Benutzer:Shi Annan/Verkehr Hongkong

2010-06-04T20:57:58Z

128.135.230.112: /* Airports */

{{Economy of Hong Kong}}
'''[[Hong Kong]]''' has a [[Developed country|highly developed]] and sophisticated [[transport]] network, encompassing both [[public transport|public]] and private transport. Over 90% of the daily journeys are on [[public transport]], making it the highest rate in the world.<ref>Lam, William H.K. [2003] (2003). Advanced Modeling for Transit Operations and Service Planning. Elsevier publishing. ISBN 0080442064</ref>

Since 1997, an [[electronic money]] system, namely the [[Octopus card]], has been introduced to provide an alternative to the traditional [[banknote]]s and [[coin]]s. Available for purchase in every station of the [[MTR|Mass Transit Railway]] system, the Octopus card is now a means of payment for not only public transport (such as trains, buses, trams, ferries and minibuses), but also widely used at [[parking meter]]s, convenience stores, supermarkets, fast-food restaurants, and some vending machines.

==Automated pedestrian transport==
===Escalators and moving pavements===
[[File:HK Central Cochrane Street Central-Mid-Levels escalators Upsidedown.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Central-Mid-Levels escalator]] ]]
{{Main|Central-Mid-Levels escalator}}

[[Hong Kong Island]] is dominated by steep, hilly terrain, which required the development of unusual methods of transport up and down the slopes. In [[Central and Western district]], there is an extensive system of [[Zero-fare public transport|zero-fare]] [[escalator]]s and [[moving pavement]]s. The [[Central-Mid-Levels escalator|Mid-levels Escalator]] is the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world,<ref name="escalator">{{Cite web| last = Boland| first = Rory| title = Hong Kong's Central-Mid Levels Escalator - The Longest in the World| work = About.com| accessdate = 2009-07-19| url = http://gohongkong.about.com/od/whattoseeinhk/a/midlevelsescala.htm}}</ref> operating downhill until 10 am for [[commuter]]s going to work, and then operating uphill until midnight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jahnke|first=Morgen|title=The Central - Mid-Levels Escalator|work=Interesting Thing of the Day|accessdate=2009-07-25|date=2007-02-26|url=http://itotd.com/articles/623/the-central---mid-levels-escalator/}}</ref>

The Mid-levels Escalator consists of 20 escalators and 3 moving pavements. It is 800 metres long,<ref>{{Cite book|edition=1|publisher=Interlink Books|isbn=1566564956|page=214|last=Dennis|first=Bernard|title=China: the business traveller's handbook|accessdate=2009-07-25|year=2003}}</ref> and climbs 135 vertical metres.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=World Scientific Publishing|isbn=9812707719|page=138|last=Lim|first=William S. W.|title=Asian Alterity: With Special Reference to Architecture + Urbanism Through the Lens of Cultural Studies|accessdate=2009-07-25|year=2007|others=forewords by Andrew Lee, Leong Teng Wui, Linda Lim & Lim Teck Ghee}}</ref> Total travel time is approximately 25 minutes,<ref name="escalator"/> but most people walk while the escalator moves to shorten the travel time. Due to its vertical climb, the same distance is equivalent to several miles of zigzagging roads if travelled by car. Daily traffic exceeds 35,000 people. It has been operating since 1993 and cost [[Hong Kong dollar|HK$]] 240 million ([[United States dollar|USD]] $30 million) to build.

A second Mid-Levels escalator set is planned in [[Sai Ying Pun]].

==Rail transport==
{{Main|Rail transport in Hong Kong}}
[[File:IMG 1194 b.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Inside an [[MTR]] train compartment during peak hours ]]
[[File:SP1900 E227.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A train at [[Tai Wai Station]] of the [[MTR]] [[East Rail Line]]]]
[[File:Hongkong Tram 168.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Hong Kong Tramways]]]]
[[File:Hongkong peak tram.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Peak Tram]] ]]
[[File:Image-Hkaiport subway02.JPG|thumb|right|200px|On the platform of the [[Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover]] ]]
[[Hong Kong]] has an extensive [[train]] network. Public transport trains are operated by the [[MTR Corporation Limited]]. The MTR operates the [[rapid transit|metro]] network within inner urban Hong Kong, [[Kowloon Peninsula]] and northern part of [[Hong Kong Island]] with newly developed areas, [[Tsuen Wan]], [[Tseung Kwan O]], [[Tung Chung]], [[Hong Kong Disneyland]], the [[Hong Kong International Airport]], the northeastern and northwestern parts of the [[New Territories]]. The [[Hong Kong Tramways]] operates a tram service exclusively on northern [[Hong Kong Island]]. The [[Peak Tram]] connects [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]], Hong Kong's [[central business district]], with the [[Victoria Peak]].

