https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=12.231.69.10Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]2025-06-24T16:52:14ZBenutzerbeiträgeMediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.6https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out-of-place-Artefakt&diff=222500757Out-of-place-Artefakt2019-03-11T20:08:38Z<p>12.231.69.10: The need for scientific backups to your claims if you are going to say an oopart is from advanced ancient beings, nephilims, or even aliens.</p>
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<div>{{Redirect|OOPArts|The Pillows' album|OOPArts (album)|the SYUN album|OOPARTS (SYUN album)}}<br />
An '''out-of-place artifact ''' ('''OOPArt''') is an [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifact]] of historical, archaeological, or paleontological interest found in an unusual context, that challenges conventional [[history|historical]] chronology by being "too advanced" for the level of civilization that existed at the time, or showing "[[Human settlement|human presence]]" before humans [[Timeline of human evolution|were known to exist]]. Other examples suggest contact between different cultures that are hard to account for with conventional historical understanding.<br />
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The term is used largely by [[cryptozoology|cryptozoologists]], proponents of [[ancient astronaut]] theories, [[young Earth creationist]]s, and [[paranormal]] enthusiasts.<ref name="Salon" /> It can describe a wide variety of objects, from anomalies studied by mainstream science and [[pseudoarchaeology]] far outside the mainstream to objects that have been shown to be [[hoax]]es or to have mundane explanations.<br />
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Critics argue that most purported OOPArts which are not hoaxes are the result of mistaken interpretation, wishful thinking, or a mistaken belief that a particular culture could not have created an artifact or technology due to a lack of knowledge or materials. In some cases, the uncertainty results from inaccurate descriptions. For example: the [[Wolfsegg Iron]] was said to be a perfect cube, but in fact it is not; the [[Klerksdorp sphere]]s were said to be perfect spheres, but they are not; and the [[Iron pillar of Delhi]] was said to be "rust proof", but it has some rust near its base. Most people who believe in the ooparts are usually ridiculed for their ridiculous behaviours and unsubstantiated claims.<br />
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Supporters regard OOPArts as evidence that mainstream science is overlooking huge areas of knowledge, either willfully or through ignorance.<ref name="Salon">{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2005/08/31/archaeology/index.html|title=Archaeology from the dark side|last=O'Hehir|first=Andrew |date=August 31, 2005|publisher=Salon.com|accessdate=19 April 2010}}</ref> Many writers or researchers who question conventional views of human history have used purported OOPArts in attempts to bolster their arguments.<ref name="Salon" /> [[Creation science]] relies on allegedly anomalous finds in the archaeological record to challenge scientific chronologies and models of human evolution.<ref name=StrombergOthers2004a>Stromberg, P, and PV Heinrich (2004) [http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/rncse_content/vol24/2562_the_coso_artifact_mystery_fro_12_30_1899.asp ''The Coso Artifact Mystery from the Depths of Time?''], Reports of the National Center for Science Education. 24(2):26-30 (March/April 2004) Retrieved March 8, 2014.</ref> Claimed OOPArts have been used to support religious descriptions of pre-history, ancient astronaut theories, and the notion of vanished civilizations that possessed knowledge or technology more advanced than that of modern times.<ref name="Salon" /><br />
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== Examples ==<br />
The following are examples of objects that have been argued by various fringe authors ([[Out-of-place artifact#See also|see list]]) to have been OOPArts:<br />
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=== Unusual artifacts ===<br />
[[File:NAMA Machine d'Anticythère 1.jpg|thumb|Fragment of the [[Antikythera mechanism]].]]<br />
A minority of alleged OOPARTs are at least debatably unusual within the scientific mainstream, although not impossible for their time period.<br />
