https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=122.106.200.22Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]2025-05-05T01:09:20ZBenutzerbeiträgeMediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.27https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liste_der_Nobelpreistr%C3%A4ger&diff=75478606Liste der Nobelpreisträger2009-02-06T00:53:51Z<p>122.106.200.22: /* Laureates */</p>
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<div>[[Image:Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg|thumb|300px|[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] with the six 2003 American Nobel laureates in the [[Oval Office]]]]<br />
The [[Nobel Prize]]s ({{lang-sv|Nobelpriset}}, {{lang-no|Nobelprisen}}) are awarded annually by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]], the [[Karolinska Institute]], and the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Literature|literature]], [[Nobel Peace Prize|peace]], and [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|physiology or medicine]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Alfred Nobel &ndash; The Man Behind the Nobel Prize | publisher = [[Nobel Foundation]] | url = http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/|accessdate=2008-11-27}}</ref> They were established by the 1895 will of [[Alfred Nobel]], which dictates that the awards should be administered by the [[Nobel Foundation]]. Another prize, the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]], was established in 1968 by the [[Sveriges Riksbank]], the [[central bank]] of [[Sweden]], for contributors to the field of economics.<ref name="NobelPrizeDescription">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/|title=The Nobel Prize|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-11-27}}</ref> Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize Awarders | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/|accessdate=2008-11-27}}</ref> Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.<ref name="NobelPrizeDescription"/> In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 [[Swedish krona|SEK]], which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize Amounts | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/amounts.html|accessdate=2008-11-27}}</ref> The awards are presented in [[Stockholm]] in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/|accessdate=2008-11-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2008, 789 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded a Nobel Prize. Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. [[Adolf Hitler]] forbade three Germans, [[Richard Kuhn]] (Chemistry, 1938), [[Adolf Butenandt]] (Chemistry, 1939), and [[Gerhard Domagk]] (Physiology or Medicine, 1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the [[Soviet Union]] pressured [[Boris Pasternak]] (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Two Nobel laureates, [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] (Literature, 1964) and [[Le Duc Tho|Lê Ðức Thọ]] (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Lê declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time. Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] has received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] three times, more than any other.<ref name="NobelFacts">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html|title=Nobel Laureates Facts|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-11-27}}</ref> Among the 809 Nobel Laureates, 35 Nobel laureates have been women; the first woman to win a Nobel Prize was [[Marie Curie]], who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.<ref name="WomenLaureates">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html|title=Women Nobel Laureates|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-11-27}}</ref> In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.<ref name="Winners1942">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/1942.html|title=List of All Nobel Laureates 1942|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-11-30}}</ref> The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of [[World War II]].<ref name="PeacePrizeArticle">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/lundestad-review/index.html|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000|publisher=Nobel Foundation|author=Lundestad, Geir|date=2001-03-15|accessdate=2008-11-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Laureates==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!width=16%|[[List of Nobel Laureates in Physics|Physics]]<br />
!width=16%|[[List of Nobel Laureates in Chemistry|Chemistry]]<br />
!width=16%|[[List of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology<br>or Medicine]]<br />
!width=16%|[[List of Nobel Laureates in Literature|Literature]]<br />
!width=16%|[[List of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates|Peace]]<br />
!width=15%|[[List of Nobel Laureates in Economics|Economics]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1901<br />
|{{sortname|Steve Menzies}}<br />
|{{sortname|Jacobus H.|van 't Hoff}}<br />
|{{sortname|Emil|von Behring}}<br />
|{{sortname|Sully|Prudhomme}}<br />
|{{sortname|Henry|Dunant}};<br>{{sortname|Frédéric|Passy}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1902<br />
|{{sortname|Steve Menzies}};<br>{{sortname|Pieter|Zeeman}}<br />
|{{sortname|Hermann Emil|Fischer}}<br />
|{{sortname|Ronald|Ross}}<br />
|{{sortname|Theodor|Mommsen}}<br />
|{{sortname|Élie|Ducommun}};<br>{{sortname|Albert|Gobat}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1903<br />
|{{sortname|Henri|Becquerel}};<br>{{sortname|Pierre|Curie}};<br>{{sortname|Marie|Curie}}<br />
|{{sortname|Svante|Arrhenius}}<br />
|{{sortname|Niels Ryberg|Finsen}}<br />
|{{sortname|Bjørnstjerne|Bjørnson}}<br />
|{{sortname|Randal|Cremer}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1904<br />
| {{sortname|Lord|Rayleigh}}<br />
| {{sortname|William|Ramsay}}<br />
|{{sortname|Ivan Petrovich|Pavlov}}<br />
| {{sortname|Frédéric|Mistral}};<br>{{sortname|José|Echegaray}}<br />
| [[Institut de Droit International]]<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1905<br />
| {{sortname|Philipp|Lenard}}<br />
|{{sortname|Adolf|von Baeyer}}<br />
|{{sortname|Robert|Koch}}<br />
| {{sortname|Henryk|Sienkiewicz}}<br />
| {{sortname|Bertha|von Suttner}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1906<br />
| {{sortname|J.J.|Thomson}}<br />
|{{sortname|Henri|Moissan}}<br />
|{{sortname|Camillo|Golgi}};<br>{{sortname|Santiago|Ramón y Cajal}}<br />
| {{sortname|Giosuè|Carducci}}<br />
| {{sortname|Theodore|Roosevelt}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1907<br />
| {{sortname|Albert A.|Michelson}}<br />
|{{sortname|Eduard|Buchner}}<br />
|{{sortname|Charles Louis Alphonse|Laveran}}<br />
| {{sortname|Rudyard|Kipling}}<br />
