language Therapy in Practice'', (3)4-6.
* Sheehy, K. and Duffy, H. (2009). Attitudes to Makaton in the ages of integration and inclusion, ''International Journal of Special Education'', 24, 2.

==Training and resources==
The Makaton Charity:
*Delivers training to over 30,000 parents, carers and professionals
*Develops and produces a wide range of resources (books, DVDs and computer based resources)
*Provides a free family advisory service for information, advice and support for parents, family members and professionals working with children.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/somethingspecial Something Special CBeebies programme to teach all ages Makaton]
* [http://www.makaton.org The Makaton Charity website]

{{sign language navigation}}

[[Category:Sign systems]]
[[Category:Augmentative and alternative communication]]
[[Category:Speech and language pathology]]
[[Category:Sign language]]

[[cs:Makaton]]
[[fr:Makaton]]
[[ru:Макатон]]
[[simple:Makaton]]
[[ar:الماكاثون]]

Makaton

2013-01-16T16:58:09Z

130.246.132.178: /* Development */

'''Makaton''' is a language program designed to provide a means of communication to individuals who cannot communicate efficiently by speaking.<ref name=bm>Beukelman, D.R., & Mirenda, P. (2005). ''Augmentative and alternative communication: supporting children & adults with complex communication needs'' (pp.65-67). Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.</ref><ref name=gw>Grove, N., & Walker, M. (1990). The Makaton Vocabulary: using manual signs and graphic symbols to develop interpersonal communication. ''Augmentative and Alternative Communication'', 6 (1),15-28.</ref> The Makaton language programme has been effectively used with individuals who have [[cognitive impairments]], [[autism]], [[Down's syndrome]], [[specific language impairment]], [[Deafblindness|multisensory impairment]] and [[acquired]] [[neurological disorders]] that have negatively affected the ability to communicate.<ref name=bm/><ref>Le Provost, P.A. (1983). Using the Makaton vocabulary in early language training with a Down's baby: a single case study. ''Mental Handicap'', 11, 28-29.</ref>

The name "Makaton" is derived from the names of the three people who devised it: [[speech therapist]] '''Ma'''rgaret Walker, and two psychiatric hospital visitors from the [[Royal Association for Deaf people]] named '''Ka'''tharine Johnston and '''Ton'''y Cornforth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.makaton.org/about/mvdp_history.htm |title=Makaton: the early years |publisher=The Makaton Charity website |accessdate=17 May 2010 }}</ref> Makaton is a registered trade mark of The Makaton Charity. The original trademark application for Makaton was filed in the UK on August 28, 1979 with registration approved as from that date under UK trade mark registration no. 1119745.<ref> http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-tm/pro-t-os/pro-t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=1119745</ref>

==Programme==
The Makaton Language Programme uses a multimodal approach to teach [[language]] and [[literacy]] skills, through instruction involving a combination of speech, [[signs]], and [[symbols|graphic symbols]] used concurrently.<ref name=gw/> It consists of a Core Vocabulary of roughly 450 concepts that are taught in a specific order (there are 8 different stages). For example, stage 1 involves teaching vocabulary for immediate needs, like 'eat' and 'drink'. Later stages contain more complex and abstract vocabulary such as time and emotions. Once basic communication has been established, the student can progress in their language use, using whatever modes are most appropriate.<ref name=gw/> Also, although the programme is organised in stages, it can be modified and tailored to the individual's needs.<ref name=bm/> In addition to the Core Vocabulary, The Makaton Charity has illustrated a Makaton resource of over 7,000 concepts.<ref name=gw/>

==Development==
Original research was conducted in 1972 which resulted in the design of the Makaton Core Vocabulary based on functional need. This original research was repeated in 1976 in a community-based environment with [[institutionalised]] [[deaf]] cognitively impaired adults resident at [[St George's Hospital]], London, to enable them to communicate using [[sign language]].<ref name=gw/><ref name=b>Byler, J.K. (1985). The Makaton Vocabulary: an analysis based on recent research. ''British Journal of Special Education'', 12 (3), 113-120.</ref><ref name=wa>Walker, M., & Armfield, A. (1981). What is the Makaton vocabulary? ''Special Education: Forward Trends'', 8 (3), 19-20.</ref> Fourteen deaf and cognitively impaired adults participated in the pilot study, and all were able to learn to use manual signs; improved behaviour was also noted.<ref name=gw/> Shortly after, this approach was modified to be used with both children and adults with severe communication difficulties (including individuals who could hear), and was used in many schools throughout the UK in order to stimulate communication and language.<ref name=gw/><ref name=b/><ref name=wa/> In the early stages of development, Makaton used only speech and manual signs (without symbols).<ref name=gw/> The Makaton Vocabulary Development Project was founded in 1976 to provide resource materials and training courses, and it became a charitable trust in 1983.<ref name=gw/><ref name=b/> By 1985, work had begun to include graphic symbols in the Makaton Language Programme, and a version including graphic symbols was published in 1986.<ref name=gw/> The Core Vocabulary was revised in 1996 to include cultural differences.

