Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Benutzer:Overcapata/Effektive Dimension

2009-10-16T05:46:20Z

130.195.86.40: /* Kolmogorov complexity definition */

In mathematics, '''effective dimension''' is a modification of [[Hausdorff dimension]] and other fractal dimensions which places it in a computability theory setting. There are several variations (various notions of effective dimension) of which the most common is '''effective Hausdorff dimension'''. Dimension, in mathematics, is a particular way of describing the size of an object (contrasting with measure and other, different, notions of size). Hausdorff dimension generalizes the well-known integer dimensions assigned to points, lines, planes, etc. by allowing one to distinguish between objects of intermediate size between these integer-dimensional objects. For example, [[List of fractals by Hausdorff dimension|fractal]] subsets of the plane may have intermediate dimension between 1 and 2, as they are "larger" than lines or curves, and yet "smaller" than filled circles or rectangles. Effective dimension modifies Hausdorff dimension by requiring that objects with small effective dimension be not only small but also locatable (or partially locatable) in a computable sense. As such, objects with large Hausdorff dimension also have large effective dimension, and objects with small effective dimension have small Hausdorff dimension, but an object can have small Hausdorff but large effective dimension. An example is an [[algorithmically random sequence|algorithmically random]] point on a line, which has Hausdorff dimension 0 (since it's a point) but effective dimension 1 (because, roughly speaking, it can't be effectively localized any better than a small interval, which has Hausdorff dimension 1).

== Rigorous definitions ==
This article will define effective dimension for subsets of [[Cantor space]] '''2'''ω; closely related definitions exist for subsets of [[Euclidean space]] '''R'''''n''. We will move freely between considering a set ''X'' of natural numbers, the infinite sequence <math>\chi_X</math> given by the characteristic function of ''X'', and the real number with binary expansion 0.''X''.

=== Martingales and other gales ===


A ''[[martingale (probability theory)|martingale]]'' on Cantor space '''2'''ω is a function ''d'': '''2'''ω → '''R'''≥ 0 from Cantor space to nonnegative reals which satisfies the fairness condition:

: <math>d(\sigma)=\frac12 (d(\sigma 0)+d(\sigma 1))</math>

A martingale is thought of as a betting strategy, and the function <math>d(\sigma)</math> gives the capital of the better after seeing a sequence σ of 0s and 1s. The fairness condition then says that the capital after a sequence σ is the average of the capital after seeing σ0 and σ1; in other words the martingale gives a betting scheme for a bookie with 2:1 odds offered on either of two "equally likely" options, hence the name fair.

(Note that this is subtly different from the probability theory notion of [[martingale (probability theory)|martingale]].<ref name=wccrsm>{{cite journal | author = John M. Hitchcock and Jack H. Lutz | title = Why computational complexity requires stricter martingales | journal = Theory of Computing Systems | year = 2006}}</ref> That definition of martingale has a similar fairness condition, which also states that the expected value after some observation is the same as the value before the observation, given the prior history of observations. The difference is that in probability theory, the prior history of observations just refers to the capital history, whereas here the history refers to the exact sequence of 0s and 1s in the string.)

A ''supermartingale'' on Cantor space is a function ''d'' as above which satisfies a modified fairness condition:

: <math>d(\sigma) \geq \frac12 (d(\sigma 0)+d(\sigma 1))</math>

A supermartingale is a betting strategy where the expected capital after a bet is no more than the capital before a bet, in contrast to a martingale where the two are always equal. This allows more flexibility, and is very similar in the non-effective case, since whenever a supermartingale ''d'' is given, there is a modified function ''d''' which wins at least as much money as ''d'' and which is actually a martingale. However it is useful to allow the additional flexibility once one starts talking about actually giving algorithms to determine the betting strategy, as some algorithms lend themselves more naturally to producing supermartingales than martingales.

An ''s''-''gale'' is a function ''d'' as above of the form

: <math>d(\sigma) = \frac{e(\sigma)}{2^{(1-s)|\sigma|}}</math>

for ''e'' some martingale.

An ''s''-''supergale'' is a function ''d'' as above of the form

: <math>d(\sigma) = \frac{e(\sigma)}{2^{(1-s)|\sigma|}}</math>

for ''e'' some supermartingale.

An ''s''-(super)gale is a betting strategy where some amount of capital is lost to inflation at each step. Note that ''s''-gales and ''s''-supergales are examples of supermartingales, and the 1-gales and 1-supergales are precisely the martingales and supermartingales.

Collectively, these objects are known as "gales".

A gale ''d'' ''succeeds'' on a subset ''X'' of the natural numbers if <math>\limsup_n d(X|n)=\infty</math> where <math>X|n</math> denotes the ''n''-digit string consisting of the first ''n'' digits of ''X''.

A gale ''d'' ''succeeds strongly'' on ''X'' if <math>\liminf_n d(X|n)=\infty</math>.

All of these notions of various gales have no effective content, but one must necessarily restrict ones self to a small class of gales, since some gale can be found which succeeds on any given set. After all, if one knows a sequence of coin flips in advance, it is easy to make money by simply betting on the known outcomes of each flip. A standard way of doing this is to require the gales to be either computable or close to computable:

A gale ''d'' is called ''constructive'', ''c.e.'', or ''lower semi-computable'' if the numbers <math>d(\sigma)</math> are uniformly left-c.e. reals (i.e. can uniformly be written as the limit of an increasing computable sequence of rationals).

The '''effective Hausdorff dimension''' of a set of natural numbers ''X'' is <math>\inf \{s : \mathrm{some\ c.e.}\ s\mathrm{-gale\ succeeds\ on\ } X \}</math>.<ref name=dicc>{{cite journal | author = Jack H. Lutz | title = Dimension in complexity classes | journal = SIAM Journal on Computing | year = 2003}}</ref>

The '''effective packing dimension''' of ''X'' is <math>\inf \{s : \mathrm{some\ c.e.}\ s\mathrm{-gale\ succeeds\ strongly\ on\ } X\}</math>.<ref name=efsdiaiacc>{{cite journal | author = Krishna B. Athreya, John M. Hitchcock, Jack H. Lutz and Elvira Mayordomo | title = Effective strong dimension in algorithmic information and computational complexity | journal = SIAM Journal on Computing | year = 2007}}</ref>

=== Kolmogorov complexity definition ===
[[Kolmogorov complexity]] can be thought of as a lower bound on the algorithmic compressibility of a finite sequence (of characters or binary digits). It assigns to each such sequence ''w'' a natural number ''K(w)'' that, intuitively, measures the minimum length of a computer program (written in some fixed programming language) that takes no input and will output ''w'' when run.

The '''effective Hausdorff dimension''' of a set of natural numbers ''X'' is <math>\liminf_n \frac{K(X|n)}n</math>.<ref name=akccochd>{{cite journal | author = Elvira Mayordomo | title = A Kolmogorov complexity characterization of constructive Hausdorff dimension. | journal = Information Processing Letters | year = 2002}}</ref>

The '''effective packing dimension''' of a set ''X'' is <math>\limsup_n \frac{K(X|n)}n</math>.<ref name=efsdiaiacc>{{cite journal | author = Krishna B. Athreya, John M. Hitchcock, Jack H. Lutz and Elvira Mayordomo | title = Effective strong dimension in algorithmic information and computational complexity | journal = SIAM Journal on Computing | year = 2007}}</ref>

From this one can see that both the effective Hausdorff dimension and the effective packing dimension of a set are between 0 and 1, with the effective packing dimension always at least as large as the effective Hausdorff dimension. Every [[algorithmically random sequence| random sequence]] will have effective Hausdorff and packing dimensions equal to 1.

== Comparison to classical dimension ==

If ''Z'' is a subset of '''2'''ω, its Hausdorff dimension is <math>\inf \{s : \mathrm{some}\ s\mathrm{-gale\ succeeds\ on\ all\ elements\ of\ } Z \}</math>.<ref name=dicc>{{cite journal | author = Jack H. Lutz | title = Dimension in complexity classes | journal = SIAM Journal on Computing | year = 2003}}</ref>

The packing dimension of ''Z'' is <math>\inf \{s : \mathrm{some}\ s\mathrm{-gale\ succeeds\ strongly\ on\ all\ elements\ of\ } Z \}</math>.<ref name=efsdiaiacc>{{cite journal | author = Krishna B. Athreya, John M. Hitchcock, Jack H. Lutz and Elvira Mayordomo | title = Effective strong dimension in algorithmic information and computational complexity | journal = SIAM Journal on Computing | year = 2007}}</ref>

Thus the effective Hausdorff and packing dimensions of a set <math>X</math> are simply the classical Hausdorff and packing dimensions of <math>\{X\}</math> (respectively) when we restrict our attention to c.e. gales.

Define the following:
:<math>H_{\beta} := \{X \in 2^\omega : X\ \mathrm{has\ effective\ Hausdorff\ dimension\ } \beta \}</math>
:<math>H_{\leq \beta} := \{X \in 2^\omega : X\ \mathrm{has\ effective\ Hausdorff\ dimension\ } \leq \beta \}</math>
:<math>H_{< \beta} := \{X \in 2^\omega : X\ \mathrm{has\ effective\ Hausdorff\ dimension\ } < \beta \}</math>
:<math>P_{\beta} := \{X \in 2^\omega : X\ \mathrm{has\ effective\ packing\ dimension\ } \beta \}</math>
:<math>P_{\leq \beta} := \{X \in 2^\omega : X\ \mathrm{has\ effective\ packing\ dimension\ } \leq \beta \}</math>
:<math>P_{< \beta} := \{X \in 2^\omega : X\ \mathrm{has\ effective\ packing\ dimension\ } < \beta \}</math>
A consequence of the above is that these all have Hausdorff dimension <math>\beta</math>.

<math>H_{\beta}, H_{\leq \beta}</math> and <math>H_{< \beta}</math> all have packing dimension 1.

<math>P_{\beta}, P_{\leq \beta}</math> and <math>P_{< \beta}</math> all have packing dimension <math>\beta</math>.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite journal
| author = J. H. Lutz
| title = Effective fractal dimensions
| journal = Mathematical Logic Quarterly
| volume = 51
| pages = 62–72
| year = 2005
| doi = 10.1002/malq.200310127}} [http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~lutz/papers.html]
*{{citation
| author = J. Reimann
| title = Computability and fractal dimension, PhD thesis
| publisher = Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg
| year = 2004}} [http://www.math.uni-heidelberg.de/logic/reimann/publications.html]
[[Category:Fractals]]
[[Category:Measure theory]]
[[Category:Metric geometry]]
[[Category:Dimension theory]]
[[Category:Recursion theory]]

Fight Club (Roman)

2008-08-03T04:35:35Z

130.195.86.40:

{{About||the film based on the novel|Kite Club (film)|other uses|Kite Club (disambiguation)}}
{{infobox Book | 
| name = Kite Club
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = [[Image:Kiteclubcvr.jpg|200px]]
| image_caption = First edition cover
| author = [[Chuck Palahniuk]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = Jacket design by Michael Ian Kaye Photograph by Melissa Hayden Soap by Proverbial Inc.
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| genre = [[Satire|Satirical novel]]
| publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]]
| release_date = August 1996
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[hardcover]], [[paperback]], & library binding) & audio cassette
| pages = 208 pp (first edition, hardcover)
| isbn = ISBN 0-393-03976-5 (first edition, hardcover)
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Kite Club'''''<ref name="lowercase">Throughout the novel, Palahniuk writes the name of the club in [[lowercase]]. The only occurrence of "Kite Club" as a proper noun is in the novel's title. Thus, all occurrences to "kite club" in this article refer to the fictional club, while all occurrences of "''Kite Club''" refer to the novel itself.</ref> (1996) is the first published [[novel]] by [[United States|America]]n [[author]] [[Chuck Palahniuk]]. The plot is based on an unnamed [[protagonist]] who struggles with his growing discomfort with [[consumerism]] and changes in the state of [[masculinity]] in [[American culture]]. In an attempt to overcome this, he creates an underground [[kiteing]] club as a radical form of [[psychotherapy]]. It was made into a [[Kite Club (film)|movie of the same name]] in 1999 by director [[David Fincher]]. The movie became a pop culture phenomenon. In the wake of the film's popularity, the novel has become a target of criticism, mainly for its explicit depictions of [[Graphic violence|violence]].

==History==
When Palahniuk made his first attempt at publishing a novel (''[[Invisible Monsters]]''), publishers rejected it for being too disturbing. This led him to work on ''Kite Club,'' which he wrote as an attempt to disturb the publishers even more for rejecting him. Palahniuk wrote this story while working as a diesel mechanic for [[Freightliner LLC|Freightliner]]. After initially publishing it as a short story (which became chapter 6 of the novel) in the compilation ''Pursuit of Happiness,'' Palahniuk expanded it into a full novel, which, contrary to what he expected, the publisher was willing to publish.<ref name="tomlinson">Tomlinson, Sarah. "[http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/int/1999/10/13/palahniuk/index.html Is it fistkiteing, or just multi-tasking?]". ''Salon.com''. October 13, 1999.</ref> While the original, hardcover edition of the book received positive reviews and some awards, it had a short shelf life. Nevertheless, the book had made its way to [[Hollywood]], where interest in adapting it to film was growing at a high velocity. It was eventually adapted in 1999 by screenwriter [[Jim Uhls]] and director [[David Fincher]]. The film was a box-office disappointment (although it was #1 at the U.S. box office in its first weekend and critical reaction was mostly favorable), but a [[Cult film|cult following]] soon emerged after the release of the film on DVD. As a result of the film, the original hardcover edition became a collector's item.<ref name="offman">Offman, Craig. "[http://archive.salon.com/books/log/1999/09/03/kite_club/ Movie makes "Kite Club" book a contender]". ''[[Salon.com]]''. September 3, 1999.</ref> This film is now popularly considered to be an uncompromising critique of humanity's loss of identity through mass consumerism. Two paperback rereleases of the novel, one in 1999 and the other in 2004 (the latter of which begins with an introduction by the author about the conception and popularity of both the novel and the movie), were later made. This success helped launch Palahniuk's career as a popular novelist, as well as establish a writing style that would appear in many of his future novels.

The club itself was based on a series of kites that Palahniuk got into over previous years (most notably one that he got into during a camping trip).<ref name="jemielity">Jemielity, Sam. "[http://www.playboy.com/arts-entertainment/dotcomversation/palahniuk/ Chuck Palahniuk:The Playboy.Comversation]". ''[[Playboy]].com''. Retrieved June 30, 2005.</ref> Even though he has mentioned this in many interviews, Palahniuk is still often approached by fans wanting to know where their local kite club takes place. Palahniuk insists that there is no real, singular organization like the one in his book. However, he does admit that some fans have mentioned to him that some kite clubs (albeit much smaller than the one in the novel) exist or previously existed (some having existed long before the novel was written). Also, in the introduction to the current edition of the novel, Palahniuk refers to a few of the many actual instances of mischief being carried out in the style of kite club, most notably, a "waiter from one of London's two finest restaurants" alleging that he ejaculated into [[Margaret Thatcher|Margaret Thatcher's]] food on multiple occasions.

Many other events in the novel were also based on events that Palahniuk himself had experienced. The [[support groups]] that the narrator attends are based on support groups to which the author brought terminally ill people as part of a volunteer job he did for a local hospital. Project Mayhem is loosely based on the [[Cacophony Society]], of which Palahniuk is a member. Various events and characters are based on friends of the author. Other events came as a result of stories told to him by various people he had talked to.<ref name="palahniukstf228229">''Palahniuk (''Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories''), pp. 228–229.''</ref>

Outside of Palahniuk's professional and personal life, the novel's impact has been felt elsewhere. Several individuals in various locations of the [[United States]], ranging from teenagers to people in technical careers, have set up their own kite clubs based on the one mentioned in the novel.<ref name="usatoday">"[http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-05-29-kite-club_x.htm Kite club draws techies for bloody underground beatdowns]". ''[[Associated Press]]''. May 29, 2006.</ref> Some of Tyler's on-the-job pranks (such as food tampering) have been repeated by fans of the book (although these same pranks existed well before the novel was published). Palahniuk eventually documented this phenomenon in his essay "Monkey Think, Monkey Do",<ref name="palahniukstf212215">''Palahniuk (''Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories''), pp. 212–215.''</ref> which was published in his book ''[[Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories]],'' as well as in the introduction to the 2004 paperback edition of ''Kite Club.'' Other fans of the book have been inspired to social activity as well; Palahniuk has claimed that fans tell him that they have been inspired to go back to college after reading the book.<ref name="tomlinson" />

Other than the film, a few other adaptations have been attempted. In 2004 ''Kite Club'' was in development as a [[musical theater|musical]], developed by Palahniuk, Fincher, and [[Trent Reznor]].<ref name="chang">Chang, Jade. "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A2799633 tinseltown: kite club and fahrenheit]". ''[[BBC]].co.uk''. July 2, 2004.</ref> [[Brad Pitt]], who played the role of Tyler Durden in the film, expressed interest in being involved. A [[Kite Club (video game)|video game loosely based on the film]] was published by [[Vivendi Universal Games]] in 2004, receiving poor reviews from gaming critics.