| {{sortname|Ernesto Teodoro|Moneta}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1908<br />
| {{sortname|Gabriel|Lippmann}}<br />
|{{sortname|Ernest|Rutherford}}<br />
|{{sortname|Ilya Ilyich|Mechnikov}};<br>{{sortname|Paul|Ehrlich}}<br />
| {{sortname|Rudolf Christoph|Eucken}}<br />
|{{sortname|Klas Pontus|Arnoldson}};<br>{{sortname|Fredrik|Bajer}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1909<br />
| {{sortname|Ferdinand|Braun}};<br>{{sortname|Guglielmo|Marconi}}<br />
|{{sortname|Wilhelm|Ostwald}}<br />
|{{sortname|Emil Theodor|Kocher}}<br />
| {{sortname|Selma|Lagerlöf}}<br />
| {{sortname|Auguste Marie François|Beernaert}};<br>{{sortname|Paul-Henri-Benjamin|d'Estournelles de Constant}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1910<br />
| {{sortname|Johannes Diderik|van der Waals}}<br />
|{{sortname|Otto|Wallach}}<br />
|{{sortname|Albrecht|Kossel}}<br />
| {{sortname|Paul|Heyse}}<br />
| [[International Peace Bureau]]<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1911<br />
| {{sortname|Wilhelm|Wien}}<br />
|{{sortname|Marie|Curie}}<br />
|{{sortname|Allvar|Gullstrand}}<br />
| {{sortname|Maurice|Maeterlinck}}<br />
| {{sortname|Tobias Michael Carel|Asser}};<br>{{sortname|Alfred Hermann|Fried}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1912<br />
| {{sortname|Gustaf|Dalén}}<br />
|{{sortname|Victor|Grignard}};<br>{{sortname|Paul|Sabatier|Paul Sabatier (chemist)}}<br />
|{{sortname|Alexis|Carrel}}<br />
| {{sortname|Gerhart|Hauptmann}}<br />
| {{sortname|Elihu|Root}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1913<br />
| {{sortname|Heike Kamerlingh|Onnes}}<br />
|{{sortname|Alfred|Werner}}<br />
|{{sortname|Charles Robert|Richet}}<br />
| {{sortname|Rabindranath|Tagore}}<br />
| {{sortname|Henri|La Fontaine}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1914<br />
| {{sortname|Max|von Laue}}<br />
|{{sortname|Theodore William|Richards}}<br />
|{{sortname|Robert|Bárány}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1915<br />
| {{sortname|William Henry|Bragg}};<br>{{sortname|William Lawrence|Bragg}}<br />
|{{sortname|Richard Martin|Willstätter}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
| {{sortname|Romain|Rolland}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1916<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
| {{sortname|Verner|von Heidenstam}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1917<br />
| {{sortname|Charles Glover|Barkla}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
| {{sortname|Karl Adolph|Gjellerup}};<br>{{sortname|Henrik|Pontoppidan}}<br />
| [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1918<br />
| {{sortname|Max|Planck}}<br />
|{{sortname|Fritz|Haber}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1919<br />
| {{sortname|STeve Menzies}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|{{sortname|Jules|Bordet}}<br />
| {{sortname|Carl|Spitteler}}<br />
| {{sortname|Woodrow|Wilson}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1920<br />
| {{sortname|Charles Edouard|Guillaume}}<br />
|{{sortname|Walther Hermann|Nernst}}<br />
|{{sortname|August|Krogh}}<br />
| {{sortname|Knut|Hamsun}}<br />
| {{sortname|Léon|Bourgeois}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1921<br />
| {{sortname|Albert|Einstein}}<br />
|{{sortname|Frederick|Soddy}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
| {{sortname|Anatole|France}}<br />
| {{sortname|Hjalmar|Branting}};<br>{{sortname|Christian Lous|Lange}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1922<br />
| {{sortname|Niels|Bohr}}<br />
|{{sortname|Francis William|Aston}}<br />
|{{sortname|Archibald|Hill}};<br>{{sortname|Otto Fritz|Meyerhof}}<br />
| {{sortname|Jacinto|Benavente}}<br />
| {{sortname|Fridtjof|Nansen}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1923<br />
| {{sortname|Robert A.|Millikan}}<br />
|{{sortname|Fritz|Pregl}}<br />
|{{sortname|Frederick|Banting}};<br>{{sortname|John James Richard|Macleod}}<br />
| {{sortname|William Butler|Yeats}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1924<br />
| {{sortname|Manne|Siegbahn}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|{{sortname|Willem|Einthoven}}<br />
| {{sortname|Władysław|Reymont}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1925<br />
| {{sortname|James|Franck}};<br>{{sortname|Gustav|Hertz}}<br />
|{{sortname|Richard Adolf|Zsigmondy}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
| {{sortname|George Bernard|Shaw}}<br />
| {{sortname|Austen|Chamberlain}};<br>{{sortname|Charles G.|Dawes}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1926<br />
| {{sortname|Jean Baptiste|Perrin}}<br />
|{{sortname|Theodor|Svedberg}}<br />
|{{sortname|Johannes Andreas Grib|Fibiger}}<br />
| {{sortname|Grazia|Deledda}}<br />
| {{sortname|Aristide|Briand}};<br>{{sortname|Gustav|Stresemann}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1927<br />
| {{sortname|Arthur H.|Compton}};<br>{{sortname|C.T.R.|Wilson}}<br />
|{{sortname|Heinrich Otto|Wieland}}<br />
|{{sortname|Julius|Wagner-Jauregg}}<br />
| {{sortname|Henri|Bergson}}<br />
| {{sortname|Ferdinand|Buisson}};<br>{{sortname|Ludwig|Quidde}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1928<br />
| {{sortname|Owen Willans|Richardson}}<br />
|{{sortname|Adolf Otto Reinhold|Windaus}}<br />
|{{sortname|Charles|Nicolle}}<br />
| {{sortname|Sigrid|Undset}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1929<br />
| {{sortname|Louis|de Broglie}}<br />
|{{sortname|Arthur|Harden}};<br>{{sortname|Hans|von Euler-Chelpin}}<br />
|{{sortname|Christiaan|Eijkman}};<br>{{sortname|Frederick Gowland|Hopkins}}<br />
| {{sortname|Thomas|Mann}}<br />
| {{sortname|Frank B.|Kellogg}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1930<br />
| {{sortname|Venkata|Raman}}<br />
|{{sortname|Hans|Fischer}}<br />
|{{sortname|Karl|Landsteiner}}<br />
| {{sortname|Sinclair|Lewis}}<br />
| {{sortname|Nathan|Söderblom}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1931<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|{{sortname|Carl|Bosch}};<br>{{sortname|Friedrich|Bergius}}<br />
|{{sortname|Otto Heinrich|Warburg}}<br />
| {{sortname|Erik Axel|Karlfeldt}}<br />
| {{sortname|Jane|Addams}};<br>{{sortname|Nicholas Murray|Butler}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1932<br />
| {{sortname|Werner|Heisenberg}}<br />
|{{sortname|Irving|Langmuir}}<br />
|{{sortname|Charles Scott|Sherrington}};<br>{{sortname|Edgar Douglas|Adrian|Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian}}<br />
| {{sortname|John|Galsworthy}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1933<br />
| {{sortname|Erwin|Schrödinger}};<br>{{sortname|Paul A.M.|Dirac}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|{{sortname|Thomas Hunt|Morgan}}<br />
| {{sortname|Ivan|Bunin}}<br />
| {{sortname|Norman|Angell}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1934<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|{{sortname|Harold Clayton|Urey}}<br />
