Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Juju (religiöse Praktik)

2007-10-13T05:05:43Z

12.218.145.112: added link

{{Unreferenced|date=August 2007}}
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[[Image:Ju-ju house.png|thumb|400px|A sensationalist 1873 Victorian illustration of a "Ju-ju house" on the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] showing fetishised skulls and bones.]]
==Origin==
The word '''juju''' is commonly credited to West African tribes, namely the [[Yoruba]] of Western [[Nigeria]]. The other common source is the Bantu languages. This has been disputed by many experts, other theories range from the [[Hausa language]] to [[French language|French]] joujou. Despite much debate linguists still disagree.

==Juju Magic==
Juju is an aura or other magical property, usually having to do with spirits or luck, which is bound to a specific object; it is also a term for the object. Juju also refers to the spirits and ghosts in West African lore as a general name. The object that contains the juju, or [[fetish]], can be anything from an elephant’s head to an extinguisher. One of the most popular juju objects in West Africa, for example, is a [[monkey]]'s [[hand]]. In general, juju can only be created by a [[witch doctor]]; few exceptions exist. Juju can be summoned by a witchdoctor for several purposes. Good juju can cure ailments of mind and body; anything from fractured limbs to a headache can be corrected. Bad juju is used to exact revenge, soothe jealousy, and cause misfortune. Contrary to common belief, [[voodoo]] is not related to juju, despite the linguistic and spiritual similarities. Juju has acquired some karmic attributes in more recent times. Good juju can stem from almost any good deed: saving a kitten, or returning a lost book. Bad juju can be spread just as easily; cheating on a test or any other disreputable act will evoke it. These ideas revolve around the luck and fortune portions of juju. The use of juju to describe an object usually involves small items worn or carried; these generally contain medicines produced by witchdoctors.

==Juju Music==
Juju is also the name of a popular [[Nigerian music]]. Tied closely to [[Yoruba]] culture, Juju generally features the tension drum (aka "talking drum') and bright, shimmering guitar lines, often played on a steel guitar. Though the form arose in the early half of the 20th century, it found its first real audience on Nigerian stages in the 1960s following the popularity of [[Chief Commander Ebenezer Obey]] and accordionist [[I.K. Dairo]], M.B.E. In the late '60s former Highlife guitarist [[King Sunny Ade]] emerged as a force in the music. As the '60s became the '70s, Ade and Obey became the leading lights of Juju, audiences and the press casting Ade as an innovator and Obey as a traditionalist.

Both Obey and Ade found international audiences in the 1980s, Ade becoming a superstar when he signed with [[Island Records]]' in their bid to find an [[African]] [[Bob Marley]], and Obey with his breakthrough album Current Affairs (1980).

==Usage in Popular culture==
* The phrase is used in several [[John le Carre]] novels, notably ''[[Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy]].''
* The phrase is also featured in Graeme Greene's novel The Quiet American where narrator and protagonists Fowler remarks "and I thought to myself 'the juju doesn't work'"
* Juju is also a term used to refer to energy: "good juju" is good energy; "bad juju" is bad energy. This popular meaning has found its way to television. The [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] series ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' uses the term in the [[Grey's Anatomy episodes (Season 2)#Superstition|episode "Superstition"]], as does the CBS series ''[[The Unit]],'' in its 2006 episode, "The Kill Zone." It has also been used by Capitan Sig Hansen of the F/V Northwestern on the Discovery Channel show "The Deadliest Catch."
* In the music industry, Juju plays a big part in the work of J Plunky Branch with his afro-funk jazz fusion music. From 1971 to 1974 his band was called Juju, from 1975 to 1981 Oneness of Juju, from 1982 to 1988 Plunky & Oneness of Juju and from 1988 to present day is known as Plunky & Oneness. The band also had an album in 1984 called Electric JuJu Nation. (This information courtesy of the band's website: http://www.plunkyone.com.)
* The phrase "bad juju" is used occasionally in the British comedy series "The Mighty Boosh."
* [[Archie Shepp|Archie Shepp's]] 1967 album was titled ''The Magic of Ju-Ju.''
* The lyric "JuJu eyeball" appears in the popular [[Beatles]] song "Come Together."
* The fourth studio album by [[Siouxsie & the Banshees]] is named ''[[Juju (Siouxsie & the Banshees album)|Juju]]'' (1981).
* [[Alice Cooper]] has a song titled "Black Juju," and uses the lyric "juju eye" in his song "Zombie Dance."
* [[Sammy Hagar]] has a song titled "Serious Juju", located on album "Ten 13"
* [[Albertsons]] sells a derivative of Swedish fish called Ju Ju Fish.
*The Phrase "Bad JuJu" also appears twice in the animated feature [[Ice Age 2: The Meltdown]] during the dance of the mini-sloths.
* The term 'Juju' also appears in the video game, and its sequels,: "[[Tak and the Power of Juju]]".
* The term 'Bad Juju' is used by Hyde in [[That 70's Show]] after eating crows cooked by Fez.
* 'Juju' is used as a slang term for [[marijuana]]-filled cigarettes in [[Raymond Chandler]]'s novel [i][[Farewell, My Lovely]][/i]. On page 73, Anne Riordan says 'I knew a guy once who smoked jujus...Three highballs and three sticks of tea and it took a pipe wrench to get him off the chandelier.'