===Mass Transit Railway===
{{Main|MTR}}
There are all together ten lines in the MTR system, with a total of 83 railway [[List of Hong Kong MTR stations|stations]] and 68 [[Light Rail (MTR)|light rail]] stops. The ten lines are the [[East Rail Line|East Rail]], [[Kwun Tong Line|Kwun Tong]], [[Tsuen Wan Line|Tsuen Wan]], [[Island Line (MTR)|Island]], [[Tung Chung Line|Tung Chung]], [[Tseung Kwan O Line|Tseung Kwan O]], [[West Rail Line|West Rail]], [[Ma On Shan Line|Ma On Shan]], the [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] and the [[Disneyland Resort Line|Disneyland Resort]] lines. Eight of the lines provide general metro services, whereas the Airport Express provides a direct link from the [[Hong Kong International Airport]] into the city centre, while the Disneyland Resort Line exclusively takes passengers to [[Hong Kong Disneyland]].

The [[Light Rail (MTR)|Light Rail]] possesses many characteristics of a [[tram]]way, including running on streets with other traffic (at grades) on some of its tracks and providing services for the public in [[New Territories West]], including [[Tuen Mun]] and [[Yuen Long]].

All trains and most MTR stations are air conditioned.

===Tramways===
{{Main|Hong Kong Tramways}}
The Hong Kong Tramways is the [[tram]] (streetcar) system run exclusively with [[double decker tram|double decker]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=12th|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=1740598431|page=302|last=Fallon|first=Stephen|title=Hong Kong & Macau|chapter=Tram|accessdate=2009-07-21|year=2006|month=January}}</ref> The electric tram system was proposed in 1881;<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=1840141719|pages=110|last=Dimitriou|first=Harry T.|coauthors=Alison H. S. Cook|title=Land-Use/Transport Planning in Hong Kong: The End of an Era: A Review of Principles and Practices|accessdate=2009-07-26|year=1998}}</ref> however nobody was willing to invest in a system at the time. In August 1901, the Second Tramway Bill was introduced and passed into law as the [[1902 Tramway Ordinance]]. Hong Kong Tramway Electric Company Limited, a [[United Kingdom|British]] company, was authorised to take the responsibilities in construction and daily operation. In 1904, the tram system first got into service. It was soon taken over by another company, Electric Tranction Company of Hong Kong Limited and then the name was changed to Hong Kong Tramways Company Limited in 1910.

The rail system is 13 kilometres (8.1 miles) long,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bondada|first=Murthy V. A.|title=Urban Public Transportation Systems: Implementing Efficient Urban Transit Systems and Enhancing Transit Usage: Proceedings of the First International Conference: March 21–25, 1999, Miami, Florida, USA|year=2000|publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers|isbn=0-7844-0498-4|page=240}}
</ref> with a total track length of 30 km (18.6 miles),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cheng|first=Joseph Y. S.|coauthors=Yushuo Zheng, Hungyi Chen|title=Hong Kong in Transition|year=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=0195840615|page=379}}</ref> and it runs together with other vehicles on the street. Its operation relies on the 550V [[direct current]] (d.c.) from the [[overhead cable]]s, on 3'6" gauge (1067 mm) [[rail gauge|tracks]]. The trams provide service to only parts of [[Hong Kong Island]]: they run on a double track along the northern coast of [[Hong Kong Island]] from [[Kennedy Town]] to [[Shau Kei Wan]], with a single [[Clockwise and counterclockwise|clockwise]]-running track of about 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) around [[Happy Valley, Hong Kong|Happy Valley]] Racecourse.

===Funicular railways===
{{Main|Peak Tram}}
The Peak Tram is a [[funicular|funicular railway]] service which was inaugurated in 1888. It carries both tourists and residents to the upper levels of Hong Kong Island. It provides the most direct route to [[Victoria Peak]] and offers scenic views over [[Victoria Harbour]] and the skyscrapers of Hong Kong.

=== Airport people-mover system ===
{{Main|Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover}}

The [[Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover]] is a driverless [[List of airport people mover systems|people-mover system]] located within the [[Hong Kong International Airport]] in [[Chek Lap Kok]]. It operates in two "segments". For departures, the train runs from Terminal 2 to the East Hall to the West Hall. For arrivals, the train runs only from the West Hall to the East Hall, where all passengers must disembark for immigration, customs, and baggage claim. Operation of the first segment was commenced in 1998, and the operation of the second segment was commenced in early 2007.