==International use==
The Makaton Core Vocabulary is adapted for use in different countries; signs from each country's [[Deaf community]] are used, along with culturally relevant Makaton symbols.<ref name=bm/> For example, in the [[United Kingdom]], Makaton uses signs from [[British Sign Language]] (BSL); the signs are mainly from the ''London and South East England'' regional dialect<ref name=mcv>The Makaton Charity (2010). ''Makaton Core Vocabulary Signs''. 1996 Revisions, page iv.</ref><ref name=lsers>Elton, Frances and Squelch, Linda ''London and South East Regional Signs''. Lexisigns (2009), http://www.lexisigns.co.uk</ref> Makaton is used extensively throughout the UK, but has also been adapted for use in over 40 countries, including [[Poland]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Portugal]], [[Greece]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Japan]].<ref name=bm/>

<big>'''Evidence:'''</big>
* Harrison, D. and Virden, F. (2011). Assistant practitioners lead way. ''British Journal of Healthcare Assistants'', 5(8),409.
* Hooper, H. and Walker, M. (2002) Makaton peer tutoring evaluation: 10 years on. ''BJLD'' 30: 38–42.
* Reeves, D. (2011). Applying choices and possibilities. ''Speech and Language Therapy in Practice'', (3)4-6.
* Sheehy, K. and Duffy, H. (2009). Attitudes to Makaton in the ages of integration and inclusion, ''International Journal of Special Education'', 24, 2.

==Training and resources==
The Makaton Charity:
*Delivers training to over 30,000 parents, carers and professionals
*Develops and produces a wide range of resources (books, DVDs and computer based resources)
*Provides a free family advisory service for information, advice and support for parents, family members and professionals working with children.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/somethingspecial Something Special CBeebies programme to teach all ages Makaton]
* [http://www.makaton.org The Makaton Charity website]

{{sign language navigation}}

[[Category:Sign systems]]
[[Category:Augmentative and alternative communication]]
[[Category:Speech and language pathology]]
[[Category:Sign language]]

[[cs:Makaton]]
[[fr:Makaton]]
[[ru:Макатон]]
[[simple:Makaton]]
[[ar:الماكاثون]]

Makaton

2013-01-16T16:55:57Z

130.246.132.178:

'''Makaton''' is a language program designed to provide a means of communication to individuals who cannot communicate efficiently by speaking.<ref name=bm>Beukelman, D.R., & Mirenda, P. (2005). ''Augmentative and alternative communication: supporting children & adults with complex communication needs'' (pp.65-67). Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.</ref><ref name=gw>Grove, N., & Walker, M. (1990). The Makaton Vocabulary: using manual signs and graphic symbols to develop interpersonal communication. ''Augmentative and Alternative Communication'', 6 (1),15-28.</ref> The Makaton language programme has been effectively used with individuals who have [[cognitive impairments]], [[autism]], [[Down's syndrome]], [[specific language impairment]], [[Deafblindness|multisensory impairment]] and [[acquired]] [[neurological disorders]] that have negatively affected the ability to communicate.<ref name=bm/><ref>Le Provost, P.A. (1983). Using the Makaton vocabulary in early language training with a Down's baby: a single case study. ''Mental Handicap'', 11, 28-29.</ref>

The name "Makaton" is derived from the names of the three people who devised it: [[speech therapist]] '''Ma'''rgaret Walker, and two psychiatric hospital visitors from the [[Royal Association for Deaf people]] named '''Ka'''tharine Johnston and '''Ton'''y Cornforth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.makaton.org/about/mvdp_history.htm |title=Makaton: the early years |publisher=The Makaton Charity website |accessdate=17 May 2010 }}</ref> Makaton is a registered trade mark of The Makaton Charity. The original trademark application for Makaton was filed in the UK on August 28, 1979 with registration approved as from that date under UK trade mark registration no. 1119745.<ref> http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-tm/pro-t-os/pro-t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=1119745</ref>

==Programme==
The Makaton Language Programme uses a multimodal approach to teach [[language]] and [[literacy]] skills, through instruction involving a combination of speech, [[signs]], and [[symbols|graphic symbols]] used concurrently.<ref name=gw/> It consists of a Core Vocabulary of roughly 450 concepts that are taught in a specific order (there are 8 different stages). For example, stage 1 involves teaching vocabulary for immediate needs, like 'eat' and 'drink'. Later stages contain more complex and abstract vocabulary such as time and emotions. Once basic communication has been established, the student can progress in their language use, using whatever modes are most appropriate.<ref name=gw/> Also, although the programme is organised in stages, it can be modified and tailored to the individual's needs.<ref name=bm/> In addition to the Core Vocabulary, The Makaton Charity has illustrated a Makaton resource of over 7,000 concepts.<ref name=gw/>

