Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Stephen S. Harding

2007-06-04T21:48:11Z

12.106.111.10: +DEFAULTSORT & Category:Governors of Utah

{{Infobox_Governor
| name = Stephen S. Harding
| image =
| order = 4th
| title = Governor of Utah Territory
| term_start = [[1862]]
| term_end = [[1863]]
| predecessor = [[John W. Dawson]]
| successor = [[James Duane Doty]]
| order2 =
| title2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = [[February 28]], [[1808]]
| birth_place = [[Palmyra (town), New York|Palmyra, New York]]
| death_date = [[February 12]], [[1891]]
| death_place = [[Milan, Indiana]]
| party = [[Liberal Party (Utah)|Liberal Party]]
| spouse =
| profession = [[Politician]], [[Attorney]]
| religion =
|}}

'''Stephen Selwyn Harding''' (1808-1891) was the Governor of the [[Utah Territory]] for the [[Liberal Party (Utah)|Liberal Party]] 1862-1863, chief justice of the Colorado Supreme Court 1863-1865, and ardent [[abolitionist]].

==Early years==
He was born in [[Palmyra (town), New York|Palmyra, New York]], on February 28 [[1808]], the eldest son of David and Abigail Harding. In 1820 he moved with his family to [[Ripley County, Indiana]]. He studied law in the office of William R. Morris in [[Brookville, Indiana]] and became licensed to practice law on March 17, 1828. He then opened a law office in [[Richmond, Indiana]] which remained open for six months when he opened one in [[Versailles, Indiana]]. He married Avoline Sprout on October 31, 1830. The couple had ten children.

==Political career==
He stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Indiana in [[1842]] and for Governor of Indiana in [[1846]]. He was appointed Governor of Utah Territory by [[Abraham Lincoln]] in 1862. Soon after he took office he issued a blanket pardon for all Morrisites convicted in connection with the [[Morrisite War]]. He also initially tried to appease the [[Mormon]] community but soon became critical of church leaders and the practice of polygamy. This resulted in a successful petition for his removal from office. He was then appointed as U.S. consul at [[Valparaiso, Chile]]; he decided instead, for domestic reasons, to serve as chief justice of the Colorado Supreme Court. In 1865 he was removed from office for alleged incompetence and immorality. He died on February 12, [[1891]] in [[Milan, Indiana|Milan]], [[Ripley County, Indiana]] and was buried in Old Milan Cemetery

==External links==
*[http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/lilly/mss/html/harding.html] The Manuscripts of S.S. Harding
{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title= [[List of governors of Utah|Governor of Utah Territory]] |
years= [[1862]]–[[1863]] |
before= [[John W. Dawson]] |
after= [[James Duane Doty]]
}}

{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harding, Stephen S.}}
[[Category:Governors of Utah]]

{{US-hist-stub}}
{{Utah-politician-stub}}
{{Utah-bio-stub}}
[[pl:Stephen Selwyn Harding]]

John W. Dawson (Politiker)

2007-06-04T21:46:17Z

12.106.111.10: +Category:Governors of Utah

'''John W. Dawson''' ([[October 21]], [[1820]] - [[September 10]], [[1877]]), was Governor of [[Utah Territory]] in [[1861]].

Born on [[October 21]], [[1820]], in [[Cambridge, Indiana]] he was a lawyer, a farmer and a newspaper editor before he entered politics, unsuccessfully running for a seat in the [[Indiana]] State House of Representatives in [[1854]], secretary of state of Indiana in [[1856]], and [[United States Congress]] in [[1858]]. He started as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], but later became a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]. [[Abraham Lincoln]] named him governor of [[Utah Territory]] in 1861, but he left the territory and his post as governor after only three weeks due to tensions with the [[Mormon]] residents. Dawson had made "grossly improper proposals" to the Mormon widow Albina Merrill Williams, who responded by thrashing him with a fire shovel. When he offered her $3,000 for her silence, she rebuked him and he quickly abandoned [[Salt Lake City]] on New Year's Eve 1861.

Taking a [[mail coach]] eastward, he arrived at [[Ephraim Hanks]]' [[Pony Express]] station at Mountain Dell, Utah. There, Hanks assured Dawson he was now safe. However a group of young Mormon vigilantes named Jason Luce, Matthew Luce, Wilford Luce, Wood Reynolds, Moroni Clawson, Lot Hungtington, and Isaac Neibaur followed the retreating governor, and during a night of drinking, they plundered the governor's baggage, and attacked him, beating and kicking Dawon about the head, chest, and groin (and allegedly castrating one of his testicles). The thugs later claimed they were acting under direct orders of the Salt Lake Police Chief. Four of the youths were captured but the other three were gunned down trying to escape from police and sheriffs.<ref>"Governor Dawson's Statement", [[Deseret News]], January 22, 1862, pp. 2</ref><ref>"Exciting and Terrifying Occurrences", Deseret News, January 22, 1862, pp. 5</ref><ref>"Third Governor Was Run Out of Utah After 3 Weeks", Will Bagley, [[Salt Lake Tribune]], December 30, 2001, p. B1.</ref>

Dawson later became famous as the first biographer of John Chapman, the legendary [[Johnny Appleseed]]. Dawson's 1871 article in the [[Fort Wayne News Sentinel]] of October 21 and 23 about Dawson's childhood friend is still considered the main source for biographical information on Chapman.

He died on [[September 10]], 1877 and was interred at Lindenwood Cemetery in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]].<ref>http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/dawson.html</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title= [[List of governors of Utah|Governor of Utah Territory]] |
years= [[1861]]–[[1861]] |
before= [[Alfred Cumming (governor)|Alfred Cumming]] |
after= [[Stephen Selwyn Harding]]
}}

{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dawson, John W.}}
[[Category:Governors of Utah]]
[[Category:History of Utah]]

{{US-hist-stub}}
{{US-politician-stub}}
{{Utah-bio-stub}}
[[pl:John W. Dawson]]

W. Grant McMurray

2007-06-01T22:46:12Z

12.106.111.10: minor formating fixes (no need for space before punct)

'''William Grant McMurray''' (born [[July 12]], [[1947]]) was [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)#Presidents of the Community of Christ|Prophet-President]] of the [[Community of Christ]] from 1996 until 2004. McMurray has been heralded{{Fact|date=May 2007}} as one of the most influential and knowledgeable church presidents and is respected as a gifted writer and an articulate speaker.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}

==McMurray's presidency and legacy==
In the 170 years of its history, President McMurray was the first president of the church who was not a member of the family of church founder, [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] McMurray was designated as successor to President [[Wallace B. Smith]] in 1995, and became [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)#Presidents of the Community of Christ|Prophet-President]] when Smith retired to [[emeritus]] status in 1996. Prior to his calling, McMurray had been a historian and had held several positions in the church hierarchy, including serving as a Counselor in the [[First Presidency (Community of Christ)|Community of Christ First Presidency]].

In 1997, President McMurray called upon what was then the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints to transform itself by articulating a Christ-centered theology of peace.

In 2001, the church changed its name to Community of Christ, evoking the original name of the church "[[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]]," affirming the centrality of Christ to the church, and commemorating the [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saint movement's]] long-held tradition of building up Zionic communities.

President McMurray presided over the first ordination of a woman to the office of Apostle in the [[Council of Twelve Apostles (Community of Christ)|Council of Twelve]]. He also led the Community of Christ to a closer relationship with [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], building both friendly relations and collaborative historical efforts.

==McMurray's resignation==
On [[November 29]], [[2004]], McMurray resigned as president of the church and asked to be released from the priesthood, citing personal issues and "inappropriate choices" he has made ("I have made some inappropriate choices, and the circumstances of my life are now such that I cannot continue to effectively lead the church.") He also broke with tradition by not naming his successor ("On the matter of succession in presidency, our tradition anticipates that I would designate a successor. In my present situation, I do not feel it is appropriate to do so.") According to a statement, from the First Presidency, "a process is firmly in place that will lead to the designation of a successor in the office of president."

McMurray later stated that he has "recently been diagnosed with early onset [[Parkinson's disease]]," and that his health was also a motivating factor to his resignation. "Beyond that, it's an entirely personal and family matter and the letter says what I felt I needed to say."

President Kenneth N. Robinson of the First Presidency stated that this type of release from the Priesthood is not uncommon and "'happens without prejudice' just as it would with another church member. 'At a later point when they feel they have the energy and have life in balance, it's not uncommon to request reinstatement, which means to have their priesthood office back in an active way.'"

According to the ''[[Deseret News]]'', President Robinson "said McMurray's 'call to priesthood isn't gone and hasn't been nullified. It's a request to not be functioning in any [[minister]]ial capacity' with no judgment or punishment from the church attached."

A joint council of church leaders led by the Council of Twelve Apostles announced in March 2005 the name of [[Stephen M. Veazey]] as Prophet-President designate. Veazey had been serving as president of the Council of Twelve. Delegates elected to a special [[World Conference (Community of Christ)|World Conference]] of the church approved Veazey and he was ordained to the presidency on [[June 3]], [[2005]].

W. Grant McMurray was not the first president of the Church to submit his resignation. The first, and, until McMurray, only president to do so was Frederick M. Smith. His resignation was however rejected (see page 227 of The Church Through the Years, Vol. II, by Richard P. Howard, Herald Publishing House, Independence, MO., 1993). Technically, W.W. Smith also resigned, however, he did so just before the scheduled ordination of his son as the next President; therefore, his resignation is generally accepted as a retirement.

==Later activities==

On [[October 12]], [[2005]] the board of Missouri Impact announced "the selection of W. Grant McMurray as our executive director". The announcement stated that "He now focuses his energy on 'building community through valuing heritage, embracing diversity, and pursuing peace.' "

{| border="1" align="center"
| width="30%" align="center" | '''Preceded by''': [[Wallace B. Smith]]
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[President of the Church (Mormonism)|President of the Community of Christ]]''' [[1996]]–[[2004]]
| width="30%" align="center" | '''Succeeded by''': [[Stephen M. Veazey]] ''Ordained [[3 June]] [[2005]]''
|}

[[Category:1947 births|McMurray, W. Grant]]
[[Category:Living people|McMurray, W. Grant]]
[[Category:Community of Christ leaders|McMurray, W. Grant]]

[[pl:W. Grant McMurray]]

Frederick M. Smith

2007-06-01T22:35:24Z

12.106.111.10: sp

'''Frederick Madison Smith''' ([[January 21]], [[1874]] – [[March 20]], [[1946]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[Religion|religious]] leader and [[author]] and a [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)#Presidents of the Community of Christ|Prophet-President]] of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (renamed the [[Community of Christ]] in [[2001]]) from [[1915]] until his death.

Smith's paternal grandfather was [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], the founder of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], and his father was [[Joseph Smith III]], the first president after the Church's "Reorganization."