=== Border-crossing trains ===

[[Inter-city rail|Inter-city]] train services crossing the Hong Kong-China border (often known as ''through trains'') are jointly operated by Hong Kong's [[MTR Corporation]] and the [[Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China]]. Currently, [[Hung Hom Station]] (formerly known as ''Kowloon Station'' in Hong Kong, and ''Jiulong Station'' in China) is the only station in Hong Kong where passenger can catch these border-crossing trains. Passengers have to go through immigration and custom inspections before boarding a border-crossing train. There are currently three border-crossing train services:
* Between Hong Kong and [[Beijing]] ([[Beijing-Kowloon Through Train]])
* Between Hong Kong and [[Shanghai]] ([[Shanghai-Kowloon Through Train]])
* Between Hong Kong and [[Guangzhou]] ([[Guangdong Through Train (MTR)|Guangzhou-Kowloon Through Train]])
A new border-crossing service, namely the [[Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link]], has been proposed. A new train station, [[West Kowloon Terminus]], will be built in Hong Kong to be served by this new railway.

==Road transport==
===Buses===
[[File:K310UD.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Low-floor bus|low-floor]] [[double-decker bus]] with wheelchair accessibility]]
{{Main|Buses in Hong Kong}}
Bus services have [[History of Bus transport in Hong Kong|a long history]] in Hong Kong. In 2009, five companies operate franchised public [[bus]] services. There are also a variety of non-franchised public buses services, including feeder bus services to railway stations operated by the railway companies, and residents' services for residential estates (particularly those in the New Territories).

The five franchised bus companies are:
* [[Kowloon Motor Bus|Kowloon Motor Bus Company (1933) Limited]];
* [[Citybus (Hong Kong)|Citybus Limited]];
* [[Long Win Bus|Long Win Bus Company Limited]];
* [[New World First Bus|New World First Bus Services Limited]]; and
* [[New Lantao Bus|New Lantao Bus Company (1973) Limited]].

Founded in 1933, the Kowloon Motor Bus Company (1933) Limited (KMB) is one of the largest privately-owned public [[bus]] operators in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sybase Success Story: Kowloon Motor Bus Company|accessdate=2009-07-19|date=2009-04-21|url=http://java.sys-con.com/node/929816}}</ref> KMB's fleet consist of about 4,300 buses on 420 routes and a staff of over 13,000 people. In 1979, [[Citybus (Hong Kong)|Citybus]] began its operation in Hong Kong with one double-decker, providing shuttle service for the Hong Kong dockyard. It later expanded into operating a residential bus route between City One, [[Shatin]] and [[Kowloon Tong Station|Kowloon Tong MTR station]]. New World First Bus Services Limited was established in 1998, taking over [[China Motor Bus]]'s franchise to provide bus services on [[Hong Kong Island]] together with Citybus. NWFB's owner company later bought Citybus, but the two companies have basically been operating independently.

===Public light buses===
[[File:Hkgmb-lm8613.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Green [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] minibus on its route]]
{{Main|Public light bus}}
Public light buses (小巴) (widely referred to as [[minibus]]es, or sometimes ''maxicabs'', a ''de facto'' [[share taxi]]) run the length and breadth of [[Hong Kong]], through areas which the standard bus lines can not or do not reach as frequently, quickly or directly. Minibuses carry a maximum of 16 passengers; no standees are allowed.

The [[Transport Department (Hong Kong)|Hong Kong Transport Department]] (HKTD) allows and licenses the operation of two types of public light buses - (1) green minibuses that have route numbers, stop at designated stops (many routes have [[hail and ride]] sections along which passengers can board and exit anywhere unless it's a [[clearway|no-stopping zone]]) and whom have their fares, service and frequency regulated by the HKTD; and (2) red minibuses that may or may not have regular routes, may or may not be numbered, may or may not have fixed stops and whose fares and service levels are not regulated by HKTD.<ref name=hktdplbp>[http://www.td.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_275/plbpolicy.doc HKTD Public Light Bus Policy]. Accessed 11 December 2006</ref>

Red minibuses do often provide more convenient supplementary transport for riders not served by green minibuses or other public buses, and are thus quite popular. Where green minibus drivers are paid fixed wages to drive their routes, red minibus drivers often rely on their pick-up fares for a living and thus are often seen to be more aggressive drivers. The prevalence of aggressive driving has resulted in the HKTD making it mandatory for Hong Kong minibuses to be equipped with large read-out speedometers which allow passengers to track the speed at which minibus drivers operate. Currently, if minibuses exceed 80 km/h, the speedometer will sound an audible warning signal (begin beeping) to the driver and passengers. If the minibus exceeds 100 km/h, the beeping will turn into a sustained tone. However, it is almost without exception that this warning signal is ignored by both the driver and passengers.

The HKTD has also regulated, after a series of minibus accidents, that all new minibuses brought into service after August 2005 must have safety belts installed, and riders must use safety belts when there is one.