|{{sortname|George|Whipple}};<br>{{sortname|George|Minot}};<br>{{sortname|William P.|Murphy}}<br />
| {{sortname|Luigi|Pirandello}}<br />
| {{sortname|Arthur|Henderson}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1935<br />
| {{sortname|James|Chadwick}}<br />
|{{sortname|Frédéric|Joliot}};<br>{{sortname|Irene|Joliot-Curie}}<br />
|{{sortname|Hans|Spemann}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
| {{sortname|Carl|von Ossietzky}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1936<br />
| {{sortname|Victor F.|Hess}};<br>{{sortname|Carl D.|Anderson}}<br />
|{{sortname|Peter|Debye}}<br />
| {{sortname|Henry Hallett|Dale}};<br>{{sortname|Otto|Loewi}}<br />
| {{sortname|Eugene|O'Neill}}<br />
| {{sortname|Carlos Saavedra|Lamas}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1937<br />
| {{sortname|Clinton|Davisson}};<br>{{sortname|George Paget|Thomson}}<br />
|{{sortname|Walter|Haworth|Walter Norman Haworth}};<br>{{sortname|Paul|Karrer}}<br />
|{{sortname|Albert|Szent-Györgyi}}<br />
| {{sortname|Roger Martin|du Gard}}<br />
| {{sortname|Cecil of|Chelwood, Viscount|Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1938<br />
| {{sortname|Enrico|Fermi}}<br />
|{{sortname|Richard|Kuhn}}{{ref label|Note1|A|A}}<br />
|{{sortname|Corneille|Heymans}}<br />
| {{sortname|Pearl S.|Buck}}<br />
| [[Nansen International Office For Refugees]]<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1939<br />
| {{sortname|Ernest|Lawrence}}<br />
|{{sortname|Adolf|Butenandt}};{{ref label|Note1|A|A}}<br>{{sortname|Lavoslav|Ružička|Leopold Ruzicka}}<br />
|{{sortname|Gerhard|Domagk}}{{ref label|Note1|A|A}}<br />
| {{sortname|Frans Eemil|Sillanpää}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1940<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1941<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1942<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1943<br />
| {{sortname|Otto|Stern}}<br />
|{{sortname|George|de Hevesy}}<br />
|{{sortname|Henrik|Dam}};<br>{{sortname|Edward Adelbert|Doisy}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1944<br />
| {{sortname|Isidor Isaac|Rabi}}<br />
|{{sortname|Otto|Hahn}}<br />
|{{sortname|Joseph|Erlanger}};<br>{{sortname|Herbert Spencer|Gasser}}<br />
| {{sortname|Johannes Vilhelm|Jensen}}<br />
| [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1945<br />
| {{sortname|Wolfgang|Pauli}}<br />
|{{sortname|Artturi Ilmari|Virtanen}}<br />
| {{sortname|Alexander|Fleming}};<br>{{sortname|Ernst Boris|Chain}};<br>{{sortname|Howard Walter|Florey|Howard Florey, Baron Florey}}<br />
| {{sortname|Gabriela|Mistral}}<br />
| {{sortname|Cordell|Hull}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1946<br />
| {{sortname|Percy W.|Bridgman}}<br />
|{{sortname|James B.|Sumner}};<br>{{sortname|John Howard|Northrop}};<br>{{sortname|Wendell Meredith|Stanley}}<br />
|{{sortname|Hermann Joseph|Muller}}<br />
| {{sortname|Hermann|Hesse}}<br />
| {{sortname|Emily Greene|Balch}};<br>{{sortname|John|Mott}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1947<br />
| {{sortname|Edward V.|Appleton}}<br />
|{{sortname|Robert|Robinson|Robert Robinson (scientist)}}<br />
|{{sortname|Carl Ferdinand|Cori}};<br>{{sortname|Gerty Theresa|Cori}};<br>{{sortname|Bernardo|Houssay}}<br />
| {{sortname|André|Gide}}<br />
| [[Quaker Peace and Social Witness|Friends Service Council]];<br>[[American Friends Service Committee]]<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1948<br />
| {{sortname|Patrick M.S.|Blackett}}<br />
|{{sortname|Arne|Tiselius}}<br />
|{{sortname|Paul Hermann|Müller}}<br />
| {{sortname|T. S.|Eliot}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1949<br />
| {{sortname|Hideki|Yukawa}}<br />
|{{sortname|William|Giauque}}<br />
|{{sortname|Walter Rudolf|Hess}};<br>{{sortname|António Egas|Moniz}}<br />
| {{sortname|William|Faulkner}}<br />
| {{sortname|John Boyd|Orr|John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1950<br />
| {{sortname|Cecil|Powell}}<br />
|{{sortname|Otto|Diels}};<br>{{sortname|Kurt|Alder}}<br />
|{{sortname|Philip Showalter|Hench}};<br>{{sortname|Edward Calvin|Kendall}};<br>{{sortname|Tadeus|Reichstein}}<br />
| {{sortname|Bertrand|Russell}}<br />
| {{sortname|Ralph|Bunche}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1951<br />
| {{sortname|John|Cockcroft}};<br>{{sortname|Ernest T.S.|Walton}}<br />
|{{sortname|Edwin|McMillan}};<br>{{sortname|Glenn T.|Seaborg}}<br />
|{{sortname|Max|Theiler}}<br />
| {{sortname|Pär|Lagerkvist}}<br />
| {{sortname|Léon|Jouhaux}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1952<br />
| {{sortname|Felix|Bloch}};<br>{{sortname|E. M.|Purcell}}<br />
|{{sortname|Archer John Porter|Martin}};<br>{{sortname|Richard Laurence Millington|Synge}}<br />
|{{sortname|Selman|Waksman}}<br />
| {{sortname|François|Mauriac}}<br />
| {{sortname|Albert|Schweitzer}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1953<br />
| {{sortname|Frits|Zernike}}<br />
|{{sortname|Hermann|Staudinger}}<br />
|{{sortname|Hans Adolf|Krebs}};<br>{{sortname|Fritz Albert|Lipmann}}<br />
| {{sortname|Winston|Churchill}}<br />
| {{sortname|George|Marshall}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1954<br />
| {{sortname|Max|Born}};<br>{{sortname|Walther|Bothe}}<br />
|{{sortname|Linus|Pauling}}<br />
|{{sortname|John Franklin|Enders}};<br>{{sortname|Frederick Chapman|Robbins}};<br>{{sortname|Thomas Huckle|Weller}}<br />
| {{sortname|Ernest|Hemingway}}<br />
| [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1955<br />
| {{sortname|Willis E.|Lamb}};<br>{{sortname|Polykarp|Kusch}}<br />
|{{sortname|Vincent|du Vigneaud}}<br />
|{{sortname|Hugo|Theorell}}<br />
| {{sortname|Halldór|Laxness}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1956<br />
| {{sortname|John|Bardeen}};<br>{{sortname|Walter H.|Brattain}};<br>{{sortname|William B.|Shockley}}<br />
| {{sortname|Cyril Norman|Hinshelwood}};<br>{{sortname|Nikolay Nikolaevich|Semenov}}<br />
|{{sortname|André Frédéric|Cournand}};<br>{{sortname|Werner|Forssmann}};<br>{{sortname|Dickinson W.|Richards}}<br />
| {{sortname|Juan Ramón|Jiménez}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1957<br />
| {{sortname|Chen Ning|Yang}};<br>{{sortname|Tsung-Dao|Lee}}<br />
|{{sortname|Lord (Alexander R.)|Todd|Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd}}<br />
|{{sortname|Daniel|Bovet}}<br />
| {{sortname|Albert|Camus}}<br />
| {{sortname|Lester B.|Pearson}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1958<br />
| {{sortname|Pavel A.|Cherenkov}};<br>{{sortname|Il´ja M.|Frank}};<br>{{sortname|Igor Y.|Tamm}}<br />
|{{sortname|Frederick|Sanger}}<br />
|{{sortname|George Wells|Beadle}};<br>{{sortname|Edward Lawrie|Tatum}};<br>{{sortname|Joshua|Lederberg}}<br />
| {{sortname|Boris|Pasternak}}{{ref label|Note1|B|B}}<br />
| {{sortname|Georges|Pire|Dominique Pire}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1959<br />
