Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Bierschaum

2007-12-14T22:15:55Z

129.230.244.1: /* Causes */

[[Image:Beer wuerzburger hofbraue.jpg|150px|right|thumb]]
The [[foam]] on top of [[beer]] is called a '''head'''. It is caused by bubbles of [[carbon dioxide]] rising to the surface. The carbon dioxide may be produced naturally by the activity of the [[brewers yeast]], or artificially by [[solvation|dissolving]] carbon dioxide under [[pressure]] into the [[liquid]]. The [[density]] and longevity of the head will be determined by the type of [[starch]] from which the beer was [[fermentation (food)|fermented]]. [[Wheat]] starch tends to produce larger and longer lasting heads than [[barley]] starch.

==Causes==
The foam on top of beer is caused by the [[acidity]] created by the [[carbon dioxide]] made by the activity of [[brewer's yeast]]. While the actual foam activity of beer depends on the presence of carbon dioxide, it is the surface-active materials like amphipathic polypeptides from malt that determine size, shape and length of the foam.

Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water or an aqueous solution. This process is generally represented by the following reaction, where water and gaseous carbon dioxide react to form a dilute solution of carbonic acid.

This process yields the "fizz" and the head to beer.

==Rinsing the glass==
While glass is completely nonporous, its surface can retain oil from the skin, aerosolized oil from nearby cooking, and traces of fat from food. When these oils come in contact with beer there is a significant reduction in the amount of head (foam) that is found on the beer, and the bubbles will tend to stick to the side of the glass rather than rising to the surface as normal. Also it is important to make sure the glass is well dried after washing. If there is water in the glass it can prevent excitement of the gas by covering designs set in the bottom of the glass, thus making the beer flat. Conversely, some styles such as Belgian witbier benefit from being poured into a wet glass in order to control the often profusive head.

[[Nose grease]] has mild antifoaming properties and can be used to break down a high head on freshly poured beer. Wiping nose grease onto one's finger and then touching or stirring the foam causes it to dissipate rapidly <ref>[http://www.tradetricks.org/archives/001254.html tradetricks.org]</ref>

==Forced carbonation==
The carbonation in [[filtered beer]]s is created by injecting carbon dioxide artificially into the beer.

==Nitrogen head==
The creamy head on beers such as [[Guinness]] is created by a [[Widget (beer)|widget]] in cans using nitrogen, or by the process of drawing [[keg beer]] from a keg using nitrogen or mixed gas (carbon dioxide and nitrogen). It can also be created by a rocket widget in bottled Guinness. The use of nitrogen, which was pioneered by Guinness, creates a firm head with small bubbles while reducing the excessively acidic taste often produced by using carbon dioxide alone.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/nat_Fak_IV/Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/D-beer_foam-e.htm The Tragedy of a Nice Beer Foam Head - Peter Keusch]
*[http://oz.craftbrewer.org/Library/Methods/Other/KunzeFoam.shtml Beer Foam - Wolfgang Kunze]
*[http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/may99/926363970.Ot.r.html There is plenty of physics involved in opening a bottle of beer - Richard Kingsley]
*[http://www.expasy.org/spotlight/back_issues/sptlt048.shtml One beer please - Vivienne Baillie Gerritsen]

[[Category:Beer]]
[[Category:Brewing (beer)]]

Benutzer:Alex42/Kowyktinskoje

2007-11-19T16:50:07Z

129.230.244.1: Kovykta is in East Siberia; far larger (developed) gas fields are present in West Siberia.

'''Kovykta gas condensate field''' is one of the largest undeveloped gas fields in East Siberia.[[Russia]], Kovykta is located in the northern part of the [[Irkutsk Oblast]], in the Zhigalovo and Kazachinsko-Lensk Districts. The field was discovered in [[1987]]. The reserves of Kovykta amount to 2 trillion cubic meters of [[natural gas|gas]] and more than 83 million tons of [[Natural gas condensate|gas condensate]]. The period of active gas production in the Kovykta field is expected to be 30 years, and the period of field development about 50 years.<ref name=tnk>{{cite news | url=http://www.tnk-bp.com/operations/exploration-production/projects/kovykta/ | title = Kovykta Project |publisher=[[TNK-BP]] | accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref> The field is developed by Rusia Petroleum, 62.9% of which was owned by [[TNK-BP]]. In June 2007, TNK-BP agreed to sell its stake for US$ 700 million to US$ 900 million to [[Gazprom]] with option to buy back a 25% plus one share stake in the project.<ref name=cnn>{{cite news | url=http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/22/news/international/bp.reut/index.htm | title = BP sells Kovykta gas field stake to Gazprom | publisher= [[CNN]] | date=[[2007-06-22]] | accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/23/business/worldbusiness/23gazprom.html | title = Moscow Presses BP to Sell a Big Gas Field to Gazprom | publisher=[[New York Times]] | date=[[2007-06-23]] | accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref><ref name=gazprom>{{cite news | url=http://www.gazprom.com/eng/news/2007/06/24143.shtml | title = Gazprom, BP and TNK-BP enter into agreement on major terms of cooperation | publisher=[[Gazprom]] | date=[[2007-06-22]] | accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref> The deal value will be fixed at a current market price within a 90 day period.