===Taxis===
[[File:HK Toyota Comfort Red Taxi.jpg|thumb|200px|Red taxis serve urban areas]]
{{Main|Taxicabs of Hong Kong}}

{{As of|2005|April}}, there were 18,138 taxis in Hong Kong, operating in three distinct (but slightly overlapping) geographical areas, and distinguished by their colour. Of these, 15,250 are red urban taxis, 2,838 green [[New Territories]] taxis, and 50 blue [[Lantau Island|Lantau]] taxis.<ref>{{Cite| title = Hong Kong: The Facts - Transport|accessdate = 2009-07-19|date = 2008-04|url =http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/transport.pdf}}</ref> Every day, they serve 1.1 million, 207,900, and 1,400 passengers respectively. Taxis carry an average of one million passengers each day, occupying about 12% of the daily patronage carried by all modes of public transport in Hong Kong.

Most of the taxis in Hong Kong run on [[autogas|LPG]] (liquified petroleum gas) to reduce emissions. In August 2000 a one-off cash grant was paid to taxi owners who replaced their diesel taxi with an LPG one. Since August 2001, all newly purchased taxis run on LPG. By the end of 2003, over 99.8% of the taxi fleet in Hong Kong ran on LPG.<ref>{{Cite book
| publisher = Chinese University Press
| isbn = 9629963574
| last = Yeung
| first = Yue-man
| title = The First Decade: The Hong Kong SAR in Retrospective and Introspective Perspectives
| accessdate = 2009-08-27
| date = 2008
| page = 340
}}</ref>

Taxi fares are charged according to the taximeter; however, additional charges on the fare table may apply, such as road tolls and luggage fees. Urban taxis are the most expensive, while Lantau taxis are the cheapest. The standard of service among different kinds of taxis is mostly the same. The reason for having three types of taxis is to ensure service availability in less populated regions, as running in the urban centre is considered to be more profitable.

===Private cars===
There are 517,000 cars licensed in Hong Kong, 64% of which are privately owned. As of 2003 the US Department of State reports that there are 523,767 licensed vehicles in Hong Kong and about 1,911 kilometres of roads, or 274 vehicles per kilometre of road. In terms of private car ownership, the number of cars per capita is half that of [[Singapore]] and one-third that of [[Republic of China|Taiwan]]. Private cars are most popular in newly developed areas such as [[Lantau]] and areas near the boundary with mainland China, as there are fewer public transportation options, and more parking spaces compared to other areas of Hong Kong.

Most cars are [[right hand drive]] models, from Japanese or European manufacturers. Hong Kong does not allow left hand drive vehicles to be primarily registered in Hong Kong. However, Hong Kong registered vehicles may apply for secondary [[mainland China|mainland Chinese]] registration plates, and these can be driven across the border to mainland China; likewise, left-hand drive cars seen in Hong Kong are usually primarily registered in mainland China and carry supplementary Hong Kong registration plates.

Cars are subjected to a first-time registration tax, which varies from 35% to over 100%, based on the size and value of the car. The level of vehicle taxation was increased by a law passed on 2 June 1982 to discourage private car ownership,<ref>[http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/16_01.03/63037.pdf Legco doubts on car curbs], South China Morning Post, 3 June 1982</ref> and also as an incentive to buy smaller, more efficient cars, as these have less tax levied on them. First-time registration tax was doubled, annual licensing fees were increased by 300%, and $0.7 duty was imposed on each litre of on light oils.<ref>Michael Chugani, [http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/16_01.01/62742.pdf Legco doubts on car curbs], South China Morning Post, 20 May 1982</ref>

In addition to the heavy traffic at times, parking may be problematic. Due to high urban density, there are not many [[filling station]]s; [[Petrol]] in Hong Kong averages around US$1.55 per [[litre]], of which over half the cost is taxes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Caltex Singapore - Why do prices rise and fall?|work=Caltex|accessdate=2009-07-20|url=http://www.caltex.com/pumpprices/whydoPricesRiseAndFall.asp}}</ref> It was suggested in the news that that the government had deliberately impeded the use of new environmentally friendly diesel engines by allowing only light goods vehicles to be fuelled by diesel. While it cannot be determined why exactly the government does not allow private cars to be fuelled by diesel, it has been pointed out that the government does receive a tax that is 150% of the actual fuel cost. This is mostly to discourage car ownership for environmental reasons.<ref>Mottershead, Terri. [2004] (2004). Sustainable Development in Hong Kong. HK University. ISBN 9622094910</ref>

There is a waiting list for local driving tests, while a full (private car) driving licence valid for 10 years costs around US$115. Residents of Hong Kong holding licences issued by other Chinese authorities and some foreign countries can get a Hong Kong driving licence exempt from tests if they can adequately show that they obtained their licence while residing in the place concerned (common proofs are school transcripts or employer's documentation). Some private car owners, known as [[white card]] drivers, provide a taxi service for a nominal fee.

===Cross Boundary Buses===
A large number of buses leave various parts of Hong Kong (usually from side streets and hotel entrances) to various cities in the Pearl River Delta.