==Development==
Original research was conducted in 1972 which resulted in the design of the Makaton Core Vocabulary based on functional need. This original research was repeated in 1976 in a community-based environment with [[institutionalised]] [[deaf]] cognitively impaired adults resident at [[St George's Hospital]], London, to enable them to communicate using [[sign language]].<ref name=gw/><ref name=b>Byler, J.K. (1985). The Makaton Vocabulary: an analysis based on recent research. ''British Journal of Special Education'', 12 (3), 113-120.</ref><ref name=wa>Walker, M., & Armfield, A. (1981). What is the Makaton vocabulary? ''Special Education: Forward Trends'', 8 (3), 19-20.</ref> Fourteen deaf and cognitively impaired adults participated in the pilot study, and all were able to learn to use manual signs; improved behaviour was also noted.<ref name=gw/> Shortly after, this approach was modified to be used with both children and adults with severe communication difficulties (including individuals who could hear), and was used in many schools throughout the UK in order to stimulate communication and language.<ref name=gw/><ref name=b/><ref name=wa/> In the early stages of development, Makaton used only speech and manual signs (without symbols).<ref name=gw/> The Makaton Vocabulary Development Project was founded in 1976 to provide resource materials and training courses, and it became a charitable trust in 1983.<ref name=gw/><ref name=b/> By 1985, work had begun to include graphic symbols in the Makaton Language Programme, and a version including graphic symbols was published in 1986.<ref name=gw/> The Core Vocabulary was revised in 1996 to include cultural differences. In 2007, The Makaton Charity was established.http://www.makaton.org/

==International use==
The Makaton Core Vocabulary is adapted for use in different countries; signs from each country's [[Deaf community]] are used, along with culturally relevant Makaton symbols.<ref name=bm/> For example, in the [[United Kingdom]], Makaton uses signs from [[British Sign Language]] (BSL); the signs are mainly from the ''London and South East England'' regional dialect<ref name=mcv>The Makaton Charity (2010). ''Makaton Core Vocabulary Signs''. 1996 Revisions, page iv.</ref><ref name=lsers>Elton, Frances and Squelch, Linda ''London and South East Regional Signs''. Lexisigns (2009), http://www.lexisigns.co.uk</ref> Makaton is used extensively throughout the UK, but has also been adapted for use in over 40 countries, including [[Poland]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Portugal]], [[Greece]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Japan]].<ref name=bm/>

<big>'''Evidence:'''</big>
* Harrison, D. and Virden, F. (2011). Assistant practitioners lead way. ''British Journal of Healthcare Assistants'', 5(8),409.
* Hooper, H. and Walker, M. (2002) Makaton peer tutoring evaluation: 10 years on. ''BJLD'' 30: 38–42.
* Reeves, D. (2011). Applying choices and possibilities. ''Speech and Language Therapy in Practice'', (3)4-6.
* Sheehy, K. and Duffy, H. (2009). Attitudes to Makaton in the ages of integration and inclusion, ''International Journal of Special Education'', 24, 2.

==Training and resources==
The Makaton Charity:
*Delivers training to over 30,000 parents, carers and professionals
*Develops and produces a wide range of resources (books, DVDs and computer based resources)
*Provides a free family advisory service for information, advice and support for parents, family members and professionals working with children.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/somethingspecial Something Special CBeebies programme to teach all ages Makaton]
* [http://www.makaton.org The Makaton Charity website]

{{sign language navigation}}

[[Category:Sign systems]]
[[Category:Augmentative and alternative communication]]
[[Category:Speech and language pathology]]
[[Category:Sign language]]

[[cs:Makaton]]
[[fr:Makaton]]
[[ru:Макатон]]
[[simple:Makaton]]
[[ar:الماكاثون]]

Makaton

2013-01-16T16:54:37Z

130.246.132.178: /* Development */

'''Makaton''' is a language program designed to provide a means of communication to individuals who cannot communicate efficiently by speaking.<ref name=bm>Beukelman, D.R., & Mirenda, P. (2005). ''Augmentative and alternative communication: supporting children & adults with complex communication needs'' (pp.65-67). Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.</ref><ref name=gw>Grove, N., & Walker, M. (1990). The Makaton Vocabulary: using manual signs and graphic symbols to develop interpersonal communication. ''Augmentative and Alternative Communication'', 6 (1),15-28.</ref> The Makaton language programme has been effectively used with individuals who have [[cognitive impairments]], [[autism]], [[Down's syndrome]], [[specific language impairment]], [[Deafblindness|multisensory impairment]] and [[acquired]] [[neurological disorders]] that have negatively affected the ability to communicate.<ref name=bm/><ref>Le Provost, P.A. (1983). Using the Makaton vocabulary in early language training with a Down's baby: a single case study. ''Mental Handicap'', 11, 28-29.</ref>

Makaton is a registered trade mark of The Makaton Charity. The original trademark application for Makaton was filed in the UK on August 28, 1979 with registration approved as from that date under UK trade mark registration no. 1119745.<ref> http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-tm/pro-t-os/pro-t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=1119745</ref>

==Programme==
The Makaton Language Programme uses a multimodal approach to teach [[language]] and [[literacy]] skills, through instruction involving a combination of speech, [[signs]], and [[symbols|graphic symbols]] used concurrently.<ref name=gw/> It consists of a Core Vocabulary of roughly 450 concepts that are taught in a specific order (there are 8 different stages). For example, stage 1 involves teaching vocabulary for immediate needs, like 'eat' and 'drink'. Later stages contain more complex and abstract vocabulary such as time and emotions. Once basic communication has been established, the student can progress in their language use, using whatever modes are most appropriate.<ref name=gw/> Also, although the programme is organised in stages, it can be modified and tailored to the individual's needs.<ref name=bm/> In addition to the Core Vocabulary, The Makaton Charity has illustrated a Makaton resource of over 7,000 concepts.<ref name=gw/>