The Kovykta field is considered to supply natural gas to [[China]] and [[Korea]]. According to these agreements signed by Rusia Petroleum with [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] and Kogas on [[2 November]] [[2000]], the annual export of gas to China and Korea will be 20 billion cubic meters (bcm) and 10 bcm, respectively.<ref name=tnk/> The Kovykta field will contribute also to the gasification of Irkutsk Oblast, implemented by the OAO East Siberia Gas Company, a joint venture of Gazprom (originally TNK-BP) and the Irkutsk Oblast Administration.

==See also==
{{EnergyPortal}}
*[[Energy policy of Russia]]
*[[Energy policy of China]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

<br>
{{gasfield-stub}}
{{russia-stub}}

[[Category:Energy in Russia]]
[[Category:Natural gas fields]]
[[Category:Gazprom]]

[[fr:Kovykta]]
[[ru:Ковыктинское газовое месторождение]]

Brian Willson

2007-04-13T22:40:38Z

129.230.244.1:

{{otherpeople|Brian Wilson}}

[[Image:sbrianwillson.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Brian Willson giving a talk in Canada, 2003]]

'''S. Brian Willson''', (born [[July 4]] [[1941]]), is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) veteran who became a prominent anti-war activist.

Willson served, from 1966 to 1970, in the USAF, including several months as a combat security officer in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]]. He left the Air Force as a [[Captain]]. He subsequently became a member of [[Vietnam Veterans Against the War]] and [[Veterans For Peace]] (Humboldt Bay Chapter 56, California). Upon completion of Law School at [[American University]] in Washington, D.C., he became a member of the District of Columbia Bar. Willson has had a variety of jobs including penal consultant, prisoner rights advocate, dairy farmer, legislative aide, town tax assessor and building inspector, veteran's advocate, and small businessman.

As a trained lawyer and writer, he has documented U.S. policy in nearly two dozen countries. Since 1986, Willson has studied on-site policies in a number of countries, among them [[Nicaragua]], [[El Salvador]], [[Honduras]], [[Panama]], [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Cuba]], [[Haiti]], [[Iraq]], [[Israel]] (and [[Palestinian territories]]), [[Japan]], and Korea, both [[North Korea|North]] and [[South Korea|South]]. Documenting the pattern of policies that he says "violate [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitutional]] and [[international law]]s prohibiting aggression and war crimes," Willson has been an educator and [[activist]], teaching about the dangers of these policies. He has participated in lengthy fasts, actions of nonviolent [[civil disobedience]], and [[Tax resister#Refusing to pay|tax refusal]] along with voluntary simplicity.

==Senate aide==
He was prisoner rights aide to [[Massachusetts]] [[State Senator]] [[Jack Backman]], served on Massachusetts Governor [[Michael Dukakis]]' homeless veterans and [[Agent Orange]] task forces, and worked with Massachusetts Lt. Governor [[John Kerry]] on Agent Orange and other veterans' isues, later becoming a volunteer for Kerry's first U.S. Senatorial campaign in 1984. After Kerry's victory, Willson was appointed to his veterans advisory committee.