==Usage in Military culture==

Juju is a term used in the [[United States military]] (especially in [[Infantry]] and [[U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System|combat arms]]) to describe a [[Superstition|superstitious]] behavior which is believed to put a person at either a a greater risk of bodily or to protect them from harm. This term is almost always used in the negative context, i.e. “bad Juju”.

Juju as [[military slang]] is distinct from behavior which could reasonably increase or decrease a person's chances for injury. While not wearing a [[helmet]] can be considered “bad juju”, it is not because it leaves the head exposed but because the action seems tempts [[fate]]. Juju can also be assigned to [[signs]] such as unusual [[dreams]] or occurrences. It is often used in reference to behavior indicative of enemy activity, such as a lack of people in a normally crowded market. Juju also has a [[karmic]] element to it, especially when relating to people who have been injured. Treating an injured civilian, especially a child, is “good juju”. Stealing personal effects or making fun of a soldier that was injured or killed is considered to be “very bad juju”.

==References==
*http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=20010510
*http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/06/060630-soccer-magic.html
*http://www.allaboutzanzibar.com/indepth/culture/1-juju.htm
*http://www.answers.com/juju
*http://www.plunkyone.com/













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420 (Cannabis-Kultur)

2007-09-15T15:58:08Z

12.218.145.112:

__NOTOC__
[[Image:SantaCruzUCSC.jpg|thumb|right|170px| [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]] 4/20 celebration at Porter Meadow on [[University of California, Santa Cruz|UCSC]] campus in 2007]]
[[Image:2007 April 20th 420 celebration Victoria BC.jpg|thumb|right|170px|On April 20th 2007, at 4:20pm PST more than 700 people gathered at City Hall in [[Victoria, BC]] to celebrate Victoria's 10th annual 4/20 celebration. Victoria police were not visibly in attendance<ref>{{Citation
| last = Lavigne
| first = Andrea
| title = Celebration up in smoke: Pot supporters celebrate 10th anniversary
| newspaper = Victoria News
| year = 2007
| date = April 25th, 2007
| url = http://www.mapinc.org/newstcl/v07/n525/a08.html}}</ref>]]
[[Image:420Louis.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Louis Pasteur, at San Rafael High School.]]

'''4:20''' or '''4/20''' (pronounced '''four-twenty''') is a term used in [[North America]] as a discreet way to refer to the consumption of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and, by extension, a way to identify oneself with [[cannabis culture]]. Phrases such as "'''420 friendly'''" sometimes appear in roommate advertisements, indicating that the current occupants are tolerant of cannabis users. <ref>{{cite web
| title = Boulder Renters Seek Pot-Smoking Roommates: Boulder Still a Bastion of Hippies and Radicals, Apparently
| work = New West (Living section) - The Voice of the Rocky Mountains
| date = [[2006-05-08]]
| url = http://www.newwest.net/index.php/topic/article/boulder_still_a_bastion_of_hippies_and_radicals_apparently/C82/L40/
| accessdate = 2007-03-30 }}
</ref>

==Origins and observances==
Although many diverse theories exist to explain the origin of the term, it is widely accepted that in [[1971]], a group of teenagers at [[San Rafael High School]] in [[San Rafael, California]] used to meet after school at 4:20 p.m. to smoke cannabis at the [[Louis Pasteur]] statue.<ref>{{cite web
| title = 420 (Language)
| work = Snopes.com - Urban Legends Reference Pages
| date = [[2005-04-19]]
| url = http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/420.asp
| accessdate = 2007-03-30 }}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = 420 Timeline
| work = High Times
| date = [[2005]]
| url = http://www.hightimes.com/ht/lounge/index.php?page=420
| accessdate = 2007-03-30 }}
</ref> The term became part of their group's salute, "420 Louis!",<ref>{{cite web
| title = Stoner Chic Traces Origin To San Rafael: Snickering high schoolers brought `420' into lexicon
| author = Maria Alicia Gaura
| work = San Francisco Chronicle
| date = [[2000-04-20]]
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/04/20/MN101165.DTL
| accessdate = 2007-04-20 }}
</ref> and became popularized in the late 1980s by fans of The [[Grateful Dead]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = '420' enthusiasts honor cannabis on high holiday
| work = cbs5.com
| date = [[2007]]
| url = http://cbs5.com/local/local_story_110193512.html
| accessdate = 2007-04-20 }}
</ref> Many cannabis users continue to observe 4:20 as a time to smoke communally. By extension [[April 20]] ("4/20" in [[United States|U.S.]] [[Date and time notation by country#United States|dating shorthand]]) has evolved into a [[counterculture]] holiday, where people gather to celebrate and consume cannabis.<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=5_6FKdld1rs Steven Hager discusses 4/20 on ABC News as a "counterculture holiday"]</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLEMD5iJXnA Students gathering on 4/20 at Colorado University in Boulder]</ref><ref>[http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday]</ref> In some cities, this celebration coincides with the celebrations of [[Earth Day|Earth Week]]. <ref>[http://www.guamepa.govguam.net/earthweek/ Earth Week in Guam]</ref><ref>[http://earthweek.ucsd.edu/index.html Earth Week in San Diego]</ref><ref>[http://www.earthwalkvictoria.ca/ Earth Week in Victora, BC]</ref>