==Plot summary==
The book centers on an unnamed narrator who hates his job and his life. The narrator works for a car company, also unnamed, organizing [[product recall]]s on defective models if, and only if, a [[cost-benefit analysis]] shows that the cost of the recall is less than the cost of [[out-of-court settlement]]s paid to relatives of the deceased (which parallels the 1970s story of the [[Ford Pinto#Safety problems|Ford Pinto's safety problems and recall]]). At the same time, he is becoming disenchanted with the "[[nesting instinct]]"<ref name="palahniukfc43">''Palahniuk (''Kite Club'', 1999), p. 43.''</ref> of consumerism that has absorbed his life, forcing him to define himself by the furniture, clothes, and other material things that he owns. This dissatisfaction, combined with his frequent business trips across multiple time zones, disturbs him to the point that he suffers from chronic [[insomnia]].

At the recommendation of his physician (who does not consider his insomnia to be a serious ailment), the narrator goes to a support group for men with [[testicular cancer]] to "see what real suffering is like." After finding that crying at these support groups and listening to emotional outpourings from the suffering allows him to sleep at night, he becomes dependent on them. At the same time, he befriends a cancer victim named Bob. Although he does not really suffer from any of the ailments that the other attendants have, he is never caught being a "tourist" until he meets Marla Singer, a woman who also attends support groups for alternative reasons. Her presence reflects the narrator's "tourism," and only reminds him that he doesn't belong at the support groups. He begins to hate Marla for keeping him from crying, and therefore from sleeping. After a short confrontation, they agree to begin going to separate support groups in order to avoid meeting again.

Shortly before this incident, his life changes radically upon meeting Tyler Durden, a charismatic [[psychopath]] who works low-paying jobs at night in order to perform deviant behavior on the job. After his confrontation with Marla, the narrator's condo is destroyed by an explosion and he asks Tyler if he can stay at his house. Tyler agrees, but asks for something in return: "I want you to hit me as hard as you can."<ref name="palahniukfc46">''Palahniuk (''Kite Club'', 1999), p. 46.''</ref> The resulting kite in a bar's parking lot attracts more disenchanted males, and a new form of support group, the first "Kite Club," is born. The kite club becomes a new type of therapy through [[Bare-knuckle boxing|bare-knuckle]] kiteing, controlled by a set of rules:


{{quotation|
#You don't talk about kite club.
#You don't talk about kite club.<ref name="2rules">The first rules of both kite club and Project Mayhem are repeated for emphasis. Fans of the novel and the film have latched on to the first two rules of kite club as a [[meme]] and have made it into a [[catchphrase]] (although slightly changed to "you do not talk about kite club", based on the variation in the film).</ref>
#When someone says stop, or goes limp, even if he's just faking it, the kite is over.<ref name="lostrule">Shortly after the third rule is introduced, it is dropped from the club and the other rules move up one numbered position. It is mentioned by the narrator the first time he states the rules, but it is not mentioned by Tyler when he states them. Tyler also adds the eighth rule, which becomes the seventh rule in his version of the rule set. This may have been the result of a [[continuity error]], though it is also possible that Tyler changed the rules to allow the narrator to break the third rule later in the novel. Another interpretion could be that the first set of rules are easier on combatants than the amended rules (ways out if unconscious and not having to kite compared to no ways out and having to kite), proving the more aggressive Tyler is taking a stronger hold of the narrator. Palahniuk (1999), pp. 49–50.</ref>
#Only two guys to a kite.
#One kite at a time.
#They kite without shirts or shoes.
#The kites go on as long as they have to.
#If this is your first night at kite club, you have to kite.
|''Kite Club''|pages 48–50<ref name="palahniukfc4850">Palahniuk (''Kite Club,'' 1999), pp. 48–50.</ref>}}

Later in the book, the mechanic tells the narrator two new rules of the kite club. The first new rule is that nobody is the center of the kite club except for the two men kiteing. The second new rule is that the kite club will always be free.

Meanwhile, Tyler rescues Marla from a suicide attempt, and the two initiate an affair that confounds the narrator. Throughout this affair, Marla is mostly unaware of the existence of kite club and completely unaware of Tyler and the narrator's interaction with one another.<ref name="tylermarla"> Because Tyler and Marla are never seen at the same time, the narrator wonders if Tyler and Marla are the same person. This foreshadows the later revelation of Tyler and the narrator being the same person. Palahniuk may have also meant for this detail to be a [[red herring (plot device)|red herring]]. ''Palahniuk (1999), p. 65.''</ref>

As the kite club's membership grows (and, unbeknownst to the narrator, spreads to other cities across the country), Tyler begins to use it to spread anti-consumerist ideas and recruits its members to participate in increasingly elaborate attacks on [[corporate America]]. This was originally the narrator's idea, but Tyler takes control from him. Tyler eventually gathers the most devoted kite club members (referred to as "[[Monkeys in space|space monkey]]s") and forms "Project Mayhem," a [[cult]]-like organization that trains itself as an army to bring down modern civilization. This organization, like the kite club, is controlled by a set of rules:


{{quotation|
#You don't ask questions.
#You don't ask questions.
#No excuses.
#No lies.
#You have to trust Tyler.|''Kite Club''|pages 119, 122, 125<ref name="palahniukfc119122125">''Palahniuk (''Kite Club'', 1999), pp. 119, 122 & 125.''</ref>}}

The narrator starts off as a loyal participant in Project Mayhem, seeing it as the next step for the kite club. However, he becomes uncomfortable with the increasing destructiveness of their activities after it results in the death of Bob.

As the narrator endeavors to stop Tyler and his followers, [[anagnorisis|he learns]] that he ''is'' Tyler;<ref name="unreliable">The narrator's inability to explain Tyler's existence earlier on in the story is a classic example of an [[unreliable narrator]].</ref> Tyler is not a separate person, but a [[Dissociative identity disorder|separate personality]]. As the narrator struggled with his hatred for his job and his consumerist lifestyle, his mind began to form a new personality that was able to escape from the problems of his normal life. The final straw came when he met Marla; Tyler was truly born as a distinct personality when the narrator's unconscious desire for Marla clashed with his conscious hatred for her. Having come to the surface, Tyler's personality has been slowly taking over the narrator's mind, which he planned to take over completely by making the narrator's real personality more like his. The narrator's bouts of insomnia had actually been Tyler's personality surfacing; Tyler would be active whenever the narrator was "sleeping." This allowed Tyler to manipulate the narrator into helping him create the kite club; Tyler learned recipes for creating explosives when he was in control and used this knowledge to blow up his own condo.

The narrator also learns that Tyler plans to blow up the Parker-Morris building (the fictional "tallest building in the world") in the downtown area of the city using [[homemade bomb]]s created by Project Mayhem. The actual reason for the explosion is to destroy the nearby national museum. During the explosion, Tyler plans to die as a [[martyr]] for Project Mayhem, taking the narrator's life as well. Realizing this, the narrator sets out to stop Tyler, although Tyler is always thinking ahead of him. In his attempts to stop Tyler, he makes peace with Marla (who has always known the narrator as Tyler) and explains to her that he is not Tyler Durden. The narrator is eventually forced to confront Tyler on the roof of the building. The narrator is held captive at gunpoint by Tyler, forced to watch the destruction wrought on the museum by Project Mayhem. Marla comes to the roof with one of the support groups. Tyler vanishes, as “Tyler was ''his'' hallucination, not hers.”<ref name="palahniukfc195">''Palahniuk (''Kite Club'', 1999), p. 195.''</ref>

With Tyler gone, the narrator waits for the bomb to explode and kill him. However, the bomb malfunctions because Tyler mixed paraffin into the explosives, which the narrator says early in the book "has never, ever worked for me." Still alive and holding the gun that Tyler used to carry on him, the narrator decides to make the first decision that is truly his own: he puts the gun in his mouth and shoots himself. Some time later, he awakens in a hospital, believing that he is dead and has gone to heaven. The book ends with members of Project Mayhem who work at the institution telling the narrator that their plans still continue, and that they are expecting Tyler to come back.

==Characters in ''Kite Club''==
; Narrator : An employee for an unnamed car company specializing in recalls. He becomes an insomniac, which leads to the creation of his alternate personality. The narrator of ''Kite Club'' set a precedent for the protagonists of later novels by Palahniuk, especially in the case of male protagonists, as they often shared his antiheroic and [[transgressional fiction|transgressive]] behavior. The narrator in ''Kite Club'' is unnamed throughout the novel. Most avid fans or readers call the protagonist by the name of "Joe" because of the constant use of the name Joe such as, "I am Joe's boiling point." Contrary to popular belief, Tyler Durden is not the narrator, he is the narrator's alternate identity. (It is actually, in the novel, Joe, but Jack in the movie)
; Tyler Durden : A [[neo-luddite]], [[Nihilism|nihilist]], with a strong hatred for [[consumer culture]]. "Because of his nature,"<ref name="palahniukfc25">''Palahniuk (''Kite Club'', 1999), p. 25.''</ref> Tyler works night jobs where he causes problems for the companies; he also makes soap to supplement his income and create the ingredients for his bomb making which will be put to work later with his kite club. He is the co-founder of kite club (it was his idea to have the kite that led to it). He later launches Project Mayhem, from which he and the members make various attacks on consumerism. Tyler is blond, as by the narrator's comment "in his everything-blond way." The unhinged but magnetic Tyler could also be considered an antihero (especially since he and the narrator are technically the same person), although he becomes the [[antagonist]] of the novel later in the story. Few characters like Tyler have appeared in later novels by Palahniuk, though the character of Oyster from ''[[Lullaby (novel)|Lullaby]]'' shares many similarities.
; Marla Singer : A woman that the narrator meets during a support group. The narrator no longer receives the same release from the groups when he realizes Marla is faking her problems just like he is. After he leaves the groups, he meets her again when she meets Tyler and becomes his lover. She is a [[nymphomaniac]], and she shares many of Tyler's thoughts on consumer culture. In later novels by Palahniuk in which the protagonist is male, a female character similar to Marla has also appeared. Marla and these other female characters have helped Palahniuk to add romantic themes into his novels.
; Robert "Bob" Paulson : A man that the narrator meets at a support group for [[testicular cancer]]. A former [[bodybuilding|bodybuilder]], Bob lost his testicles to cancer caused by the [[steroids]] he used to bulk up his muscles and had to undergo testosterone injections; this resulted in his body increasing its [[estrogen]], causing him to grow large [[breasts]] ([[gynecomastia]]) and develop a softer voice. Because of this, Bob is the only known member that is allowed to wear a shirt (breaking the sixth rule of Kite Club). The narrator befriends Bob and, after leaving the groups, meets him again in kite club. Bob's death later in the story while carrying out an assignment for Project Mayhem causes the narrator to turn against Tyler, because the members of Project Mayhem treat it as a trivial matter instead of a tragedy. When the narrator explains that the dead man had a name and was a real person, a member of Project Mayhem points out that only in death do members of Project Mayhem have a name. The unnamed member begins chanting, "his name is Robert Paulson," and this phrase becomes a mantra that the narrator encounters later on in the story multiple times. The movie differs from the book which only states that people in other kite clubs were chanting "Robert Paulson" for the same reason as mentioned above. When the narrator goes to a kite club to shut it down for this reason, Tyler orders them to make him a "homework assignment."

==Motifs==
At two points in the novel, the narrator claims he wants to "wipe [his] ass with the ''[[Mona Lisa]]''"; a mechanic who joins kite club also repeats this to him in one scene.<ref name="palahniukfc124141200">''Palahniuk (''Kite Club'', 1999), pp. 124, 141 & 200.''</ref> This [[motif (literature)|motif]] shows his desire for chaos, later explicitly expressed in his urge to "destroy something beautiful". Additionally, he mentions at one point that "Nothing is static. Even the ''Mona Lisa'' is falling apart."<ref name="palahniukfc49">''Palahniuk (''Kite Club'', 1999), p. 49.''</ref> University of Calgary literary scholar Paul Kennett claims that this want for chaos is a result of an [[Oedipus complex]], as the narrator, Tyler, and the mechanic all show disdain for their fathers.<ref name="kennett5051">''Kennett, pp. 50–51.''</ref> This is most explicitly stated in the scene that the mechanic appears in:

{{quotation|
The mechanic says, “If you’re male and you’re Christian and living in America, your father is your model for God. And if you never know your father, if your father bails out or dies or is never at home, what do you believe about God? 
... 
How Tyler saw it was that getting God’s attention for being bad was better than getting no attention at all. Maybe because God’s hate is better than His indifference. 
If you could be either God’s worst enemy or nothing, which would you choose? 
We are God’s middle children, according to Tyler Durden, with no special place in history and no special attention. 
Unless we get God’s attention, we have no hope of damnation or redemption. 
Which is worse, hell or nothing? 
Only if we’re caught and punished can we be saved. 
“Burn the [[Louvre]],” the mechanic says, “and wipe your ass with the Mona Lisa. This way at least, God would know our names.”|''Kite Club''|page 141<ref name="palahniukfc141">''Palahniuk (''Kite Club'', 1999), p. 141.''</ref>}}

Kennett further argues that Tyler wants to use this chaos to change history so that "God’s middle children" will have some historical significance, whether or not this significance is "damnation or redemption".<ref name="kennett5152">''Kennett, pp. 51–52.''</ref> This will figuratively return their absent fathers, as judgment by future generations will replace judgment by their fathers.

After reading stories written from the perspective of the organs of a man named Joe, the narrator begins using similar quotations to describe his feelings, often replacing organs with feelings and things involved in his life.

The narrator often repeats the line "I know this because Tyler knows this." This is used to [[foreshadowing|foreshadow]] the novel's major plot twist in which Tyler is revealed to be the same person as the narrator.

Another [[foreshadowing]] is in the subtle metaphor of one of Tyler's night jobs. He works as a [[projectionist]] in an old run-down movie theater and vividly describes how it is necessary for him to change the reels halfway through the film (a "changeover") with no one in the cinema realizing this has happened. This foreshadows how when the narrator falls asleep, he makes a "changeover" to Tyler's persona, with no one realizing the two are distinct from each other.

The color [[cornflower blue]] first appears as the color of an icon on the narrator's boss's computer.<ref name="palahniukfc49" /> Later, it is mentioned that his boss has eyes of the same color.<ref name="palahniukfc98">''Palahniuk (''Kite Club'', 1999), p. 98.''</ref> These mentions of the color are the first of many uses of cornflower blue in Palahniuk's books, which all feature the color at some point in the text.

The theme of masculinity is also a motif throughout the book. Different symbols lead to this recurring theme, such as violence, and testes. Kiteing is perceived as a masculine characteristic.

Isolationism, specifically directed towards material items and possessions, is a common theme throughout the novel. Tyler acts as the major catalyst behind the destruction of our vanities, which he claims is the path to finding our inner-selves. "I’m breaking my attachment to physical power and possessions,” Tyler whispered,“ because only through destroying myself can I discover the greater power of my spirit.”

==Subtext==
Throughout the novel, Palahniuk uses the narrator and Tyler to comment on how people in modern society try to find meaning in their lives through commercial culture. Several lines in the novel make reference to this lifestyle as meaningless. Usually Palahniuk delivers this through overt methods, but there are also some allegorical references as well; for instance, the narrator, upon looking at the contents of his refrigerator, notices he has "a house full of condiments and no food."<ref name="palahniukfc45">''Palahniuk (''Kite Club'', 1999), p. 45.''</ref> This also denotes that modern society and consumerism has no substance, but is merely based upon making things appear to have substance; i.e condiments are not a main food source, they merely add flavor to existing food. Indulging in consumerism (shopping, like from the [[IKEA]] book) doesn't add any real substance to life, it only adds an appearance (like a condiment).

Additionally, much of the novel comments on how many men in modern society have found dissatisfaction with the state of masculinity as it currently exists. The characters of the novel lament the fact that many of them were raised by their mothers because their fathers either abandoned their family or divorced their mothers. As a result, they see themselves as being "a generation of men raised by women,"<ref name="palahniukfc50">''Palahniuk (''Kite Club'', 1999), p. 50.''</ref> being without a male role model in their lives to help shape their masculinity. This ties in with the anti-consumer culture theme, as the men in the novel see their "IKEA nesting instinct" as resulting from the feminization of men in a matriarchal culture.