==Concord protest and injuries==
In 1987, while engaged in a protest of U.S. weapons to Central America, an action publicized in advance, Willson and other members of a Veterans Peace Action Team were blocking the train tracks at the [[Concord Naval Weapons Station#Naval_Weapons_Station|Concord, California Naval Weapons Station]]. Due to a government policy decision, the train refused to stop, and the veterans were injured when the train did not slow down as they expected. Willson was hit, run over, and nearly died. Ultimately, he survived but lost both legs below the knee while suffering a severe skull fracture with loss of his right frontal lobe, among other injuries. Subsequently, he discovered that he had been identified for more than a year as an [[FBI]] domestic "terrorist" suspect under President [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]]'s anti-terrorist task force provisions and that the train crew that day had been ordered to not stop the train to prevent any [[Robbery|Hijacking]] attempts. Willson filed a law suit contending that the Navy and individual supervisors were given ample warning of their plan to nonviolently remain on the tracks, and that the crew had plenty of time to stop--which the subsequent official Navy report confirmed. Surprisingly, the train crew filed a law suit against Willson, requesting punitive damages for the "humiliation, mental anguish, and physical stress" they suffered as a result of the incident. Their suit was dismissed. Willson later agreed to settle his lawsuit against the Government and train crew for $920,000. He now walks with prostheses.

==Organizations==
Brian Willson helped create ''Veterans Education Project'' (VEP) in Massachusetts; ''Vietnam Veterans Peace Education Network'' (VVPEN) in New England; ''National Federation of Veterans For Peace'' (NFVFP) in 1986 in Washington, DC; ''Veterans Fast For Life'' (VFFL) in 1986 on steps of US Capitol, a water-only fast that concluded after 47 days, which led to the four fasters being placed on a domestic "terrorist" watch list; ''Veterans Peace Action Teams'' (VPAT) in 1987, training and sending observation and work teams into [[Nicaragua]] and [[El Salvador]], a project that lasted 3 years; ''[[Nuremberg]] Actions'' at Concord, CA in 1987; ''Institute For the Practice of Nonviolence'' in 1988 in [[San Francisco]]; and ''The People's Fast For Justice and Peace in the Americas'', a 42-day water fast on the steps of the US Capitol in 1992. Brian Willson was one of the very first members of [[Veterans for Peace]].

==Writing and film-making==
While working for Massachusetts Senator [[Jack Backman]], he investigated brutality at [[Walpole State Prison]] for more than a year, concluding in an official report that Walpole revealed "An Exercise In Torture."

His first book, an autobiography, ''On Third World Legs'' (Chicago: Kerr) was published in 1992. Willson has written numerous articles and essays, many of which are posted on his [http://www.brianwillson.com website]. He is [[Executive Producer]] of Santa Cruz Film Foundation, currently working on a documentary about the history of U.S. intervention in Korea that directly led to the [[Korean War]], which he considers "one of the remaining unresolved international crimes of the Twentieth Century."

==Personal life==
Today, Brian Willson and his partner, Becky Luening, have a [[permaculture]] garden and generate most of their household and transportation energy needs from the [[solar power|sun]]. Becky is the organizer and coordinator of the Humboldt Branch of the [[Women's International League for Peace and Freedom]].

Brian has been a member of a local community Post Oil Action Group, Humboldt Electric Vehicle Association, and his city's [[Nuclear Free Zone]] and Peace Commission. He considers himself a [[pacifist]]. In addition to possessing a [[Juris Doctor]], he holds two honorary degrees ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D.]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]).

==See also==
*[[Ben Linder]]
*[[Ron Kovic]]
*[[Veterans For Peace]]
*[[Addicted To War]]
*[[Nevada Shakespeare Company]]
*[[WILPF]]

==External links==
*[http://www.commondreams.org/news2001/0426-10.htm Progressive Newswire statement from Brian Willson]
*[http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0811-21.htm An Essay on Common Dreams about the 20th Anniversary of Veteran’s for Peace]
*[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/02/20/1539204 Interview of Brian Willson by Amy Goodman on Democracy Now]
*[http://www.counterpunch.org/willson0704.html July 4, 2002 Essay on CounterPunch by Brian Willson]
*[http://www.counterpunch.org/willson03182006.html March 18, 2006 Essay on CounterPunch by Brian Willson]
*[http://www.radio4all.net/proginfo.php?id=7108 Speech against the War Machine]
*[http://www.radio4all.net/index.php?op=program-info&program_id=7620 Testimony by Brian Willson of His Time in Vietnam]
*[http://www.brianwillson.com S. Brian Willson's homepage]
*[http://www.nevada-shakespeare.org ''On Track'', a play about Brian Willson]
*[http://www.addictedtowar.com ''Addicted To War'' Frank Dorrel, publisher]
*[http://www.wilpf.org US WILPF Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Willson, Brian}}

[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American anti-war activists]]
[[Category:American lawyers]]
[[Category:American pacifists]]
[[Category:Military personnel of the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:United States Air Force officers]]
[[Category:American tax resisters]]
[[Category:American University alumni]]