| {{sortname|Emilio|Segrè}};<br>{{sortname|Owen|Chamberlain}}<br />
|{{sortname|Jaroslav|Heyrovský}}<br />
|{{sortname|Arthur|Kornberg}};<br>{{sortname|Severo|Ochoa}}<br />
| {{sortname|Salvatore|Quasimodo}}<br />
| {{sortname|Philip J.|Noel-Baker|Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1960<br />
| {{sortname|Donald A.|Glaser}}<br />
| {{sortname|Willard|Libby}}<br />
| {{sortname|Frank Macfarlane|Burnet}};<br>{{sortname|Peter|Medawar}}<br />
| {{sortname|Saint-John|Perse}}<br />
| {{sortname|Albert|Lutuli}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1961<br />
| {{sortname|Robert|Hofstadter}};<br>{{sortname|Rudolf|Mössbauer}}<br />
|{{sortname|Melvin|Calvin}}<br />
|{{sortname|Georg|von Békésy}}<br />
| {{sortname|Ivo|Andrić}}<br />
| {{sortname|Dag|Hammarskjöld}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1962<br />
| {{sortname|Lev|Landau}}<br />
|{{sortname|Max|Perutz}};<br>{{sortname|John|Kendrew}}<br />
| {{sortname|Francis|Crick}};<br>{{sortname|James D.|Watson}};<br>{{sortname|Maurice|Wilkins}}<br />
| {{sortname|John|Steinbeck}}<br />
| {{sortname|Linus|Pauling}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1963<br />
| {{sortname|Eugene|Wigner}};<br>{{sortname|Maria|Goeppert-Mayer}};<br>{{sortname|J. Hans D.|Jensen}}<br />
|{{sortname|Karl|Ziegler}};<br>{{sortname|Giulio|Natta}}<br />
|{{sortname|John Carew|Eccles}};<br>{{sortname|Alan Lloyd|Hodgkin}};<br>{{sortname|Andrew|Huxley}}<br />
| {{sortname|Giorgos|Seferis}}<br />
| [[International Committee of the Red Cross]];<br>[[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|League of Red Cross societies]]<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1964<br />
| {{sortname|Charles H.|Townes}};<br>{{sortname|Nicolay G.|Basov}};<br>{{sortname|Aleksandr M.|Prokhorov}}<br />
|{{sortname|Dorothy Crowfoot|Hodgkin}}<br />
|{{sortname|Konrad Emil|Bloch|Konrad Bloch}};<br>{{sortname|Feodor Felix Konrad|Lynen}}<br />
| {{sortname|Jean-Paul|Sartre}}{{ref label|Note1|C|C}}<br />
| {{sortname|Martin Luther|King, Jr.}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1965<br />
| {{sortname|Sin-Itiro|Tomonaga}};<br>{{sortname|Julian|Schwinger}};<br>{{sortname|Richard P.|Feynman}}<br />
|{{sortname|Robert Burns|Woodward}}<br />
|{{sortname|François|Jacob}};<br>{{sortname|André Michel|Lwoff}};<br>{{sortname|Jacques|Monod}}<br />
| {{sortname|Michail Aleksandrovich|Sholokhov}}<br />
| [[United Nations Children's Fund|United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)]]<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1966<br />
| {{sortname|Alfred|Kastler}}<br />
|{{sortname|Robert S.|Mulliken}}<br />
|{{sortname|Francis Peyton|Rous}};<br>{{sortname|Charles Brenton|Huggins}}<br />
| {{sortname|Shmuel Yosef|Agnon}};<br>{{sortname|Nelly|Sachs}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1967<br />
| {{sortname|Hans|Bethe}}<br />
|{{sortname|Manfred|Eigen}};<br>{{sortname|Ronald George Wreyford|Norrish}};<br>{{sortname|George|Porter}}<br />
|{{sortname|Ragnar|Granit}};<br>{{sortname|Haldan Keffer|Hartline}};<br>{{sortname|George|Wald}}<br />
| {{sortname|Miguel Ángel|Asturias}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1968<br />
| {{sortname|Steve Menzies}}<br />
|{{sortname|Lars|Onsager}}<br />
|{{sortname|Robert W.|Holley}};<br>{{sortname|Har Gobind|Khorana}};<br>{{sortname|Marshall Warren|Nirenberg}}<br />
| {{sortname|Yasunari|Kawabata}}<br />
| {{sortname|René|Cassin}}<br />
|align=center| —<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1969<br />
| {{sortname|Murray|Gell-Mann}}<br />
|{{sortname|Derek|Barton}};<br>{{sortname|Odd|Hassel}}<br />
|{{sortname|Max|Delbrück}};<br>{{sortname|Alfred|Hershey}};<br>{{sortname|Salvador|Luria}}<br />
| {{sortname|Samuel|Beckett}}<br />
| [[International Labour Organization]]<br />
| {{sortname|Ragnar Anton Kittil|Frisch}};<br>{{sortname|Jan|Tinbergen}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1970<br />
| {{sortname|Hannes|Alfvén}};<br>{{sortname|Louis|Néel}}<br />
|{{sortname|Luis F.|Leloir}}<br />
|{{sortname|Julius|Axelrod}};<br>{{sortname|Ulf|von Euler}};<br>{{sortname|Bernard|Katz}}<br />
| {{sortname|Aleksandr|Solzhenitsyn}}<br />
| {{sortname|Norman|Borlaug}}<br />
| {{sortname|Paul|Samuelson}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1971<br />
| {{sortname|Dennis|Gabor}}<br />
|{{sortname|Gerhard|Herzberg}}<br />
|{{sortname|Earl Wilbur|Sutherland, Jr.}}<br />
| {{sortname|Pablo|Neruda}}<br />
| {{sortname|Willy|Brandt}}<br />
| {{sortname|Simon|Kuznets}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1972<br />
| {{sortname|John|Bardeen}};<br>{{sortname|Leon Neil|Cooper}};<br>{{sortname|Robert|Schrieffer}}<br />
|{{sortname|Christian B.|Anfinsen}};<br>{{sortname|Stanford|Moore}};<br>{{sortname|William Howard|Stein}}<br />
|{{sortname|Gerald|Edelman}};<br>{{sortname|Rodney Robert|Porter}}<br />
| {{sortname|Heinrich|Böll}}<br />
|align=center | ''None''<br />
| {{sortname|John|Hicks}};<br>{{sortname|Kenneth|Arrow}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1973<br />
| {{sortname|Leo|Esaki}};<br>{{sortname|Ivar|Giaever}};<br>{{sortname|Brian D.|Josephson}}<br />
|{{sortname|Ernst Otto|Fischer}};<br>{{sortname|Geoffrey|Wilkinson}}<br />
|{{sortname|Karl|von Frisch}};<br>{{sortname|Konrad|Lorenz}};<br>{{sortname|Nikolaas|Tinbergen}}<br />
| {{sortname|Patrick|White}}<br />
| {{sortname|Henry|Kissinger}};<br>{{sortname|Lê Ðức|Thọ|Le Duc Tho}}{{ref label|Note1|D|D}}<br />
| {{sortname|Wassily|Leontief}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1974<br />
| {{sortname|Martin|Ryle}};<br>{{sortname|Antony|Hewish}}<br />
|{{sortname|Paul|Flory}}<br />
|{{sortname|Albert|Claude}};<br>{{sortname|Christian|de Duve}};<br>{{sortname|George Emil|Palade}}<br />
| {{sortname|Eyvind|Johnson}};<br>{{sortname|Harry|Martinson}}<br />
| {{sortname|Seán|MacBride}};<br>{{sortname|Eisaku|Satō}}<br />
| {{sortname|Gunnar|Myrdal}};<br>{{sortname|Friedrich|Hayek}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1975<br />
| {{sortname|Aage N.|Bohr}};<br>{{sortname|Ben R.|Mottelson}};<br>{{sortname|James|Rainwater}}<br />
|{{sortname|John|Cornforth}};<br>{{sortname|Vladimir|Prelog}}<br />
|{{sortname|David|Baltimore}};<br>{{sortname|Renato|Dulbecco}};<br>{{sortname|Howard Martin|Temin}}<br />
| {{sortname|Eugenio|Montale}}<br />
| {{sortname|Andrei|Sakharov}}<br />
| {{sortname|Leonid|Kantorovich}};<br>{{sortname|Tjalling|Koopmans}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1976<br />
| {{sortname|Burton|Richter}};<br>{{sortname|Samuel C.C.|Ting}}<br />
|{{sortname|William|Lipscomb}}<br />
|{{sortname|Baruch Samuel|Blumberg}};<br>{{sortname|Daniel Carleton|Gajdusek}}<br />
| {{sortname|Saul|Bellow}}<br />
| {{sortname|Betty|Williams|Betty Williams (Nobel laureate)}};<br>{{sortname|Mairead|Corrigan}}<br />
| {{sortname|Milton|Friedman}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1977<br />
| {{sortname|Philip W.|Anderson}};<br>{{sortname|Sir Nevill F.|Mott}};<br>{{sortname|John H.|van Vleck}}<br />