* [[Antikythera mechanism]]: Its clockwork-like appearance, dating to about 1,000 years before clocks were invented, has been claimed by fringe sources to be evidence of alien visitation,<ref>{{Skeptoid|id=4184|number=184|title=The Antikythera Mechanism |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref> and authors such as [[Zecharia Sitchin]] argue that this artifact is a product "not of Man, but of the gods".<ref name="Sitchin2011">{{cite book|author=Zecharia Sitchin|title=Journeys to the Mythical Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPNg4nfp-6YC&pg=PA171|accessdate=19 June 2013|date=25 January 2011|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-59143-951-6|pages=171–}}</ref> However, mainstream scientists consider the Antikythera mechanism to be a form of [[Analog computer|mechanical computer]] created around 150–100&nbsp;BCE based on the theories of astronomy and mathematics developed by the ancient Greeks. Its design and workmanship reflect a previously unknown, but not implausible, degree of sophistication.<ref>"[http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/project/general/the-project.html The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project]", The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 2007-07-01 Quote: "The Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical "computer" which tracks the cycles of the Solar System."</ref><ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/30/AR2006113001303.html|title=Experts: Fragments an Ancient Computer|last=Paphitis|first=Nicholas|date=December 1, 2006|work=[[The Washington Post]]|location=ATHENS, Greece|quote=Imagine tossing a top-notch laptop into the sea, leaving scientists from a foreign culture to scratch their heads over its corroded remains centuries later. A Roman shipmaster inadvertently did something just like it 2,000 years ago off southern Greece, experts said late Thursday.}}</ref><br />
* [[Maine penny]]: Some authors argue the 11th-century [[Norway|Norwegian]] coin found in a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] shell [[midden]] in [[Maine]], [[United States]] is evidence of [[Norse visits to North America|direct contact between Vikings]] and Native Americans in Maine. Mainstream belief is that it was brought to Maine from Labrador or Newfoundland via an extensive northern native trade network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/voyage/subset/vinland/archeo.html |title=Vinland Archeology |publisher=Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History |date= |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref> Over 20,000 objects were found over a 15-year period at the [[Goddard Site]] in [[Brooklin, Maine]]. The sole non-Native artifact was the coin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919916,00.html|title=Bye, Columbus|date=December 11, 1978|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Questionable interpretations ===<br />
[[File:Ironie pile Bagdad.jpg|thumb|The three components of the [[Baghdad Battery]].]]<br />
* [[Baghdad Battery]]: Vase and rods made in [[Parthia]]n or [[Sassanid Persia]]. May have been used as a [[galvanic cell]] for [[electroplating]], though no electroplated artifacts from this era have been found.<ref name="vonHandorfOthers2002a">Von Handorf, DE, and DE Crotty (2002) ''The Baghdad battery – myth or reality?'' Plating and Surface Finishing. vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 84–87.</ref><ref name="Flatow2002a">Flatow, I (2012) [https://www.npr.org/2012/03/23/149231682/-archaeologists-revisit-iraq ''Archaeologists Revisit Iraq.'' interview with Elizabeth Stone], Talk of the Nation, National Public Radio. Washington, DC.</ref><br />
* [[Dorchester Pot]]: A metal pot claimed to have been blasted out of solid rock in 1852.<ref name="SteigerOthers1979a">Steiger, B. (1979) ''Worlds Before Our Own.'' New York, New York, Berkley Publishing Group. 236 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-933665-19-1}}</ref><ref name="FitzpatrickMOthers2007a">Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K, and J Doeser (2007) [http://www.badarchaeology.com/?page_id=300 ''Metallic vase from Dorchester, Massachusetts.''] [http://www.badarchaeology.com/ Bad Archaeology.]</ref><br />
* [[Kingoodie artifact]]: An object resembling a corroded nail, said to have been encased in solid rock.<ref name="David1854a">Sir David, B (1854) ''Queries and Statements concerning a Nail found imbedded in a Block of Sandstone obtained from Kingoodie (Mylnfield) Quarry, North Britain.'' Report of the Fourteenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science vol. 51, John Murray London.</ref><ref>Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K, and J Doeser (2007) [http://badarchaeology.net./data/ooparts/kingoodie.php ''A nail in Devonian sandstone from Kingoodie, Scotland.''] [http://www.badarchaeology.com/ Bad Archaeology.]</ref><br />