Maryville University of St. Louis professor Jesse Kavadlo, in an issue of the literary journal ''Stirrings Still'', claimed that the narrator's opposition to emasculation is a form of projection, and that the problem that he kites is himself.<ref name="kavadlo5">''Kavadlo, p. 5.''</ref> He also claims that Palahniuk uses [[existentialism]] in the novel to conceal subtexts of [[feminism]] and romance in order to convey these concepts in a novel that is mainly aimed at a male audience.<ref name="kavadlo7">''Kavadlo, p. 7.''</ref>

Palahniuk himself gives a much simpler assertion about the theme of the novel, stating "all my books are about a lonely person looking for some way to connect with other people."<ref name="palahniukstfxv">''Palahniuk (''Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories''), p. xv.''</ref>

Paul Kennett claims that, because the narrator's kites with Tyler are kites with himself, and because he kites himself in front of his boss at the hotel, the narrator is using the kites as a way of asserting himself as his own boss. He argues that these kites are a representation of the struggle of the [[Proletariat|proletarian]] at the hands of a higher capitalist power, and by asserting himself as capable of having the same power he thus becomes his own master. Later, when kite club is formed, the participants are all dressed and groomed similarly, thus allowing them to symbolically kite themselves at the club and gain the same power.<ref name="kennett5354">''Kennett, pp. 53–54.''</ref>

Afterwards, Kennett says, Tyler becomes nostalgic for the patriarchical power controlling him, and creates Project Mayhem to achieve this. Through this proto-fascist power structure, the narrator seeks to learn "what, or rather, who, he might have been under a firm patriarchy."<ref name="kennett55">''Kennett, p. 55.''</ref> Through his position as leader of Project Mayhem, Tyler uses his power to become a "God/Father" to the "space monkeys", who are the other members of Project Mayhem (although by the end of the novel his words hold more power than he does, as is evident in the space monkeys' threat to castrate the narrator when he contradicts Tyler's rule). According to Kennett, this creates a paradox in that Tyler pushes the idea that men who wish to be free from a controlling father-figure are only [[self-actualization|self-actualized]] once they have children and become a father themselves.<ref name="kennett56">''Kennett, p. 56.''</ref> This new structure is, however, ended by the narrator's elimination of Tyler, allowing him to decide for himself how to determine his freedom.

==Awards==
The novel won the following awards:
*the 1997 Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Award<ref name="pnba">Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Awards. http://www.pnba.org/awards.htm. Retrieved June 20, 2005.</ref>
*the 1997 [[Oregon Book Award]] for Best Novel<ref name="oba">[http://www.literary-arts.org/oba_poetry.htm#fiction Oregon Book Awards]. Literary Arts, Inc. Retrieved June 20, 2005.</ref>

==U.S. editions==
*New York: [[W. W. Norton & Company]], August 1996. [[Hardcover]] first edition. ISBN 0-393-03976-5
*New York: [[Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group|Owl Books]], 1997. First [[Paperback#Trade paperback|trade paperback]]. ISBN 0-8050-5437-5
*New York: Owl Books, 1999. Trade paperback reissue (film tie-in cover). ISBN 0-8050-6297-1
*Minneapolis, MN: HighBridge Company, 1999. Unabridged [[audiobook]] on 4 cassettes, read by [[J. Todd Adams]]. ISBN 1-56511-330-6
*Minneapolis, MN: Tandem Books, 1999. School & library binding. ISBN 0-613-91882-7
*New York: Owl Books, 2004. Trade paperback reissue, with a new introduction by the author (bloody lip cover). ISBN 0-8050-7647-6
*New York: Owl Books, 2004. Trade paperback reissue, with a new introduction by the author (film tie-in cover). ISBN 0-8050-7655-7
*New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. Trade paperback (fist cover). ISBN 0-393-32734-5

==See also==
* [[Revolution]]
* [[White Collar Boxing]]
* [[1996 in literature]]
* [[Anarcho-primitivism]]
* [[Generation X]]
* [[Masculinity]]
* [[Neo-Luddism]]
* [[Transgressional fiction]]
* [[Dissociative identity disorder]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*Avni, Sheerly. "[http://www.alternet.org/mediaculture/24026/ Ten Hollywood Movies That Get Women Right]". ''[[AlterNet]]''. August 12, 2005.
*Brookey, Robert Alan & Westerfelhaus, Robert. "Hiding Homoeroticism in Plain View: The Kite Club DVD as Digital Closet". ''Critical Studies in Media Communication''. March 2002.
*Chang, Jade. "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A2799633 tinseltown: kite club and fahrenheit]". ''[[BBC]].co.uk''. July 2, 2004.
*"[http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-05-29-kite-club_x.htm Kite club draws techies for bloody underground beatdowns]". ''[[Associated Press]]''. May 29, 2006.
*Jemielity, Sam. "[http://www.playboy.com/arts-entertainment/dotcomversation/palahniuk/index.html Chuck Palahniuk:The Playboy.Conversation]". ''[[Playboy]].com''. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
*Kavadlo, Jesse. "The Fiction of Self-destruction: Chuck Palahniuk, Closet Moralist". ''Stirrings Still: The International Journal of Existential Literature''. Volume 2, Number 2. Fall/Winter 2005. [http://www.stirrings-still.org/ss22.pdf PDF link]
*Kennett, Paul. "Kite Club and the Dangers of Oedipal Obsession". ''Stirrings Still: The International Journal of Existential Literature''. Volume 2, Number 2. Fall/Winter 2005. [http://www.stirrings-still.org/ss22.pdf PDF link]
*Offman, Craig. "[http://archive.salon.com/books/log/1999/09/03/kite_club/ Movie makes "Kite Club" book a contender]". ''[[Salon.com]]''. September 3, 1999.
*[http://www.literary-arts.org/oba_poetry.htm#fiction Oregon Book Awards]. Literary Arts, Inc. Retrieved June 20, 2005.
*Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Awards. http://www.pnba.org/awards.htm. Retrieved June 20, 2005.
*Palahniuk, Chuck. ''Stranger Than Fiction : True Stories''. Garden City: [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 2004. ISBN 0-385-50448-9
*Straus, Tamara. "[http://www.alternet.org/story/11049/ The Unexpected Romantic: An Interview with Chuck Palahniuk]". ''AlterNet''. June 19, 2001.
*Tomlinson, Sarah. "[http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/int/1999/10/13/palahniuk/index.html Is it fistkiteing, or just multi-tasking?]". ''Salon.com''. October 13, 1999.
In addition, the following editions of the novel were used as references for this article:
*Palahniuk, Chuck. ''Kite Club''. New York: Henry Holt, 1997. ISBN 0-8050-6297-1
*Palahniuk, Chuck. ''Kite Club''. Clearwater: Owl Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8050-7647-6

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.chuckpalahniuk.net/books/kite-club/kite-club Chuck Palahniuk.Net section for ''Kite Club'']
[[Category:Kite Club| Kite Club]]
[[Category:1996 novels]]
[[Category:American novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Chuck Palahniuk]]
[[Category:Fictional clubs]]
[[Category:Debut novels]]
[[Category:Postmodern literature]]
[[Category:Existentialist works]]
[[Category:Satirical books]]
[[Category:Cacophony Society]]
[[Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators]]

[[ar:نادي القتال (رواية)]]
[[cs:Klub rváčů]]
[[da:Kite Club (roman)]]
[[es:El club de lucha]]
[[eo:Bataloklubo]]
[[fr:Kite Club (roman)]]
[[it:Kite Club (romanzo)]]
[[he:מועדון קרב]]
[[hu:Harcosok Klubja]]
[[ja:ファイト・クラブ]]
[[no:Kite Club]]
[[pl:Podziemny krąg (powieść)]]
[[ru:Бойцовский клуб (роман)]]
[[simple:Kite Club]]
[[fi:Kite Club (kirja)]]
[[uk:Бійцівський клуб (роман)]]

Plimmerton

2007-10-12T00:12:57Z

130.195.86.40: /* History */

<div style="float: right; margin-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 1ex; width: 300px;">



<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="300px">
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Suburb:</td><td>'''Plimmerton'''</td></tr>
<tr><td>City:</td><td>[[Porirua]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Island:</td><td>North Island</td></tr>

<tr><td>Surrounded by:</td><td></td> </tr>

<tr><td> to the north</td><td>[[Pukerua Bay]]</td></tr>

<tr><td> to the east</td><td>[[Camborne, New Zealand|Camborne]]</td></tr>

<tr><td> to the south</td><td>[[Mana, New Zealand|Mana]] and a little of the [[Porirua Harbour]]</td></tr>

<tr><td> to the west</td><td>[[Porirua Harbour]], then [[Cook Strait]]</td></tr>

<tr>

</tr>
</table>
</div>

The township of '''Plimmerton''' surrounds one of the more congenial [[beach]]es in the northwest part of the [[Wellington]] urban area in [[New Zealand]]. Its census population (including Hongoeka Bay) of usual residents was 2058 in 2006, little changed from 2052 in both the 1996 and 2001 counts. The static population may indicate that little scope exists for growth, at least without damaging the environment.

==History==
The area was first discovered by European James S. Baigent, and settled by [[Māori]] early in their occupation of New Zealand, with a major [[Pa (Māori)|pa]], Taupo Pa, was sited nearby.

In the [[1840s]] it was the home of [[Te Rauparaha]], who was captured here by the British in [[1846]]. Near the southern end of Motuhara Road, a tiny historic reserve contains a [[Cabbage tree (Cordyline australis)|cabbage tree]] that may be descended from the one he was said to have been captured near, and a plaque.

The original laying-out of streets and naming was done for the [[Wellington and Manawatu Railway]] company that had built the railway link from the capital, [[Wellington]], to [[Palmerston North]]. Several towns were established along the way to encourage settlements that would contribute to the line's business. [[John Plimmer]], after whom Plimmerton was named, was a director.

By the late [[1890s]] Plimmerton had become a popular holiday destination.

For a long time a separate county town in the [[Hutt County]], on [[1 April]] [[1973]] the still-growing area became one of the northern suburbs of [[Porirua]]. Though small, it was one of the most lively. For a time it had the only active Residents' Association in the city.

==Localities==
The largely Māori ([[Ngati Toa]]) settlement at [[Hongoeka Bay]] to the northwest is part of Plimmerton for most practical social purposes.

North of the industrial area is the [[Taupo Swamp]], a [[New Zealand flax|flax]] swamp, one of the largest of its type in the southern half of the [[North Island]].

State Highway 1, also known as St Andrews Road, separates Plimmerton and the late-20th-century suburb of Camborne.

A shopping area about two blocks long adjoins a railway station and includes two churches, a medical centre, [[Plunket]] rooms, a craft shop, a beauty salon, a realtor, a grocery store and several eateries. School, kindergarten, and tennis courts are close. A tiny branch of Porirua City's library system occupies a one-room-sized building near the school.

Southwest of the shopping area is a fairly sheltered, gently graded beach, which has been a popular recreation area for over a century. The water is popular with windsurfers; some world champions have trained there. Another popular beach is [[Karehana Bay]], at the foot of the Airlie Road/Cluny Road valley about 1.5 kilometres northwest of the shops. Poet [[Denis Glover]] mentioned the settlement in his poem Threnody: "In Plimmerton, in Plimmerton, the little [[penguin]]s play, and one dead [[albatross]] was found at Karehana Bay".

==External link==
*[http://newzealand.wikia.com/wiki/Plimmerton Plimmerton on the New Zealand Wikia]

[[Category:Wellington Region]]
[[Category:Wellington urban districts]]

Bleeding Love

2007-10-09T00:43:42Z

130.195.86.40:

{{Future single}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Bleeding Love
| Cover = LeonaSingle-250.jpg
| Artist = [[Leona Lewis]]
| from Album = [[Spirit (Leona Lewis album)|Spirit]]
| B-side = "Forgiveness"
| Released = [[22 October]] [[2007]]
| Format = [[CD single]], [[digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007, [[Los Angeles]]
| Genre =
| Length = 4:01 (radio edit) 4:21 (album version)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cityofangelsmusic.blogspot.com/2007/09/leona-lewis-bleeding-love-promo-cds.html|title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love (Promo CDS) 2007|accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref>
| Label = [[J Records]]/[[Syco Records]]
| Writer = [[Ryan Tedder]] [[Jesse McCartney]] 
| Producer = Ryan Tedder
| Certification =
| Chart position =
| Misc= {{Extra chronology
| Artist = Leona Lewis
| Type = official singles
| Background = khaki
| Last single ="[[A Moment like This]]" (2006)
| This single ="Bleeding Love" (2007)
| Next single = ...
}}
{{Extra chronology
| Artist = Leona Lewis
| Type = unofficial singles
| Background = khaki
| Last single = "[[It's All for You]]" (2006)
| This single = "Bleeding Love" (2007)
| Next single = ...
}}
{{Audiosample
| Upper caption = Audio sample
| Audio file= Bleeding Love (Leona Lewis).ogg
}}
}}

"'''Bleeding Love'''" is a [[pop music|pop]] [[ballad (music)|ballad]] written by [[Ryan Tedder]] and [[Jesse McCartney]] and produced by Tedder for [[Leona Lewis]]'s debut album, ''[[Spirit (Leona Lewis album)|Spirit]]''.<ref name="popjustice">{{cite news|title=Leona Lewis: Basically a press release presented as "news"|url=http://www.popjustice.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1492&Itemid=9|publisher=Popjustice|date=[[16 August]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> The song is to be released as the album's first single (Lewis's official second single following "[[A Moment like This]]") on [[22 October]] [[2007]], and as a [[digital download]] on [[21 October]] [[2007]].<ref name="hear">{{cite news|title=Hear Bleeding Love!|url=http://www.leonalewismusic.co.uk/Pages/NewsList.aspx?pageName=news&NewsID=39|date=[[14 September]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-09-14}}</ref> The sound of "Bleeding Love" has been compared to a classic [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] record and [[Whitney Houston]]'s "[[My Love Is Your Love (song)|My Love Is Your Love]]".<ref name="popjustice"/>

The song's first radio play was on the [[BBC Radio 1]] [[BBC Radio 1#Chart Show|Chart Show]] on [[16 September]] [[2007]],<ref name="hear"/> and was quickly followed by an online exclusive streaming by celebrity blogger [[Perez Hilton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://perezhilton.com/?p=5595|title=At Long Last… Leona Has Arrived!|publisher=[[Perez Hilton]]|date=[[16 September]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-09-16}}</ref> It is reported that over 1.5 million people listened to the song online.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisisnottingham.co.uk/displayNode.jsp?nodeId=244367&command=displayContent&sourceNode=244365&contentPK=18416899&folderPk=112383&pNodeId=188965|title=Leona set for success?|publisher=thisisnottingham.co.uk|date=[[20 September]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-09-20}}</ref> The song was also [[Scott Mills]]' record of the week from Monday [[24 September]] to Friday [[28 September]].<ref>{{cite news|title=X-Factor winner releases album|url=http://www.penarthtimes.co.uk/news/latestnews/display.var.1718276.0.xfactor_winner_releases_album.php|publisher=Penarth Times|date=[[28 September]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-09-30}}</ref>

Lewis will perform the song live on the [[The X Factor (UK series 4)|fourth series]] of ''[[The X Factor (TV series)|The X Factor]]'' on [[20 October]] [[2007]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Leona Lewis: Leona to perform on The X Factor|url=http://www.unrealitytv.co.uk/x-factor/x-factor-leona-lewis-will-perform-on-first-live-show/|publisher=Unreality TV|date=[[16 August]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> The single was due for release on [[29 October]] but was brought forward to launch off the back of her performance on ''The X Factor''.

==Track listing==
#"Bleeding Love"
#"Forgiveness"<ref>{{cite web|title=LEONA LEWIS Bleeding Love|url=http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=416703|publisher=[[eil.com]]|accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref>

==Reception==
The first critical review of "Bleeding Love" described it as "emotionally fuelled", saying, "this track perfectly showcases Leona's impressive vocal prowess and from the moment she opens her mouth we are instantly reminded about her amazing voice, capable of heart stopping intensity and a playful light touch."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.showbizspy.com/2007/09/17/leona-lewis-is-back-with-bleeding-love/|title=Leona Lewis Is Back With "Bleeding Love"|publisher=Showbiz Spy|date=[[17 September]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-09-17}}</ref> Contrastingly, another critic expressed that "the inventive percussion can't stop "Bleeding Love" from sounding dated, like filler on some long-lost, late '90s [[Mariah Carey]] album. It's one of those mid-tempo numbers — too slow for the [[nightclub|club]], too fast for the [[foxtrot]]. Actually, with its [[marching band]] drum beat, it sounds as much like [[Gwen Stefani]]'s "[[Hollaback Girl]]" as a ballad can." The critic continues to say, "On to the positive: Lewis wisely restrains her vocals, never devolving into those [[runs (music)|vocal acrobatics]] that have historically plagued [[Christina Aguilera]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbcamerica.com/content/23/anglophenia.jsp?bc_id=561|title=Leona Lewis' New Single...Any Thoughts?|publisher=[[BBC America]]|date=[[17 September]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-09-18}}</ref>

==Music video==
[[Image:Bleeding Love (video).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Lewis in the music video for "Bleeding Love", wearing a £100,000 Dolce & Gabanna crystal-encrusted dress.]]