|{{sortname|Ilya|Prigogine}}<br />
|{{sortname|Roger|Guillemin}};<br>{{sortname|Andrew|Schally}};<br>{{sortname|Rosalyn Sussman|Yalow}}<br />
| {{sortname|Vicente|Aleixandre}}<br />
| [[Amnesty International]]<br />
| {{sortname|Bertil|Ohlin}};<br>{{sortname|James|Meade}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1978<br />
| {{sortname|Pyotr|Kapitsa}};<br>{{sortname|Arno|Penzias}};<br>{{sortname|Robert Woodrow|Wilson}}<br />
|{{sortname|Peter D.|Mitchell}}<br />
|{{sortname|Werner|Arber}};<br>{{sortname|Daniel|Nathans}};<br>{{sortname|Hamilton O.|Smith}}<br />
| {{sortname|Isaac Bashevis|Singer}}<br />
| {{sortname|Anwar El|Sadat}};<br>{{sortname|Menachem|Begin}}<br />
| {{sortname|Herbert|Simon}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1979<br />
| {{sortname|Sheldon|Glashow}};<br>{{sortname|Abdus|Salam}};<br>{{sortname|Steven|Weinberg}}<br />
|{{sortname|Herbert C.|Brown}};<br>{{sortname|Georg|Wittig}}<br />
|{{sortname|Allan McLeod|Cormack}};<br>{{sortname|Godfrey|Hounsfield}}<br />
| {{sortname|Odysseas|Elytis}}<br />
| {{sortname|Mother|Teresa}}<br />
| {{sortname|Theodore|Schultz}};<br>{{sortname|Arthur|Lewis|Arthur Lewis (economist)}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1980<br />
| {{sortname|James|Cronin}};<br>{{sortname|Val|Fitch}}<br />
|{{sortname|Paul|Berg}};<br>{{sortname|Walter|Gilbert}};<br>{{sortname|Frederick|Sanger}}<br />
|{{sortname|Baruj|Benacerraf}};<br>{{sortname|Jean|Dausset}};<br>{{sortname|George Davis|Snell}}<br />
| {{sortname|Czesław|Miłosz}}<br />
| {{sortname|Adolfo Pérez|Esquivel}}<br />
| {{sortname|Lawrence|Klein}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1981<br />
| {{sortname|Nicolaas|Bloembergen}};<br>{{sortname|Arthur L.|Schawlow}};<br>{{sortname|Kai M.|Siegbahn}}<br />
|{{sortname|Kenichi|Fukui}};<br>{{sortname|Roald|Hoffmann}}<br />
|{{sortname|Roger W.|Sperry}};<br>{{sortname|David H.|Hubel}};<br>{{sortname|Torsten N.|Wiesel}}<br />
| {{sortname|Elias|Canetti}}<br />
| [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]<br />
| {{sortname|James|Tobin}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1982<br />
| {{sortname|Kenneth G.|Wilson}}<br />
|{{sortname|Aaron|Klug}}<br />
|{{sortname|Sune|Bergström}};<br>{{sortname|Bengt I.|Samuelsson}};<br>{{sortname|John Robert|Vane}}<br />
| {{sortname|Gabriel García|Márquez}}<br />
| {{sortname|Alva|Myrdal}};<br>{{sortname|Alfonso García|Robles}}<br />
| {{sortname|George|Stigler}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1983<br />
| {{sortname|Subramanyan|Chandrasekhar}};<br>{{sortname|William A.|Fowler}}<br />
|{{sortname|Henry|Taube}}<br />
|{{sortname|Barbara|McClintock}}<br />
| {{sortname|William|Golding}}<br />
| {{sortname|Lech|Wałęsa}}<br />
| {{sortname|Gérard|Debreu}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1984<br />
| {{sortname|Carlo|Rubbia}};<br>{{sortname|Simon|van der Meer}}<br />
|{{sortname|Robert Bruce|Merrifield}}<br />
|{{sortname|Niels Kaj|Jerne}};<br>{{sortname|Georges J. F.|Köhler}};<br>{{sortname|César|Milstein}}<br />
| {{sortname|Jaroslav|Seifert}}<br />
| {{sortname|Desmond|Tutu}}<br />
| {{sortname|Richard|Stone}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1985<br />
| {{sortname|Klaus|von Klitzing}}<br />
|{{sortname|Herbert A.|Hauptman}};<br>{{sortname|Jerome|Karle}}<br />
|{{sortname|Michael Stuart|Brown}};<br>{{sortname|Joseph L.|Goldstein}}<br />
| {{sortname|Claude|Simon}}<br />
| [[International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War]]<br />
| {{sortname|Franco|Modigliani}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1986<br />
| {{sortname|Ernst|Ruska}};<br>{{sortname|Gerd|Binnig}};<br>{{sortname|Heinrich|Rohrer}}<br />
|{{sortname|Dudley R.|Herschbach}};<br>{{sortname|Yuan T.|Lee}};<br>{{sortname|John C.|Polanyi}}<br />
|{{sortname|Stanley|Cohen|Stanley Cohen (biochemist)}};<br>{{sortname|Rita|Levi-Montalcini}}<br />
| {{sortname|Wole|Soyinka}}<br />
| {{sortname|Elie|Wiesel}}<br />
| {{sortname|James M.|Buchanan}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1987<br />
| {{sortname|J. Georg|Bednorz}};<br>{{sortname|K. Alex|Müller}}<br />
|{{sortname|Donald J.|Cram}};<br>{{sortname|Jean-Marie|Lehn}};<br>{{sortname|Charles J.|Pedersen}}<br />
|{{sortname|Susumu|Tonegawa}}<br />
| {{sortname|Joseph|Brodsky}}<br />
| {{sortname|Óscar|Arias}}<br />
| {{sortname|Robert|Solow}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1988<br />
| {{sortname|Leon M.|Lederman}};<br>{{sortname|Melvin|Schwartz}};<br>{{sortname|Jack|Steinberger}}<br />
|{{sortname|Johann|Deisenhofer}};<br>{{sortname|Robert|Huber}};<br>{{sortname|Hartmut|Michel}}<br />
| {{sortname|James W.|Black}};<br>{{sortname|Gertrude B.|Elion}};<br>{{sortname|George H.|Hitchings}}<br />
| {{sortname|Naguib|Mahfouz}}<br />
| [[Peacekeeping|United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces]]<br />
| {{sortname|Maurice|Allais}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1989<br />
| {{sortname|Norman F.|Ramsey}};<br>{{sortname|Hans G.|Dehmelt}};<br>{{sortname|Wolfgang|Paul}}<br />
|{{sortname|Sidney|Altman}};<br>{{sortname|Thomas|Cech}}<br />
|{{sortname|J. Michael|Bishop}};<br>{{sortname|Harold E.|Varmus}}<br />
| {{sortname|Camilo José|Cela}}<br />
| {{sortname|Tenzin|Gyatso}}, the 14th [[Dalai Lama]]<br />
| {{sortname|Trygve|Haavelmo}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1990<br />
| {{sortname|Jerome I.|Friedman}};<br>{{sortname|Henry W.|Kendall}};<br>{{sortname|Richard E.|Taylor}}<br />
|{{sortname|Elias James|Corey}}<br />
|{{sortname|Joseph|Murray}};<br>{{sortname|E. Donnall|Thomas}}<br />
| {{sortname|Octavio|Paz}}<br />
| {{sortname|Mikhail|Gorbachev}}<br />
| {{sortname|Harry|Markowitz}};<br>{{sortname|Merton|Miller}};<br>{{sortname|William Forsyth|Sharpe}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1991<br />
| {{sortname|Pierre-Gilles|de Gennes}}<br />
|{{sortname|Richard R.|Ernst}}<br />
|{{sortname|Erwin|Neher}};<br>{{sortname|Bert|Sakmann}}<br />
| {{sortname|Nadine|Gordimer}}<br />
| {{sortname|Aung San|Suu Kyi}}<br />
| {{sortname|Ronald|Coase}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1992<br />
| {{sortname|Georges|Charpak}}<br />
|{{sortname|Rudolph A.|Marcus}}<br />
|{{sortname|Edmond H.|Fischer}};<br>{{sortname|Edwin G.|Krebs}}<br />
| {{sortname|Derek|Walcott}}<br />
| {{sortname|Rigoberta|Menchú}}<br />
| {{sortname|Gary|Becker}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1993<br />
| {{sortname|Russell A.|Hulse}};<br>{{sortname|Joseph H.|Taylor, Jr.}}<br />
|{{sortname|Kary|Mullis}};<br>{{sortname|Michael|Smith|Michael Smith (chemist)}}<br />
|{{sortname|Richard J.|Roberts}};<br>{{sortname|Phillip Allen|Sharp}}<br />
| {{sortname|Toni|Morrison}}<br />
| {{sortname|Nelson|Mandela}};<br>{{sortname|Frederik Willem|de Klerk}}<br />
| {{sortname|Robert|Fogel}};<br>{{sortname|Douglass|North}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1994<br />