Smith was one of nine children of Joseph Smith III and his second wife, Bertha Madison. He was born on Jan 21, 1874, at [[Plano, Illinois|Plano]], [[Illinois]], and baptized on [[July 20]], [[1883]].

Summary of education:

*[[1895]] educated at Iowa City Academy
*[[1896]] [[University of Iowa]]
*[[1898]] [[B.A.]] from [[Graceland University|Graceland College]] — the first graduate of this college
*[[1911]] [[Master's degree|M.A.]] from the [[University of Kansas]]
*[[1916]] [[Ph.D.]] from [[Clark University]]

On [[August 3]], [[1897]], Smith married Alice Lyman Cobb (died [[May 4]], [[1926]]).

His father, Joseph Smith III, died on [[December 10]], [[1914]], leaving the Reorganized Church without a leader. However, the leadership of Frederick Madison Smith was accepted shortly afterwards, and so he became the second President of the Reorganized Church in [[1915]]. Smith was known for his interests in applying the principles of the newly emerging fields of [[sociology]] and [[social welfare]] to the Church's thinking on the principles and doctrine of Zion. He became embroiled in a controversy over ''[[Supreme Directional Control]]'' of the Church that led to a major loss in membership. He also presided during the difficult [[Great Depression|depression years]] which stalled construction of the [[Auditorium (Community of Christ)|Auditorium]] as the church faced issues of major financial debt.

Frederick M. Smith became the first president of the church to submit notice of resignation. However, he never ceased to be president of the church on account of the fact that the General Conference who he submitted his resignation to, rejected it (see page 227 of The Church Through the Years, Vol. II, by Richard P. Howard, Herald Publishing House, Independence, MO., 1993).

He died in [[1946]], and was succeeded by his brother, [[Israel Alexander Smith]].

The '''Frederick Madison Smith Library''' is one of two libraries belonging to [[Graceland University]], and is located on their Lamoni campus. It opened in [[1966]].

==External links==

*http://www.geocities.com/scott_norwood/SmithFM.html (Biographical information)
*http://www.lamonistake.org/libertyhallhistory.html ("An Introduction to Liberty Hall, Home of Joseph Smith III - Lamoni, Iowa")
*http://www.lib.utc.edu/vtlsusers/directory/Graceland_College.html (Holdings of the Frederick Madison Smith Library, Graceland University)
*http://www.graceland.edu/ (Graceland University)
*http://www.collegexpress.com/collegesearch/collegeDetail.asp?scid=1100775 (Information on Graceland University)

==References==
*Paul M. Edwards, ''The Chief: An Administrative Biography of Fred M. Smith'', Herald House: 1988.
*Richard P. Howard, ''The Church Through the Years,'' Herald House: 1992.

{| border="1" align="center"
| width="30%" align="center" | '''Preceded by''': [[Joseph Smith III]]
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[President of the Church (Mormonism)|President of the Community of Christ]]''' [[1914]]–[[1946]]
| width="30%" align="center" | '''Succeeded by''': [[Israel Alexander Smith|Israel A. Smith]]
|}
[[Category:1874 births|Smith, Frederick Madison]]
[[Category:1946 deaths|Smith, Frederick Madison]]
[[Category:Community of Christ leaders|Smith Frederick, Madison]]
[[Category:Clark University alumni|Madison Smith, Frederick]]

[[pl:Frederick M. Smith]]

LeGrand Richards

2007-05-30T23:17:07Z

12.106.111.10:

[[Image:Legrandrichards.jpg|165px|right|LeGrand Richards]]
'''LeGrand Richards''' ([[February 6]], [[1886]]–[[January 11]], [[1983]]) was a prominent missionary and leader of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. He served as the seventh [[Presiding Bishop#Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints|Presiding Bishop]] of the Church from [[1938]] to [[1952]], and was then called as a member of the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] by [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|Church President]] [[David O. McKay]]. Richards served in the Quorum of the Twelve until his death in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]] at the age of ninety-six.

Born in [[Farmington, Utah]], Richard's church service began when he filled a proselyting mission to the [[Netherlands]] between 1905 and 1908. He returned to the Netherlands as the presiding elder over the mission, accompanied by his wife Ina Jane Ashton Richards, from 1914 to 1916. Richards was ordained a [[High Priest (Mormonism)|High Priest]] and [[Bishop (Mormonism)|Bishop]] on [[June 29]], [[1919]], by [[Charles W. Penrose]], and presided over a Salt Lake City [[Ward (Mormonism)|ward]] from 1920 to 1925. In 1926, he filled a short term mission to the Eastern States. Between 1931-1933, he presided over the [[Hollywood, CA|Hollywood]] [[Stake (Mormonism)|Stake]], [[California]], and then was once again asked to serve as President of the Southern States mission from 1934 to 1937.

Richards is also well known for a book ''A Marvelous Work and a Wonder: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,'' first published in 1950. The commonly referenced work contains a comprehensive teaching outline designed to assist missionaries in their study and presentation of the gospel. Based on a document titled 'The Message of Mormonism" he developed in 1937 for missionaries during his tenure as President of the Southern States Mission, it contains a clear and direct explanation of many doctrinal positions. In 1955 Richards published ''Israel! Do You Know?'', an effort to demonstrate the bridge between Jewish traditions and beliefs and Mormon faith, in conjunction with an LDS church program aimed at proselyting Jews living in Southern California.

In a memorial address read by his personal secretary after Richard's death, [[Latter Day Saint|LDS]] [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|Church President]] [[Spencer W. Kimball]] paid tribute to Richards as {{Cquote|''...one of the greatest missionaries of our time. He reminded me of a modern-day Apostle Paul. I can think of no one who has borne his testimony to the truth of the gospel of Jesus Christ with deeper conviction or with greater fervor. With it all, LeGrand Richards was a perennial optimist and his words were a rare combination of wit and humor, comfort, encouragement, and wisdom. He rarely, if ever, delivered a message from a written text. He just spoke from his heart, drawing upon a lifetime of experience, study, and inspiration.''}}

Richards was the longest-lived [[Apostle (Mormonism)|Apostle]] until [[David B. Haight]]. Both his father [[George F. Richards]] and grandfather [[Franklin D. Richards]] had served as [[President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]]. Franklin D. was also the nephew of [[Willard Richards]], another [[Apostle (Mormonism)|Apostle]] and notable leader in LDS church history.

[[Image:LeGrandRichardsGraveFront.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Grave marker of LeGrand Richards. [[Image:LeGrandRichardsGraveBack.jpg|left|100px]]]]

==See Also==
* [[Council on the Disposition of the Tithes]]

== Publications ==
* ''Marvelous Work and a Wonder: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.'' Salt Lake City, Utah, first published in 1950, multiple editions. ISBN 0-87747-161-4.
* ''Israel! Do You Know?'', 1954. {{cite web | work=Reviewed By: Tom Irvine | title=Israel! Do You Know? Book Review | url=http://www.vibrationdata.com/Israel_Book.htm }}

==References==
* {{cite web | author=D. Michael Quinn | title=They Served: The Richards Legacy in the Church | work=Ensign | url=http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1980.htm/ensign%20january%201980.htm/they%20served%20the%20richards%20legacy%20in%20the%20church%20.htm?f=templates$fn=default.htm$3.0 | accessdate=09 12 | accessyear=2005 }}
* Tate, Lucile C. ''LeGrand Richards: Beloved Apostle.'' Bookcraft Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1982. ISBN 0-88494-457-3.

==External resources==
*[http://www.gapages.com/richal1.htm Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages]

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title= [[Presiding Bishop]] |
years= [[1938]]—[[1952]] |
before=[[Sylvester Q. Cannon]] |
after= [[Joseph L. Wirthlin]] |
}}
{{end box}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title= [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] |
years= [[April 10]], [[1952]]–[[January 11]], [[1983]] |
before=[[Marion G. Romney]] |
after= [[Adam S. Bennion]] |
}}
{{end box}}

{{LDS-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richards, LeGrand}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint bishops]]
[[Category:Latter-day Saint writers]]

LeGrand Richards

2007-05-30T23:16:52Z

12.106.111.10: looks better on the right (and that is more standard)

[[Image:Legrandrichards.jpg|165px|Right|LeGrand Richards]]
'''LeGrand Richards''' ([[February 6]], [[1886]]–[[January 11]], [[1983]]) was a prominent missionary and leader of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. He served as the seventh [[Presiding Bishop#Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints|Presiding Bishop]] of the Church from [[1938]] to [[1952]], and was then called as a member of the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] by [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|Church President]] [[David O. McKay]]. Richards served in the Quorum of the Twelve until his death in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]] at the age of ninety-six.

Born in [[Farmington, Utah]], Richard's church service began when he filled a proselyting mission to the [[Netherlands]] between 1905 and 1908. He returned to the Netherlands as the presiding elder over the mission, accompanied by his wife Ina Jane Ashton Richards, from 1914 to 1916. Richards was ordained a [[High Priest (Mormonism)|High Priest]] and [[Bishop (Mormonism)|Bishop]] on [[June 29]], [[1919]], by [[Charles W. Penrose]], and presided over a Salt Lake City [[Ward (Mormonism)|ward]] from 1920 to 1925. In 1926, he filled a short term mission to the Eastern States. Between 1931-1933, he presided over the [[Hollywood, CA|Hollywood]] [[Stake (Mormonism)|Stake]], [[California]], and then was once again asked to serve as President of the Southern States mission from 1934 to 1937.

Richards is also well known for a book ''A Marvelous Work and a Wonder: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,'' first published in 1950. The commonly referenced work contains a comprehensive teaching outline designed to assist missionaries in their study and presentation of the gospel. Based on a document titled 'The Message of Mormonism" he developed in 1937 for missionaries during his tenure as President of the Southern States Mission, it contains a clear and direct explanation of many doctrinal positions. In 1955 Richards published ''Israel! Do You Know?'', an effort to demonstrate the bridge between Jewish traditions and beliefs and Mormon faith, in conjunction with an LDS church program aimed at proselyting Jews living in Southern California.

In a memorial address read by his personal secretary after Richard's death, [[Latter Day Saint|LDS]] [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|Church President]] [[Spencer W. Kimball]] paid tribute to Richards as {{Cquote|''...one of the greatest missionaries of our time. He reminded me of a modern-day Apostle Paul. I can think of no one who has borne his testimony to the truth of the gospel of Jesus Christ with deeper conviction or with greater fervor. With it all, LeGrand Richards was a perennial optimist and his words were a rare combination of wit and humor, comfort, encouragement, and wisdom. He rarely, if ever, delivered a message from a written text. He just spoke from his heart, drawing upon a lifetime of experience, study, and inspiration.''}}

Richards was the longest-lived [[Apostle (Mormonism)|Apostle]] until [[David B. Haight]]. Both his father [[George F. Richards]] and grandfather [[Franklin D. Richards]] had served as [[President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]]. Franklin D. was also the nephew of [[Willard Richards]], another [[Apostle (Mormonism)|Apostle]] and notable leader in LDS church history.