==420 campaign==
{{see also|Arguments for and against drug prohibition|Decriminalization of marijuana in the United States}}
The 420 Campaign urges individuals to become involved in the political process and the [[drug policy reform]] movement. Specifically, the Campaign calls for leveraging "April 20th as a focal point every year to concentrate pressure on [[United States Congress]] to legalize marijuana."<ref>[http://www.hightimes.com/ht/legal/content.php?bid=1446&aid=22 420 Campaign: The Strategy for Legalization]</ref> University chapters of [[NORML]], [[Safer Alternative for Enjoyable Recreation|SAFER]], and [[Students for Sensible Drug Policy|SSDP]] have started to use 4/20 as a day to educate their campuses and advocate for marijuana policy reform.<ref>[http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/483/420_campus_events_denver_arrests_las_vegas_foiled Cannabis Nation Celebrates 4/20 -- Dozens of Campus Actions]</ref><ref>[http://www.saferchoice.org/content/view/553/1 SAFER taking nation by storm on 4/20]</ref>

== Cultural references ==
*420 is the legal reference code for the laws which have legalized medical marijuana in [[California]] ([[Provision 420]])
*''420'' is the title of a comic book series featuring the alternative superhero Captain Cannabis.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/420-001-Verne-Andru/dp/0973883707/ref=sr_11_1/104-2544877-0039142?ie=UTF8 Captain Cannabis comic book]</ref><ref>High Times Magazine, February 2007, The Buzz section page 13, "Sensi Superman"</ref><ref>Skunk Magazine, Volume 2, Issue 8, Cool Stuff section, "420 Verne Signature Series"</ref><ref>QsHouse Radio/iPod [http://qshouse.slackertown.com/wp-media/VerneAndruFull.mp3 Interview - Verne Andru: the George Lucas of the comic world]</ref>
*Noting that "the national weed smoking day is 4/20," rapper [[Method Man]] named his (2006) album ''[[4:21...The Day After]]'' <ref>{{cite news |title = New Method Man Album 4:21...The Day After
|url = http://www.sixshot.com/articles/6239/
|publisher = Sixshot
|date =
|accessdate = 2007-04-19
|language = English}}</ref>
* [[WWE]] wrestler [[Rob Van Dam]], an avid marijuana smoker, has used the catchphrase "RVD 4:20 says I just smoked your ass," in a parody of a catchphrase originating with [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]].<ref>[http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/5-31-2001-3475.asp An Interview with Rob Van Dam]</ref>

==References==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2"><references/></div>

==External links==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2">
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=VyRSW0yvZ7M Vansterdam British Columbia 420 Celebration: Video Length-10min April 20 2007]
* [http://hempfest.org/420.php The Power of 420: Transforming the universal code into a collective consciousness for stoners]. Karen Bettez Halnon, originally published in [[High Times]], May 2003.
* [http://www.hightimes.com/ht/lounge/index.php?page=420 420 Timeline/When's Your 420?] High Times
* [http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,51986-0.html High Holy Day for Potheads]. Wired News, April 20, 2001.
* [http://www.phish.net/faq/420.html What does the number 420 signify, and why?] Phish.net FAQ
* [http://www.hightimes.com/ht/legal/index.php?cat=5&categ=34 420 Campaign: Strategy for Legalization] archive of related articles
* [http://www.ocolly.com/read_story.php?a_id=32670 World goes up in smoke each April 20]. Greg Gotcher
* [http://www.420happyhour.com "420...Happy Hour"]. sweetz
</div>

{{Cannabis resources}}

[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Numbers in pop culture]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]
[[Category:Unofficial observances]]

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