==Development==
Original research was conducted in 1972 which resulted in the design of the Makaton Core Vocabulary based on functional need. This original research was repeated in 1976 in a community-based environment with [[institutionalised]] [[deaf]] cognitively impaired adults resident at [[St George's Hospital]], London, to enable them to communicate using [[sign language]].<ref name=gw/><ref name=b>Byler, J.K. (1985). The Makaton Vocabulary: an analysis based on recent research. ''British Journal of Special Education'', 12 (3), 113-120.</ref><ref name=wa>Walker, M., & Armfield, A. (1981). What is the Makaton vocabulary? ''Special Education: Forward Trends'', 8 (3), 19-20.</ref> Fourteen deaf and cognitively impaired adults participated in the pilot study, and all were able to learn to use manual signs; improved behaviour was also noted.<ref name=gw/> Shortly after, this approach was modified to be used with both children and adults with severe communication difficulties (including individuals who could hear), and was used in many schools throughout the UK in order to stimulate communication and language.<ref name=gw/><ref name=b/><ref name=wa/> In the early stages of development, Makaton used only speech and manual signs (without symbols).<ref name=gw/> The Makaton Vocabulary Development Project was founded in 1976 to provide resource materials and training courses, and it became a charitable trust in 1983.<ref name=gw/><ref name=b/> By 1985, work had begun to include graphic symbols in the Makaton Language Programme, and a version including graphic symbols was published in 1986.<ref name=gw/> The Core Vocabulary was revised in 1996 to include cultural differences. In 2007, The Makaton Charity was established.http://www.makaton.org/

==International use==
The Makaton Core Vocabulary is adapted for use in different countries; signs from each country's [[Deaf community]] are used, along with culturally relevant Makaton symbols.<ref name=bm/> For example, in the [[United Kingdom]], Makaton uses signs from [[British Sign Language]] (BSL); the signs are mainly from the ''London and South East England'' regional dialect<ref name=mcv>The Makaton Charity (2010). ''Makaton Core Vocabulary Signs''. 1996 Revisions, page iv.</ref><ref name=lsers>Elton, Frances and Squelch, Linda ''London and South East Regional Signs''. Lexisigns (2009), http://www.lexisigns.co.uk</ref> Makaton is used extensively throughout the UK, but has also been adapted for use in over 40 countries, including [[Poland]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Portugal]], [[Greece]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Japan]].<ref name=bm/>

<big>'''Evidence:'''</big>
* Harrison, D. and Virden, F. (2011). Assistant practitioners lead way. ''British Journal of Healthcare Assistants'', 5(8),409.
* Hooper, H. and Walker, M. (2002) Makaton peer tutoring evaluation: 10 years on. ''BJLD'' 30: 38–42.
* Reeves, D. (2011). Applying choices and possibilities. ''Speech and Language Therapy in Practice'', (3)4-6.
* Sheehy, K. and Duffy, H. (2009). Attitudes to Makaton in the ages of integration and inclusion, ''International Journal of Special Education'', 24, 2.

==Training and resources==
The Makaton Charity:
*Delivers training to over 30,000 parents, carers and professionals
*Develops and produces a wide range of resources (books, DVDs and computer based resources)
*Provides a free family advisory service for information, advice and support for parents, family members and professionals working with children.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/somethingspecial Something Special CBeebies programme to teach all ages Makaton]
* [http://www.makaton.org The Makaton Charity website]

{{sign language navigation}}

[[Category:Sign systems]]
[[Category:Augmentative and alternative communication]]
[[Category:Speech and language pathology]]
[[Category:Sign language]]

[[cs:Makaton]]
[[fr:Makaton]]
[[ru:Макатон]]
[[simple:Makaton]]
[[ar:الماكاثون]]

Makaton

2013-01-16T16:52:42Z

130.246.132.178: /* Development */

'''Makaton''' is a language program designed to provide a means of communication to individuals who cannot communicate efficiently by speaking.<ref name=bm>Beukelman, D.R., & Mirenda, P. (2005). ''Augmentative and alternative communication: supporting children & adults with complex communication needs'' (pp.65-67). Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.</ref><ref name=gw>Grove, N., & Walker, M. (1990). The Makaton Vocabulary: using manual signs and graphic symbols to develop interpersonal communication. ''Augmentative and Alternative Communication'', 6 (1),15-28.</ref> The Makaton language programme has been effectively used with individuals who have [[cognitive impairments]], [[autism]], [[Down's syndrome]], [[specific language impairment]], [[Deafblindness|multisensory impairment]] and [[acquired]] [[neurological disorders]] that have negatively affected the ability to communicate.<ref name=bm/><ref>Le Provost, P.A. (1983). Using the Makaton vocabulary in early language training with a Down's baby: a single case study. ''Mental Handicap'', 11, 28-29.</ref>