* [[Lake Winnipesaukee mystery stone]]: Originally thought to be a record of a treaty between tribes, subsequent analysis has called its authenticity into question.<ref name="anonymousnda">anonymous (nd) [http://www.nhhistory.org/museumexhibits/mysterystone/mysterystone.htm ''The Mystery Stone''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914204903/http://www.nhhistory.org/museumexhibits/mysterystone/mysterystone.htm |date=2010-09-14 }} [http://www.nhhistory.org/museum.html Museum Exhibits], New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, New Hampshire.</ref><ref name="Klatell2006">Klatell, JM (July 23, 2006). [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-englands-mystery-stone/ ''New England's 'Mystery Stone': New Hampshire Displays Unexplained Artifact 134 Years Later.''] Associated Press. Retrieved March 8, 2014.</ref><br />
* ''[[Sivatherium]]'' of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]: An ornamental [[war chariot]] piece discovered in the [[Sumer]]ian ruins of Kish, which is now in central [[Iraq]], in 1928. The figurine, dated to the Early Dynastic I period in 2800-2750 BC, depicts a quadrupedal mammal with branched horns, a [[nose ring (animals)|nose ring]] and a rope tied to the ring. Because of the shape of the horns, [[Edwin Colbert]] identified it as a depiction of a late surviving, possibly domesticated ''Sivatherium'', a vaguely [[moose]]-like relative of the [[giraffe]] that lived in [[North Africa]] and [[India]] during the [[Pleistocene]] but was believed extinct early in the [[Holocene extinction event]]. [[Henry Field (anthropologist)|Henry Field]] and [[Berthold Laufer]] instead argued that it represented a captive [[Persian fallow deer]] and that the [[antler]]s had broken over the years. The missing antlers were found in the [[Field Museum of Natural History|Field Museum]]'s storeroom in 1977.<ref>Naish, D. (2007) [http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2011/04/25/sumerian-sivathere-figurine/ ''What happened with that Sumerian 'sivathere' figurine after Colbert's paper of 1936? Well, a lot.''] [http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/ Tetrapod Zoology.]</ref><br />
* [[Tecaxic-Calixtlahuaca head]]: A [[terracotta]] offering head seemingly of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] appearance, found beneath three intact floors of a [[Pre-Columbian]] burial site in [[Mexico]], dated between 1476 and 1510. However, the artifact has been determined to be older and ancient Roman provenance has not been excluded.<ref name="HristovOthers2001">Hristov, RH, and S. Genoves (2001) [http://www.unm.edu/~rhristov/calixtlahuaca.html ''Tecaxic-Calixtlahuaca.''] Dept. of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.</ref><ref name="Schaaf Others2001">Schaaf, P and GA Wagner (1991) ''Comments on 'Mesoamerican Evidence of Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Contacts,' by Hristov and Genovés.'' Ancient Mesoamerica. 10:207-213.</ref><br />
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=== Alternate interpretations ===<br />
[[File:QtubIronPillar.JPG|thumb|200px|The iron pillar of Delhi]]<br />
* [[Helicopter hieroglyphs|Abydos helicopter]]: A [[pareidolia]] based on [[palimpsest]] carving in an ancient Egyptian temple.<br />
* [[Baalbek#Ruins|Baalbek megaliths]]: almost impossible to move with Bronze Age technology.<br />
* [[Dendera light|Dendera Lamps]]: Supposed to depict light bulbs, but made in Ptolemaic Egypt.<br />
* [[Eiserner Mann|Iron Man (Eiserner Mann)]]: An old iron pillar, said to be a unique oddity in [[Central Europe]].<br />
* The [[Hidden character stone]], a Chinese petroglyph.<br />
* [[Iron pillar of Delhi]]: Rust-proof Iron pillar demonstrates more advanced metallurgy than was supposedly available in India, pre 1000 AD.<br />
* Igneous rock statues and buildings: demonstrates ability to accurately carve [[basalt]], [[Granite]], [[Diorite]], etc., in the Bronze age.<br />
* The "[[London Hammer]]", also known as the "London Artifact", hammer made of iron and wood that was found in [[London, Texas]] in 1936. Part of the hammer is embedded in a limy rock concretion.<br />
* [[Nazca Lines]]: Supposedly impossible to design without the aid of an aerial view.<br />
* The [[Newark Holy Stones]], used as extremely unlikely evidence that Hebrews lived in the Americas, but more probably a hoax.<br />
* [[Pacal's sarcophagus lid]]: Described by [[Erich von Däniken]] as a depiction of a spaceship.<br />
* [[Piri Reis map]]: Several ancient astronauts authors, and others such as [[Gavin Menzies]] and [[Charles Hapgood]], suggested that this map, compiled by the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] [[admiral]] [[Piri Reis]], shows [[Antarctica]] long before it was discovered.<br />