[[Image:LeGrandRichardsGraveFront.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Grave marker of LeGrand Richards. [[Image:LeGrandRichardsGraveBack.jpg|left|100px]]]]

==See Also==
* [[Council on the Disposition of the Tithes]]

== Publications ==
* ''Marvelous Work and a Wonder: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.'' Salt Lake City, Utah, first published in 1950, multiple editions. ISBN 0-87747-161-4.
* ''Israel! Do You Know?'', 1954. {{cite web | work=Reviewed By: Tom Irvine | title=Israel! Do You Know? Book Review | url=http://www.vibrationdata.com/Israel_Book.htm }}

==References==
* {{cite web | author=D. Michael Quinn | title=They Served: The Richards Legacy in the Church | work=Ensign | url=http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1980.htm/ensign%20january%201980.htm/they%20served%20the%20richards%20legacy%20in%20the%20church%20.htm?f=templates$fn=default.htm$3.0 | accessdate=09 12 | accessyear=2005 }}
* Tate, Lucile C. ''LeGrand Richards: Beloved Apostle.'' Bookcraft Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1982. ISBN 0-88494-457-3.

==External resources==
*[http://www.gapages.com/richal1.htm Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages]

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title= [[Presiding Bishop]] |
years= [[1938]]—[[1952]] |
before=[[Sylvester Q. Cannon]] |
after= [[Joseph L. Wirthlin]] |
}}
{{end box}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title= [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] |
years= [[April 10]], [[1952]]–[[January 11]], [[1983]] |
before=[[Marion G. Romney]] |
after= [[Adam S. Bennion]] |
}}
{{end box}}

{{LDS-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richards, LeGrand}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint bishops]]
[[Category:Latter-day Saint writers]]

John W. Dawson (Politiker)

2007-05-25T00:59:48Z

12.106.111.10: +wikilinks; Albina Merrill Williams' "slave-owner" status doesn't matter on this article

'''John W. Dawson''' ([[October 21]], [[1820]] - [[September 10]], [[1877]]), was Governor of [[Utah Territory]] in [[1861]].

Born on [[October 21]], [[1820]], in [[Cambridge, Indiana]] he was a lawyer, a farmer and a newspaper editor before he entered politics, unsuccessfully running for a seat in the [[Indiana]] State House of Representatives in [[1854]], secretary of state of Indiana in [[1856]], and [[United States Congress]] in [[1858]]. He started as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], but later became a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]. [[Abraham Lincoln]] named him governor of [[Utah Territory]] in 1861, but he left the territory and his post as governor after only three weeks due to tensions with the [[Mormon]] residents. Dawson had made "grossly improper proposals" to the Mormon widow Albina Merrill Williams, who responded by thrashing him with a fire shovel. When he offered her $3,000 for her silence, she rebuked him and he quickly abandoned [[Salt Lake City]] on New Year's Eve 1861.

Taking a [[mail coach]] eastward, he arrived at [[Ephraim Hanks]]' [[Pony Express]] station at Mountain Dell, Utah. There, Hanks assured Dawson he was now safe. However a group of young Mormon vigilantes named Jason Luce, Matthew Luce, Wilford Luce, Wood Reynolds, Moroni Clawson, Lot Hungtington, and Isaac Neibaur followed the retreating governor, and during a night of drinking, they plundered the governor's baggage, and attacked him, beating and kicking Dawon about the head, chest, and groin (and allegedly castrating one of his testicles). The thugs later claimed they were acting under direct orders of the Salt Lake Police Chief. Four of the youths were captured but the other three were gunned down trying to escape from police and sheriffs.<ref>"Governor Dawson's Statement", [[Deseret News]], January 22, 1862, pp. 2</ref><ref>"Exciting and Terrifying Occurrences", Deseret News, January 22, 1862, pp. 5</ref><ref>"Third Governor Was Run Out of Utah After 3 Weeks", Will Bagley, [[Salt Lake Tribune]], December 30, 2001, p. B1.</ref>

Dawson later became famous as the first biographer of John Chapman, the legendary [[Johnny Appleseed]]. Dawson's 1871 article in the [[Fort Wayne News Sentinel]] of October 21 and 23 about Dawson's childhood friend is still considered the main source for biographical information on Chapman.

He died on [[September 10]], 1877 and was interred at Lindenwood Cemetery in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]].<ref>http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/dawson.html</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title= [[List of governors of Utah|Governor of Utah Territory]] |
years= [[1861]]–[[1861]] |
before= [[Alfred Cumming (governor)|Alfred Cumming]] |
after= [[Stephen Selwyn Harding]]
}}

{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dawson, John W.}}

[[Category:History of Utah]]

{{US-hist-stub}}
{{US-politician-stub}}
{{Utah-bio-stub}}
[[pl:John W. Dawson]]

John W. Dawson (Politiker)

2007-05-25T00:52:13Z

12.106.111.10: +DEFAULTSORT

'''John W. Dawson''' ([[October 21]], [[1820]] - [[September 10]], [[1877]]), was Governor of [[Utah Territory]] in [[1861]].

Born on [[October 21]], [[1820]], in [[Cambridge, Indiana]] he was a lawyer, a farmer and a newspaper editor before he entered politics, unsuccessfully running for a seat in the [[Indiana]] State House of Representatives in [[1854]], secretary of state of Indiana in [[1856]], and [[United States Congress]] in [[1858]]. He started as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], but later became a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]. [[Abraham Lincoln]] named him governor of Utah Territory in 1861, but he left the territory and his post as governor after only three weeks due to tensions with the [[Mormon]] residents. Dawson had made "grossly improper proposals" to the Mormon widow and slave-owner Albina Merrill Williams, who responded by thrashing him with a fire shovel. When he offered her $3,000 for her silence, she rebuked him and he quickly abandoned Salt Lake City on New Year's Eve 1861.

Taking a mail coach eastward, he arrived at Ephraim Hanks' [[Pony Express]] station at Mountain Dell, Utah. There, Hanks assured Dawson he was now safe. However a group of young Mormon vigilantes named Jason Luce, Matthew Luce, Wilford Luce, Wood Reynolds, Moroni Clawson, Lot Hungtington, and Isaac Neibaur followed the retreating governor, and during a night of drinking, they plundered the governor's baggage, and attacked him, beating and kicking Dawon about the head, chest, and groin (and allegedly castrating one of his testicles). The thugs later claimed they were acting under direct orders of the Salt Lake Police Chief. Four of the youths were captured but the other three were gunned down trying to escape from police and sheriffs.<ref>"Governor Dawson's Statement", [[Deseret News]], January 22, 1862, pp. 2</ref><ref>"Exciting and Terrifying Occurrences", Deseret News, January 22, 1862, pp. 5</ref><ref>"Third Governor Was Run Out of Utah After 3 Weeks", Will Bagley, [[Salt Lake Tribune]], December 30, 2001, p. B1.</ref>

Dawson later became famous as the first biographer of John Chapman, the legendary [[Johnny Appleseed]]. Dawson's 1871 article in the Fort Wayne Sentinel of October 21 and 23 about Dawson's childhood friend is still considered the main source for biographical information on Chapman.

He died on [[September 10]], 1877 and was interred at Lindenwood Cemetery in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]].<ref>http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/dawson.html</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title= [[List of governors of Utah|Governor of Utah Territory]] |
years= [[1861]]–[[1861]] |
before= [[Alfred Cumming (governor)|Alfred Cumming]] |
after= [[Stephen Selwyn Harding]]
}}

{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dawson, John W.}}

[[Category:History of Utah]]

{{US-hist-stub}}
{{US-politician-stub}}
{{Utah-bio-stub}}
[[pl:John W. Dawson]]

John W. Dawson (Politiker)

2007-05-25T00:51:21Z

12.106.111.10: added ref section & converting refs; +cat

'''John W. Dawson''' ([[October 21]], [[1820]] - [[September 10]], [[1877]]), was Governor of [[Utah Territory]] in [[1861]].

Born on [[October 21]], [[1820]], in [[Cambridge, Indiana]] he was a lawyer, a farmer and a newspaper editor before he entered politics, unsuccessfully running for a seat in the [[Indiana]] State House of Representatives in [[1854]], secretary of state of Indiana in [[1856]], and [[United States Congress]] in [[1858]]. He started as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], but later became a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]. [[Abraham Lincoln]] named him governor of Utah Territory in 1861, but he left the territory and his post as governor after only three weeks due to tensions with the [[Mormon]] residents. Dawson had made "grossly improper proposals" to the Mormon widow and slave-owner Albina Merrill Williams, who responded by thrashing him with a fire shovel. When he offered her $3,000 for her silence, she rebuked him and he quickly abandoned Salt Lake City on New Year's Eve 1861.

Taking a mail coach eastward, he arrived at Ephraim Hanks' [[Pony Express]] station at Mountain Dell, Utah. There, Hanks assured Dawson he was now safe. However a group of young Mormon vigilantes named Jason Luce, Matthew Luce, Wilford Luce, Wood Reynolds, Moroni Clawson, Lot Hungtington, and Isaac Neibaur followed the retreating governor, and during a night of drinking, they plundered the governor's baggage, and attacked him, beating and kicking Dawon about the head, chest, and groin (and allegedly castrating one of his testicles). The thugs later claimed they were acting under direct orders of the Salt Lake Police Chief. Four of the youths were captured but the other three were gunned down trying to escape from police and sheriffs.<ref>"Governor Dawson's Statement", [[Deseret News]], January 22, 1862, pp. 2</ref><ref>"Exciting and Terrifying Occurrences", Deseret News, January 22, 1862, pp. 5</ref><ref>"Third Governor Was Run Out of Utah After 3 Weeks", Will Bagley, [[Salt Lake Tribune]], December 30, 2001, p. B1.</ref>

Dawson later became famous as the first biographer of John Chapman, the legendary [[Johnny Appleseed]]. Dawson's 1871 article in the Fort Wayne Sentinel of October 21 and 23 about Dawson's childhood friend is still considered the main source for biographical information on Chapman.

He died on [[September 10]], 1877 and was interred at Lindenwood Cemetery in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]].<ref>http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/dawson.html</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title= [[List of governors of Utah|Governor of Utah Territory]] |
years= [[1861]]–[[1861]] |
before= [[Alfred Cumming (governor)|Alfred Cumming]] |
after= [[Stephen Selwyn Harding]]
}}

{{end box}}

[[Category:History of Utah]]

{{US-hist-stub}}
{{US-politician-stub}}
{{Utah-bio-stub}}
[[pl:John W. Dawson]]

Erhöhung (Mormonentum)

2007-05-21T22:28:54Z

12.106.111.10: split a paragraph that should have been 2; added CN tags where inline cites are needed; added OR tag

{{cleanup|date=March 2007}}
{{OR}}
'''Exaltation''' or '''eternal progression''' is a [[belief]] among members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) that mankind, as spirit children of their Father in Heaven, can become like Him. Although the exact meaning of this has not been defined, most Latter-day Saints speculate that this signifies they may enter the Celestial Kingdom and dwell in the Father's presence. In the [[Doctrine & Covenants]] is found a scripture that describes those who are exalted will become gods.[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dc/132/20#20] Though Exaltation is not limited to Latter-day Saints, saving ordinances will be required of all who may enter. To enter the presence of the Father signifies that one has become a co-inheritor with Jesus thus becoming like the Father and the Son (Romans 8:16-17).