Makaton is a registered trade mark of The Makaton Charity. The original trademark application for Makaton was filed in the UK on August 28, 1979 with registration approved as from that date under UK trade mark registration no. 1119745.<ref> http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-tm/pro-t-os/pro-t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=1119745</ref>

==Programme==
The Makaton Language Programme uses a multimodal approach to teach [[language]] and [[literacy]] skills, through instruction involving a combination of speech, [[signs]], and [[symbols|graphic symbols]] used concurrently.<ref name=gw/> It consists of a Core Vocabulary of roughly 450 concepts that are taught in a specific order (there are 8 different stages). For example, stage 1 involves teaching vocabulary for immediate needs, like 'eat' and 'drink'. Later stages contain more complex and abstract vocabulary such as time and emotions. Once basic communication has been established, the student can progress in their language use, using whatever modes are most appropriate.<ref name=gw/> Also, although the programme is organised in stages, it can be modified and tailored to the individual's needs.<ref name=bm/> In addition to the Core Vocabulary, The Makaton Charity has illustrated a Makaton resource of over 7,000 concepts.<ref name=gw/>

==Development==
Original research was conducted in 1972 which resulted in the design of the Makaton Core Vocabulary based on functional need. This original research was repeated in 1976 in a community-based environment with [[institutionalised]] [[deaf]] cognitively impaired adults resident at [[St George's Hospital]], London, to enable them to communicate using [[sign language]].<ref name=gw/><ref name=b>Byler, J.K. (1985). The Makaton Vocabulary: an analysis based on recent research. ''British Journal of Special Education'', 12 (3), 113-120.</ref><ref name=wa>Walker, M., & Armfield, A. (1981). What is the Makaton vocabulary? ''Special Education: Forward Trends'', 8 (3), 19-20.</ref> The name "Makaton" is derived from the names of the three people who devised it: [[speech therapist]] '''Ma'''rgaret Walker, and two psychiatric hospital visitors from the [[Royal Association for Deaf people]] named '''Ka'''tharine Johnston and '''Ton'''y Cornforth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.makaton.org/about/mvdp_history.htm |title=Makaton: the early years |publisher=The Makaton Charity website |accessdate=17 May 2010 }}</ref> Fourteen deaf and cognitively impaired adults participated in the pilot study, and all were able to learn to use manual signs; improved behaviour was also noted.<ref name=gw/> Shortly after, this approach was modified to be used with both children and adults with severe communication difficulties (including individuals who could hear), and was used in many schools throughout the UK in order to stimulate communication and language.<ref name=gw/><ref name=b/><ref name=wa/> In the early stages of development, Makaton used only speech and manual signs (without symbols).<ref name=gw/> The Makaton Vocabulary Development Project was founded in 1976 to provide resource materials and training courses, and it became a charitable trust in 1983.<ref name=gw/><ref name=b/> By 1985, work had begun to include graphic symbols in the Makaton Language Programme, and a version including graphic symbols was published in 1986.<ref name=gw/> The Core Vocabulary was revised in 1996 to include cultural differences. In 2007, The Makaton Charity was established.http://www.makaton.org/

==International use==
The Makaton Core Vocabulary is adapted for use in different countries; signs from each country's [[Deaf community]] are used, along with culturally relevant Makaton symbols.<ref name=bm/> For example, in the [[United Kingdom]], Makaton uses signs from [[British Sign Language]] (BSL); the signs are mainly from the ''London and South East England'' regional dialect<ref name=mcv>The Makaton Charity (2010). ''Makaton Core Vocabulary Signs''. 1996 Revisions, page iv.</ref><ref name=lsers>Elton, Frances and Squelch, Linda ''London and South East Regional Signs''. Lexisigns (2009), http://www.lexisigns.co.uk</ref> Makaton is used extensively throughout the UK, but has also been adapted for use in over 40 countries, including [[Poland]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Portugal]], [[Greece]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Japan]].<ref name=bm/>

<big>'''Evidence:'''</big>
* Harrison, D. and Virden, F. (2011). Assistant practitioners lead way. ''British Journal of Healthcare Assistants'', 5(8),409.
* Hooper, H. and Walker, M. (2002) Makaton peer tutoring evaluation: 10 years on. ''BJLD'' 30: 38–42.
* Reeves, D. (2011). Applying choices and possibilities. ''Speech and Language Therapy in Practice'', (3)4-6.
* Sheehy, K. and Duffy, H. (2009). Attitudes to Makaton in the ages of integration and inclusion, ''International Journal of Special Education'', 24, 2.