| {{sortname|Bertram N.|Brockhouse}};<br>{{sortname|Clifford G.|Shull}}<br />
|{{sortname|George Andrew|Olah}}<br />
|{{sortname|Alfred G.|Gilman}};<br>{{sortname|Martin|Rodbell}}<br />
| {{sortname|Kenzaburo|Oe}}<br />
| {{sortname|Yasser|Arafat}};<br>{{sortname|Shimon|Peres}};<br>{{sortname|Yitzhak|Rabin}}<br />
| {{sortname|John|Harsanyi}};<br>{{sortname|John Forbes|Nash}};<br>{{sortname|Reinhard|Selten}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1995<br />
| {{sortname|Martin L.|Perl}};<br>{{sortname|Frederick|Reines}}<br />
|{{sortname|Paul J.|Crutzen}};<br>{{sortname|Mario J.|Molina}};<br>{{sortname|Frank Sherwood|Rowland}}<br />
|{{sortname|Edward B.|Lewis}};<br>{{sortname|Christiane|Nüsslein-Volhard}};<br>{{sortname|Eric F.|Wieschaus}}<br />
| {{sortname|Seamus|Heaney}}<br />
| {{sortname|Joseph|Rotblat}};<br>[[Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs]]<br />
| {{sortname|Robert|Lucas, Jr.}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1996<br />
| {{sortname|David M.|Lee}};<br>{{sortname|Douglas D.|Osheroff}};<br>{{sortname|Robert Coleman|Richardson}}<br />
|{{sortname|Robert F.|Curl Jr.|Robert Curl}};<br>{{sortname|Harold|Kroto}};<br>{{sortname|Richard|Smalley}}<br />
|{{sortname|Peter C.|Doherty}};<br>{{sortname|Rolf M.|Zinkernagel}}<br />
| {{sortname|Wisława|Szymborska}}<br />
| {{sortname|Carlos Filipe Ximenes|Belo}};<br>{{sortname|José|Ramos-Horta}}<br />
| {{sortname|James|Mirrlees}};<br>{{sortname|William|Vickrey}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1997<br />
| {{sortname|Steven|Chu}};<br>{{sortname|Claude|Cohen-Tannoudji}};<br>{{sortname|William D.|Phillips}}<br />
|{{sortname|Paul D.|Boyer}};<br>{{sortname|John E.|Walker}};<br>{{sortname|Jens Christian|Skou}}<br />
| {{sortname|Stanley B.|Prusiner}}<br />
| {{sortname|Dario|Fo}}<br />
| [[International Campaign to Ban Landmines]];<br>{{sortname|Jody|Williams}}<br />
| {{sortname|Robert C.|Merton}};<br>{{sortname|Myron|Scholes}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1998<br />
| {{sortname|Robert B.|Laughlin}};<br>{{sortname|Horst L.|Störmer}};<br>{{sortname|Daniel C.|Tsui}}<br />
|{{sortname|Walter|Kohn}};<br>{{sortname|John|Pople}}<br />
|{{sortname|Robert F.|Furchgott}};<br>{{sortname|Louis J.|Ignarro}};<br>{{sortname|Ferid|Murad}}<br />
| {{sortname|José|Saramago}}<br />
| {{sortname|John|Hume}};<br>{{sortname|David|Trimble|David Trimble, Baron Trimble}}<br />
| {{sortname|Amartya|Sen}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 1999<br />
| {{sortname|Gerardus 't|Hooft}};<br>{{sortname|Martinus J.G.|Veltman}}<br />
|{{sortname|Ahmed|Zewail}}<br />
|{{sortname|Günter|Blobel}}<br />
| {{sortname|Günter|Grass}}<br />
| [[Médecins Sans Frontières]]<br />
| {{sortname|Robert|Mundell}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 2000<br />
| {{sortname|Zhores I.|Alferov}};<br>{{sortname|Herbert|Kroemer}};<br>{{sortname|Jack|Kilby}}<br />
|{{sortname|Alan J.|Heeger}};<br>{{sortname|Alan|MacDiarmid}};<br>{{sortname|Hideki|Shirakawa}}<br />
|{{sortname|Arvid|Carlsson}};<br>{{sortname|Paul|Greengard}};<br>{{sortname|Eric|Kandel}}<br />
| {{sortname|Gao|Xingjian}}<br />
| {{sortname|Kim Dae|Jung}}<br />
| {{sortname|James|Heckman}};<br>{{sortname|Daniel|McFadden}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 2001<br />
| {{sortname|Eric A.|Cornell}};<br>{{sortname|Wolfgang|Ketterle}};<br>{{sortname|Carl E.|Wieman}}<br />
|{{sortname|William S.|Knowles}};<br>{{sortname|Ryoji|Noyori}};<br>{{sortname|Karl Barry|Sharpless}}<br />
|{{sortname|Leland H.|Hartwell}};<br>{{sortname|Tim|Hunt}};<br>{{sortname|Paul|Nurse}}<br />
| {{sortname|V. S.|Naipaul}}<br />
| [[United Nations]];<br>{{sortname|Kofi|Annan}}<br />
| {{sortname|George|Akerlof}};<br>{{sortname|Michael|Spence}};<br>{{sortname|Joseph E.|Stiglitz}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 2002<br />
| {{sortname|Raymond|Davis, Jr.}};<br>{{sortname|Masatoshi|Koshiba}};<br>{{sortname|Riccardo|Giacconi}}<br />
|{{sortname|John Bennett|Fenn}};<br>{{sortname|Koichi|Tanaka}};<br>{{sortname|Kurt|Wüthrich}}<br />
|{{sortname|Sydney|Brenner}};<br>{{sortname|H. Robert|Horvitz}};<br>{{sortname|John E.|Sulston}}<br />
| {{sortname|Imre|Kertész}}<br />
| {{sortname|Jimmy|Carter}}<br />
| {{sortname|Daniel|Kahneman}};<br>{{sortname|Vernon L.|Smith}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 2003<br />
| {{sortname|Alexei A.|Abrikosov}};<br>{{sortname|Vitaly L.|Ginzburg}};<br>{{sortname|Anthony J.|Leggett}}<br />
|{{sortname|Peter|Agre}};<br>{{sortname|Roderick|MacKinnon}}<br />
|{{sortname|Paul|Lauterbur}};<br>{{sortname|Peter|Mansfield}}<br />
| {{sortname|J. M.|Coetzee}}<br />
| {{sortname|Shirin|Ebadi}}<br />
| {{sortname|Robert F.|Engle}};<br>{{sortname|Clive|Granger}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 2004<br />
| {{sortname|David J.|Gross}};<br>{{sortname|H. David|Politzer}};<br>{{sortname|Frank|Wilczek}}<br />
|{{sortname|Aaron|Ciechanover}};<br>{{sortname|Avram|Hershko}};<br>{{sortname|Irwin|Rose}}<br />
|{{sortname|Richard|Axel}};<br>{{sortname|Linda B.|Buck}}<br />
| {{sortname|Elfriede|Jelinek}}<br />
| {{sortname|Wangari|Maathai}}<br />
| {{sortname|Finn E.|Kydland}};<br>{{sortname|Edward C.|Prescott}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 2005<br />
| {{sortname|Roy J.|Glauber}};<br>{{sortname|John L.|Hall}};<br>{{sortname|Theodor W.|Hänsch}}<br />
|{{sortname|Yves|Chauvin}};<br>{{sortname|Robert H.|Grubbs}};<br>{{sortname|Richard R.|Schrock}}<br />
| {{sortname|Barry|Marshall}};<br>{{sortname|Robin|Warren}}<br />
| {{sortname|Harold|Pinter}}<br />
| [[International Atomic Energy Agency]];<br>{{sortname|Mohamed|ElBaradei}}<br />
| {{sortname|Robert|Aumann}};<br>{{sortname|Thomas|Schelling}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 2006<br />
| {{sortname|John C.|Mather}};<br>{{sortname|George F.|Smoot}}<br />
|{{sortname|Roger D.|Kornberg}}<br />
|{{sortname|Andrew|Fire}};<br>{{sortname|Craig|Mello}}<br />
| {{sortname|Orhan|Pamuk}}<br />
| {{sortname|Muhammad|Yunus}};<br>[[Grameen Bank]]<br />
| {{sortname|Edmund|Phelps}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 2007<br />
| {{sortname|Albert|Fert}};<br>{{sortname|Peter|Grünberg}}<br />
|{{sortname|Gerhard|Ertl}}<br />
|{{sortname|Mario|Capecchi}};<br>{{sortname|Martin|Evans}};<br>{{sortname|Oliver|Smithies}}<br />
| {{sortname|Doris|Lessing}}<br />
| [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]];<br>{{sortname|Al|Gore}}<br />
| {{sortname|Leonid|Hurwicz}};<br>{{sortname|Eric|Maskin}};<br>{{sortname|Roger|Myerson}}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center| 2008<br />
| {{sortname|STeve Menzies (physicist)}};<br>{{sortname|Toshihide|Maskawa}}<br />
|{{sortname|Osamu|Shimomura}};<br>{{sortname|Martin|Chalfie}};<br>{{sortname|Roger Y.|Tsien}}<br />
|{{sortname|Harald|zur Hausen}};<br>{{sortname|Françoise|Barré-Sinoussi}};<br>{{sortname|Luc|Montagnier}}<br />