According to LDS beliefs, certain ordinances, such as baptism are required of all those who hope to achieve exaltation. Yet millions have lived and died throughout the earth's history without having received these saving ordinances. Unlike traditional protestant doctrine which suggests that those who die without accepting Christ are forever cut-off from the presence of God,{{cn}} LDS doctrine teaches that all individuals will have an equitable and fair opportunity to hear the 'fullness of the gospel' taught in this life, or in the life to come, and will subsequently have the opportunity to either accept the message of Jesus Christ and His gospel, or reject it. Church members are committed to performing these sacred ordinances vicariously in behalf of those who have died without the opportunity of the gospel or its saving ordinances. It is their belief that those who have died without these ordinances need them in order to progress beyond this life. They feel obligated to perform these ordinances for all mankind who have lived before them, that all may have an equal opportunity to receive the blessings of the Celestial Kingdom of God if they choose to do so through their faith in and acceptance of Jesus Christ. Acceptance of these ordinances by those who have died is entirely voluntary in that existence (the [[Spirit world]] or paradise), and in no way takes away the agency of those individuals, or coerces them in any way. Some would accept them, and others would reject them. Those who rejected them would still have the opportunity to inherit a [[Degrees of glory|kingdom of glory]] distinct from the [[Celestial Kingdom]]: either the [[Terrestrial Kingdom]] or the [[Telestial Kingdom]].{{cn}}

Exaltation in the [[Celestial Kingdom]] is the ultimate goal of faithful LDS Church members. LDS Church founder, [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], taught this doctrine in the [[King Follett Discourse]].

In the Mormon scripture [[Book of Moses|Moses]] 1:39 God tells [[Moses]], "this is my work and my glory—to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of man." God shows Moses a vision depicting some of His vast creations including a vast number of worlds created for other people—a sampling of what God created in the past and what he will continue to do forever. Each world was prepared and peopled by God for the purpose of bringing to pass the immortality and eternal life of humankind. ''Immortality'' refers to personal [[resurrection]] by which each individual can continue to enjoy a perfect, physical body forever. ''Eternal life'' refers to living in the presence of God and Jesus Christ. ''Exaltation'' refers to becoming like God both in terms of holiness or godliness and sharing in God's glory.{{cn}}

It is commonly believed by members of the Church that, as God's children, mankind may, through merits and mercy of the Atonement of Christ, may become like the Heavenly Father. As Paul taught the Romans, "And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ; if so be that we suffer with him, that we may be also glorified together. (Romans 8:17)" The eternities will be spent in a process of eternal progression and becoming like the Father; even to the extent of eventually creating additional worlds and people in an endless process of exalting humankind.{{cn}}

Latter-day Saints posit that not only does God have the power to exalt mortal man, but without the possibility, there is little reason for mortality.{{cn}} They also point to comments made by Christ and Psalmists among others that refer to the Divine nature and potential of humans as children of God.{{cn}} They include many passages in the Book of Revelation that describe the exalted state of those who overcome by faith in Jesus Christ.{{cn}} Some Latter-day Saints{{Who?}} also suggest that discussions of [[theosis]] by early Church fathers demonstrate that some basic concept of deification, possibly parallel to the LDS concept, was indeed part of the original Christian church.{{cn}}

== See also ==
*[[Mormonism and Christianity]]
*[[Theosis#Deification in Mormonism|Theosis]]
*[[Salvation]]

==References==
{{refimprove}}

[[Category:Latter Day Saint doctrines regarding deity]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint doctrines, beliefs, and practices]]

[[es:Exaltación]]
[[fr:Exaltation (mormonisme)]]
[[fi:Eksaltaatio]]

Temple Square

2007-05-19T00:22:54Z

12.106.111.10: /* Seagull Monument */ +{{main|Seagull Monument}}

[[image:1897_Temple_Square.jpg|thumb|250px|right|This photo of Temple Square, circa [[1897]], shows that the plot housed the tallest buildings in [[Salt Lake City]] at the time, namely the [[Salt Lake Temple]], [[Salt Lake Tabernacle|Tabernacle]] and [[Salt Lake Assembly Hall|Assembly Hall]].]]

'''Temple Square''' is a ten acre (40,000 m²) complex located in [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]], owned by [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (the Mormon or LDS Church). Contained within Temple Square are the [[Salt Lake Temple]], [[Salt Lake Tabernacle]], [[Salt Lake Assembly Hall]], the [[Seagull Monument]] and two visitors' centers.

== History ==
{{Main|History of Utah}}
[[image:Salt_Lake_Temple_Christmas.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Salt Lake Temple at Christmas time.]]
In [[1847]], when [[Mormon pioneer]]s arrived in the [[Salt Lake Valley]], Church president [[Brigham Young]] selected a plot of the [[desert]] ground and proclaimed, "Here we will build a temple to our God." <ref>Quoted in [http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1993.htm/ensign%20march%201993.htm/first%20presidency%20message%20the%20salt%20lake%20temple.htm?f=templates$fn=document-frame.htm$q=$x= The Salt Lake Temple]. Gordon B. Hinckley, ''Ensign'', March 1993, 2.</ref> When the city was surveyed, the block enclosing that location was designated for the [[Salt Lake City Temple|temple]], and became known as Temple Square. <ref>Information on [http://www.lds.org/newsroom/showpackage/0,15367,3899-1---4-119,00.html Salt Lake Temple Background]</ref> Temple Square is surrounded by a high, granite wall that was built shortly after the block was designated for the building of the temple.

The square also became the headquarters of the LDS Church. Other buildings were built on the plot, including a [[tabernacle]] (prior to the one occupying Temple Square today) and endowment house, both of which were later torn down. The Salt Lake Tabernacle, home of the [[Mormon Tabernacle Choir]], was built in [[1867]] to accommodate the [[General conference (Mormonism)|General Conferences]] of the Church, with a [[seating capacity]] of 6,000. Another church building called the Assembly Hall was later built with a seating capacity of 2,000.

As the Church has grown, its headquarters has expanded into the surrounding area. In [[1917]], an administration building was built on the block east of the temple, to be followed in [[1972]] by the twenty-eight story [[LDS Church Office Building]], which was, for many years, the tallest building in the state of Utah. The Hotel Utah, another building on this block, was remodeled in [[1995]] as additional office space and a large film theater and renamed the [[Joseph Smith Memorial Building]]. In [[2000]], the Church purchased the block of Main Street between this block and Temple Square and connected the two blocks with a plaza called the [[West Church Plaza]]. In 2001, the Church completed a new, 21,000 seat [[LDS Conference Center|Conference Center]] on the block north of Temple Square.

==Modern usage==
===Tourism===
Attracting 3 million to 5 million visitors a year, Temple Square is the most popular tourist attraction in Utah. By comparison, Utah's five [[United States National Park|National Parks]] —[[Zion National Park|Zion]], [[Bryce Canyon National Park|Bryce Canyon]], [[Capitol Reef National Park|Capitol Reef]], [[Canyonlands National Park|Canyonlands]], and [[Arches National Park|Arches]]— had a combined total of 5.3 million visitors in 2005. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldextra.com/content/view/179379/4/ |title=Temple Square still top tourist attraction in Utah |first=Jim |last=Graham |publisher=Daily Herald |date=2006-05-21 |accessdate=2006-12-14}}</ref>

Temple Square (and the surrounding blocks) has become a popular tourist destination, with five million visitors annually, more than the [[Grand Canyon]] or [[Yellowstone National Park]].

===General Conference===
{{Main|General conference (Mormonism)}}

===Lighting===
The grounds, which feature a number of gardens, often host concerts and other events; during the [[Christmas]] holiday season, hundreds of thousands of lights sparkle from trees and shrubs around Temple Square. The lighting of Temple Square time is a popular event, attended by tens of thousands {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.

===Other uses===
The gates outside Temple Square are popular places for those critical of the Church where critics, mainly excommunicated former members and activist evangelical ministers, often [[Picketing|picket]] and hand out [[tract]]s and literature critical of the LDS Church. They are also well-known locations for street musicians to perform, especially during the holiday season.

==Sites==
===Salt Lake Temple===
{{Main|Salt Lake Temple}}
The Salt Lake Temple is the largest (of more than 120) and best-known LDS temple. It is the sixth temple built by the church overall, and the fourth operating temple built since the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois.

===North and South Visitors Centers===
[[Image:Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Christus statue in North Visitors' Center]]Today, Temple Square features two visitors' centers, called the North Visitor's Center and the South Visitor's Center. The North Visitor's Center was built first and features a replica of ''The Christus'', a statue of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] by Danish artist [[Bertel Thorvaldsen]]. The Christus is located in a domed room with large windows, painted with clouds, stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies. The visitors' centers and grounds are staffed by Sister Missionaries<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.templesquareworld.com/missionaries.html |title=Sister Missionaries |last=Law |first=Kristina |year=2006 |accessdate=2006-12-14}}</ref> and Senior Missionary couples exclusively; no single male missionaries are called to serve on Temple Square. The Sister Missionaries serving on Temple Square are called from North America as well as around the world, speaking enough languages to cater to the majority of visitors from around the world.

[[Image:Salt lake assembly hall christmas.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Assembly Hall at Temple Square at Christmas time.]]
Sister missionaries come from many different countries, and provide tours and information in their home languages as well as English. Beginning with the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, Sisters have been wearing tags with their national flags along with their missionary name tags.

===Conference and assembly buildings===
{{see also |Salt Lake Assembly Hall|LDS Conference Center|Salt Lake Tabernacle}}

There are three large assembly buildings housed on Temple Square.
The smallest of the three is the Salt Lake Assembly Hall, which seats approximately 2,000 and is located on the southwest corner of Temple Square. The Assembly Hall is a Victorian Gothic congregation hall, with a cruciform layout of the interior that is complemented by Stars of David circumscribed high above each entrance. These symbolize the gathering of the Twelve Tribes of Israel ([[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS perspective]]). Construction of the hall began on [[August 11]], [[1877]] and was completed [[1882]]. <ref>[http://www.lds.org/placestovisit/location/0,10634,1862-1-1-1,00.html Assembly Hall on Temple Square], The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.</ref> It is located just south of the Salt Lake Tabernacle and across from the South Visitor Center near the South Gate. Upon entering Temple Square from the South, the Assembly Hall can be seen to the left (west). The Assembly Hall hosts occasional free weekend music concerts and is filled as overflow for the Church's twice-a-year [[LDS General Conference|General Conferences]].