==Maritime transport==
===Ferries===
====Internal routes====
[[File:Starferryrat.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[Star Ferry]] carries passengers across [[Victoria Harbour]]. This particular one is painted with an advertisement that promotes Hong Kong as [[Brand Hong Kong|Asia's World City]]. ]]
[[File:Tsim Sha Tsui Ferry Pier.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Tsim Sha Tsui Ferry Pier|Tsim Sha Tsui Pier]], a pier for [[Star Ferry]] services]]
[[File:Central Pier Hong Kong.jpg|thumb|thumb|right|200px|The [[Star Ferry Pier, Central|Star Ferry Pier]] in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] ]]

Most ferry services are provided by licensed ferry operators. {{As of|2003|alt=As of September 2003}}, there were 27 regular licensed passenger ferry services operated by 11 licensees, serving [[Islands of Hong Kong|outlying islands]], new towns and inner-[[Victoria Harbour]]. Two of the routes operated by the [[Star Ferry]] are franchised. Additionally, 78 "[[kai-to]]" ferries are licensed to serve remote coastal settlements.

The following companies operate ferry services in Hong Kong:

'''[[Star Ferry]]''':
* [[Central and Western district|Central]] to [[Tsim Sha Tsui]]
* [[Wanchai]] to [[Tsim Sha Tsui]]
* [[Central and Western district|Central]] to [[Hung Hom]]
* [[Wanchai]] to [[Hung Hom]]
* Harbour Tour (Circular between [[Tsim Sha Tsui]], [[Central and Western district|Central]], [[Wan Chai]], and [[Hung Hom]])

'''[[New World First Ferry]]''':
* [[Central and Western district|Central]] to [[Cheung Chau]], [[Mui Wo]], and [[Peng Chau]]
* [[Tsim Sha Tsui]], [[Mui Wo]], [[Cheung Chau]] (Weekends Only)
* [[Peng Chau]], [[Mui Wo]], [[Chi Ma Wan]], and [[Cheung Chau]]
* [[North Point]] to [[Hung Hom]] and [[Kowloon City]]
* [[Tuen Mun]] to [[Tung Chung]]

'''[[Hong Kong & Kowloon Ferry]]''':
* [[Lamma Island]] to [[Central and Western district|Central]] and [[Aberdeen, Hong Kong|Aberdeen]]

'''[[Chuen Kee Ferry]]''':
* [[Lamma Island]] to [[Aberdeen, Hong Kong|Aberdeen]]

'''[[HKR International Limited]]''':
* [[Discovery Bay Transportation Services]] - [[Discovery Bay]] to [[Central and Western district|Central]]

'''[[Park Island Transport Company Ltd.]]''':
* [[Ma Wan]] to [[Central and Western district|Central]]
* [[Ma Wan]] to [[Tsuen Wan]]

'''Fortune Ferry''' (富裕小輪)
* [[North Point]] to [[Kwun Tong]]

'''Coral Sea Ferry''' (珊瑚海船務)
* [[Sai Wan Ho]] to [[Kwun Tong]]

====External routes====
[[File:Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier, Hong Kong|Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal]] in [[Sheung Wan]]]]

In Hong Kong, there are three piers that provides ferry services to [[Macau]] and cities in [[northern and southern China|southern China]]:
* The [[Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier, Hong Kong|Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal]]
* The [[Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal|Hong Kong-China Ferry Terminal]]
* The [[Tuen Mun Ferry Pier]]
Ferry services are provided by several different ferry companies at these piers.

Fastferry [[hydrofoil]] and [[catamaran]] service is available at all times of the week between Hong Kong and [[Macau]].

[[TurboJet (company)|TurboJet]] provides 24-hour services connecting Central and Macau at a frequency of up to every 15 minutes. It also provides these regular services:
* [[Hong Kong International Airport]] to [[Baoan International Airport|Shenzhen Airport]] / Macau / [[Guangzhou]] (East River Guangzhou Ferry Terminal)
* Tsim Sha Tsui to Guangzhou
* Macau to Shenzhen Airport
* Tsim Sha Tsui to Macau

[[New World First Ferry]] (Macau) provides services between Tsim Sha Tsui and Macau for 17 hours daily, at a frequency of up to every 30 minutes.

[[Chu Kong Passenger Transport]] (CKS) connects Hong Kong to cities in [[Guangdong]] province, including [[Zhuhai]] ([[Jiuzhou]]), [[Shenzhen]] ([[Shekou]]), [[Zhongshan]] ([[Zhongshan Kong]]), [[Lianhua Shan]] ([[Panyu]]), [[Jiangmen]], [[Gongyi (Guangdong)|Gongyi]], [[Sanbu]], [[Gaoming]], [[Heshan]], [[Humen Town|Humen]], [[Nanhai]], [[Shunde]], [[Doumen]].