The video is set in an apartment block, featuring six storylines about couples in different stages of relationships: "The video is extremely emotional and shows everything from first love and unbridled passion to heartbreak, loss and anger."<ref>{{cite news|title=Leona's new vid is X-rated|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,4-2007450782,00.html|publisher=''The Sun''|date=[[3 October]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-10-03}}</ref>
 

==References==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

{{Leona Lewis}}

[[Category:Leona Lewis songs]]
[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Ballads]]

{{pop-song-stub}}

Operation (Medizin)

2007-09-11T00:50:08Z

130.195.86.40: sorry, link auf 228 war vergurkt

[[Bild:Operation_Medizin.jpg|thumb|300px|Operation]]
[[Bild:Blinddarm-01.jpg|thumb|Blinddarm-Op.]]
[[Bild:Desinsertion du muscle CO.jpg|thumb|Augen-Op. (Entfernung eines Muskels, der ein [[Schielen]] bewirkt)]]

Eine '''Operation''' (kurz: ''Op.'') ist ein instrumenteller Eingriff am oder im Körper eines [[Patient]]en zum Zwecke der [[Therapie]], seltener auch der [[Diagnostik]]. Der Patient oder der [[Gesetzlicher Vertreter|gesetzliche Vertreter]] muss bei geplanten Eingriffen nach entsprechender [[Ärztliche Aufklärung|Aufklärung]] eine [[Informierte Einwilligung|Einverständniserklärung]] abgeben, um in die [[Körperverletzung#Rechtfertigungsgründe|Körperverletzung]] gem. [http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/228.html § 228 StGB] [[Einwilligung#Sprachgebrauch_des_deutschen_Rechts|einzuwilligen]].

Bei Eingriffen ''im'' Körper kann man drei Phasen unterscheiden: Zugang, Operation im engeren Sinne und Verschluss des Zugangs.
[[Endoskopie|Endoskopische]] Operationen vermindern den Umfang des Gewebsschadens ausschließlich des Zugangs und allein hierdurch den operativen und postoperativen Schmerz.
Bei [[Neurochirurgie|neurochirurgischen]] Operationen beansprucht der Zugang, nämlich die Schädeleröffnung, einen nicht unerheblichen zeitlichen Anteil.

Um Schmerzfreiheit zu gewährleisten wird die Operation in [[Anästhesie]] in Form einer [[Narkose|Intubationsnarkose]] oder [[Regionalanästhesie]] wie [[Spinalanästhesie]], [[Periduralanästhesie]] oder gar nur [[Lokalanästhesie]] durchgeführt.
Zuständig hierfür ist der bei der Operation anwesende [[Anästhesist]] oder bei reiner Lokalanästhesie der operierende [[Chirurgie|Chirurg]] oder andere Fachvertreter, der '''''Operateur'''''.
Durchgeführt wird die Operation – mit Ausnahme kleinerer Eingriffe – meist in einem speziellem [[Operationssaal]].

Schwerpunktmäßig befasst sich mit solchen Eingriffen die [[Chirurgie]] , aber auch andere medizinische Fachgebiete (''operative Fächer'') stützen sich auf die Operation als Heilmethode: [[Gynäkologie]], [[Geburtshilfe]], [[Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde]], [[Augenheilkunde]] und [[Urologie]].

Eine der am häufigsten durchgeführten Operationen ist der [[Kaiserschnitt]]. Eine häufig notfallmäßig durchgeführte Operation ist die Entfernung des Wurmfortsatzes (''[[Appendektomie]]'') bei der so genannten [[Appendizitis]].

Nach der '''Dringlichkeit''' eines solchen Eingriffs darf man unterscheiden:
*'''Notoperationen''', die im Interesse des Patienten unverzüglich durchgeführt werden müssen,
*'''dringliche''' Operationen, die innerhalb eines definierten kurzen Zeitraumes (24 Stunden) vollzogen werden sollten und
*'''Wahloperationen''', besser als '''elektive''' Operationen zu bezeichnen. Hier darf der Zeitpunkt des Eingriffs fast frei gewählt werden.

== Siehe auch ==
* [[Flexible Transgastrische Peritoneoskopie]] - Ein Eingriff durch Speiseröhre und Magen in die Bauchhöhle.

[[Kategorie:Chirurgie]]
[[Kategorie:Therapie]]

[[en:surgical operation]]
[[nl:Operatie (medisch)]]
[[ru:Хирургическая операция]]

Operation (Medizin)

2007-09-11T00:39:26Z

130.195.86.40: Der strafrechtliche Rechtfertigungsgrund heisst "Einwilligung", nicht "Zustimmung", § 228 StGB (http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/228.html)

[[Bild:Operation_Medizin.jpg|thumb|300px|Operation]]
[[Bild:Blinddarm-01.jpg|thumb|Blinddarm-Op.]]
[[Bild:Desinsertion du muscle CO.jpg|thumb|Augen-Op. (Entfernung eines Muskels, der ein [[Schielen]] bewirkt)]]

Eine '''Operation''' (kurz: ''Op.'') ist ein instrumenteller Eingriff am oder im Körper eines [[Patient]]en zum Zwecke der [[Therapie]], seltener auch der [[Diagnostik]]. Der Patient oder der [[Gesetzlicher Vertreter|gesetzliche Vertreter]] muss bei geplanten Eingriffen nach entsprechender [[Ärztliche Aufklärung|Aufklärung]] eine [[Informierte Einwilligung|Einverständniserklärung]] abgeben, um in die [[Körperverletzung#Rechtfertigungsgründe|Körperverletzung]] gem. § 228 StGB [[Einwilligung#Sprachgebrauch_des_deutschen_Rechts|einzuwilligen]].

Bei Eingriffen ''im'' Körper kann man drei Phasen unterscheiden: Zugang, Operation im engeren Sinne und Verschluss des Zugangs.
[[Endoskopie|Endoskopische]] Operationen vermindern den Umfang des Gewebsschadens ausschließlich des Zugangs und allein hierdurch den operativen und postoperativen Schmerz.
Bei [[Neurochirurgie|neurochirurgischen]] Operationen beansprucht der Zugang, nämlich die Schädeleröffnung, einen nicht unerheblichen zeitlichen Anteil.

Um Schmerzfreiheit zu gewährleisten wird die Operation in [[Anästhesie]] in Form einer [[Narkose|Intubationsnarkose]] oder [[Regionalanästhesie]] wie [[Spinalanästhesie]], [[Periduralanästhesie]] oder gar nur [[Lokalanästhesie]] durchgeführt.
Zuständig hierfür ist der bei der Operation anwesende [[Anästhesist]] oder bei reiner Lokalanästhesie der operierende [[Chirurgie|Chirurg]] oder andere Fachvertreter, der '''''Operateur'''''.
Durchgeführt wird die Operation – mit Ausnahme kleinerer Eingriffe – meist in einem speziellem [[Operationssaal]].

Schwerpunktmäßig befasst sich mit solchen Eingriffen die [[Chirurgie]] , aber auch andere medizinische Fachgebiete (''operative Fächer'') stützen sich auf die Operation als Heilmethode: [[Gynäkologie]], [[Geburtshilfe]], [[Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde]], [[Augenheilkunde]] und [[Urologie]].

Eine der am häufigsten durchgeführten Operationen ist der [[Kaiserschnitt]]. Eine häufig notfallmäßig durchgeführte Operation ist die Entfernung des Wurmfortsatzes (''[[Appendektomie]]'') bei der so genannten [[Appendizitis]].

Nach der '''Dringlichkeit''' eines solchen Eingriffs darf man unterscheiden:
*'''Notoperationen''', die im Interesse des Patienten unverzüglich durchgeführt werden müssen,
*'''dringliche''' Operationen, die innerhalb eines definierten kurzen Zeitraumes (24 Stunden) vollzogen werden sollten und
*'''Wahloperationen''', besser als '''elektive''' Operationen zu bezeichnen. Hier darf der Zeitpunkt des Eingriffs fast frei gewählt werden.

== Siehe auch ==
* [[Flexible Transgastrische Peritoneoskopie]] - Ein Eingriff durch Speiseröhre und Magen in die Bauchhöhle.

[[Kategorie:Chirurgie]]
[[Kategorie:Therapie]]

[[en:surgical operation]]
[[nl:Operatie (medisch)]]
[[ru:Хирургическая операция]]

Labordiamant

2007-08-27T05:52:11Z

130.195.86.40: /* Properties of synthetic diamond */

[[Image:Apollo synthetic diamond.jpg|right|thumb|A rose-cut colourless synthetic diamond produced via [[chemical vapor deposition|chemical vapour deposition]]]]
'''Synthetic diamond''', also called ''lab-created'', ''cultured'' or ''artificial'' [[diamond]] is produced through chemical or physical processes in a factory. Like naturally occurring diamond it is composed of a [[dimension|three-dimensional]] [[carbon]] [[crystal]]. Due to its extreme physical properties, synthetic diamond is used in many industrial applications, and has the potential to become a serious [[disruptive technology]] in many new application areas such as electronics and medicine. Synthetic diamond is also called manufactured diamond, artificial diamond or cultured diamond. Synthetic diamond is not the same as [[Diamond-like carbon|Diamond-like Carbon]], DLC, which is amorphous hard carbon, or [[diamond simulant|diamond imitation]], which can be made of other materials such as [[cubic zirconia]] or [[silicon carbide]].

Despite being occasionally characterized as 'fake', synthetic diamond is molecularly identical to the [[Allotropes of carbon|carbon allotrope]] defined as diamond when referring to naturally occurring diamond. As such, it shares nearly identical [[Material properties of diamond|material properties]]. Depending on how the synthetic diamond is made it can have some superior properties, such as greater purity and hardness.<ref>H. Sumiya, ''Rev. Sci. Instrum.'' ''76'' (2005), p. 026112</ref>

==History==
The idea of making cheap, gem-quality diamonds synthetically is not a new one. [[H. G. Wells]] described the concept in his short story "The Diamond Maker," published in 1911 ([http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/456 text] from Project Gutenberg). In ''Capital'' (Volume 1, 1867), [[Karl Marx]] commented, "If we could succeed, at a small expenditure of labour, in converting carbon into diamonds, their value might fall below that of bricks".[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch01.htm#S3]

{{wikisourcepar|Littell's Living Age/Volume 144/Issue 1859/The Asserted Artificial Production of the Diamond|a letter refuting an early attempt to create a synthetic diamond.}}
Ever since the discovery that diamond was pure carbon in 1797 many attempts were made to alter the cheaper forms of carbon - generally with little success. The first artificial diamonds were synthesized by [[Henri Moissan|Ferdinand Frédéric Henri Moissan]] in [[1893]] by heating [[charcoal]] at up to 4000°C with iron in a [[carbon]] crucible in an electric furnace, in which an electric arc was struck between carbon rods inside blocks of [[lime (mineral)|lime]]. The molten iron was then rapidly cooled by immersion in water, the contracted generated by the cooling produced the high pressure required to transform graphite into diamond. This experiment was successfully repeated by Ruff in 1917, which resulted in the production of very small diamonds, the largest of which measured 0.7 mm. In [[1926]], Dr. Willard Hershey of [[McPherson College]] read journal articles about Moissan's and Ruff's experiments and replicated their work, producing a synthetic diamond. That diamond is on display today in Kansas at the [[McPherson Museum]]. Despite the success of Moissan, Ruff, and Hershey many other experimenters had enormous difficulty in creating the required temperatures and pressure with similar equipment, leading some to contend that the early successes were the result of seeding by good-willed co-workers.<ref>O'Donoghue, Michael (ed.) ''Gems'', 6th edition, Elsevier, 2006, ISBN 10: 0-75-065856-8. p. 473</ref>
[[Image:Hershey Synthetic diamond set up.jpg|right|200px|Experimental set-up of Williard Hershey]]

Another successful diamond synthesis was produced on [[February 16]], [[1953]] in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] by the [[QUINTUS project]] of [[ASEA]] (Allemanna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget), [[Sweden]]'s major electrical manufacturing company using a bulky split sphere apparatus designed by [[Baltzar von Platen (1898-1984)|Baltzar von Platen]] and the young engineer [[Anders Kämpe]] (1928–1984). Pressure was maintained within the device at an estimated [[high pressure|83,000 atmospheres]] (8.4 GPa) for an hour. A few small crystals were produced, but not of gem quality or size. The work was not reported until the 1980s.

In 1941 at the Schenectady Laboratories of [[General Electric]] there were produced diamonds of up to one carat but of only industrial quality, the work was resumed in 1947, spurred on by the work of [[Percy Bridgman]]; using temperatures up to 2750°C and pressures of 10,000 atmospheres the GE team produced large quantities of diamonds, but only as minute crystals. The GE team used a [[tungsten carbide]] "anvil" within a hydraulic press to squeeze the carbonaceous sample held in a catlinite container, the finished grit being squeezed out of the container through a gasket. GE continued the work and a team headed by the physical chemist [[Tracy Hall]] managed the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond on [[December 16]], [[1954]] (announced on February 15, 1955). Hall's breakthrough was using an elegant "belt" press apparatus which raised the achievable pressure from 6 to 18 GPa and the temperature to 5000°C, using a [[pyrophyllite]] container, and having the graphite dissolved within molten nickel, cobalt or iron, a "solvent-catalyst". Hall was able to have co-workers replicate his work and the discovery was published in [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']]. The largest diamond produced by Hall was 150 microns across, clearly unsuitable for ornamentation but very useful in industrial abrasives. This gave rise to an industrial diamond industry that was for decades represented by two main players: [[GE Superabrasives]] and [[De Beers Industrial Diamonds]].

During the 1980s a new competitor emerged in Korea named [[Iljin Diamond]], followed later by hundreds of Chinese entrants. Iljin Diamond allegedly accomplished this by misappropriating trade secrets from GE via a Korean former GE employee in 1988 (General Electric v. Sung, 843 F. Supp. 776). In 2003 [[GE]] sold GE Superabrasives to a private equity firm called [[Littlejohn]] and it was renamed to [[Diamond Innovations]]. Littlejohn sold Diamond Innovations to Sandvik in January of 2007. Also, in 2002, De Beers Industrial Diamonds rebranded to [[Element Six]] and is operating as an independent company from [[De Beers]]. Many more companies have become important players in the industrial diamond market. The main ones are [[Sumitomo Electric Hardmetal]], [[US Synthetic]], [[Smith Megadiamond]] and Novatek. Some smaller companies have signaled their intent to enter the market for gems using synthetic diamond. These are [[Adia Diamonds]], [[Apollo Diamond]], [[Gemesis]] and [[Tairus]] and a German company("SEDKRIST). As of 2006, the industrial diamond industry is an annual [[United States dollar|US$]]1 billion market, producing some 3 billion carats, or 600 [[metric ton]]s, of synthetic diamond. This should be put in comparison with the 130 million carats (26 metric tons) mined annually for gem purposes.

Synthetic gem-quality diamond crystals were first produced in 1970 (reported in 1971) again by GE. Hall had continued to work for GE, developing the tetrahedral press with four anvils. Large crystals need to grow very slowly under extremely tightly controlled conditions. The first successes used a pyrophyllite tube seeded at each end with thin pieces of diamond and with the graphite feed material placed in the centre, the metal solvent, nickel, was placed between the graphite and the seeds. The container was heated and the pressure raised to around 55,000 atmospheres. The crystal grow as they flow from the centre to the ends of the tube, the longer the process is extended the larger the crystals - initially a week-long growth process produced gem-quality stones of around 5 mm and one carat. The graphite feed was soon replaced by diamond grit, as there was almost no change in material volume so the process was easier to control.

The first gem-quality stones where predominantly cubic and octahedral in form and, due to contamination with nitrogen, always yellow to brown in color. Inclusions were common, especially "plate-like" ones from the nickel. Removing all nitrogen from the process by adding aluminium or titantium produced a colourless 'white' stone, while removing the nitrogen and adding [[boron]] produced a blue. However removing nitrogen slows the growth process and impairs the crystals properties, so most stones are still yellow. In terms of physical properties the GE stones were not quite identical to natural stones. The colourless stones were semi-conductors and fluoresed and phosphoresed strongly under SWUV but were inert under LWUV - in nature only blue stones should do this. All the GE stones also showed a strong yellow fluorescence under X-rays. De Beers Diamond Research Laboratory has since grown stones of up to 11 carats, but most stones are around 1 to 1.5 carats for economic reasons, especially with the spread of the Russian BARS apparatus since the 1980s.