The second meeting house is the Salt Lake Tabernacle, home of the world-famous [[Mormon Tabernacle Choir]] and [[Orchestra at Temple Square]]. The Tabernacle was built between 1864 and 1867 and has an overall seating capacity of is 8,000, which includes the choir area and gallery. In March, 2007 the Tabernacle was rededicated after its extensive renovations and restorations were completed. It was rededicated at the Saturday Afternoon Session of the 177th Annual General Conference, in which the First Presidency, Quorum of the Twelve and other General Authorites and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, broadcast the session from within the Tabernacle rather than in the Conference Center. In addition to housing the choir, the tabernacle is also used for other religious and cultural events.

The largest and most recently built assembly building is the [[LDS Conference Center]]. With a capacity of over 21,000, it is used primarily for the LDS Church's [[LDS General Conference|General Conference]] as well as for concerts and other cultural events. The Conference Center was completed in 2000. Attached on the northwest corner of the Conference Center is the [[Conference Center Theater]], a comparatively smaller 850-seat theater for dramatic presentations, such as [[Savior of the World]], as well as concerts and other events.<ref>http://www.lds.org/placestovisit/location/0,10634,1867-1-1-1,00.html</ref>

===Museums and libraries===
====Family History Library====
{{Main|Family History Library}}
Located on the block west of Temple Square.

====Museum of Church History and Art====
Located on the block west of Temple Square adjacent to the LDS [[Family History Library]], this edifice houses collections of Latter-day Saint art and artifacts. The Museum houses permanent exhibits as well as playing host to many temporary exhibits throughout the year.

Past exhibits have included displays and themes from individuals such as artist [[Arnold Friberg]], sculptures and work by [[Boyd K. Packer]], as well as themed historical displays depicting church events.

====Social Hall Heritage Museum====
===Historical Houses===
====Deuel Pioneer Log Home====
====Beehive House====
{{Main|Beehive House}}

====Lion House====
{{Main|Lion House}}

===Administrative buildings===
====Relief Society Building====
====Church Office Building====
{{Main|LDS Church Office Building}}

====Joseph Smith Memorial Building====
{{Main|Joseph Smith Memorial Building}}

====Church Administration Building====
===Parks & Monuments===
====Brigham Young Historic Park====
====Mormon Pioneer Memorial Monument====
====Seagull Monument====
{{main|Seagull Monument}}

====Main Street plaza====
==See also==
{{commons|Temple Square}}
{{portal|Latter-day Saints|Christus statue temple square salt lake city.jpg| 40}}
* [[Salt Lake Temple]]
* [[Salt Lake Tabernacle]]
* [[Mormon Tabernacle Choir]]
* [[Music and the Spoken Word]]
* [[Temple (Latter Day Saints)]]
* [[List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]

==Notes and references==

{{FootnotesSmall|resize=100%}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lds.org Official website] - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
* [http://www.lds.org/placestovisit/location/0,10634,1890-1-1-1,00.html Official Site] - Temple Square at lds.org
* [http://www.templesquareworld.com Temple Square World - A Unique Mission]
* [http://www.media.utah.edu/UHE/t/TEMPLESQUARE.html Utah History Encyclopedia - Temple Square]
* [http://tv.ksl.com/index.php?sid=3665&nid=81 KSL News: LDS Main Street Plaza Controversy]
* [http://www.placeopedia.com/?6388 Placeopedia map] - Temple Square
* [http://www.allaboutmormons.com/templesquare.php On-line tour]
* [http://www.Untraveledroad.com/USA/Utah/SaltLake/SaltLake/TempleSquare.htm Virtual tour]
* [http://www.visittemplesquare.com VisitTempleSquare.com]

{{Spoken Wikipedia|en-templesquare.ogg|2007-01-15}}

[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Salt Lake City, Utah]]
[[Category:Significant places in Mormonism]]
[[Category:Registered Historic Places in Utah]]
[[Category:NRHP theme - religious]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks of the United States]]

[[es:Manzana del Templo]]

John Bullock Clark

2007-05-18T18:17:18Z

12.106.111.10: /* See also */ not a direct participant in the Mormon War

'''John Bullock Clark, Sr.''' ([[April 17]], [[1802]] – [[October 29]], [[1885]]) was a member of both the [[United States Congress]] and the [[Confederate Congress]].

Clark was born in [[Madison County, Kentucky]], a nephew of Congressmen [[Christopher Henderson Clark]] and [[James Clark]]. He attended the country schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1824. Establishing a law practice in [[Fayette, Missouri]], he served as clerk of the [[Howard County, Missouri|Howard County]] courts from 1824 until 1834. Clark was commissioned [[colonel]] of Missouri Mounted Volunteers during the [[Black Hawk War]] in 1832. He was promoted to [[major general]] of the state [[militia]] in 1848.

Entering politics, Clark was a member of the State house of representatives in 1850 and 1851. He was appointed as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to the [[Thirty-fifth United States Congress|Thirty-fifth Congress]] to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of [[James S. Green]]. He was reelected to the [[Thirty-sixth United States Congress|Thirty-sixth]] and [[Thirty-seventh United States Congress|Thirty-seventh Congresses]] and served from [[December 7]], [[1857]], until [[July 13]], [[1861]], when he was expelled for having taken up arms against the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]].

Clark served as a Senator from Missouri in the [[First Confederate Congress]] and a Representative in the [[Second Confederate Congress]]. He also served in the field as a [[brigadier general]] in the [[Missouri State Guard]].

After the war, he practiced law until his death in Fayette, Missouri. He was buried in Fayette Cemetery.

His son, [[John Bullock Clark, Jr.]] served as a general in the [[Confederate States Army]] as well as a [[postbellum]] U.S. Congressman.

==See also==
*[[Extermination order]]

==References==
{{bioguide}}

{{CSSenators}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clark, John Bullock}}
[[Category:1802 births]]
[[Category:1885 deaths]]
[[Category:Confederate States Senators]]
[[Category:Deputies and delegates of the Provisional Confederate Congress]]
[[Category:Members of the Confederate House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri]]
[[Category:Missouri lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Kentucky]]
[[Category:People of Missouri in the American Civil War]]

John Bullock Clark

2007-05-18T18:15:33Z

12.106.111.10: removed trivia section as material already found in article text

'''John Bullock Clark, Sr.''' ([[April 17]], [[1802]] – [[October 29]], [[1885]]) was a member of both the [[United States Congress]] and the [[Confederate Congress]].

Clark was born in [[Madison County, Kentucky]], a nephew of Congressmen [[Christopher Henderson Clark]] and [[James Clark]]. He attended the country schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1824. Establishing a law practice in [[Fayette, Missouri]], he served as clerk of the [[Howard County, Missouri|Howard County]] courts from 1824 until 1834. Clark was commissioned [[colonel]] of Missouri Mounted Volunteers during the [[Black Hawk War]] in 1832. He was promoted to [[major general]] of the state [[militia]] in 1848.

Entering politics, Clark was a member of the State house of representatives in 1850 and 1851. He was appointed as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to the [[Thirty-fifth United States Congress|Thirty-fifth Congress]] to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of [[James S. Green]]. He was reelected to the [[Thirty-sixth United States Congress|Thirty-sixth]] and [[Thirty-seventh United States Congress|Thirty-seventh Congresses]] and served from [[December 7]], [[1857]], until [[July 13]], [[1861]], when he was expelled for having taken up arms against the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]].

Clark served as a Senator from Missouri in the [[First Confederate Congress]] and a Representative in the [[Second Confederate Congress]]. He also served in the field as a [[brigadier general]] in the [[Missouri State Guard]].

After the war, he practiced law until his death in Fayette, Missouri. He was buried in Fayette Cemetery.

His son, [[John Bullock Clark, Jr.]] served as a general in the [[Confederate States Army]] as well as a [[postbellum]] U.S. Congressman.

==See also==
*[[Extermination order]]
*[[Mormon War]]

==References==
{{bioguide}}

{{CSSenators}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clark, John Bullock}}
[[Category:1802 births]]
[[Category:1885 deaths]]
[[Category:Confederate States Senators]]
[[Category:Deputies and delegates of the Provisional Confederate Congress]]
[[Category:Members of the Confederate House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri]]
[[Category:Missouri lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Kentucky]]
[[Category:People of Missouri in the American Civil War]]

John Bullock Clark

2007-05-18T18:14:32Z

12.106.111.10: +{{DEFAULTSORT}}; ab cat order

'''John Bullock Clark, Sr.''' ([[April 17]], [[1802]] – [[October 29]], [[1885]]) was a member of both the [[United States Congress]] and the [[Confederate Congress]].

Clark was born in [[Madison County, Kentucky]], a nephew of Congressmen [[Christopher Henderson Clark]] and [[James Clark]]. He attended the country schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1824. Establishing a law practice in [[Fayette, Missouri]], he served as clerk of the [[Howard County, Missouri|Howard County]] courts from 1824 until 1834. Clark was commissioned [[colonel]] of Missouri Mounted Volunteers during the [[Black Hawk War]] in 1832. He was promoted to [[major general]] of the state [[militia]] in 1848.

Entering politics, Clark was a member of the State house of representatives in 1850 and 1851. He was appointed as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to the [[Thirty-fifth United States Congress|Thirty-fifth Congress]] to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of [[James S. Green]]. He was reelected to the [[Thirty-sixth United States Congress|Thirty-sixth]] and [[Thirty-seventh United States Congress|Thirty-seventh Congresses]] and served from [[December 7]], [[1857]], until [[July 13]], [[1861]], when he was expelled for having taken up arms against the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]].

Clark served as a Senator from Missouri in the [[First Confederate Congress]] and a Representative in the [[Second Confederate Congress]]. He also served in the field as a [[brigadier general]] in the [[Missouri State Guard]].

After the war, he practiced law until his death in Fayette, Missouri. He was buried in Fayette Cemetery.

His son, [[John Bullock Clark, Jr.]] served as a general in the [[Confederate States Army]] as well as a [[postbellum]] U.S. Congressman.

==Trivia==
His son, [[John Bullock Clark, Jr.]] also served in Congress.

==See also==
*[[Extermination order]]
*[[Mormon War]]

==References==
{{bioguide}}

{{CSSenators}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clark, John Bullock}}
[[Category:1802 births]]
[[Category:1885 deaths]]
[[Category:Confederate States Senators]]
[[Category:Deputies and delegates of the Provisional Confederate Congress]]
[[Category:Members of the Confederate House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri]]
[[Category:Missouri lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Kentucky]]
[[Category:People of Missouri in the American Civil War]]

John Bullock Clark

2007-05-18T18:12:37Z

12.106.111.10: moved trivia up to own section; +see also's

'''John Bullock Clark, Sr.''' ([[April 17]], [[1802]] – [[October 29]], [[1885]]) was a member of both the [[United States Congress]] and the [[Confederate Congress]].