== Gondola lift ==
[[File:Cable Car Ocean Park.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Gondola lift]] system in [[Ocean Park, Hong Kong|Ocean Park]]]]

There are two [[gondola lift]] systems in Hong Kong:
* [[Ocean Park, Hong Kong|Ocean Park]], [[Hong Kong Island]] - A 1.5 km in-park cable car system between [[Nam Long Shan]] Headland and [[Wong Chuk Hang]], opened in 1977.
* '''[[Ngong Ping Cable Car]]''' on [[Lantau Island]], a 5.7 km cableway between [[Tung Chung (MTR)|Tung Chung]] [[MTR]] station and [[Ngong Ping]] Terminal near [[Po Lin Monastery]], opened on 18 September 2006.

==Infrastructure==
===Ports and harbours===
[[File:Container Port Road South.jpg|thumb|200px| [[Kwai Tsing Container Terminals]] ]]
{{Main|Port of Hong Kong|Victoria Harbour}}

The port of Hong Kong has always been a key factor in the development and prosperity of the special administrative region, which is strategically located on the Far East trade routes and is in the geographical centre of the fast-developing Asia-Pacific Basin. The sheltered harbour provides good access and a safe haven for vessels calling at the port from around the world. In terms of tonnage of shipping using its facilities, cargo handled and the number of passengers carried, Hong Kong is undoubtedly one of the major ports of the world.

The [[Victoria Harbour]] is one of the busiest ports in the world.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Fischer| first = Umbert| title = Victoria Harbour Hong Kong, the world's most busy sea port| work = Excelloz.com| accessdate = 2009-06-26| date = 2006-10-06| url = http://www.excelloz.com/Travel_guide/Hong_Kong_City/Victoria_Harbour_Hong_Kong.html}}</ref> An average of 220,000 ships visit the harbour each year, including both oceanliners and river vessels, for both goods and passengers. The [[Port of Hong Kong|container port in Hong Kong]] is one of the busiest in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|coauthors=L. Hau Lee, Chung-Yee Lee|title=Building supply chain excellence in emerging economies|date=2007|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=0-387-38428-6|page=204}}</ref> The [[Kwai Chung]] Terminal operates 24 hours a day. Together with other facilities in Victoria Harbour, they handled more than {{TEU|20 million|first=yes}} in 2005.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stopford|first=Martin|title=Maritime Economics E3|year=2009|month=February|edition=3rd|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-27558-3|page=560}}</ref> Some 400 container liners serve Hong Kong weekly, connecting to over 500 destinations around the world.

===Airports===
[[File:Hong Kong International Airport.jpg|thumb|200px|Inside the [[Hong Kong International Airport]]]]
{{Main|Hong Kong International Airport}}
Hong Kong has a fully active international [[airport]]. The famous former [[Kai Tak International Airport]] retired in favour of the recently constructed [[Hong Kong International Airport]], also known as Chek Lap Kok International Airport. The airport now serves as a transport hub for [[East Asia]], and as the hub for [[Cathay Pacific Airways]], [[Dragonair]], [[Hong Kong Express]], [[Hong Kong Airlines]] (former CR Airways), and [[Air Hong Kong]]. Ferry services link the airport with several [[pier]]s in [[Pearl River Delta]], where immigrations and customs are exempted.

HKIA’s network to China is also expanded by the opening of SkyPier in late September 2003, offering millions in the PRD direct access to the airport. Passengers coming to SkyPier by high-speed ferries can board buses for onward flights while arriving air passengers can board ferries at the pier for their journeys back to the PRD. Passengers travelling both directions can bypass custom and immigration formalities, which reduces transit time. Four ports – Shekou, Shenzhen, Macau and Humen (Dongguan) – were initially served. As of August 2007, SkyPier serves Shenzhen's Shekou and Fuyong, Dongguan's Humen, Macau, Zhongshan and Zhuhai. Moreover, passengers travelling from Shekou and Macau piers can even complete airline check-in procedures with participating airlines before boarding the ferries and go straight to the boarding gate for the connecting flight at HKIA. The provision of cross boundary coach and ferry services has transformed HKIA into an inter-modal transportation hub combining air, sea and land transport.

{{As of|2009|March}}, the airport is the third busiest airport for passenger traffic,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Year to date Passenger Traffic - March 2009|work=Airports Council International|accessdate=2009-07-20|date=2009-06-12|url=http://www.airports.org/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-219-227_666_2__}}</ref> and second busiest airport for cargo traffic in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Year to date Cargo Traffic - March 2009|work=Airports Council International|accessdate=2009-07-20|date=2009-06-12|url=http://www.airports.org/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-219-227_666_2__}}</ref> It is popular with travellers — from 2001 to 2005 and 2007-2008 Hong Kong International Airport has been voted the World's Best Airport in an annual survey of several million passengers worldwide by [[Skytrax]].