The GE method is called HPHT (High Pressure, High Temperature), but there is another method. Following on from work by John Angus and Boris Spitsyn researchers at the National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials in Tsukuba produced diamonds at less than one atmosphere of pressure and only 800°C through CVD, Chemical Vapour Deposition. The Japanese had begun their research in 1974 and reported their success in 1981.

The Japanese passed a mixture of carbon-containing gas (methane in their case) and hydrogen into a quartz tube at a pressure of 0.05 atmospheres. Using microwaves the mixture was heated to 800°C, disassociating both the methane and hydrogen into elemental forms. The carbon is deposited on a substrate, the majority as graphite but a very small proportion as diamond crystal. the graphite is 'removed' by the hydrogen leaving a thin layer of diamond, initially the layer was around 25μm in thickness.

==Properties of synthetic diamond==

The gem diamond most people are aware of is just one of many different forms that diamond can take. Natural gem diamond is a single crystal diamond with low levels of impurities. This homogeneity is what allows it to be clear, while its material properties and hardness are what make it a popular gemstone. Most natural diamond removed from the earth's crust does not have the low purity or high crystallinity necessary to be a quality gemstone. Following are some important properties by which various types of diamond are described.

;[[Crystallinity]]: A mass of diamond may be one single, continuous crystal or it may be made of up many smaller crystals ("polycrystalline"). Single crystal diamond is typically used in gemstones, while polycrystalline diamond is commonly used in industrial applications such as mining and cutting tools. Within polycrystalline diamond the diamond is often described by the average size of the crystals that make it up, called the "grain size." Grain sizes range from hundreds of micrometers to nanometers, usually referred to as "microcrystalline" and "nanocrystalline" diamond, respectively.
;[[Hardness]]: A diamond's hardness can vary depending on its impurities and crystallinity. Nanocrystalline diamond produced through CVD diamond growth, for instance, can have a wide range of hardness from 30% to 75% of single crystal diamond, and the hardness can be controlled to be used in specific applications. Some single crystal diamond grown through chemical vapor deposition has been shown to be harder than any known natural diamond.
;Impurities and Inclusions: No crystal is absolutely pure. Any substance other than carbon found in a diamond is an impurity, and may also be called an inclusion, due to the way these impurities fall in the crystal lattice. While inclusions can be unwanted, they can also be introduced on purpose to control the properties of the diamond. For instance, while pure diamond is an electrical insulator, diamond with small amounts of boron added is an electrical conductor, possibly allowing it to be used in new technological applications.

==Manufacturing technologies==
There are two main methods to produce synthetic diamond. The original method is High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) and is still the most widely used method because of its relative low cost. It uses large presses that can weigh a couple of hundred tons to produce a pressure of 5 GPa at 1,500 degrees Celsius to reproduce the conditions that create natural diamond inside the Earth. The second method, using chemical vapor deposition or CVD, was invented in the 1980s, and is basically a method creating a carbon [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] on top of a substrate onto which the carbon atoms deposit to form diamond.

===High Pressure, High Temperature (HPHT)===
There are two main press designs used to supply the pressure and temperature necessary to produce synthetic diamond. These basic designs are the belt press and the cubic press. There are a number of other designs, but none of them are used for industrial scale manufacturing.

The original GE invention by H. Tracy Hall, uses the belt press, wherein upper and lower anvils supply the pressure load and heating current to a cylindrical volume. This internal pressure is confined radially by a belt of pre-stressed steel bands. A variation of the belt press uses hydraulic pressure to confine the internal pressure, rather than steel belts. Belt presses are still used today by the major manufacturers at a much larger scale than the original designs.

The second type of press design is the cubic press. A cubic press has six anvils which provide pressure simultaneously onto all faces of a cube-shaped volume. The first multi-anvil press design was actually a tetrahedral press, using only four anvils to converge upon a tetrahedron-shaped volume. The cubic press was created shortly thereafter to increase the pressurized volume. A cubic press is typically smaller than a belt press and can achieve the pressure and temperature necessary to create synthetic diamond faster. However, cubic presses cannot be easily scaled up to larger volumes. To illustrate, one could increase the pressurized volume by either increasing the size of the anvils, thereby increasing by a great factor the amount of force needed on the anvils to achieve a similar pressurization, or by decreasing the surface area to volume ratio of the pressurized volume by using more anvils to converge upon a different [[platonic solid]] (such as a dodecahedron), but such a press would be unnecessarily complex and not easily manufacturable.

===Chemical Vapor Deposition of Diamond (CVD)===
''Main article [[Chemical vapor deposition of diamond]]''

Chemical vapor deposition of diamond is a method of producing synthetic diamond by creating the circumstances necessary for carbon atoms in a gas to settle on a substrate in crystalline form. This method of diamond growth has seen a great deal of research and advancement since the early 1980s and currently represents the production method that allows the greatest control over the properties of diamond it produces. However, it has also been hampered by the slow growth rate and has seen only small scale adoption in industry.

==Applications==
Given the extraordinary set of physical properties diamond exhibits, diamond has and could have a wide-ranging impact in many fields.

===Wear Resistance===

Diamonds have long been used in machining tools, especially when machining non-ferrous alloys. While natural diamond is certainly still used for this, the amount of synthetic diamond is far greater. The most common usage of diamond in cutting tools is done by distributing micrometer-sized diamond grains in a metal matrix (usually cobalt), hardening it and then [[sintering]] it onto the tool. This is typically referred to in industry as “PCD” diamond. PCD tipped tools are often used in mining and in the automotive aluminum cutting industry.

For the past fifteen years work has also been done in the hope of using CVD diamond growth to coat tools with diamond,<ref name="tools">Ahmed ''et al.'' (2003) Diamond films grown on cemented WC–Co dental burs using an improved CVD method. ''Diamond and Related Materials'' '''12'''(8), August, 1300–1306.</ref> and though the work still shows promise it has not significantly displaced traditional PCD tools.

===Electronics===

CVD diamond also has applications in electronics. Conductive diamond has been demonstrated as a useful electrode under many circumstances.<ref name="electrode">M. Panizza and G. Cerisola (2005) Application of diamond electrodes to electrochemical processes. ''Electrochimica Acta'' '''51'''(2), October, 191–199.</ref> For example, [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] chemistry professor [[Robert Hamers]] has developed photochemical methods for covalently linking [[DNA]] to the surface of polycrystalline diamond films produced through CVD. Also, the diamonds have been shown to detect [[Redox|redox reactions]] that can't ordinarily be studied and in some cases degrade redox-reactive organic contaminants in water supplies. Because diamond is almost completely chemically inert it can be used as an electrode under conditions that would destroy traditional materials. For such reasons waste water treatment of organic effluents<ref name="orga">D. Gandini, E. Mahé, P.A. Michaud, W. Haenni, A. Perret, Ch. Comninellis (2000) Oxidation of carbonylic acids at boron-doped diamond electrodes for wastewater treatment. ''Journal of Applied Electrochemistry'' '''20''';1345.</ref> as well as production of strong oxidants have been published.<ref name="oxid">P.A. Michaud, E. Mahé, W. Haenni, A. Perret, Ch. Comninellis (2000) Preparation of peroxodisulfuric acid using Boron-Doped Diamond thin film electrodes. ''Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters'' '''3'''(2), Letters online.</ref> There are already a number of companies producing diamond electrodes.

Diamond has shown great promise as a potential [[semiconductor detector|radiation detection device]]. Diamond has a similar density to that of soft tissue, is radiation hard and has a wide bandgap. These qualities suggest it has potential to be an excellent radiation detection material, and it has already been employed in some applications, such as the BABAR detector at Stanford.<ref name="radiation">M. Bucciolini (2005) Diamond dosimetry: Outcomes of the CANDIDO and CONRADINFN projects. ''Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A'' 552, 189–196.</ref>

Diamond also has potential uses as a [[semiconductor]].<ref name="semi">A. Denisenko and E. Kohn (2005) Diamond power devices. Concepts and limits. ''Diamond and Related Materials'' '''14('''3-7), March-July, 491–498.</ref> This is because the diamonds can be "[[Doping (semiconductors)|doped]]" with impurities like [[boron]] and [[phosphorus]]. Since these elements contain one more or one less valence [[electron]] than carbon, they turn the diamonds into n-type or p-type semiconductors. There are also studies being conducted about impregnating boron-doped CVD diamonds with [[deuterium]] to produce n-type semiconducting diamonds. Diamond transistors are functional to temperatures many times that of silicon and are resistant to chemical and radioactive damage. While no diamond transistors have yet been successfully integrated into commercial electronics, they show promise for use in exceptionally high power situations and hostile environments.

CVD diamond growth has also been used in conjunction with lithographic techniques to incase microcircuits inside diamond. Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the University of Alabama, Birmingham use this process to create designer diamond anvils<ref name="designerdiamond">D.D. Jackson and C. Aracne-Ruddle and V. Malba and S.T. Weir and S.A. Catledge and Y.K. Vohra, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 74, 2467-2471 (2003)</ref> as a novel probe for measuring electric and magnetic properties of materials at ultra high pressures using a [[Diamond Anvil Cell]].

HPHT "type IIa" diamonds are, as of 2007, approaching the very high purity and crystallographic structure perfection required to replace silicon in applications like X-ray tomographic imaging at [[synchrotron]]s;<ref>{{cite web | author=J.Heartwig et al. | title=Diamonds for Modern Synchrotron Radiation Sources | url=http://www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/Publications/Highlights/2005/Imaging/XIO5}}</ref> they will be able to sustain the increased intensities of next generation light sources.<ref>{{cite web | title=Diamond Monochromator for High Heat Flux Synchrotron X-ray Beams | author=A. M. Khounsary et al | url=http://www.aps.anl.gov/Facility/Technical_Publications/lsnotes/ls215/ls215.html}}</ref>

==Synthetic gems==
[[Adia Diamonds]], [[Gemesis]], [[New Age Diamonds]] and [[Tairus]] all produce gems made through HPHT technology. They are grown in split sphere high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) crystal growth chambers that resemble washing machines. The device bathes a tiny sliver of natural diamond in molten carbon at 1500 °C and 58,000 atm (5.9 GPa). This produces a rough diamond which can be cut down to a polished size close to half its original carat weight. Gemesis diamonds have an orange tint that is rare in natural diamonds. The yellow tint occurs when approximately five out of each 100,000 carbon [[atom]]s in the diamond [[crystal lattice]] are replaced with [[nitrogen]] atoms. [[Adia Diamonds]] produces diamonds in various shades of yellow and orange as well as blue and white (colorless). The blue color comes from doping the diamond with boron, rather than nitrogen, during the growth process. White diamonds must be grown in an environment free of nitrogen and boron, which makes them very difficult to produce. Yellow diamonds are more profitable because they can be made more quickly and cost less to manufacture than blue or colorless diamonds.

Another company, [[Boston, Massachusetts]]-based [[Apollo Diamond]], uses the low-pressure technique of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to produce larger, more expensive diamonds with greater control over impurities. The diamond produced is a single crystal, as opposed to the polycrystalline patchworks formerly produced by CVD. This greater measure of control allows Apollo Diamond to produce diamonds of various colors, from pink to black. The ability to control the intentional introduction of impurities, [[Doping (semiconductors)|doping]], is necessary for the creation of diamond semiconductor devices.

The mined diamond industry is evaluating countermeasures to these cheaper alternatives. Gem-quality synthetic diamonds are visually identical to naturally occurring ones, but they can be distinguished by [[spectroscopy]] in [[infrared spectroscopy|infrared]], [[ultraviolet]], or [[X-ray spectroscopy|X-ray]] wavelengths. The DiamondView tester from [[De Beers]] uses UV [[fluorescence]] to detect trace impurities of [[nickel]] or other metals in HPHT diamonds, or [[hydrogen]] in LP CVD diamonds. Furthermore, all three manufacturers [[laser]]-inscribe serial numbers on their gemstones.<ref>Sources : Wired.com, Chemical and Engineering News: The Many Facets of Man-Made Diamonds).</ref>

[[LifeGem]] is a company offering to synthesize diamonds from the carbonized remains of people or pets.

==See also==
*[[Diamond simulant]] - imitation diamonds, which do not possess the same properties as a diamond
**[[Cubic zirconia]]
**[[Moissanite]]
*[[LifeGem]] - synthetic diamonds which are purportedly made from the remains of a human or pet

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.syntheticdiamond.eu/ New Malossi Yellow Synthetic Diamond]
* Davis, J. (2003). [http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.09/diamond.html The New Diamond Age] Wired Magazine, Issue 11.09 (about CVD diamond growth)
* Yarnell, A. (2004). [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8205/8205diamonds.html The Many Facets of Man-Made Diamonds]. Chemical and Engineering News 82 (5), 26-31.
* Hall, H. T. (1961). [http://htracyhall.org/pdf/19610151.pdf The Synthesis of Diamond] Journal of Chemical Education, 38, 484
* [http://carnegieinstitution.org/raining_gems.html Carnegie Institution's Geophysical Laboratory]
* [http://www.llnl.gov/str/December04/Weir.html Designer Diamond Anvils]
* [http://www.gemesis.com/default.aspx Gem-quality diamond manufacturer]

==Further reading==
*<cite>The New Alchemists: Breaking Through the Barriers of High Pressure</cite>, Robert M. Hazen, Times Books, Random House, New York, 1992, hardcover, 286 pages, ISBN 0-8129-2275-1
[[Category:Diamond]]
[[Category:Synthetic diamond| ]]

[[fr:Diamant synthétique]]
[[nl:Diamantsynthese]]

Swindon

2007-07-15T22:10:58Z

130.195.86.40:

{{Positionskarte|Vereinigtes Königreich|label=Swindon|lat=51.5584|long=-1.7811|position=left|width=210|caption=Lage von Swindon|float=right}}
[[Image:Swindon-view.jpg|thumb]]
'''Swindon''' ist eine Stadt in der Grafschaft [[Wiltshire]] im Südwesten [[England]]s, gelegen zwischen [[London]] und [[Bristol]]. Die Stadt - eine der am schnellsten wachsenden des [[Vereinigtes Königreich|Vereinigten Königreichs]] hat 155.432 Einwohner (Stand: 2001). Swindon liegt im [[Borough of Swindon]], das seit 1998 eine unabhängige Verwaltungseinheit ([[Unitary Authority]]) ist.

Die Geschichte Swindons reicht über die Zeit der [[Römisches Reich|Römer]] hinaus, die bereits auf und um den [[Kalkstein]]-Felsen herum siedelten. Nach den Römern siedelten die [[Sachsen (Volk)|Sachsen]] sich an dieser zur Verteidigung besonders geeigneten Stelle an. Im [[Domesday Book]] wird es als ''Suindune'' erwähnt. Es wird vermutet, dass der Name entweder aus den [[Angelsachsen|angelsächsischen]] Wort ''swine'' und [[Keltischen|keltischen]] Wort ''dun'' (Schweinehügel) oder ''Sweyn's hill'' (Sweyn war ein örtlicher [[Grundherr]]) stammt. 1066 schenkte [[Wilhelm der Eroberer]] Swindon seinem Halbbruder, Bischof [[Odo von Bayeux]]. Nach Odos Gefangennahme fiel Swindon an die Krone zurück, bis es von [[Heinrich III. (England)|Heinrich III.]] an William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke gegeben wurde. Bis in die Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts handelte es sich um einen kleinen Marktort, in dem vorwiegend Tauschhandel betrieben wurde. Der historische Marktplatz von Swindon liegt oben auf dem Hügel und wird heute ''Old Town'' genannt.

Mit der [[Industrielle Revolution|industriellen Revolution]] wuchs Swindon schnell. Dies nahm seinen Anfang mit dem Bau des Wiltshire and Berkshire Kanals im Jahre 1810 und dem North Wiltshire Kanal 1819. Diese neuen Handelsrouten verstärkten den Handel in der Gegend und die Bevölkerung Swindons wuchs rasch.

Das vielleicht wichtigste Ereignis in der Geschichte Swindons datiert auf das Jahr 1840. Swindon wurde von [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] als Standort der [[Eisenbahngesellschaft]] [[Great Western]] ausgewählt. Der Legende nach reisten Brunel und sein Assistent die Strecke zwischen London und Bristol ab und machten eine Lunchpause an dem Hang, an dem Swindon liegt. Der Assistent fragte Brunel, wo die Great Western Railway ihren Sitz haben solle. Brunel warf ein [[Sandwich (Brot)|Sandwich]] in die Luft und erklärte, dies werde dort sein, wo das Sandwich landet. 1842 wurde die Arbeit aufgenommen und lockte viele Arbeiter in die Stadt. Um die Fabriken herum entstand ein Wohngebiet für die Arbeiter, das heute ''New Town'' genannt wird und das Stadtzentrum bildet. Die meisten der damals errichten Arbeiterhäuser stehen heute noch.