==Training and resources==
The Makaton Charity:
*Delivers training to over 30,000 parents, carers and professionals
*Develops and produces a wide range of resources (books, DVDs and computer based resources)
*Provides a free family advisory service for information, advice and support for parents, family members and professionals working with children.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/somethingspecial Something Special CBeebies programme to teach all ages Makaton]
* [http://www.makaton.org The Makaton Charity website]

{{sign language navigation}}

[[Category:Sign systems]]
[[Category:Augmentative and alternative communication]]
[[Category:Speech and language pathology]]
[[Category:Sign language]]

[[cs:Makaton]]
[[fr:Makaton]]
[[ru:Макатон]]
[[simple:Makaton]]
[[ar:الماكاثون]]

Manuell Kodiertes Englisch

2012-04-02T10:49:37Z

130.246.132.178: /* See also */

'''Manually Coded English''' (MCE) is a general term used to describe a variety of visual communication methods expressed through the hands which attempt to represent the [[English language]]. Unlike [[Sign language|deaf sign languages]] which have evolved naturally in [[Deaf community|deaf communities]], the different forms of MCE were artificially created, and generally follow the [[grammar]] of English.

==Deaf sign languages and Manually Coded English==
MCE can successfully be used with [[Simultaneous Communication]] — speaking and signing at the same time. This is not possible with, for example, [[American Sign Language]], because it has a very different [[grammar]] (including word order) than English. Deaf sign languages make use of spatial relationships, facial expression, and body positioning, while MCE tends to be a linear and purely manual communication system, not to be confused with a language.

In English-speaking countries, it is common for users of Deaf sign languages to [[code-switching|code-switch]] into a form of MCE when conversing with someone whose dominant language is English, or when quoting something from English. MCE is also sometimes favored by hearing people, for whom a manual version of their own language is much easier to learn than a deaf sign language.

==Manually Coded English in education==
The different forms of Manually Coded English were originally developed for use in the education of [[deaf]] children, as their literacy in written English has been typically low compared to their hearing peers. This educational method was popularised by [[Abbé Charles-Michel de l'Epee]] who in the 1790s developed a method using hand-signs to teach a form of the [[French language]] to deaf children. [[Education]] is still the most common setting where Manually Coded English is used; not only with deaf students, but also children with other kinds of speech or language difficulties.

The use of MCE in deaf education is controversial. Contemporary deaf education can favor one of three streams — [[sign language]], MCE, and [[oralism]] — or a combination of two or all three. Some opponents of MCE note that the use of MCE often occurs with an attempt to deny or replace the natural languages of the deaf community, which are seen as retarding the child's chances of acquiring of 'good English'. Conversely, these opponents argue that to deny a deaf child access to a natural sign language is to deny the child access to ''language in general'' — that exposing a deaf child to an awkward, unnatural coding of a spoken language is no substitute for fundamental natural language acquisition — and that a child must be fully exposed to natural language early in order have the best command of any language later. (That is, a deaf child must be fully exposed to a signed language, and denying this exposure prevents the learning of language at the age when it is crucial for mental development.) Also, they argue that the supplanting of native languages is a form of [[colonialism]]. In the [[manualism]] vs. [[oralism]] debate, some forms of MCE are opposed by oralists who believe that even manual English lessens the motivation for children to learn to speak and speechread. Within the signing Deaf Community in the UK use of manually coded English in social settings outside of education is sometimes regarded as "old fashioned" and characteristic of older people (who grew up during the repression of sign languages in the educational system).

==Types of Manually Coded English==
===MCE used globally===
====Fingerspelling====
{{main|Fingerspelling}}
[[Fingerspelling]] uses 26 different signs to represent the 26 letters of the [[English alphabet]]. Every word is spelled as in written English, and as with written English, certain [[Linguistics|linguistic]] and [[paralanguage|paralinguistic]] elements such as [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]] are not represented.

It is a very simple form of MCE for English speakers to learn, and is often the first 'point of contact' for a hearing person before learning a sign language. Fingerspelling is also used by Deaf people as a part of sign languages, for some [[proper nouns]], or when quoting words or short phrases from English.

Exclusive fingerspelling is rarely used for extended communication, as it is a very slow method of representing English. It still has currency in some [[deafblind]] settings (see [[tactile signing]]). Exclusive fingerspelling has a place in the history of deaf education; in the US it is known as the [[#Rochester Method|Rochester Method]] (see below). Elderly deaf people in the UK and Australia may also use a lot of fingerspelling as a result of their education.

Note that different regions use different [[manual alphabet]]s to represent English — a [[two-handed manual alphabet|two-handed system]] is used in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], and one-handed systems are used in [[North America]] (see [[ASL alphabet]]), [[Ireland]] (see [[Irish Sign Language]]), [[Singapore]] and the [[Philippines]]. Both one and two handed alphabets are used in [[South Africa]].

====Signed English====
Different systems called 'Signed English' have been developed in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Ireland]], the [[UK]] and the [[US]]. However each 'Signed English' has borrowed signs from the local [[Deaf Sign Language]] and invented new signs to represent the words and grammar of English. They tend to follow a loose logic of sound rather than the strict [[phonetic]] structure of [[Cued Speech]]. For example, in Australian Signed English 'uncomfortable' is represented in signs meaning 'un', 'come', 'for', and 'table'. A visual sign taken from a deaf sign language may be generalised to represent [[homonym]]s of the English word — for example, the [[Auslan]] sign for a 'fly' (insect) may be used in Signed English for the verb (to) 'fly'.

Signed English tends to be slower than spoken English, and teachers using it have usually found themselves 'cutting corners' and reverting to a kind of pidgin sign (see [[Pidgin Sign English]]).