Clark was born in [[Madison County, Kentucky]], a nephew of Congressmen [[Christopher Henderson Clark]] and [[James Clark]]. He attended the country schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1824. Establishing a law practice in [[Fayette, Missouri]], he served as clerk of the [[Howard County, Missouri|Howard County]] courts from 1824 until 1834. Clark was commissioned [[colonel]] of Missouri Mounted Volunteers during the [[Black Hawk War]] in 1832. He was promoted to [[major general]] of the state [[militia]] in 1848.

Entering politics, Clark was a member of the State house of representatives in 1850 and 1851. He was appointed as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to the [[Thirty-fifth United States Congress|Thirty-fifth Congress]] to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of [[James S. Green]]. He was reelected to the [[Thirty-sixth United States Congress|Thirty-sixth]] and [[Thirty-seventh United States Congress|Thirty-seventh Congresses]] and served from [[December 7]], [[1857]], until [[July 13]], [[1861]], when he was expelled for having taken up arms against the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]].

Clark served as a Senator from Missouri in the [[First Confederate Congress]] and a Representative in the [[Second Confederate Congress]]. He also served in the field as a [[brigadier general]] in the [[Missouri State Guard]].

After the war, he practiced law until his death in Fayette, Missouri. He was buried in Fayette Cemetery.

His son, [[John Bullock Clark, Jr.]] served as a general in the [[Confederate States Army]] as well as a [[postbellum]] U.S. Congressman.

==Trivia==
His son, [[John Bullock Clark, Jr.]] also served in Congress.

==See also==
*[[Extermination order]]
*[[Mormon War]]

==References==
{{bioguide}}

{{CSSenators}}

[[Category:1802 births|Clark, John Bullock]]
[[Category:1885 deaths|Clark, John Bullock]]
[[Category:People from Kentucky|Clark, John Bullock]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri|Clark, John Bullock]]
[[Category:Confederate States Senators|Clark, John Bullock]]
[[Category:Members of the Confederate House of Representatives|Clark, John Bullock]]
[[Category:Missouri lawyers|Clark, John Bullock]]
[[Category:People of Missouri in the American Civil War|Clark, John Bullock]]
[[Category:Deputies and delegates of the Provisional Confederate Congress|Clark, John Bullock]]

Edmunds–Tucker Act

2007-05-14T20:28:30Z

12.106.111.10: /* See also */ +George F. Edmunds

The '''Edmunds-Tucker Act''' of [[1887]] touched all the issues at dispute between [[Congress]] and [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. The act disincorporated both the Church and the [[Perpetual Emigration Fund]] on the ground that they fostered [[polygamy]].

The act prohibited the practice of polygamy and punished it with a fine of from $500 to $800 and imprisonment of up to five years. It dissolved the [[Incorporation (business)|corporation]] of the church and directed the confiscation by the federal government of all church properties valued over a limit of $50,000.

The act also dealt with the separation of church and state and with courts, militia, education, elections, immigration, and [[woman suffrage]]. [[Utah]] women had been granted the franchise in [[1870]], but now lost it. The act was enforced by the [[United States Marshals Service|U. S. marshal]] and a host of deputies. Other matters dealt with by the act included:

* Required civil [[marriage license]]s
* Required voters, jurors, and public officials to deny polygamy
* Required plural wives to testify against their husbands<ref>http://www.media.utah.edu/UHE/p/POLYGAMY.html</ref>
* Replaced local judges with federally appointed judges
* Removed local control in school textbook choice

In [[1890]] the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the seizure of Church property under the Edmunds-Tucker Act in ''[[The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States]]''.

This act was repealed in 1978.<ref>http://www.law.nyu.edu/journals/legislation/articles/vol5num1/vazquez.pdf</ref> <ref>http://www.law2.byu.edu/Law_Society/perspectives/Lesson%20Plan%20re%20Law%20and%20Church%20as%20an%20Institution%20-%202.pdf</ref> <ref>http://www.bepress.com/ils/iss5/art1/</ref> <ref>http://law.wustl.edu/WULQ/82-3/p%20611%20Stein%20book%20pages.pdf</ref>

This act is found in US Code Title 48 & 1461. The full text of the act can be found as 24 Stat. 635, with this annotation to be interpreted as Volume 24, page 635 of ''United States Statutes at Large''.

==See also==
*[[Mormon War]] (1838 Missouri)
*[[Extermination Order]] (1838 Missouri)
*[[Illinois Mormon War]] (1844-1845)
*[[Mormon Exodus]] (1846-1857)
*[[Utah War]] (1857-1858)
*[[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
*[[Poland Act]] (1874)
*[[Reynolds v. United States]] (1879)
*[[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
*[[The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States]] (1890)
*[[1890 Manifesto]]
*[[Smoot Hearings]] (1903-1907)
*[[History of civil marriage in the U.S.]]
*[[George F. Edmunds]]

==References==
<references/>

{{US-fed-statute-stub}}
{{Utah-stub}}
{{LDS-stub}}

[[Category:1887 in law]]
[[Category:History of the Latter Day Saint movement]]
[[Category:History of Utah]]
[[Category:Law related to Mormonism]]
[[Category:Legal history of the United States]]
[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Polygamy]]
[[Category:United States federal territory and statehood legislation]]

William Smith (Mormone)

2007-05-11T23:50:52Z

12.106.111.10: +{{refimprove}}

[[Image:Williambsmith.jpg|thumb|William Smith]]
'''William Smith''' (also found as '''William B. Smith''') ([[1811]]–[[1893]]) born in [[Royalton, Vermont]], was a leader in the [[Latter Day Saint movement]] and an early member of [[the Quorum of Twelve Apostles]], replacing [[Luke S. Johnson]]. William Smith was the [[List of descendants of Joseph Smith, Sr. and Lucy Mack Smith|8th child]] of [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]] and [[Lucy Mack Smith]]. As such he was the younger brother of [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], the founder of the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]]. During his childhood, the Smith family suffered considerable financial problems and moved several times in the [[New England]] area.

William was still living in the home of his parents when his brother Joseph was permitted to bring the [[Golden Plates]] home and commence translation of the [[Book of Mormon]]. William was ''not'' privileged to view them, but was allowed to feel them, open them and lift the soft case (much alike a pillow case) in which they were kept. He was baptized June 9, 1830 by [[David Whitmer]], one of the [[Three Witnesses]] to the Book of Mormon.

Smith served a term in the [[Illinois General Assembly|Illinois State Legislature]] in 1842.

The relationship between William and Joseph was, at times, quite rocky. William tended to be physically abusive toward his brother Joseph, and it has been said that at the time Joseph died, he was still suffering the effects of a beating he had received from William some time earlier.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

During the [[Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)|succession crisis]] that followed the deaths of his brothers (Joseph and [[Hyrum Smith|Hyrum]]), Smith was excommunicated for apostasy in 1845 from the group that followed [[Brigham Young]] (which is currently called [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]). He was subsequently involved with the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)|Strangite]] group for a time. Smith was later influential in the founding of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now called the [[Community of Christ]]), with [[Joseph Smith, III]] (his brother's son) as [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)#Presidents of the Community of Christ|Prophet-President]].

When William died on November 13, 1893, at [[Osterdock, Iowa|Osterdock]], [[Clayton County, Iowa|Clayton County]], [[Iowa]], he was the last surviving brother of Joseph Smith Jr., though his sisters Sophronia and Catherine survived him.

==References==
{{refimprove}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.olivercowdery.com/smithhome/WmSmith1.htm William Smith Memorial Home Page]
* [http://gapages.com/smithwb1.htm Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: William B. Smith]

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title= [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] |
years= [[February 15]], [[1835]]–[[May 4]], [[1839]] |
before=[[Luke S. Johnson]] |
after= [[Orson Pratt]] |
}}
{{succession box |
title= [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] |
years= [[October 6]], [[1839]]–October [[1845]] |
before=[[Orson Hyde]] |
after= [[Willard Richards]] |
}}
{{end box}}

{{LDS-stub}}
{{US-reli-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, William}}
[[Category:1811 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]
[[Category:Leaders in various Latter Day Saint denominations]]
[[Category:Members of the Illinois House of Representatives]]
[[Category:People from Vermont]]

William Smith (Mormone)

2007-05-11T23:49:55Z

12.106.111.10: fixing messedup link

[[Image:Williambsmith.jpg|thumb|William Smith]]
'''William Smith''' (also found as '''William B. Smith''') ([[1811]]–[[1893]]) born in [[Royalton, Vermont]], was a leader in the [[Latter Day Saint movement]] and an early member of [[the Quorum of Twelve Apostles]], replacing [[Luke S. Johnson]]. William Smith was the [[List of descendants of Joseph Smith, Sr. and Lucy Mack Smith|8th child]] of [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]] and [[Lucy Mack Smith]]. As such he was the younger brother of [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], the founder of the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]]. During his childhood, the Smith family suffered considerable financial problems and moved several times in the [[New England]] area.

William was still living in the home of his parents when his brother Joseph was permitted to bring the [[Golden Plates]] home and commence translation of the [[Book of Mormon]]. William was ''not'' privileged to view them, but was allowed to feel them, open them and lift the soft case (much alike a pillow case) in which they were kept. He was baptized June 9, 1830 by [[David Whitmer]], one of the [[Three Witnesses]] to the Book of Mormon.

Smith served a term in the [[Illinois General Assembly|Illinois State Legislature]] in 1842.

The relationship between William and Joseph was, at times, quite rocky. William tended to be physically abusive toward his brother Joseph, and it has been said that at the time Joseph died, he was still suffering the effects of a beating he had received from William some time earlier.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

During the [[Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)|succession crisis]] that followed the deaths of his brothers (Joseph and [[Hyrum Smith|Hyrum]]), Smith was excommunicated for apostasy in 1845 from the group that followed [[Brigham Young]] (which is currently called [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]). He was subsequently involved with the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)|Strangite]] group for a time. Smith was later influential in the founding of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now called the [[Community of Christ]]), with [[Joseph Smith, III]] (his brother's son) as [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)#Presidents of the Community of Christ|Prophet-President]].

When William died on November 13, 1893, at [[Osterdock, Iowa|Osterdock]], [[Clayton County, Iowa|Clayton County]], [[Iowa]], he was the last surviving brother of Joseph Smith Jr., though his sisters Sophronia and Catherine survived him.