| {{sortname|Steve Menzies<br />
| {{sortname|Steve Menzies<br />
| {{sortname|Paul|Krugman}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
*{{note label|Note1|A|A}} In 1938 and 1939, the government of Germany did not allow three German Nobel Laureates to accept their Nobel Prizes. The three were [[Richard Kuhn]], Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1938; [[Adolf Butenandt]], Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1939; and [[Gerhard Domagk]], Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1939. They were later awarded the Nobel Prize diploma and medal, but not the money.<ref name="NobelFacts"/><br />
*{{note label|Note1|B|B}} In 1958, Russian-born [[Boris Pasternak]], under pressure from the government of the [[Soviet Union]], was forced to decline the Nobel Prize in Literature.<ref name="NobelFacts"/><br />
*{{note label|Note1|C|C}} In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past.<ref name="NobelFacts">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html|title=Nobel Laureates Facts|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-11-25}}</ref><br />
*{{note label|Note1|D|D}} In 1973, [[Le Duc Tho|Lê Ðức Thọ]] declined the Nobel Peace Prize. His reason was that he felt he did not deserve because although he helped negotiate the [[Paris Peace Accords]] (a cease-fire in the [[Vietnam War]]), there had been no actual peace agreement.<ref name="NobelFacts"/><ref name="PeacePrizeArticle"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
;General<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/|title=All Nobel Laureates in Physics|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|accessdate=2008-11-25}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/|title=All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-11-25}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/|title=All Nobel Laureates in Medicine|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-11-25}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/|title=All Nobel Laureates in Literature|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-11-25}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/|title=All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-11-25}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/|title=All Laureates in Economics|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-11-25}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
;Specific<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commonscat|Nobel laureates}}<br />
*[http://www.kva.se/KVA_Root/index_eng.asp Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]<br />
*[http://nobelprize.org/ Official website of the Nobel Foundation]<br />
<br />
{{Nobel Prizes}}<br />
{{featured list}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Award winners|Nobel Prize]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of awards]]<br />
[[Category:Nobel laureates| ]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries|Nobel laureates]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[ar:قائمة الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل]]<br />
[[gu:નોબેલ પારિતોષિક વડે સન્માનીત મહાનુભાવો]]<br />
[[id:Daftar penerima Nobel]]<br />
[[lv:Nobela prēmiju laureāti]]<br />
[[hu:Nobel-díjasok listája]]<br />
[[ja:ノーベル賞受賞者の一覧]]<br />
[[ro:Lista laureaţilor Premiului Nobel]]<br />
[[sq:Lista e fituesve të Çmimit Nobel]]<br />
[[ta:நோபல் பரிசு பெற்றவர்கள் பட்டியல்]]<br />
[[vi:Những người đoạt giải Nobel]]<br />
[[tr:Nobel Ödülü kazananlar listesi]]</div>122.106.200.22https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dee_Why&diff=149530950Dee Why2008-11-27T00:43:06Z<p>122.106.200.22: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|the ferry|Dee Why (ferry)}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox Australian Place | type = suburb<br />
| name = Dee Why<br />
| city = Sydney<br />
| state = nsw<br />
| image = Dee Why Beach.JPG<br />
| caption = Dee Why Beach<br />
| lga = Warringah Council<br />
| postcode = 2099<br />
| est = <br />
| pop = 17,463<ref name=abs>{{Census 2006 AUS|id=SSC11291|name=Dee Why (State Suburb)|accessdate=February 13, 2008|quick=on}}</ref> <br />
| area = <br />
| propval = $740,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.domain.com.au/public/SuburbProfile.aspx?searchTerm=Dee%20Why |title=Dee Why Suburb Profile |publisher=domain.com.au |accessdate=February 13, 2008}}</ref><br />
| stategov = [[Electoral district of Manly|Manly]], [[Electoral district of Wakehurst|Wakehurst]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.nsw.gov.au/redistribution_2004/district_search?queries_locality_query=Dee+Why |publisher=NSW State Electoral Office |title=State Electoral Office search results |accessdate=December 10, 2006}}</ref><br />
| fedgov = [[Division of Warringah|Warringah]], [[Division of Mackellar|Mackellar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.aec.gov.au/esearch/poll_location.cfm?Polling__State=NSW&Polling__Location=DEE%20WHY&Polling__Electorate=&Polling__Postcode=2099 | title=AEC Polling Places |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission |accessdate=December 10, 2006}}</ref><br />
| near-nw = [[Cromer, New South Wales|Cromer]]<br />
| near-n = [[Collaroy, New South Wales|Collaroy]]<br />
| near-ne = <br />
| near-w = [[Narraweena, New South Wales|Narraweena]]<br />
| near-e = '' [[Tasman Sea]] ''<br />
| near-sw = [[Brookvale, New South Wales|Brookvale]]<br />
| near-s = [[North Curl Curl, New South Wales|North Curl Curl]]<br />
| near-se = <br />
| dist1 = 18<br />
| dir1 = north-east<br />
| location1= Sydney CBD<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dee Why''' is a [[suburb]] of northern [[Sydney]], in the state of [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. Dee Why is located 18 [[kilometres]] north-east of the [[Sydney central business district]], in the [[Local Government Areas in Australia|local government area]] of [[Warringah Council]] and is part of the [[Northern Beaches]] region. Dee Why is surrounded by the suburbs of [[Collaroy, New South Wales|Collaroy]], [[North Curl Curl, New South Wales|North Curl Curl]], [[Brookvale, New South Wales|Brookvale]], [[Narraweena, New South Wales|Narraweena]] and [[Cromer, New South Wales|Cromer]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<!-- Please check the talk page before editing or adding information on the origins of Dee Why's name--><br />
The origin of the name of neighbouring Long Reef is obvious, but the reasons for Dee Why's name remain unclear. The earliest reference to it is a pencil note in surveyor [[James Meehan]]'s field book, "Wednesday, 27th Sept, 1815 Dy Beach - Marked a Honey Suckle Tree near the Beach".<ref>''Sydney's Northern Beaches'', David Messent, David Messent Photography, 1999, ISBN 0-9577124-05</ref> What it meant to him was not recorded, and since then many unverifiable reasons have been put forward. <ref>''The Book of Sydney Suburbs'', Compiled by Frances Pollen, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia ISBN 0-207-14495-8, page 82 </ref><br />