According to the [[Guinness Book of World Records|Guinness World Records]], the [[Airport terminal|passenger terminal]] of the HKIA was the world's largest airport terminal upon opening, and is at present the world's third largest airport terminal building, with a covered area of 550,000 m² and recently increased to 570,000 m².<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 'dragon' unveiled: Beijing's T3 starts operations|work=Beijing 2008 Olympic Games|accessdate=2009-07-28|date=2008-02-28|url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/olympiccities/beijing/n214259388.shtml}}</ref> The [[Airport Core Programme]] was the most expensive airport project in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9622098479|page=169|last=Owen|first=Bernie|coauthors=Raynor Shaw|title=Hong Kong Landscapes: Shaping the Barren Rock|location=Hong Kong|accessdate=2009-07-28|date=2008}}</ref>

[[Shek Kong Airfield]], located near [[Yuen Long]], is a military [[airfield]] for the [[People's Liberation Army]], which is of limited operating capabilities due to surrounding terrains. The only aircraft operating on the airfield are PLA's [[Eurocopter Dauphin|Z-9]] helicopters, which is the license-built version of the Eurocopter Dauphin.

===Heliports===
[[File:HK Sheung Wan Shun Tak Centre HK-Macau Ferry Terminal Heliport.JPG|thumb|right|200px| Heliport at the [[Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier, Hong Kong|Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal]]]]
Hong Kong has three [[heliports]]. [[Shun Tak Heliport]] (ICAO: VHST) is located in the [[Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier, Hong Kong|Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal]], by the [[Shun Tak Centre]], in [[Sheung Wan]], on [[Hong Kong Island]]. Another is located in Southwest Kowloon, near [[Kowloon (MTR)|Kowloon station]]. The other is located inside [[Hong Kong International Airport]].

[[Heli Express]] operates regular [[helicopter]] service between [[Macao Heliport]] (ICAO:VMMH) on the [[Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier, Macau|Macau Ferry Terminal]] in [[Macau]] and the Shun Tak Helipot. There are around 16 flights daily. Flights take approximately 20 minutes in the eight-seater aircraft.

There are also a number of [[helipad]]s across the territory, including the roof of the [[The Peninsula Hong Kong|Peninsula Hotel]] (which is the only rooftop helipad in the territory, excluding the rooftop heliport of Shun Tak Centre and those in hospitals) and [[Cheung Chau|Cheung Chau Island]], between [[Beaches of Hong Kong|Tung Wan Beach]] and [[Kwun Yam Beach]].

===Highways===

[[File:HK Cross Harbour Tunnel.jpg|thumb|200px|The entrance of the [[Cross-Harbour Tunnel]], which is part of [[Route 1 (Hong Kong)|Route 1]], in [[Hung Hom]], [[Kowloon]] ]]
[[File:Eastern Harbour Tunnel.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Eastern Harbour Tunnel]] is the second under-water tunnel across [[Victoria Harbour]], and is part of [[Route 2 (Hong Kong)|Route 2]].]]
[[File:Tsing Ma Bridge (1).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Tsing Ma Bridge]], part of [[Route 8 (Hong Kong)|Route 8]], is [[List of longest suspension bridges|the world's longest rail and road]] [[suspension bridge]]s.]]
[[File:Kap Shui Mun Bridge 1.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Kap Shui Mun Bridge]] is a [[cable-stayed bridge]] connecting [[Ma Wan]] and [[Lantau Island]], and is also part of [[Route 8 (Hong Kong)|Route 8]].]]

There are a total of 1,831 km of paved highways in [[Hong Kong]]. These roads are built to [[United Kingdom|British]] standards with maximum of three lanes with hard shoulders.

There are 9 roads classified as highways in [[Hong Kong]] and re-numbered from 1 to 9 in 2004. Route 1 to 3 are in north-south direction and crossing three Cross-Harbour Tunnels while others are in east-west direction:

*[[Route 1 (Hong Kong)|Route 1]]:
::Southern District <> Causeway Bay <> Tsim Sha Tsui <> Mong Kok <> Sha Tin
*[[Route 2 (Hong Kong)|Route 2]]:
::Eastern District <> Kwun Tong <> Wong Tai Sin <> Sha Tin
*[[Route 3 (Hong Kong)|Route 3]]:
::Central & Western District <> Tai Kok Tsui <> Sham Shui Po <> Kwai Tsing <> Tsuen Wan <> Yuen Long
*[[Route 4 (Hong Kong)|Route 4]]:
::Eastern District <> Causeway Bay <> Wan Chai <> Central & Western District
*[[Route 5 (Hong Kong)|Route 5]]:
::Kowloon City <> Wong Tai Sin <> Sham Shui Po <> Kwai Tsing <> Tsuen Wan
*[[Route 7 (Hong Kong)|Route 7]]:
::Tseung Kwan O <> Kwun Tong <> Wong Tai Sin <> Sham Shui Po <> Kwai Tsing
*[[Route 8 (Hong Kong)|Route 8]]:
::Sha Tin <> Kwai Tsing <> Lantau Island North <> Tung Chung <> Airport
*[[Route 9 (Hong Kong)|Route 9]]:
::Circular Route linking the whole New Territories ( Sha Tin, Tai Po, Northern District, Yuen Long, Tuen Mun, Tsuen Wan )
*[[Route 10 (Hong Kong)|Route 10]]:
::Tuen Mun <> Nam Tei (Divided from Route 9) <> Ha Tsuen <> Deep Bay <> Shenzhen Bay Bridge <> Shenzhen Bay Border Crossing <> Mainland China

[[Route 6 (Hong Kong)|Route 6]] is a proposed highway, and is not yet built.