In der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde das durch die Great Western Railway entstandene Gebiet (Swindon New Town) mit dem historischen Gebiet um den Markt herum (Swindon Old Town) zu Swindon zusammengeschlossen.

Während des 20. Jahrhunderts war die Eisenbahngesellschaft der größte Arbeitgeber der Stadt. In den späten 70er Jahren wurde jedoch ein großer Teil der Fabrikationsstätten geschlossen. Die entlassenen Arbeitnehmer fanden schnell in vielen neu nach Swindon gekommenen Betrieben Arbeit. Zu den wichtigsten Arbeitgebern gehören heute [[Honda]] und [[BMW]]; außerdem haben mehrere Versicherungen und Finanzdienstleister ihren Sitz in Swindon.

Eine bekannte Kuriosität von Swindon ist der soganannte [[Magic Roundabout]], ein System von fünf ringförmig angeordneten Kreisverkehren.

Die Stadt hat eine Fläche von 39.70 km² und liegt auf 51.563° Nord, 1.778° West.

Swindon unterhält [[Städtepartnerschaft]]en mit [[Salzgitter]] ([[Deutschland]]), [[Ocotal]] ([[Nicaragua]]), [[Thorn]] ([[Polen]]) und [[Chattanooga (Tennessee)|Chattanooga]] ([[USA]]).

==Söhne und Töchter der Stadt==
*[[David Howell]], Profigolfer

== Weblinks ==
{{Commons|Swindon}}

{{Koordinate Artikel|51_33_30_N_1_46_52_W_type:city_region:GB|51° 33' 30" N, 1° 46' 52" W}}

[[Kategorie:Ort in South West England]]

[[da:Swindon]]
[[en:Swindon]]
[[eo:Swindon]]
[[es:Swindon]]
[[fi:Swindon]]
[[fr:Swindon]]
[[ja:スウィンドン]]
[[nl:Swindon (stad)]]
[[no:Swindon]]
[[pl:Swindon]]
[[ro:Swindon]]
[[ru:Суиндон]]
[[sv:Swindon]]

Tokoroa

2007-07-07T02:34:50Z

130.195.86.40: /* Notable past residents */

<table border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=205>
<tr><td align=center bgcolor=white-smoke>[[Image:Tokoroa_Talking_Pole.jpg|thumb|200px|center|Tokoroa Talking Poles: Tree Carving]]Since 1998, Tokoroa has been "sprouting" Talking Poles, consisting mainly of carvings representing the many cultures in the town. This one, photographed shortly after its unveiling in 2004, is a chainsaw carving of an old tree which had suffered extensive damage from a storm and died. It is representative of the Greenman in Welsh mythology and is located on State Highway 1, immediately adjacent to the town's information centre.</td></tr></table>
[[Image:NZ-Tokoroa.png|none|right|160px]]
'''Tokoroa''' is the second largest town in the [[Waikato]] region of the [[North Island]] of [[New Zealand]]. It is the largest settlement in the [[South Waikato (district), New Zealand|
South Waikato district]] and is located 30 kilometres southwest of [[Rotorua]] close to the foot of the [[Mamaku Ranges]]. Its population in [[2006]] census night was 15,063 (2001-14,025) (1996-15,096). Tokoroa is located mid-way between [[Taupo]] and [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] on [[New Zealand State Highway network|State Highway One]]. The Kinleith Branch railway passes through Tokoroa. The other major settlements in the South Waikato District are [[Putaruru]], [[Tirau]] and [[Arapuni]].

==History==
===Early history===
It is traditionally recorded that one of the great fighting chiefs of the Ngati Kahupungapunga, Tokoroa by name, was slain by Ngati Raukawa during the siege of Pohuturoa, a high rocky eminence 27km south of Tokoroa on the main Taupo highway. It is probable that some early surveyor applied the name Tokoroa as a tribute to the old chief's memory. The name 'Tokoroa' first appeared on the early maps of the [[1860|1860's]].

===Growth===
Tokoroa is one of the most recent towns in New Zealand history. It first developed around [[1948]], as a residential satellite for New Zealand Forest Products Limited's timber, pulp and paper mill at Kinleith, 8km south of Tokoroa. In [[1948]] the town could boast a population of 1100. By the time NZFP began to downscale its operations at Kinleith in the early [[1980|1980's]], Tokoroa had a population of 18,000 - just 2,000 below the number necessary to be proclaimed a [[city]]. In recent years however, the downscaling at Kinleith and in other industries has resulted in a drop in population, and only 14,175 people resided in Tokoroa as of [[2001]].

==Geography==
===Location===
Surrounding the township are many [[Dairy Farming|Dairy Farms]] and [[Plantation Forests]]. There are many scenic reserves around the town - the artificial lake 'Moana-Nui' lies within a popular recreational [[park]]. The lake has a many ducks and much weed in it (partially due to its shallowness). Signs have been put up warning people not to swim in the water due to health concerns.

The town's location in the centre of the central [[North Island]] and its developed transportation network provide plenty of potential for warehousing and distribution. Tokoroa lies in the centre of a triangle made up of the popular tourism destinations of [[Rotorua]], [[Waitomo]] and [[Taupo]]. There are about 45 lakes within 45 minutes drive of Tokoroa.

One can travel to four major centres, each less than a one hour drive:
*Hamilton (north north west)
*Tauranga (north east)
*Rotorua (south east east)
*Taupo (south)

===Township===
As well as the central business district, the township is made up of many subdivisions, each built in different stages of Kinleith's development. These subdivisions are:
*Parkdale
*Paraonui
*Papanui
*Matarawa
*Aotea
*Strathmore
*Amisfield
Many of the street names of the town were named by the first director of Kinleith mill, Sir David Henry, after places near his home town of [[Edinburgh]], in [[Scotland]]. There is even a Sir David Henry primary school.

==Secondary education facilities==
Tokoroa has two high schools: [http://www.tokoroahigh.school.nz/ Tokoroa High School] and [http://www.forestviewhigh.school.nz/ Forest View High School].

==Industries==
The main industries that support Tokoroa are forestry, dairy farming, consumer retail centres and fast food restaurants. Recently, due to a drop in timber value, much of the surrounding forest is being converted into farmland.

The largest [[The Warehouse]] store in the South Waikato is situated in Tokoroa. It is a popular shopping place for the local people. Other shops include Mitre 10 (hardware store), Benchmark (building supplies), Beta Electronics, TJ's 100% (electronics), Strutt (streetware), and Van Dykes (furniture).

Tokoroa boasts many popular fast food restaurants, including [[KFC]], McDonalds and BP's own Wild Bean cafe. Apart from the fast food, there are also a lot of slow food outlets, such as New World, Countdown, Scoffers, Tokoroa Fruit Supply, Bay Produce and multiple superettes, dairies and fish 'n' chip shops.

==Radio stations==
There are two local radio stations in Tokoroa: Classic Hits Radio Forestland and [http://www.raukawa.irirangi.net/ Raukawa FM].

==Graffiti and tagging==
There is an anti-graffiti organisation in Tokoroa called South Waikato Safer Community Council (SWSCC). This community group has an 0800NOTAGS policy in place that responds to graffiti (tagging). A three pronged approach is used that is Pro-active, Re-active and Punitive in its strategy. Graffiti is an accepted form of art and is promoted under the Pro-active strategy.

==People==
Tokoroa is multicultural town, with about 35% of the population being Maori and another 20% from the Pacific Islands (mainly the [[Cook Islands]]). The remaining 45% of the population is made up of people from dozens of countries around the world. Tokoroa has New Zealand's largest Pacific Island community outside of [[Auckland Region|Auckland]] and [[Wellington Region|Wellington]].

== Notable past residents ==
*[[Ben Hana]]
*[[Pero Cameron]]
*[[Walter Little (All Black)|Walter Little]]
*[[Keven Mealamu]]
*[[Isaac Boss]]
*[[Richard Kahui]]
*[[Quade Cooper]]
*[[The Politicians]] - rock/new wave/reggae band formed in 1981
*[[Sean Maitland]]

==External links==
*[http://www.downtown.co.nz/SouthWaikato/ South Waikato Information]
*[http://www.swktodc.govt.nz/ South Waikato district council website]
*[http://www.siliconlakes.co.nz/ Photographs of Tokoroa and the South Waikato District]
*[http://www.tokoroacinema.co.nz/ Tokoroa Cinema 3]
*[http://www.tokoroamtb.co.nz/ Tokoroa Mountain Biking Club]
*[http://aardvark.co.nz/swmac/ South Waikato Model Aero Club (R/C planes)]

{{coor title dm|38|14|S|175|52|E|region:NZ_type:city}}

[[Category:Cities, towns and communities in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Waikato]]

John Key

2007-06-13T22:23:26Z

130.195.86.40: link currencies for wealth - and jeez ain't he wealthy? How about sending some of that this way JK?

{{Infobox_Officeholder
| name =John Key
| image =
| caption = John Key, Leader of the Opposition
| birth_date ={{euro birth date and age|1961|8|9}}
| birth_place =[[Auckland]], {{flagicon|NZL}}
| residence = [[Parnell, New Zealand|Parnell]], [[Auckland]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| order=31st [[Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| salary =
| term_start =[[27 November]] [[2006]]
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Don Brash]]
| successor =
| party = [[New Zealand National Party|National]]
| religion = None (see trivia below)
| constituency = [[Helensville]]
| majority = 12,778
| spouse =Bronagh Key
| children = Two
| website = [http://www.johnkey.co.nz/ www.johnkey.co.nz]
| footnotes =
| profession =Investment banker
}}

'''John Phillip Key''' (born [[9 August]] [[1961]], in [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]) is a [[New Zealand]] politician. He is a member of the [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]], representing the electorate of [[Helensville]], [[New Zealand]]. On [[27 November]] [[2006]] he was elected Leader of the National party, thus becoming the current [[Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)|Leader of the Opposition]].

==Early life==
Key was raised by his [[Austria]]n-[[Jews|Jewish]] immigrant mother after his father died, which left the family in debt. He grew up in a [[Christchurch]] [[state housing|state house]], and attended [[Burnside High School]]. His first job was as a project manager at a Christchurch-based clothing manufacturer. He gained a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] from the [[University of Canterbury]] and later undertook management studies at [[Harvard University]].

Before entering politics, Key was an investment banker, having worked for [[Merrill Lynch]]'s [[Singapore]], [[London]] and [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] offices and as a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the [[Federal Reserve Banks|Federal Reserve Bank of New York]]. His net worth has been estimated to be in excess of [[NZ$]]$40 million (approx. [[US$]]28m). <ref>[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0611/S00438.htm].</ref>

==Member of Parliament==
{| table width="330px" border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 align=right style="margin-left:1em"
|---------- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
|width=15%|'''Parl.'''
|width=40%|'''Electorate'''
|width=15%|'''List Pos.'''
|width=30%|'''Party'''
|---------- bgcolor=#DDEEFF
|[[47th New Zealand Parliament|47th]]
|Helensville
|43
|[[New Zealand National Party|National]]
|---------- bgcolor=#DDEEFF
|[[48th New Zealand Parliament|48th]]
|Helensville
|7
|[[New Zealand National Party|National]]
|}

In [[2001]], he returned to New Zealand to pursue a political career. Key controversially defeated sitting member of parliament [[Brian Neeson]] for selection in the [[Helensville]] electorate seat, which had absorbed much of Neeson's former [[Waitakere]] seat. In the [[New Zealand general election 2002|2002 elections]], Key won the seat, with Neeson (who stood as an independent) coming third. In August 2004, he was ranked at tenth place in the National caucus, and made the party's spokesperson for finance.

After the [[New Zealand general election 2005|2005 election]] the National Party Leader [[Don Brash]] promoted him to number four in the caucus just behind [[Bill English]] in recognition of his role in selling the party's tax package during the campaign. He retained his seat with a 63% majority, or 12,778 votes<ref>Elections NZ 2005 results: Official Count Results - Helensville [http://2005.electionresults.govt.nz/electorate-17.html]</ref>.

===Political views===
Key is considered socially liberal by his colleagues. {{who}} However, he voted against the Civil Union Bill and favoured a split drinking age, with the age at 20 when the issue was debated in Parliament.<ref name="nzhprofile">{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10412660]| author= [[The New Zealand Herald]] | title= Profile: John Key
27 November 2006| accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref>.

Although he voted for the Relationships (Statutory References) Act in February 2005, and against [[Gordon Copeland]]'s bill to ban [[same-sex marriage in New Zealand]], he has also commented within the gay community press that he will vote against inclusive adoption laws if he perceives that his rural, conservative electorate opposes them. However, he relented on his opposition to [[Sue Bradford]]'s [[Child Discipline Bill]] to amend the law that provided a defence for parents in physically punishing their children, and proposed an amendment to it which led to its acceptance by the large majority of Parliament.<ref>{{cite news | last = Colwill | first = Jennifer | coauthors = | title = The smacking bill - what it says | work = | pages = | publisher = [[New Zealand Herald]] | date = 2007-05-02 | url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/feature/story.cfm?c_id=1501165&objectid=10437332 | accessdate = 2007-05-27 }}</ref>

In supporting an "inclusive New Zealand", he is seen by many to oppose his predecessor Don Brash, and Brash's controversial Orewa legacy. {{who}} Key and his deputy Bill English represent a younger generation of New Zealand politicians and are expected to return to more centrist policies. Key has also indicated he will steer National away from a divisive approach to race relations after Dr Brash controversially claimed Maori received special treatment
<ref>[http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,3880684a10,00.html]</ref>.

==Leader of the Opposition==
Key had also been a centre of speculation by political commentators as a possible future leader of the National Party. Some commentators had suggested that a leadership coup would occur before the [[New Zealand general election, 2008|2008 election]] to replace [[Don Brash]] with Key. Both Brash and Key denied this however with Key threatening the "un-named Senior MP" leading such efforts <ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&ObjectID=10367627]</ref> <ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10402804]</ref>.

Following the resignation of [[Don Brash]] on [[November 23]], [[2006]], Key announced his candidacy for the leadership of the National Party <ref>[http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,3876001a10,00.html]</ref>, and was confirmed as the new leader of the National Party on 27 November 2006. He is aided by the new deputy leader of the Opposition, (and former Leader of the Opposition) [[Bill English]]. Key appears to be modelling his "New National" along the lines of British Leader of the Opposition [[David Cameron]]'s [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] of the United Kingdom{{Fact|date=April 2007}}.

===Burnside Speech 2007===
John Key's first "state of the nation" speech as opposition leader aimed to set out to tackle the issues of an emerging underclass. John Key argued that under a Labour Party lead government the underclass had been growing. His speech mentioned McGehan Close in [[Mount Albert, New Zealand|Mt Albert]], [[Auckland]] and several [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] streets where post had not been delivered due to fears of gang violence after a shooting. He called these streets without hope. Soon after his speech he made a visit to McGehan Close and became involved in the Food In Schools programme. Cabinet minister [[Steve Maharey]] said this was "Tory charity" {{Fact|date=March 2007}}.

==Poll Ratings==

John Key's elevation to National Party leader had a positive effect not only on the public's perception of himself but also the party - both improved significantly in the opinion polls, and Key lead Prime Minister [[Helen Clark]] in the overall preferred Prime Minister ratings in [[New Zealand general election, 2008#Preferred Prime Minister|three opinion polls taken in May 2007]]. <ref> [http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/425825/1152424]</ref>

==Trivia==

{{Fansite}}

* Key shares the same birth year as his deputy, [[Bill English]], with both being 45 years old.
* Key does not profess any faith as such, describing himself as "not a heavy believer" and not a believer in life after death, although his mother was [[Jewish]] <ref>[http://subs.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10412332].</ref> If elected to government, and subsequently as Prime Minister, Key would be the third premier of New Zealand with Jewish ancestry ([[Julius Vogel]] and [[Francis Bell (New Zealand Prime Minister)|Francis Bell]] being the other two).
* Key's first day as Leader of the Opposition [[27 November]], [[2006]] was the seventh anniversary of the [[New Zealand general election, 1999|election]] of the current government.
* He once sent his mother (a Labour supporter) a National rosette as a birthday present.<ref name="nzhprofile"/>
* Key lives with his family in Parnell, Auckland.