Dee why is a hole and a ghetto<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[Image: DeeWhyBeach.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Dee Why Beach and Dee Why Lagoon, view from Long Reef]] <br />
Dee Why is contained in the drainage basin of Dee Why Lagoon, and stretches from Victor Road in the west to Dee Why Beach in the east, and from the crest of [[Wingala]] Hill to the northern edge of Dee Why Lagoon. The Bicentennial Coastal Walkway from [[Queenscliff, New South Wales|Queenscliff]] to [[Palm Beach, New South Wales|Palm Beach]] leads from [[North Curl Curl, New South Wales|North Curl Curl Beach]] in the south, along the cliffs of Dee Why Head and down to the southern end of Dee Why Beach. The track exhibits the coastal heath ecosystem that used to be spread all over the Warringah area, and has been extensively regenerated since 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warringah.nsw.gov.au/environment/DeeWhyHeadlandEscarpment.aspx |title=Dee Why Headland/Escarpment |accessdate=November 11, 2008 |date=December 20, 2007 |work=Warringah Online |publisher=Warringah Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
Another significant natural area within Dee Why is the [[Stony Range Botanic Garden]], established in 1957 on the site of an old quarry and located just south of the Dee Why town centre. The garden, which contains plants from all over Australia as well as those indigenous to the area, has four main sections, the rainforest gully, the sandstone heath on the site of the quarry, the Federation Cascades built in 2001 to commemorate the centenary of the federation of Australia, and the primitive plant section, with examples of plant species that have survived for millions of years. The garden is open from 8am to 5pm every day except Christmas Day, and admission is free.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warringah.nsw.gov.au/environment/StonyRangeBotanicGarden.aspx |title=Stony Range Botanic Garden |accessdate=November 11, 2008 |date=September 16, 2008 |work=Warringah Online |publisher=Warringah Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Dee Why Beach===<br />
Dee Why Beach runs for about 1.2 km along the eastern border, overlooking the [[Tasman Sea]]. To the north are the dunes separating the beach from the Dee Why Lagoon. At its southern end is the Dee Why Beach Reserve, with picnic areas and century old Norfolk Island Pines, similar to the ones in [[Manly Beach, New South Wales|Manly]]. The reserve is contained by a seawall running for approximately 400m, and was upgraded in 2006, with new pathways, stairs, lookout platforms, an upper promenade and the restoration of the war memorial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warringah.nsw.gov.au/wcadmin/Portals/0/Module368_Item305/Published/Dee%20Why%20Beachfront%20Reserve%20Opening.pdf |title=Dee Why Beachfront Reserve Opening |accessdate=December 30, 2006 |date=December 13, 2006 |format=PDF |work=Warringah Online |publisher=Warringah Council}}</ref> There are two playgrounds in the vicinity, located at the southern end of the beach and west of the Dee Why [[Surf Life Saving Club]], near to the lagoon, and several [[Swimming pool#Types|ocean pools]] located below cliffs to the south. Car parking facilities exist in the streets to the south, as well as a car park next to the Life Saving Club.<br />
<br />
===Dee Why Lagoon===<br />
Behind the beach's remaining dunes, to the north of The Strand, is Dee Why Lagoon. Its entrance marks the northern end of Dee Why Beach and the southern extent of Long Reef Beach. The high conservation value of the lagoon and its surrounding area was recognised in 1973 when it was proclaimed a [[wildlife refuge]]. It is an extremely significant area for local and migratory birds, and is listed on migratory bird agreements with [[Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement|Japan]] and [[China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement|China]]. The Dee Why Lagoon Wildlife Refuge covers an area of 77 hectares, of which the lagoon takes up 30 hectares. The rest of the reserve is primarily swamp-based bushland, as well as the coastal dune ecosystem between the lagoon and the sea. It is a major scenic feature of the Northern Beaches, situated off Pittwater Road, and acessable from Dee Why Parade and The Strand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warringah.nsw.gov.au/environment/DeeWhyLagoonWildlifeRefuge.aspx |title=Dee Why Lagoon Wildlife Reserve |accessdate=November 11, 2008 |date=December 21, 2007 |work=Warringah Online |publisher=Warringah Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Commercial areas==<br />
The main commercial area in Dee Why is centred on either side of [[Pittwater Road]], the main arterial road for the Northern Beaches, and lines the roads leading to the beach. This area is characterised by 1960s shop-top, two storey buildings and later, four to eight storey developments. Also on Pittwater Road is the [[Warringah Council#Civic_Centre|Warringah Council Chambers]] and the Dee Why branch of Warringah [[Library]], one of four networked branches of the Library.<br />
<br />
The Strand, running along the southern Dee Why beachfront, is a major commercial area, and features two to three storey cafes, restaurants and bars overlooking the beach.<br />
<br />
==Governance==<br />
Dee Why is within the [[Warringah Council]] [[Local Government Areas in Australia|Local Government Area]], and is home to the award-winning Warringah Council Civic Centre built in 1973, which contains the Council Chambers and is situated just to the north of the Library. Parts of the suburb lie in the A and B Wards of the Council.<br />
<br />
Dee Why is in both the federal electorates of [[Division of Warringah|Warringah]], represented by [[Tony Abbott]] of the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]], and the electorate of [[Division of Mackellar|Mackellar]], which is currently represented by [[Bronwyn Bishop]], also of the Liberal Party. The suburb lies within both the state electorates of [[Electoral district of Wakehurst|Wakehurst]] and [[Electoral district of Manly|Manly]], who are represented by the Liberal Party members [[Brad Hazzard]], Shadow Minister for Education and Aboriginal Affairs, and [[Mike Baird (Australian Politician)|Mike Baird]] respectively.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Mapit-AUS-suburbscale|lat=-33.75444|long=151.28538}} <br />
*{{Census 2001 AUS|id=SSC11701|name=Dee Why (State Suburb)|accessdate=2007-06-17}}<br />
<br />
{{Sydney_Warringah_suburbs}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Suburbs of Sydney]]<br />
[[Category:Beaches of Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[es:Dee Why]]</div>122.106.200.22