== External links ==
* [http://www.olivercowdery.com/smithhome/WmSmith1.htm William Smith Memorial Home Page]
* [http://gapages.com/smithwb1.htm Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: William B. Smith]

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title= [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] |
years= [[February 15]], [[1835]]–[[May 4]], [[1839]] |
before=[[Luke S. Johnson]] |
after= [[Orson Pratt]] |
}}
{{succession box |
title= [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] |
years= [[October 6]], [[1839]]–October [[1845]] |
before=[[Orson Hyde]] |
after= [[Willard Richards]] |
}}
{{end box}}

{{LDS-stub}}
{{US-reli-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, William}}
[[Category:1811 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]
[[Category:Leaders in various Latter Day Saint denominations]]
[[Category:Members of the Illinois House of Representatives]]
[[Category:People from Vermont]]

Erhöhung (Mormonentum)

2007-05-11T18:13:00Z

12.106.111.10: needs more than just to be wikified -- needs cleanup

{{cleanup|date=March 2007}}
'''Exaltation''' or '''eternal progression''' is a [[belief]] among members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) that mankind, as spirit children of their Father in Heaven, can become like Him. Although the exact meaning of this has not been defined, most Latter-day Saints speculate that this signifies they may enter the Celestial Kingdom and dwell in the Father's presence. In the [[Doctrine & Covenants]] is found a scripture that describes those who are exalted will become gods.[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dc/132/20#20] Though Exaltation is not limited to Latter-day Saints, saving ordinances will be required of all who may enter. To enter the presence of the Father signifies that one has become a co-inheritor with Jesus thus becoming like the Father and the Son (Romans 8:16-17).

According to LDS beliefs, certain ordinances, such as baptism are required of all those who hope to achieve exaltation. Yet millions have lived and died throughout the earth's history without having received these saving ordinances. Unlike traditional protestant doctrine which suggests that those who die without accepting Christ are forever cut-off from the presence of God, LDS doctrine teaches that all individuals will have an equitable and fair opportunity to hear the 'fullness of the gospel' taught in this life, or in the life to come, and will subsequently have the opportunity to either accept the message of Jesus Christ and His gospel, or reject it. Church members are committed to performing these sacred ordinances vicariously in behalf of those who have died without the opportunity of the gospel or its saving ordinances. It is their belief that those who have died without these ordinances need them in order to progress beyond this life. They feel obligated to perform these ordinances for all mankind who have lived before them, that all may have an equal opportunity to receive the blessings of the Celestial Kingdom of God if they choose to do so through their faith in and acceptance of Jesus Christ. Acceptance of these ordinances by those who have died is entirely voluntary in that existence (the [[Spirit world]] or paradise), and in no way takes away the agency of those individuals, or coerces them in any way. Some would accept them, and others would reject them. Those who rejected them would still have the opportunity to inherit a [[Degrees of glory|kingdom of glory]] distinct from the [[Celestial Kingdom]]: either the [[Terrestrial Kingdom]] or the [[Telestial Kingdom]].

Exaltation in the [[Celestial Kingdom]] is the ultimate goal of faithful LDS Church members. LDS Church founder, [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], taught this doctrine in the [[King Follett Discourse]].

In the Mormon scripture [[Book of Moses|Moses]] 1:39 God tells [[Moses]], "this is my work and my glory—to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of man." God shows Moses a vision depicting some of His vast creations including a vast number of worlds created for other people—a sampling of what God created in the past and what he will continue to do forever. Each world was prepared and peopled by God for the purpose of bringing to pass the immortality and eternal life of humankind. ''Immortality'' refers to personal [[resurrection]] by which each individual can continue to enjoy a perfect, physical body forever. ''Eternal life'' refers to living in the presence of God and Jesus Christ. ''Exaltation'' refers to becoming like God both in terms of holiness or godliness and sharing in God's glory. It is commonly believed by members of the Church that, as God's children, mankind may, through merits and mercy of the Atonement of Christ, may become like the Heavenly Father. As Paul taught the Romans, "And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ; if so be that we suffer with him, that we may be also glorified together. (Romans 8:17)" The eternities will be spent in a process of eternal progression and becoming like the Father; even to the extent of eventually creating additional worlds and people in an endless process of exalting humankind.

Latter-day Saints posit that not only does God have the power to exalt mortal man, but without the possibility, there is little reason for mortality. They also point to comments made by Christ and Psalmists among others that refer to the Divine nature and potential of humans as children of God. They include many passages in the Book of Revelation that describe the exalted state of those who overcome by faith in Jesus Christ. Some Latter-day Saints also suggest that discussions of [[theosis]] by early Church fathers demonstrate that some basic concept of deification, possibly parallel to the LDS concept, was indeed part of the original Christian church.

== See also ==
*[[Mormonism and Christianity]]
*[[Theosis#Deification in Mormonism|Theosis]]
*[[Salvation]]

==References==
{{refimprove}}

[[Category:Latter Day Saint doctrines regarding deity]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint doctrines, beliefs, and practices]]

[[es:Exaltación]]
[[fr:Exaltation (mormonisme)]]
[[fi:Eksaltaatio]]

Erhöhung (Mormonentum)

2007-05-11T18:11:58Z

12.106.111.10: {{refimprove}}

{{Wikify|date=March 2007}}
'''Exaltation''' or '''eternal progression''' is a [[belief]] among members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) that mankind, as spirit children of their Father in Heaven, can become like Him. Although the exact meaning of this has not been defined, most Latter-day Saints speculate that this signifies they may enter the Celestial Kingdom and dwell in the Father's presence. In the [[Doctrine & Covenants]] is found a scripture that describes those who are exalted will become gods.[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dc/132/20#20] Though Exaltation is not limited to Latter-day Saints, saving ordinances will be required of all who may enter. To enter the presence of the Father signifies that one has become a co-inheritor with Jesus thus becoming like the Father and the Son (Romans 8:16-17).

According to LDS beliefs, certain ordinances, such as baptism are required of all those who hope to achieve exaltation. Yet millions have lived and died throughout the earth's history without having received these saving ordinances. Unlike traditional protestant doctrine which suggests that those who die without accepting Christ are forever cut-off from the presence of God, LDS doctrine teaches that all individuals will have an equitable and fair opportunity to hear the 'fullness of the gospel' taught in this life, or in the life to come, and will subsequently have the opportunity to either accept the message of Jesus Christ and His gospel, or reject it. Church members are committed to performing these sacred ordinances vicariously in behalf of those who have died without the opportunity of the gospel or its saving ordinances. It is their belief that those who have died without these ordinances need them in order to progress beyond this life. They feel obligated to perform these ordinances for all mankind who have lived before them, that all may have an equal opportunity to receive the blessings of the Celestial Kingdom of God if they choose to do so through their faith in and acceptance of Jesus Christ. Acceptance of these ordinances by those who have died is entirely voluntary in that existence (the [[Spirit world]] or paradise), and in no way takes away the agency of those individuals, or coerces them in any way. Some would accept them, and others would reject them. Those who rejected them would still have the opportunity to inherit a [[Degrees of glory|kingdom of glory]] distinct from the [[Celestial Kingdom]]: either the [[Terrestrial Kingdom]] or the [[Telestial Kingdom]].

Exaltation in the [[Celestial Kingdom]] is the ultimate goal of faithful LDS Church members. LDS Church founder, [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], taught this doctrine in the [[King Follett Discourse]].

In the Mormon scripture [[Book of Moses|Moses]] 1:39 God tells [[Moses]], "this is my work and my glory—to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of man." God shows Moses a vision depicting some of His vast creations including a vast number of worlds created for other people—a sampling of what God created in the past and what he will continue to do forever. Each world was prepared and peopled by God for the purpose of bringing to pass the immortality and eternal life of humankind. ''Immortality'' refers to personal [[resurrection]] by which each individual can continue to enjoy a perfect, physical body forever. ''Eternal life'' refers to living in the presence of God and Jesus Christ. ''Exaltation'' refers to becoming like God both in terms of holiness or godliness and sharing in God's glory. It is commonly believed by members of the Church that, as God's children, mankind may, through merits and mercy of the Atonement of Christ, may become like the Heavenly Father. As Paul taught the Romans, "And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ; if so be that we suffer with him, that we may be also glorified together. (Romans 8:17)" The eternities will be spent in a process of eternal progression and becoming like the Father; even to the extent of eventually creating additional worlds and people in an endless process of exalting humankind.

Latter-day Saints posit that not only does God have the power to exalt mortal man, but without the possibility, there is little reason for mortality. They also point to comments made by Christ and Psalmists among others that refer to the Divine nature and potential of humans as children of God. They include many passages in the Book of Revelation that describe the exalted state of those who overcome by faith in Jesus Christ. Some Latter-day Saints also suggest that discussions of [[theosis]] by early Church fathers demonstrate that some basic concept of deification, possibly parallel to the LDS concept, was indeed part of the original Christian church.

== See also ==
*[[Mormonism and Christianity]]
*[[Theosis#Deification in Mormonism|Theosis]]
*[[Salvation]]

==References==
{{refimprove}}

[[Category:Latter Day Saint doctrines regarding deity]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint doctrines, beliefs, and practices]]

[[es:Exaltación]]
[[fr:Exaltation (mormonisme)]]
[[fi:Eksaltaatio]]

Erhöhung (Mormonentum)

2007-05-11T18:11:04Z

12.106.111.10: addded missing cat

{{Wikify|date=March 2007}}
'''Exaltation''' or '''eternal progression''' is a [[belief]] among members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) that mankind, as spirit children of their Father in Heaven, can become like Him. Although the exact meaning of this has not been defined, most Latter-day Saints speculate that this signifies they may enter the Celestial Kingdom and dwell in the Father's presence. In the [[Doctrine & Covenants]] is found a scripture that describes those who are exalted will become gods.[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dc/132/20#20] Though Exaltation is not limited to Latter-day Saints, saving ordinances will be required of all who may enter. To enter the presence of the Father signifies that one has become a co-inheritor with Jesus thus becoming like the Father and the Son (Romans 8:16-17).

According to LDS beliefs, certain ordinances, such as baptism are required of all those who hope to achieve exaltation. Yet millions have lived and died throughout the earth's history without having received these saving ordinances. Unlike traditional protestant doctrine which suggests that those who die without accepting Christ are forever cut-off from the presence of God, LDS doctrine teaches that all individuals will have an equitable and fair opportunity to hear the 'fullness of the gospel' taught in this life, or in the life to come, and will subsequently have the opportunity to either accept the message of Jesus Christ and His gospel, or reject it. Church members are committed to performing these sacred ordinances vicariously in behalf of those who have died without the opportunity of the gospel or its saving ordinances. It is their belief that those who have died without these ordinances need them in order to progress beyond this life. They feel obligated to perform these ordinances for all mankind who have lived before them, that all may have an equal opportunity to receive the blessings of the Celestial Kingdom of God if they choose to do so through their faith in and acceptance of Jesus Christ. Acceptance of these ordinances by those who have died is entirely voluntary in that existence (the [[Spirit world]] or paradise), and in no way takes away the agency of those individuals, or coerces them in any way. Some would accept them, and others would reject them. Those who rejected them would still have the opportunity to inherit a [[Degrees of glory|kingdom of glory]] distinct from the [[Celestial Kingdom]]: either the [[Terrestrial Kingdom]] or the [[Telestial Kingdom]].