==External links==
{{wikinewsart|Exclusive interview with New Zealand politician, John Key}}
* [http://www.johnkey.co.nz/ Official website]
* [http://www.johnkeymp.co.nz/ Electorate website]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Political offices==
{{start box}}
{{s-par|nz}}
{{Incumbent succession box| before=''(constituency created)'' | title=[[Helensville (NZ electorate)|Member of Parliament for Helensville]] | start=2002 }}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | before=[[Dr Don Brash]] |title=[[Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)|Leader of the Opposition]]| years=2006 – present | after=incumbent}}
|-
{{succession box | before=[[Dr Don Brash]] |title=[[New Zealand National Party|Leader of the New Zealand National Party]]| years=2006 – present | after=incumbent}}
{{end}}

{{New Zealand political party leaders}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Key, John}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New Zealand National Party MPs]]
[[Category:People from Auckland]]
[[Category:University of Canterbury alumni]]
[[Category:New Zealand Jews|Key, John]]
[[Category:New Zealand political party leaders|Key, John]]

[[pl:John Key]]
[[sco:John Key]]
[[sv:John Key]]

Tokoroa

2007-02-19T03:58:30Z

130.195.86.40:

<table border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=205>
<tr><td align=center bgcolor=white-smoke>[[Image:Tokoroa_Talking_Pole.jpg|thumb|200px|center|Tokoroa Talking Poles: Tree Carving]]Since 1998, Tokoroa has been "sprouting" Talking Poles, consisting mainly of carvings representing the many cultures in the town. This one, photographed shortly after its unveiling in 2004, is a chainsaw carving of an old tree which had suffered extensive damage from a storm and died. It is representative of the Greenman in Welsh mythology and is located on State Highway 1, immediately adjacent to the town's information centre.</td></tr></table>
[[Image:NZ-Tokoroa.png|none|right|160px]]
'''Tokoroa''' is the second largest town in the [[Waikato]] region of the [[North Island]] of [[New Zealand]]. It is the largest settlement in the [[South Waikato (district), New Zealand|
South Waikato district]] and is located 30 kilometres southwest of [[Rotorua]] close to the foot of the [[Mamaku Ranges]]. Its population in [[2006]] census night was 15,063 (2001-14,025) (1996-15,096). Tokoroa is located mid-way between [[Taupo]] and [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] on [[New Zealand State Highway network|State Highway One]]. The other major settlements in the South Waikato District are [[Putaruru]], [[Tirau]] and [[Arapuni]].

==History==
===Early history===
It is traditionally recorded that one of the great fighting chiefs of the Ngati Kahupungapunga, Tokoroa by name, was slain by Ngati Raukawa during the siege of Pohuturoa, a high rocky eminence 27km south of Tokoroa on the main Taupo highway. It is probable that some early suveyor applied the name Tokoroa as a tribute to the old chief's memory. The name 'Tokoroa' first appeared on the early maps of the [[1860|1860's]].

===Growth===
Tokoroa is one of the most recent towns in New Zealand history. It first developed around [[1948]], as a residential satellite for New Zealand Forest Products Limited's timber, pulp and paper mill at Kinleith, 8km south of Tokoroa. In [[1948]] the town could boast a population of 1100. By the time NZFP began to downscale its operations at Kinleith in the early [[1980|1980's]], Tokoroa had a population of 18,000 - just 2,000 below the number necessary to be proclaimed a [[city]]. In recent years however, the downscaling at Kinleith and in other industries has resulted in a drop in population, and only 14,175 people resided in Tokoroa as of [[2001]].

==Geography==
===Location===
Surrounding the township are many [[Dairy Farming|Dairy Farms]] and [[Plantation Forests]]. There are many scenic reserves around the town - The man-made lake 'Moana-Nui' lies within a popular recreational [[park]]. The lake has a lot of ducks and weed in it (partially due to its shallowness). Signs have been put up warning people not to swim in the water due to health concerns.

The towns location in the centre of the central [[North Island]] and its developed transportation network provide plenty of potential for warehousing and distribution. Tokoroa lies in the centre of a triangle made up of the popular tourism destinations of [[Rotorua]], [[Waitomo]] and [[Taupo]]. There are about 45 lakes within 45 minutes of Tokoroa.

One can drive to four major centres, each less than a one hour drive:
*Hamilton (north north west)
*Tauranga (north east)
*Rotorua (south east east)
*Taupo (south)

===Township===
As well as the central business district, the township is made up of many subdivisions, each built in different stages of Kinleith's development. These subdivisions are:
*Parkdale
*Paraonui
*Papanui
*Matarawa
*Aotea
*Strathmore
*Amisfield
Many of the street names of the town were named by the first director of Kinleith mill, Sir David Henry, after places near his home town of [[Edinburgh]], in [[Scotland]]. There is even a Sir David Henry primary school.

==Secondary education facilities==
Tokoroa has two high schools, [http://www.tokoroahigh.school.nz/ Tokoroa High School] and Forest View high school.

==Industries==
The main industries that support Tokoroa are forestry, dairy farming, consumer retail centres and fast food resturants. Recently, due to a drop in timber value, much of the surrounding forest is being converted into farmland.

The largest 'The Warehouse' store in the South Waikato is situated in Tokoroa. It is a popular shopping place for the local people. Other shops include Mitre 10 (hardware store), Benchmark (building supplies), Beta Electronics, TJ's 100% (electronics), Strutt (streetware), and Van Dykes (furniture).

Tokoroa boasts a large amount of popular fast food resturants, including KFC, McDonalds and BP's own Wild Bean cafe. Apart from the fast food, there are also a lot of slow food outlets, such as New World, Countdown, Scoffers, Tokoroa Fruit Supply, Bay Produce and multiple superettes, dairies and fish 'n' chip shops.

==Radio stations==
There are two local radio stations in Tokoroa: Classic Hits Radio Forestland and [http://www.tearahou.co.nz/ Raukawa FM].

==Graffiti and tagging==
There is an anti-graffiti organisation in Tokoroa called South Waikato Safer Community Council (SWSCC). This community group has an excellent 0800NOTAGS policy in place that responds to graffiti (tagging). A three pronged approach is used that is Pro-active, Re-active and Punitive in its strategy. Graffiti is an accepted form of art and is promoted under the Pro-active strategy.

==People==
Tokoroa is proudly multicultural. About 35% of the population is Maori, and about another 20% is from the Pacific Islands (mainly the [[Cook Islands]]). The remaining 45% of the population is made up of people from dozens of countries around the world. Tokoroa has New Zealand's largest Pacific Island community outside of [[Auckland Region|Auckland]] and [[Wellington Region|Wellington]].

== Notable past residents ==
*[[Ben Hana]]
*[[Pero Cameron]]
*[[Walter Little (All Black)|Walter Little]]
*[[Keven Mealamu]]
*[[Isaac Boss]]
*[[Richard Kahui]]
*[[Quade Cooper]]

==External links==
*[http://www.downtown.co.nz/SouthWaikato/ South Waikato Information]
*[http://www.swktodc.govt.nz/ South Waikato district council website]
*[http://www.siliconlakes.co.nz/ Photographs of Tokoroa and the South Waikato District]
*[http://www.waikatonz.com/ Tourism Waikato]
*[http://www.tokoroacinema.co.nz/ Tokoroa Cinema 3]
*[http://www.tokoroamtb.co.nz/ Tokoroa Mountain Biking Club]
*[http://aardvark.co.nz/swmac/ South Waikato Model Aero Club (R/C planes)]

{{coor title dm|38|14|S|175|52|E|region:NZ_type:city}}

[[Category:Cities, towns and communities in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Waikato]]

One Tree Hill (Lied)

2006-12-21T02:20:44Z

130.195.86.40:

:''This article is about the song by U2; for other meanings, see [[One Tree Hill]].''
{{Infobox Single |
| Name = One Tree Hill
| Cover = One_tree_hill_cover.jpg
| Artist = [[U2]]
| from Album = [[The Joshua Tree]]
| Released = [[March 1988]]
| Format = [[Gramophone record|Vinyl record]] (7"), [[Cassette tape|Cassette]]
| Recorded = [[Windmill Lane Studios]], [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]] [[1986]]
| Genre = [[Rock and roll|Rock]]
| Length = 5:23
| Label = [[Island Records]]
| Producer = [[Brian Eno]] and [[Daniel Lanois]]
| Chart position =
* #1 [[RIANZ|New Zealand]]
| Reviews =
| Last single = "[[In God's Country]] ([[North America]] only)" ([[1987]])
| This single = "One Tree Hill ([[New Zealand]] only)" ([[1987]])
| Next single = "[[Desire (song)|Desire]]" ([[1988]])
}}

{|class="infobox" style="width: 20em;"
!align="center" bgcolor="yellow" colspan="3"|''[[The Joshua Tree]]'' Album Listing
|-align="center"
|valign="top"|"[[Trip Through Your Wires]]" (Track 8)
|valign="top"|"[[One Tree Hill (song)|One Tree Hill]]" (Track 9)
|valign="top"|"[[Exit (song)|Exit]]" (Track 10)
|}

"'''One Tree Hill'''" is the ninth track and final single from [[U2]]'s [[1987 in music|1987]] album, ''[[The Joshua Tree]]''. The single was released exclusively in [[New Zealand]] in [[1988 in music|1988]] where it went to number one. The title of the song refers to [[One Tree Hill, New Zealand|One Tree Hill]], a volcanic peak in [[Auckland]], New Zealand. At the time of the song's release, a single Monterey pine tree stood on the hill. The tree was removed in 2000, 6 years after being chainsawed by a [[Maori]] activist. The song was written in memory of Bono's personal assistant, Greg Carroll, a native of New Zealand, who died in a 1986 [[motorcycle]] crash in [[Dublin]]. The lyrics also reference [[Chile|Chilean]] [[folk singer]] [[Victor Jara]].

The song was played frequently on the [[Joshua Tree Tour]] and [[Lovetown Tour]], but was not played again until [[2006]], when it was played twice in [[Auckland]] during the two [[Vertigo Tour]] shows. It was played on the following Tokyo leg of the tour.

The B-sides and cover art are identical to the [[North America]]-only single release of "[[In God's Country]]". The original [[Compact disc|CD]] pressings of ''The Joshua Tree'' incorrectly indexed the ending of "One Tree Hill" at 4:43 and the beginning of "[[Exit (song)|Exit]]" at 4:53, although the track times were correctly noted on the back of the album. This error has been corrected on later editions.

==Track listings==
#"One Tree Hill" (5:23)
#"[[Bullet the Blue Sky]]" (4:32)
#"[[Running to Stand Still]]" (4:20)

==External links==
*[http://www.u2.com/music/index.php?album_id=32&type=all_singles U2.com entry]
*[http://www.u2wanderer.org/disco/sing022.html U2Wanderer.org entry]

[[Category:U2 songs]]
[[Category:1987 songs]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]

Hone Tuwhare

2006-11-01T14:01:25Z

130.195.86.40:

'''Hone Tuwhare''' (born in [[Kaikohe]], [[Northland Region|Northland]] in [[1922]]) is a noted [[New Zealand]] poet of [[Māori]] ancestry. He currently resides in [[The Catlins]] in [[Otago]].

His first, and often reprinted, work - ''No Ordinary Sun'' - was published in [[1964]]. He has published seven anthologies in total.

The most common theme in Tuwhare's poetry is sexuality, particularly in his later works.

== See also ==
* [[New Zealand literature]]
* [[Tuwhare]] - a compilation album of his poems remade by New Zealand artists into songs as a dedication to him.

==External links==
* [http://www.honetuwhare.co.nz www.honetuwhare.co.nz]

{{NZ-bio-stub}}
{{writer-stub}}

[[Category:1922 births|Tuwhare, Hone]]
[[Category:Living people|Tuwhare, Hone]]
[[Category:Māori people|Tuwhare, Hone]]
[[Category:New Zealand writers|Tuwhare, Hone]]
[[Category:People from Otago|Tuwhare, Hone]]

Karl Schefold

2006-10-24T00:28:08Z

130.195.86.40: /* Weblinks */ +Link zu englischen Uebersetzung

'''Karl Schefold''' (* [[26. Januar]] [[1905]] in [[Heilbronn]], † [[16. April]] [[1999]] in [[Basel]]) war [[Klassische Archäologie|klassischer Archäologe]] in [[Basel]]. Geboren und erzogen in Deutschland, emigrierte er 1935 erzwungenermaßen in die [[Schweiz]], die ihm zur Heimat wurde. Sein Interesse galt dem religiösen Gehalt der [[Antike Kunst|antiken Kunst]], die er aus dem Geist einer wissenschaftlichen Tradition deutete, die vom dichterischen Erbe der [[Deutsche Klassik|deutschen Klassik]] und dem Ideal [[Stefan George]]s geprägt war.

==Leben==

Nach einem Besuch des [[Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium]]s in [[Stuttgart]] begann er seine Studien der Altertumswissenschaften in [[Universität Tübingen|Tübingen]] und [[Universität Heidelberg|Heidelberg]]. Dort lernte er auch seine spätere Frau Marianne von den Steinen kennen. Weiter studierte er in [[Universität Jena|Jena]] und promovierte [[1930]] in [[Universität Marburg|Marburg]] über [[Kertscher Vasen]]. Als Assistent und Stipendiat arbeitete er später vor allem am [[Deutsches Archäologisches Institut|Deutschen Archäologischen Institut]] in [[Rom]] und [[Athen]] und beteiligte sich an den Ausgrabungen von [[Larisa am Hermos]]. Beunruhigt durch die Entwicklung in Deutschland übersiedelte er nach seiner Heirat am 5. Februar 1935 noch im gleichen Jahr nach Basel, wo er 1936 in [[Klassische Archäologie|Klassischer Archäologie]] [[Habilitation|habilitierte]]. Zunächst war er vor allem für [[Vorderasiatische Archäologie|vorderasiatische]] und frühchristiliche Archäologie zuständig, übernahm dann nach dem Tode von [[Ernst Pfuhl]] [[1940]] die Vertretung des vollen Lehrgebiets und erhielt nach und nach, endgültig [[1953]], den Lehrstuhl übertragen. Zahlreiche auswärtiger Berufungen lehnte er ab und baute durch seine Forschungen und die Gründung des Antikenmuseums die Archäologie in Basel aus. Er verstarb am 16. April 1999 in Basel.

Schefold war Mitglied der deutschen, österreichischen und amerikanischen archäologischen Institute sowie der [[Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften|Bayerischen]] und [[British Academy|Britischen Akademie der Wissenschaften]]. An der Universität von [[Thessaloniki]] war er [[Ehrendoktor]]. Mit [[Herbert A. Cahn]] begründete er das [[Antikenmuseum Basel]], das erste Museum für antike Kunst in der Schweiz. Außerdem war er 1956 Mitbegründer des [[Vereinigung der Freunde antiker Kunst]].

Verheiratet war er mit Marianne von den Steinen, der Tochter [[Karl von den Steinen]]s, eines bekannten Ethnologen. Mit ihr las er oft Texte antiker griechischer Dichter für ein breites Publikum.

==Werk==

Bekannt wure Schefold durch seine Arbeiten zu den spätklassischen, attischen Vasen, zur Kunst der [[Skythen]] in Südrussland und zu seinen Ausgrabungen in [[Larisa am Hermos]] und [[Eretria]]. Seit seiner Zeit in Basel hielt er auch in schwierigen Zeiten die Verbindung zwischen Europa und Amerika aufrecht.

Nach Abschluss der fünf Bände "Griechische Sagenbilder" (Band 1, 1. Auflage, 1964, Band 5, 1988, Band 1, 2. Auflage 1993) beschäftigte er sich in seinen letzten Lebensjahren vor allem mit der Neubearbeitung und Erweiterung des Buchs über "Die Bildnisse der antiken Dichter, Redner und Denker" (1943, Neuausgabe 1997), einem frühere Schriften zusammenfassenden und überarbeitetenden Werk "Der religiöse Gehalt der antiken Kunst und die Offenbarung" (1998) und mit "Hugo von Hoffmansthals Bild von Stefan George" (1998).

Grosse Bedeutung hatten zu seiner Zeit Arbeiten zur [[Römische Wandmalerei|römischen Wandmalerei]], insbesondere zu [[Pompeji]], die jedoch heute als überholt gelten.

==Literatur==

Schriftenverzeichnis:
* ''Karl Schefold. Bibliographie 1930-1990. Karl Schefold zum 85. Geburtstag am 26. Januar 1990, mit zusammenfassenden Kommentaren des Autors. Von seinen Kollegen und Freunden.'' Basel 1990. ISBN 3-905057-06-9.
* ''Bibliographie Karl Schefold, 1990–1995''. In: ''Antike Kunst'' 38 (1995) S. 65.
Memoiren:
* Karl Schefold: ''Die Dichtung als Führerin zur Klassischen Kunst. Erinnerungen eines Archäologen (Lebenserinnerungen Band 58)''.Aus dem Nachlass hrsg. von M. Rohde-Liegle u.a.. Hamburg, Verlag Dr. Kovac, 2003. ISBN 3-8300-1017-6 (mit vollständigem Schriftenverzeichnis).