* [[Quimbaya airplanes]]: Golden objects found in [[Colombia]] and made by [[Quimbaya civilization]] culture, they are supposed to represent modern airplanes. In the [[Gold Museum, Bogotá]], they are described as figures of birds and insects.<br />
* [[Saqqara Bird#Controversial ideas|Saqqara Bird]]: Supposed to depict a glider, but made in Ancient Egypt.<br />
* [[Dogū#Pseudoarchaeology|Shakōkidogū]]: Small humanoid and animal [[figurine]]s made during the late [[Jōmon period]] (14,000–400&nbsp;BCE) of prehistoric Japan, said to resemble extraterrestrial astronauts.<br />
* [[Stone spheres of Costa Rica#Myths|Stone spheres of Costa Rica]]: Inaccurately described as being perfectly spherical, and therefore demonstrating greater stone-working skill than was present in pre-Columbian times.<br />
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=== Natural objects mistaken for artifacts ===<br />
[[File:Eltanin Antenna.jpg|thumb|[[Eltanin Antenna]].]]<br />
* [[Aix-en-Provence]] petrified tools: Likely petrified tree remains.<ref name="Stillman1820">Stillman, B (1820) ''Curious Geological Facts'': The American Journal of Science. v. 2, no. 2, pp. 144–46. (November 1820). [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002151832 Internet Archive copy] archived on May 27, 2011.</ref><ref name="FitzpatrickMatthews2002">Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K (2007) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20161116210254/http://www.badarchaeology.com/out-of-place-artefacts/very-ancient-artefacts/tools-in-rock-at-aix-en-provence/ Tools in rock at Aix-en-Provence]''. Archived from [http://www.badarchaeology.com/out-of-place-artefacts/very-ancient-artefacts/tools-in-rock-at-aix-en-provence the original] on November 16, 2016.</ref><br />
* [[Baigong Pipes]]: Their natural origins are challenged.<ref name="Anonymous2002a">Anonymous (2002) [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200206/25/eng20020625_98530.shtml ''Mysterious Pipes Left by 'ET' Reported from Qinghai.''] [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/ People's Daily Online], Beijing, China. Retrieved March 8, 2014.</ref><ref name="Anonymous2002b">Anonymous (2002) [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200206/19/eng20020619_98177.shtml ''Chinese Scientists to Head for Suspected ET Relics.''] [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/ People's Daily Online], Beijing, China. Retrieved March 8, 2014.</ref><ref name="Dunning2009a">{{Skeptoid|id=4181|number=181|title=The Baigong Pipes|accessdate= March 8, 2014}}</ref><br />
* [[Eltanin Antenna]]: Actually a [[sponge]].<ref name="Brooksmith2004a">Brookesmith, P (2004) [http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/155/the_eltanin_enigma.html ''The Eltanin Enigma.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403182441/http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/155/the_eltanin_enigma.html |date=2013-04-03 }} [http://www.forteantimes.com/ Fortean Times]. (May 2004). Retrieved March 8, 2014.</ref><ref name="HeezenOthers1971a">Heezen, BC, and CD Hollister (1971) ''The Face of the Deep.'' Oxford University Press, New York. 659 pp. {{ISBN|0-19-501277-1}}</ref><br />
* [[Face of Mars]]: [[Pareidolia]] caused by poor resolution in early Martian missions.<br />
* [[Klerksdorp sphere]]s: Actually pre-Cambrian [[concretion]]s.<ref name="Cairncross1988">Cairncross, B (1988) ''"Cosmic cannonballs" a rational explanation'': The South African Lapidary Magazine. v. 30, no. 1, pp. 4–6.</ref><ref name="Heinrich1997">Heinrich, PV (1997) ''Mystery spheres'': National Center for Science Education Reports. v. 17, no. 1, p. 34. (January/February 1997)</ref><br />
* [[Paluxy River#Paluxy trackways|Paluxy River tracks]]: Identified by Biblical literalists as [[nephilim|giant humanoid]] footprints found alongside dinosaur tracks. Actually tracks of [[theropod]] dinosaurs, and 1930s forgeries.<br />
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=== Erroneously dated objects ===<br />
* Aiud object: An aluminum wedge found in 1974 in the [[Mureș River]] in central [[Romania]], near the town of [[Aiud]] is claimed by Romanian [[UFOlogy|UFOlogists]] to be of ancient and/or [[wikt:extraterrestrial|extraterrestrial]] origin,<ref name="RealitateaTV">RealitateaTV (2014) [http://ziuadecj.realitatea.net/life--and--style/specialist-despre-obiectul-preistoric-neidentificat-din-depozitele-muzeului-de-istorie-apartine-unui-robot-primitiv-video--125044.html "Specialist despre obiectul preistoric neidentificat din depozitele muzeului de istorie: 'aparţine unui robot primitiv'"], RealitateaTV.net.</ref> however it is more likely a fragment of modern machinery lost during excavation work.<ref name="Hilblairious">Hilblairious (2014) [http://hilblairious.blogspot.ca/2014/12/aluminum-aliens-and-gear-they-left.html "Aluminum, Aliens (1): What "THEY" left Behind in Aiud"], Hilblairious.blogspot.ca.</ref><br />