There are 120 [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras monitoring traffic on these highways and connecting roads which is available on demand ([[now TV]]) and on Transport Department's Website.

Highways in Hong Kong use two types of barrier system for divided highways. Older roads use metal guard rails and newer roads use the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Concrete step barrier]].

All signage on highways and roads in Hong Kong are bilingual (traditional Chinese below and English above). Street signs use black text on a white background. Highway and directional signage are white lettering on blue or green background.

===Bus lanes===
[[File:HK Wan Chai North Walkway Gloucester Road Fortis Bank Tower Beijing 2008 a.jpg|thumb|200px|A [[bus lane]] on [[Gloucester Road, Hong Kong|Gloucester Road]] in [[Wan Chai]], with the words "bus lane" painted in [[English language|English]] and "巴士綫" in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]]]
There are approximately 22 km of [[bus lane|bus priority lanes]] in Hong Kong.

===Bridges and tunnels===
{{Main|Tunnels and bridges in Hong Kong}}

There are 12 vehicular [[tunnel]]s in Hong Kong. They include three cross-harbour tunnels and nine road tunnels.

The other road tunnels and bridges which are proposed or under construction are:

* [[Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge]] (under construction)

==Ports of entry==
This is a list of [[port of entry|ports of entry]] (i.e. immigration control points) in Hong Kong.

*Air
**[[Hong Kong International Airport]]
**[[Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal, Hong Kong|Heliport at the Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal]]

[[File:IMG 0901.JPG|thumb|200px|right|The entrance to the building of the [[Shenzhen Bay Control Point]] ]]
*Land
**[[Lo Wu Control Point]]
**[[Lok Ma Chau Control Point]]
**[[Lok Ma Chau Station]]
**[[Man Kam To Control Point]]
**[[Sha Tau Kok Control Point]]
**[[Shenzhen Bay Control Point]]

*Railway
**[[Hung Hom Station|Hung Hom Terminus]] (also called Kowloon Terminus)
**[[West Kowloon Terminus]] (Proposed)

[[File:Ocean Terminal with cruise 2008.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Cruise ship|cruise-ship]] pier at [[Ocean Terminal (Hong Kong)|Ocean Terminal]] is also a port of entry to Hong Kong. ]]
*Sea
**[[Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier, Hong Kong|Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal]]
** [[Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal|Hong Kong-China Ferry Terminal]]
**[[Ocean Terminal (Hong Kong)|Ocean Terminal]]
**[[Tuen Mun Ferry Pier]]
**[[Western Immigration Anchorage]]
**[[Eastern Immigration Anchorage]]
** [[Tuen Mun Immigration Anchorage]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Hong Kong}}
{{multicol}}
* [[Hong Kong car number plates]]
* [[Hong Kong Link]]
* [[List of airports in Hong Kong|List of airports and heliports in Hong Kong]]
* [[List of buildings, sites and areas in Hong Kong]]
{{multicol-break}}
* [[List of streets and roads in Hong Kong]]
* [[Media of Hong Kong]]
* [[Victoria Harbour crossings]]
{{multicol-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hkpri.org.hk/bulletin/5/l-h-wang.html Wang L H, "In Search of a Sustainable Transport Development Strategy for Hong Kong"]
*[http://www.hyd.gov.hk Hong Kong Highways Department]
*[http://www.td.gov.hk/home/index.htm Hong Kong Transport Department]
*[http://www.info.gov.hk/censtatd/eng/statliteracy/etimes/et030929.htm Vehicular tunnels in Hong Kong]
*[http://www.eebus.com/interbus.asp E & E Bus]
*[http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=10&charsetID=1&displayMode=T Transport Statistics] - Census and Statistics Department

{{Transport in Hong Kong}}
{{Transportation in the People's Republic of China}}
{{Transport by country}}
{{Asia topic|Transport in}}
{{Pearl River Delta transit}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport In Hong Kong}}
[[Category:Transport in Hong Kong| ]]

[[ko:홍콩의 교통]]
[[ja:香港の交通]]
[[ru:Транспорт Гонконга]]
[[zh-yue:香港交通]]
[[zh:香港交通]]

Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Verkehr Hongkong