====<span id="Pidgin_Sign_English_.28PSE.29.2C_or_.27Contact_Sign.27"> Contact sign</span>====
{{main|Contact sign}}
Not strictly a form of Manually Coded English, Contact sign in fact is a blend of a local [[Deaf Sign Language]] and English. This [[contact language]] can take place anywhere on a continuum of intermediate stages, from very 'English-like' to very 'Deaf-language-like'; signers from these two different language backgrounds will often meet somewhere in the middle. Because of Contact sign's standing as a bridge between two distinct languages, it is used differently by each individual depending on their knowledge of English and of the deaf sign language. The term [[Contact sign]] has largely replaced the earlier name "Pidgin Sign English" (PSE) because this form of signing doesn't display the features linguists expect of a [[pidgin]].

Contact sign drops the initializations and grammatical markers used in other forms of MCE, but retains basic English word order. In the US, ASL features often seen in Contact sign include the listing of grouped items and the repetition of some pronouns and verbs.

====Sign Supported Speech (SSS), Simultaneous Communication or Sim-Com====
{{main|Simultaneous Communication}}
Sign Supported Speech involves voicing everything as in spoken English, while simultaneously signing a form of MCE. The [[vocabulary]], [[syntax]] and [[pragmatics]] of English are used, with the MCE signing serving as a support for the reception of speech. Signs are borrowed from the local deaf sign language and/or are artificial signs invented by educators of the deaf.

The terms SSS and Sim-Com are now often used [[synonymous]]ly with [[Total Communication]] (TC), though the original philosophy of TC is quite different.

====Cued Speech====
{{main|Cued Speech}}
Cued Speech is unique among forms of MCE in that it does not use borrowed or invented signs in an attempt to convey English. Instead, Cued Speech uses eight handshapes - none of which are derived from signed languages - to represent consonant phonemes, and four hand placements around the face to represent vowel phonemes. [[R. Orin Cornett]], who developed Cued Speech in 1966 at Gallaudet University, sought to combat poor reading skills among deaf college students by providing deaf children with a solid linguistic background. Cued Speech must be combined with [[mouthing]] (associated with the speaking of a language), as the hand shape, hand placement, and information on the mouth combine as unique feature bundles to represent phonemic values. Cues are not intended to be understood without mouthing, however, many deaf native cuers are able to decipher the cues alone without the use of the mouth. Similarly they tend to be able to perform well at deciphering the information on the mouth without the use of the hand (which is commonly referred to as lip reading). Cued Speech has been adapted for languages and dialects around the world.

===MCE used in North America===
====Signed English (SE) - American====
The term 'Signed English' refers to a much simpler system than SEE1, SEE2, or LOVE. Signed English (occasionally referred to as [[Siglish]]) uses ASL signs in English word order, but only 14 grammatical markers. The most common method of Signed English in the US is that created by [[Harry Bornstein]], who worked on the [[Gallaudet University|Gallaudet]] Signed English Project to develop children's books written in both illustrated signs and written English.

====Seeing Essential English (SEE1)====
Developed in the US in 1966 by a deaf teacher named David Anthony, SEE1 was intended to teach proper grammatical construction by using gestures borrowed from ASL but it implements English word order, and other grammatical markers, such as conjugation. In SEE1, all [[compound words]] are formed as separate signs - instead of using the ASL sign for <tt>butterfly</tt>, SEE1 places the signs for <tt>but</tt>, <tt>er</tt>, and <tt>fly</tt> in sequential order. SEE1 also uses the same sign for all [[homonym]]s - the same sign is used to sign <tt>blue</tt> and <tt>blew</tt>. Many gestures from ASL are initialized in SEE1 - the ASL sign for <tt>have</tt> is signed with the H handshape in SEE1. Grammatical markers also have signs of their own, including the <tt>-ing</tt> ending and articles such as <tt>the</tt>, which are not typically included in ASL. The verb "to be" is unique in SEE1 - <tt>is</tt>, <tt>am</tt>, and <tt>are</tt> can be signed in the same way, again using initialization. SEE1 is occasionally referred to as Morphemic Sign System (MSS), and it has also been adapted in Poland into Seeing Essential Polish.

====Signing Exact English (SEE2)====
{{main|Signing Exact English}}
SEE2 was developed by [[Gerilee Gustason]], [[Esther Zawolkow]], and [[Donna Pfetzing]] in the early 1970s. As an offshoot of SEE1, many features of SEE2 are identical to that code system. Initializations and grammatical markers are also used in SEE2, but compound words with an equivalent ASL sign are used as the ASL sign, as with <tt>butterfly</tt>. SEE2 is also used in Singapore. About 75% to 80% of SEE2 signs are either borrowed from ASL or are modified ASL signs.
Signing Exact English uses more markers than the 14 used in Signed English.

*As there is no more formal use of SEE1, Signing Exact English is no longer referred to as SEE2, but rather SEE.

====Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE)====
Developed by [[Dennis Wampler]], LOVE is also quite similar to SEE1 in construction. While most forms of ASL and MCE are transcribed using English [[gloss]]es, LOVE is written using the notation system developed by [[William Stokoe]].

====Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE)====
CASE, one of the more recently developed forms of MCE, combines the grammatical structure used in Signed English with the use of concepts rather than words, as is done in ASL. It is becoming one of the more common forms of MCE, and has been used in both interpreter training programs and mainstreamed deaf education. The term Sign Supported English (SSE) is sometimes used to refer to the same thing.

====Rochester Method====
Perhaps the closest type of MCE to written English, the Rochester method involves [[fingerspelling]] ''every'' word. It was originated by [[Zenas Westervelt]] in 1878, shortly after he opened the Western New York Institute for Deaf-Mutes (presently known as the [[Rochester School for the Deaf]]). Use of the Rochester method continued until approximately the 1940s, and there are still deaf adults from the Rochester area who were taught with the Rochester method. It has fallen out of favor because it is a tedious and time-consuming process to spell everything manually, though it is still used in some [[deafblind]] settings (see [[tactile signing]]).

===MCE used in the UK===
====Signed English (SE) — British====
Intending to use signs that would be readily understood by deaf children, British Signed English borrowed signs from [[British Sign Language]] and combined them with fingerspelling, as well as signs and markers invented by hearing educators, to give a manual representation of spoken English.

====Sign Supported English (SSE)====
Sign Supported English is the British equivalent of [[#Conceptually Accurate Signed English|Conceptually Accurate Signed English]] (see above). BSL signs are used in English grammar. As with PSE the balance of BSL signs to English varies greatly depending on the signer's knowledge of the two languages.

A single sign is often differentiated into a number of English words by clearly mouthing the word. Thus in order to comprehend SSE well, one needs good [[lipreading]] (speechreading) skills, as well as a good knowledge of English grammar.

Limited Interpreting services are available in the UK for SSE.

National Signed English is a recently promoted communication system that uses a combination of B.S.L., S.S.E. and N.S.E. Its authors (OCSL) claim it creates perfect syntax, present and past tenses and allows the user to communicate in word perfect English. Promotional literature for this proposed new system has generated considerable controversy in the UK Deaf Community and alarm among Sign Language Professionals because of remarks about British Sign Language by the charities Operations Director styling it a "basic communication system".

====Paget Gorman Sign System, AKA Paget Gorman Signed Speech (PGSS) or Paget Gorman Systematic Sign Language====
The [[Paget Gorman Sign System]] was originated in Britain by Sir Richard Paget in the 1930s and developed further by Lady Grace Paget and Dr Pierre Gorman to be used with children with speech or communication difficulties, such as deaf children. It is a grammatical sign system which reflects normal patterns of English. The system uses 37 basic signs and 21 standard hand postures, which can be combined to represent a large vocabulary of English words, including word endings and verb tenses. The signs do not correspond to natural signs of the [[Deaf community]].

The system was widespread in Deaf schools in the UK from the 1960s to the 1980s, but since the emergence of [[British Sign Language]] and the BSL-based [[Signed English]] in deaf education, its use is now largely restricted to the field of speech and language disorder.

===MCE used elsewhere===
====Australasian Signed English====
In Australia, 'Signed English' was developed by a committee in the late 1970s, who took signs from [[Auslan]] (especially the southern dialect), invented new signs, and borrowed a number of signs from [[American Sign Language]] that have now made their way into everyday use in Auslan. It is still used in many schools. Australasian Signed English is also in use in [[New Zealand]].

====Irish Signed English====
{{Empty section|date=June 2008}}

====Singapore - SEE2====
Signing Exact English (SEE2) is widely used in deaf schools in Singapore, and is taught as the preferred form of sign language by the Singapore Association for the Deaf. [http://www.sadeaf.org.sg/Sign%20Language.htm]

====South African Signed English====
{{Empty section|date=June 2008}}

==See also==
* [[Initialized sign]]
* [[Manually Coded Language]]
* [[Makaton]]

==External links==
*[http://www.aslinfo.com/styles.cfm Styles of Communication]
*[http://www.zak.co.il/deaf-info/old/methods.html Methods of Communication with the Deaf]
*[http://www.cuedspeech.com/ Cued Speech Discovery]
*[http://www.seecenter.org SEE Center for the Advancement of Deaf Children]

==References and Resources==
* ''Paget Gorman Signed Speech Full Manual'' (1990). Northumberland: STASS Publications.
* Jeanes R. C., Reynolds, B. E. & Coleman, B. C. 1989 (Eds.), ''Dictionary of Australasian Signs (2nd Edition)'', Victorian College for the Deaf, 597 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, Victoria 3004.
* Branson, Jan & Miller, Don (1998), ''Nationalism and the Linguistic Rights of Deaf Communities: Linguistic Imperialism and the Recognition and Development of Sign Languages.'', Journal of Sociolinguistics 2 (1), 3-34.
* Jeanes, R., Reynolds, B. & Coleman, B (Eds) (1989) ''Dictionary of Australasian Signs'' (2nd Edition), VSDC Melbourne

{{sign language navigation}}

[[Category:Sign languages]]
[[Category:Reordered languages]]