Würdigungen:
* ''Karl Schefold-von den Steinen, Dr.phil., Dr.phil.h.c., em. o. Professor für klassische Archäologie an der Universität Basel, 26. Januar 1905–16. April 1999.'' Basel 1999.
* Henri Metzger, J. M. Moret: ''Karl Schefold, 26 janvier 1905–16 avril 1999.'' In: ''Revue Archéologique'' 1999, S. 387–390.
* Rolf A. Stucky: ''Antike Kunst und Vereinigung der Freunde Antiker Kunst verlieren einen ihrer Gründerväter. Zum Tod von Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Karl Schefold.'' In: ''Antike Kunst'' 42 (1999), S. 71–72.
* Rolf A. Stucky: ''Wissenschaft als Botschaft. Zum Tod von Karl Schefold.'' In: ''Antike Welt'' 30 (1999), S. 417.
* Paul Zanker: ''Karl Schefold, 26.1.1905–16.4.1999.'' In: ''Jahrbuch der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'' 1999, S. 276–282.
* Umberto Pappalardo: ''Karl Schefold in memoriam.'' In: ''Rivista di Studi Pompeiani'' 11 (2000), S. 7–9.
* Margot Schmidt: ''Karl Schefold.'' In: ''Gnomon'' 72 (2000), S. 571–575.
* Umberto Pappalardo: ''Ricordo di Karl Schefold.'' In: ''Atene e Roma'' 46 (2001), S. 80–86.

== Weblinks ==
*{{PND|118754289}}
* [http://pages.unibas.ch/klassarch/geschichte/schefold.html Seite der Universität Basel, mit Bild]

{{Personendaten|
NAME=Schefold, Karl
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=Klassischer Archäologe
|GEBURTSDATUM=[[26. Januar]] [[1905]]
|GEBURTSORT=[[Heilbronn]]
|STERBEDATUM=[[16. April]] [[1999]]
|STERBEORT=[[Basel]]
}}

[[Kategorie:Klassischer Archäologe|Schefold, Karl]]
[[Kategorie:Deutscher|Schefold, Karl]]
[[Kategorie:Schweizer|Schefold, Karl]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1905|Schefold, Karl]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1999|Schefold, Karl]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer|Schefold, Karl]]
[[Kategorie:Mann|Schefold, Karl]]
[[Kategorie:Deutschsprachige Emigration|Schefold, Karl]]

[[en:Karl Schefold]]

Diskussion:Hartmut Erbse

2006-10-23T23:07:02Z

130.195.86.40:

== Sterbeort ==
Ist Erbse in Trossingen oder Bonn gestorben? Der Artikel sagt Trossingen; die "Personendaten" sagen Bonn. [[Benutzer:130.195.86.40|130.195.86.40]] 01:07, 24. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

Joachim Latacz

2006-10-23T22:37:36Z

130.195.86.40: +englischer Artikel

'''Joachim Latacz''' (* [[4. April]] [[1934]] in [[Kattowitz]]) ist ein deutscher [[Klassische Philologie|Altphilologe]]. Er war über 20 Jahre einer der wichtigsten Mitstreiter des Archäologen und [[Troja]]-Forschers [[Manfred Korfmann]], dessen umstrittene Hypothese, der homerische Bericht über den [[Trojanischer Krieg|Trojanischen Krieg]] gehe grundsätzlich auf reale historische Ereignisse in der späten [[Bronzezeit]] zurück, Latacz wiederholt verteidigt hat.

Er ist Spezialist für frühgriechische Literatur und Kultur und gilt als der bedeutendste [[Homer]]- und [[Epos]]-Experte im deutschen Sprachraum. Von 1981 bis zu seiner Emeritierung 2002 war Latacz Ordinarius für Griechische Philologie an der [[Universität Basel]]. Neben seiner Lehrtätigkeit ist er mit zahlreichen Publikationen zu Homer, frühgriechischer Literatur und auch zur [[Attische Tragödie|attischen Tragödie]] in Erscheinung getreten. Zur Zeit arbeitet er an einem Gesamtkommentar der [[Ilias]].

== Werke ==

* Zum Wortfeld 'Freude' in der Sprache Homers, 1966
* Kampfparänese, Kampfdarstellung und Kampfwirklichkeit in der Ilias, bei [[Kallinos]] und [[Tyrtaios]], 1977
* (Hrsg.) Homer. Tradition und Neuerung (Wege der Forschung 463), Darmstadt 1979
* Homer. Der erste Dichter des Abendlands, 1985 (4. erweiterte und verbesserte Aufl. Düsseldorf/Zürich 2003)
* (Hrsg.) Homer. Die Dichtung und ihre Deutung (Wege der Forschung 634), Darmstadt 1991
* Griechische Literatur in Text und Darstellung. I: Archaische Periode (von Homer bis [[Pindar]]), Stuttgart 1991
* (Hrsg.) Zweihundert Jahre Homer-Forschung. Rückblick und Ausblick, 1991
* (mit B. Kytzler u. K. Sallmann) Klassische Autoren der Antike, 1992
* Einführung in die griechische Tragödie, Düsseldorf/Zürich 1993
* Erschließung der Antike, 1994 (= Kleine Schriften)
* Achilleus. Wandlungen eines europäischen Heldenbildes, 1995
* (mit B. Kytzler u. K. Sallmann) Kleine Enzyklopädie der antiken Autoren, 1996
* Fruchtbares Ärgernis. [[Nietzsche]]s 'Geburt der Tragödie' und die gräzistische Tragödienforschung, Basel 1998
* (Hrsg.) Homers Ilias. Gesamtkommentar, München/Leipzig 2000–
* Formelhaftigkeit und Mündlichkeit, in: J. Latacz (Hrsg.): Homers Ilias. Gesamtkommentar. Prolegomena, München/Leipzig 2000, ISBN 3-598-74300-9.
* Zur Struktur der Ilias, in: J. Latacz (Hrsg.): Homers Ilias. Gesamtkommentar. Prolegomena, München/Leipzig 2000.
* Troia und Homer. Der Weg zur Lösung eines alten Rätsels, München/Berlin 2001
* Troia – Wilios – Wilusa. Drei Namen für ein Territorium, Basel 2001

== Weblinks ==

* {{PND|119157950}}
* [http://pages.unibas.ch/klaphil/institut/mitarb/latacz.html Informationsseite der Universität Basel]

[[Kategorie:Mann|Latacz, Joachim]]
[[Kategorie:Deutscher|Latacz, Joachim]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1934|Latacz, Joachim]]
[[Kategorie:Altphilologe|Latacz, Joachim]]

{{Personendaten|
NAME=Latacz, Joachim
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=deutscher Altphilologe
|GEBURTSDATUM=4. April 1934
|GEBURTSORT=[[Kattowitz]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

[[en:Joachim Latacz]]

Hartmut Erbse

2006-10-23T22:37:08Z

130.195.86.40: +englischer Artikel

'''Hartmut Erbse''' (* [[23. November]] [[1915]] in [[Rudolstadt]]; † [[7. Juli]] [[2004]] in [[Trossingen]]) war ein [[Deutschland|deutscher]] [[Altphilologe]].

== Leben ==
Der Sohn eines Arztes aus Thüringen studierte [[Klassische Philologie]] in Hamburg, wo er 1940 zum Dr. phil. promoviert wurde. 1948 habilitierte er sich als [[Gräzistik|Gräzist]] mit einer Studie zu den attizistischen Lexika. Im selben Jahr erhielt er in Hamburg eine erste Dozentur. Dort wurde er 1954 zum außerplanmäßigen Professor ernannt und sechs Jahr später schließlich zum ordentlichen [[Professor]] berufen. 1965 folgte er einem Ruf nach Tübingen an den Lehrstuhl für Griechische Philologie und 1968 einem weiteren Ruf an die Universität von Bonn, wo er bis kurz vor seinem Tode forschte und lehrte.

Seine Forschungen widmeten sich der [[Textkritik]] und Texterstellung griechischer Fragmente und [[Scholion|Scholien]], dem Verständnis [[Homer]]s, [[Herodot]]s und des [[Thukydides]]. Erbse fungierte als Mitherausgeber der renommierten Zeitschriften ''Glotta'' und ''[[Hermes (Zeitschrift)|Hermes]]'' und gehörte 1965 neben [[Carl Andresen]], [[Olof Gigon]], [[Karl Schefold]], [[Karl Friedrich Stroheker]] und [[Ernst Zinn]] zu den Herausgebern des ''Lexikons der Alten Welt'' (LAW). Gemeinsam mit [[Kurt Latte]] gab er die ''Lexica Graeca minora'' heraus.

Hartmut Erbse war korrespondierendes Mitglied der ''Royal British Academy'' und der ''[[Akademie der Wissenschaften]] zu Göttingen''.

== Werke (Auswahl) ==
*1950 ''Untersuchungen zu den attizistischen Lexika'', Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
*1960 ''Beiträge zur Überlieferung der Iliasscholien'', München: Beck.
*1965 ''Lexica Graeca minora'', Hildesheim: Olms.
*1969–1983 ''Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem'', Berlin: de Gruyter.
*1972 ''Beiträge zum Verständnis der Odyssee'', Berlin: de Gruyter.
*1979 ''Ausgewählte Schriften zur klassischen Philologie'', Berlin-New York: de Gruyter.
*1980 ''Festschrift für Hartmut Erbse zum 65. Geburtstag'', hg. von Joachim Latacz, Würzburg: Schöningh.
*1984 ''Studien zum Prolog der euripideischen Tragödie'', Berlin: de Gruyter.
*1986 ''Untersuchungen zur Funktion der Götter im homerischen Epos'', Berlin: de Gruyter.
*1989 ''Thukydides-Interpretationen'', Berlin: de Gruyter.
*1991 ''Fiktion und Wahrheit im Werke Herodots'', Göttingen: [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]].
*1992 ''Studien zum Verständnis Herodots'', Berlin: de Gruyter.
*1995 ''Theosophorum Graecorum Fragmenta'', Stuttgart: Teubner.
*2003 ''Studien zur griechischen Dichtung'', Wiesbaden: Steiner.

== Weblink ==
*{{PND|102615330}}

[[Kategorie:Mann|Erbse, Hartmut]]
[[Kategorie:Deutscher|Erbse, Hartmut]]
[[Kategorie:Altphilologe|Erbse, Hartmut]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1915|Erbse, Hartmut]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2004|Erbse, Hartmut]]
[[Kategorie:Person (Rudolstadt)|Erbse, Hartmut]]

{{Personendaten|
NAME=Erbse, Hartmut
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=deutscher Altphilologe
|GEBURTSDATUM=23. November 1915
|GEBURTSORT=Rudolstadt, Thüringen
|STERBEDATUM=7. Juli 2004
|STERBEORT=Bonn
}}

[[en:Hartmut Erbse]]

Georgina Beyer

2006-10-20T11:11:15Z

130.195.86.40: rv to article with correct grammar etc.: Please ensure your contributions are correct

[[image:Georgina Beyer at International Conference.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Georgina Beyer addresses the [[1st World Outgames#International Conference on LGBT Human Rights|International Conference on LGBT Human Rights]]]]
'''Georgina Beyer''' (b [[1957]]) is the world's first [[transsexual]] [[Member of Parliament]], currently ([[2005]]) a list MP for the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]] in [[New Zealand]].

==Early life==
Born George Bertrand in [[1957]] in [[Wellington]], [[Māori]] of [[Te Ati Awa]], [[Ngati Mutunga]], [[Ngati Raukawa]], and [[Ngati Porou]] descent, Beyer spent her early childhood on her grandparents' farm in [[Taranaki]]. Later she shifted to Wellington to live with her mother, who had subsequently married [[Colin Beyer]], a prominent lawyer and businessman. Shortly after leaving school at Wellington's [[Onslow College]], Beyer discovered Wellington's gay scene, and at the age of 17 realized she was [[transgender]].

===Night clubs and Sydney===
Adopting the name Georgina, she became a [[striptease|stripper]] and prostitute working in nightclubs and on the street. She eventually gravitated to [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]], [[Sydney]], probably [[Australasia]]'s most notorious [[red-light district]]. There she got into a car with four men who brutally [[rape]]d her. This incident apparently persuaded her to seek to change the course of her life.

===Return to New Zealand===
Returning to New Zealand she continued to work as a stripper and [[drag queen]], but also began seeking work as an [[actor]] with gradually increasing success, culminating in a [[New Zealand Listener Gofta Awards|Gofta]] award. In [[1984]] she finally underwent [[sexual reassignment surgery]].

After shifting to [[Carterton, New Zealand|Carterton]], in the [[Wairarapa]], she worked as a [[radio]] host.

==Political career==
===Local politics===
She also began to take an interest in local politics, first winning election to a local school board, and subsequently being elected mayor of Carterton in [[1995]], serving in that role until [[2000]]. This made her the world's first transsexual [[mayor]].

===Parliament===

In [[1999]] she surprised the political commentators by beating [[New Zealand National Party|National's]] [[Paul Henry (New Zealand)|Paul Henry]] to win the Wairarapa seat for [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]] and become the world's first transsexual MP.

In June 2004, she spoke for the [[UniQ]]: Queer Students Association national conference at [[University of Waikato|Waikato University]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], where in a moving, emotional speech she reiterated her support for the [[Civil Union Act 2004 (NZ)|Civil Union Bill]], although did not believe that [[gay marriage]] would be legal in New Zealand for at least 20 years, and expressed fear that gay and lesbian New Zealanders were facing the beginning of a turbulent time whereby their rights gained since [[Homosexual Law Reform Act|homosexual law reform]] in 1986 would be questioned and attacked. She also broke down while referring to the internal battle within herself that she had to face dealing with being a member of the New Zealand Parliament, which she described as the world's oldest "true" [[democracy]], and being Māori, when it came to the [[Seabed and foreshore legislation, New Zealand|Seabed and foreshore legislation]] of [[May 2004]].

In early 2004, Beyer announced that she would not be standing in the [[New Zealand general election 2005|2005 elections]], citing what she saw as the unpleasant atmosphere of national politics. Tensions with her own electorate committee, which opposed Beyer's views on the seabed and foreshore, may also have contributed to the decision. In September, however, Beyer reconsidered her decision to leave Parliament, and announced that she would be seeking a position on the Labour list (but not recontesting the Wairarapa seat). A large rally by the [[Destiny Church, New Zealand|Destiny Church]] the previous month had been a factor in this decision, with Beyer believing that the message of such rallies must continue to be opposed.

Beyer was a keynote speaker at the [[1st World Outgames#International Conference on LGBT Human Rights|International Conference on LGBT Human Rights]] in [[Montreal]] in [[2006]].

===Human Rights and Gender Identity===

In 2004, a bill in Beyer's name was drawn out of the ballot for member's bills, and Introduced to Parliament. The Bill was intended to include "gender identity" as a ground under the Human Rights Act 1993, and thereby prohibit discrimination against people because of their gender identity. The Bill had been Labour Party policy in the 1999 and 2002 election manifestos. The Bill attracted controversy, but Beyer always maintained that the Bill was simply ensuring basic human rights for transgendered people, and that it was only clarifying what should have been the law already. In 2006 the acting Solicitor-General wrote a legal opinion that indicated that transgendered people were already within the ambit of the Human Rights Act, and Ms Beyer was able to withdraw her Bill. She said that this was legal authority that was "good enough for her".

===Maiden speech===
Georgina has become an instantly recognisable New Zealand personality, widely admired for her intelligence and wit, and her [[maiden speech]] to parliament is regarded as one of the best. Traditionally, newly-elected MPs have the floor for 10 minutes to introduce themselves to their new colleagues. An excerpt from her speech follows:

:''Mr. Speaker, I can't help but mention the number of firsts that are in this Parliament. Our first [[Rasta]]farian… our first [[Polynesia]]n woman… and yes, I have to say it, I guess, I am the first transsexual in New Zealand to be standing in this House of Parliament. This is a first not only in New Zealand, ladies and gentlemen, but also in the world. This is an historic moment. We need to acknowledge that this country of ours leads the way in so many aspects. We have led the way for women getting the vote. We have led the way in the past, and I hope we will do so again in the future in social policy and certainly in human rights.''

Shortly afterwards, she brought the house down:

:''I was quoted once as saying that 'This was the [[stallion (horse)|stallion]] that became a [[gelding]], and now she's a mayor.'* I suppose I do have to say that I have now found myself to be a Member! So I have come full circle, so to speak.''

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Among uneducated New Zealanders, "mayor" is pronounced like "[[mare]]".

==External links==
*[http://www.georginabeyer.com/ Georgina Beyer, MP]
*[http://www.georginabeyer.com/parliament/maiden_speech.htm Maiden speech]

[[Category:1957 births|Beyer]]
[[Category:Living people|Beyer]]
[[Category:Māori people|Beyer]]
[[Category:New Zealand Labour Party MPs|Beyer, Georgina]]
[[Category:New Zealand politicians|Beyer, Georgina]]
[[Category:Transgender and transsexual politicians|Beyer, Georgina]]
[[Category:LGBT people from New Zealand|Beyer, Georgina]]

[[sco:Georgina Beyer]]
[[sl:Georgina Beyer]]