* [[Coso artifact]]: Thought to be prehistoric; actually a 1920s [[spark plug]].<ref name=StrombergOthers2004a /><br />
* [[Moab Man|Malachite Man]]: Thought to be from the early [[Cretaceous]]; actually a post-Columbian burial.<ref name=" CoulamOthers1995a">Coulam, NJ, and AR Schroedl (1995) ''The Keystone azurite mine in southeastern Utah.'' Utah Archaeology. 8(1): 1–12.</ref><ref name="Kuban2005aa">Kuban, GJ, (2005) [http://paleo.cc/paluxy/moab-man.htm ''"Moab Man" – "Malachite Man"'']. [http://paleo.cc/paluxy.htm The Paluxy Dinosaur/"Man Track" Controversy.] Retrieved March 8, 2014.</ref><br />
* [[Wolfsegg Iron]]: Thought to be from the [[Tertiary]] epoch; actually from an early mining operation. Inaccurately described as a perfect [[cube]].<br />
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=== Modern-day creations, forgeries and hoaxes ===<br />
[[File:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Babylonokia]]]]<br />
[[File:Ica stones3.JPG|thumb|right|200px|An [[Ica stone]] depicting dinosaurs]]<br />
* [[Babylonokia]]: A clay tablet shaped like a [[mobile phone]]. [[Fringe scientist]]s and [[alternative archaeology]] proponents subsequently misrepresented a photograph of the artwork as showing an 800-year-old archaeological find; that story was popularised in a video on the YouTube channel ''Paranormal Crucible'' and led to the object being reported by some press sources as a mystery.<br />
* [[Acámbaro figures]]: Mid-20th century [[figurines]] of [[dinosaur]]s, attributed by [[Waldemar Julsrud]] to an ancient society.<br />
* [[Crystal skull]]s: Supposedly demonstrate more advanced stone-cutting skill than was present in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Appear to have been made in the 19th century.<br />
* [[Ica stones]]: Depict [[Inca]] [[dinosaur]]-hunters, [[surgery]], and other modern or fanciful topics. Collected by Javier Cabrera Darquea, who claimed them to be prehistoric.<br />
* [[Kensington Runestone]]: Purports to have been made by 15th century descendents of [[Leif Ericson]]'s colony. Generally believed to be a modern-day hoax.<br />
* The [[Michigan relics]], supposedly ancient artifacts that are [[archaeological forgery|archaeological forgeries]] and were supposed to prove that people of an ancient [[Near East]]ern culture had lived in [[Michigan]], United States.<br />
* The [[Tucson artifacts]], a hoax.<br />
* The [[Calaveras Skull]], an admitted hoax.<br />
* [[Los Lunas Decalogue Stone]]: Supposedly made by Pre-Columbian Israelite visitors to the Americas. Generally believed to be a modern-day hoax.<br />
* The [[Japanese Paleolithic hoax]], perpetrated by discredited amateur archeologist [[Shinichi Fujimura]].<br />
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=== Entirely fictional ===<br />
* [[Dropa stones]]: Popularized by [[David Gamon]] (as [[David Agamon]]) as part of his [[false document]] ''[[Sungods in Exile]]''.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Ancient technology]]<br />
* [[Lost inventions]]<br />
* [[Anachronism]]<br />
* [[Lazarus taxon]] – when a biological lineage is discovered to have been alive long after it was assumed extinct<br />
<br />
=== Authors and works ===<br />
* [[Charles Fort]], researcher of anomalous phenomena<br />
* ''[[Fortean Times]]''<br />
* [[Peter Kolosimo]]<br />
* ''[[Fingerprints of the Gods]]'' book by [[Graham Hancock]]<br />
* [[Michael Cremo]], author of several books including ''[[Forbidden Archeology]]''<br />
* [[Charles Berlitz]], famous linguist and writer of anomalous phenomena<br />
* ''[[The Mysterious Origins of Man]]'' originally aired on [[NBC]] in 1996<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|OOParts}}<br />
* [http://www.badarchaeology.net/bad/index.php Critical perspective on Creationist and New Age claims related to out-of-place artifacts] at Bad Archaeology<br />
* [http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2005/08/31/archaeology/index.html ''Archaeology from the dark side''] at [[Salon.com]]<br />
* [http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/cult_archaeology/out_of_place_artefacts.html Out-of-place artifacts article] at Cult and Fringe Archaeology<br />
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[[Category:Out-of-place artifacts| ]]<br />
[[Category:Forteana]]<br />
[[Category:Pseudoarchaeology]]</div>12.231.69.10