Exaltation in the [[Celestial Kingdom]] is the ultimate goal of faithful LDS Church members. LDS Church founder, [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], taught this doctrine in the [[King Follett Discourse]].

In the Mormon scripture [[Book of Moses|Moses]] 1:39 God tells [[Moses]], "this is my work and my glory—to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of man." God shows Moses a vision depicting some of His vast creations including a vast number of worlds created for other people—a sampling of what God created in the past and what he will continue to do forever. Each world was prepared and peopled by God for the purpose of bringing to pass the immortality and eternal life of humankind. ''Immortality'' refers to personal [[resurrection]] by which each individual can continue to enjoy a perfect, physical body forever. ''Eternal life'' refers to living in the presence of God and Jesus Christ. ''Exaltation'' refers to becoming like God both in terms of holiness or godliness and sharing in God's glory. It is commonly believed by members of the Church that, as God's children, mankind may, through merits and mercy of the Atonement of Christ, may become like the Heavenly Father. As Paul taught the Romans, "And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ; if so be that we suffer with him, that we may be also glorified together. (Romans 8:17)" The eternities will be spent in a process of eternal progression and becoming like the Father; even to the extent of eventually creating additional worlds and people in an endless process of exalting humankind.

Latter-day Saints posit that not only does God have the power to exalt mortal man, but without the possibility, there is little reason for mortality. They also point to comments made by Christ and Psalmists among others that refer to the Divine nature and potential of humans as children of God. They include many passages in the Book of Revelation that describe the exalted state of those who overcome by faith in Jesus Christ. Some Latter-day Saints also suggest that discussions of [[theosis]] by early Church fathers demonstrate that some basic concept of deification, possibly parallel to the LDS concept, was indeed part of the original Christian church.

== See also ==
*[[Mormonism and Christianity]]
*[[Theosis#Deification in Mormonism|Theosis]]
*[[Salvation]]

[[Category:Latter Day Saint doctrines regarding deity]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint doctrines, beliefs, and practices]]

[[es:Exaltación]]
[[fr:Exaltation (mormonisme)]]
[[fi:Eksaltaatio]]

Manifest von 1890

2007-05-04T23:10:44Z

12.106.111.10: replaced ext link format to findlaw source with the {{ussc|...}} template

The '''1890 Manifesto''', sometimes simply called '''The Manifesto''', is a statement which officially renounced the practice of [[plural marriage]] in [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (see also "[[Mormon]]"). Signed by [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|Church President]] [[Wilford Woodruff]] in September of [[1890]], the Manifesto was a dramatic turning point in the [[history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].

The Manifesto prohibited church members from entering into plural marriages, but did not require dissolution of existing marriages.

The Manifesto was written in response to the anti-polygamy policies of the [[Federal Government of the United States|US Federal Government]], and most especially the [[Edmunds-Tucker Act]] of [[1887]]. This law disincorporated The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and allowed the federal government to freeze all of the church's assets. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] upheld property seizure in ''[[The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States]]'', {{ussc|136|1|1890}}. By September, federal officials were preparing to seize the church's [[Temple (Latter Day Saints)|temples]] and the [[Congress of the United States|US Congress]] had debated whether to extend the [[1882]] [[Edmunds Act]] so that ''all'' Mormons would be disenfranchised, not just the polygamists. The Supreme Court had already ruled a law constitutional which banned all members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from voting in [[Idaho Territory]] in ''[[Davis v. Beason]]'', {{ussc|133|333|1890}}.

LDS Church President Woodruff reported that on the night of [[September 23]] he received revelation that the church should cease the practice of plural marriage. Woodruff announced the Manifesto on [[September 25]] and acted quickly to publish it in the ''[[Deseret News]]''. On October 6, 1890, during the 60th Semi-Annual [[LDS General Conference|General Conference]] of the church, the Manifesto was formally sustained by church membership.

Within six years of the announcement, Utah became a state and [[anti-Mormon]] federal persecution subsided. However, Congress still refused to seat later polygamist representatives-elect, including [[B.H. Roberts]].

Critical historians, such as [[D. Michael Quinn]], have interpreted the Manifesto's timing as politically expedient. Quinn and fellow Mormon Historian [[Kenneth Lynn Cannon II]] have also documented that some Apostles covertly sanctioned additional plural marriages. This practice was especially prevalent in [[Mexico]] and [[Canada]] because of an erroneous belief that such marriages were legal in those places. Rumors of post-Manifesto marriages surfaced, causing church President [[Joseph F. Smith]] to issue a "Second Manifesto" in [[1904]]. This Manifesto threatened excommunication for Latter-day Saints who continued to enter into plural marriages. [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|Apostles]] [[John Whittaker Taylor|John W. Taylor]] and [[Matthias F. Cowley]] each resigned from the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)|Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] due to disagreement with the church's position on plural marriage. Plural marriage continues to be grounds for excommunication from the church.

The cessation of plural marriage within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints gave rise to [[Polygamous Mormon Fundamentalists|polygamous groups]] that do not regard the 1890 Manifesto as true revelation.

The Manifesto has been canonized by the LDS Church and is currently published as ''Official Declaration 1'' in the [[Doctrine and Covenants]], one of the church's books of [[Standard Works|scripture]].

==The Manifesto==
The Manifesto, issued by Wilford Woodruff, states:

:"To Whom It May Concern:

:"Press dispatches having been sent for political purposes, from Salt Lake City, which have been widely published, to the effect that the Utah Commission, in their recent report to the Secretary of the Interior, allege that plural marriages have been contracted in Utah since last June or during the past year, also that in public discourses the leaders of the Church have taught, encouraged and urged the continuance of the practice of polygamy—

:"I, therefore, as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, do hereby, in the most solemn manner, declare that these charges are false. We are not teaching polygamy or plural marriage, nor permitting other number of plural marriages have during that period been solemnized in our Temples or in any other place in the Territory.

:"One case has been reported, in which the parties allege that the marriage was performed in the Endowment House, in Salt Lake City, in the Spring of 1889, but I have not been able to learn who performed the ceremony; whatever was done in this matter was without my knowledge. In consequence of this alleged occurrence the Endowment House was, by my instructions, taken down without delay.

:"Inasmuch as laws have been enacted by Congress forbidding plural marriages, which laws have been pronounced constitutional by the court of last resort, I heareby declare my intention to submit to those laws, to use my influence with the members of the Church over which I preside to have them do likewise.

:"There is nothing in my teachings to the Church or in those of my associates, during the time specified, which can be reasonably construed to inculcate or encourage polygamy; and when any Elder of the Church has used language which appeared to convey such teaching, he has been promptly reproved. And I now publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-day Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriage forbidden by the law of the land.

::"WILFORD WOODRUFF [signed] 
::"President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints."<ref name=LDSOD1>{{lds|Official Declaration —|od|1}}</ref>

==Acceptance of the Manifesto by the LDS Church==
"President Lorenzo Snow offered the following:

:"'I move that, recognizing Wilford Woodruff as the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the only man on the earth at the present time who holds the keys of the sealing ordinances, we consider him fully authorized by virtue of his position to issue the Manifesto which has been read in our hearing, and which is dated September 1890, and that as a Church in General Conference assembled, we accept his declaration concerning plural marriages as authoritative and binding.'

"The vote to sustain the foregoing motion was unanimous.

"Salt Lake City, Utah, October 6, 1890."<ref name=LDSOD1/>

==See also==
*[[Mormon War]] (1838 Missouri)
*[[Extermination Order]] (1838 Missouri)
*[[Illinois Mormon War]] (1844-1845)
*[[Mormon Exodus]] (1846-1857)
*[[Utah War]] (1857-1858)
*[[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
*[[Poland Act]] (1874)
*[[Reynolds v. United States]] (1879)
*[[George Reynolds (1842-1909)|George Reynolds]]
*[[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
*[[Edmunds-Tucker Act]] (1887)
*[[The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States]] (1890)
*[[Smoot Hearings]] (1903-1907)
*[[History of civil marriage in the U.S.]]

==Notes==
<div class="references-small" >
<references/>
</div>

==References==
*Quinn, D. Michael (1997). ''[http://www.signaturebooks.com/excerpts/hier1.htm The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power]''. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN 1-56085-060-4
* B. Carmon Hardy ''[http://www.press.uillinois.edu/pre95/0-252-01833-8.html Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage]''; University of Illinois Press; ISBN 0-252-01833-8; (hardcover)

==External links==
*[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/od/1 Official Declaration 1]: Full text of the Manifesto and other background statements
*[http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/daily/history/plural_marriage/manifesto_eom.htm The Manifesto of 1890] — article from the ''[[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]]''
*[http://www.ldshistory.net/pc/postman.htm Plural Marriages After The 1890 Manifesto] — essay by Quinn
*[http://lds-mormon.com/quinn_polygamy.shtml LDS Church Authority and New Plural Marriages, 1890 - 1904] — essay by D. Michael Quinn

[[Category:1890 in the United States|Manifesto]]
[[Category:History of the Latter Day Saint movement|Manifesto]]
[[Category:Polygamy|Manifesto]]
[[Category:Doctrine and Covenants|Manifesto]]

Manifest von 1890

2007-05-04T23:01:32Z

12.106.111.10: typo fix; formating tweaks; added inline cite using {{lds|...}}; +notes section

The '''1890 Manifesto''', sometimes simply called '''The Manifesto''', is a statement which officially renounced the practice of [[plural marriage]] in [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (see also "[[Mormon]]"). Signed by [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|Church President]] [[Wilford Woodruff]] in September of [[1890]], the Manifesto was a dramatic turning point in the [[history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].

The Manifesto prohibited church members from entering into plural marriages, but did not require dissolution of existing marriages.

The Manifesto was written in response to the anti-polygamy policies of the [[Federal Government of the United States|US Federal Government]], and most especially the [[Edmunds-Tucker Act]] of [[1887]]. This law disincorporated The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and allowed the federal government to freeze all of the church's assets. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] upheld property seizure in ''[[The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States]]'', [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=136&page=1 136 U.S. 1] (1890). By September, federal officials were preparing to seize the church's [[Temple (Latter Day Saints)|temples]] and the [[Congress of the United States|US Congress]] had debated whether to extend the [[1882]] [[Edmunds Act]] so that ''all'' Mormons would be disenfranchised, not just the polygamists. The Supreme Court had already ruled a law constitutional which banned all members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from voting in [[Idaho Territory]] in ''[[Davis v. Beason]]'', [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=133&invol=333&friend=nytimes 133 U.S. 333] (1890).

LDS Church President Woodruff reported that on the night of [[September 23]] he received revelation that the church should cease the practice of plural marriage. Woodruff announced the Manifesto on [[September 25]] and acted quickly to publish it in the ''[[Deseret News]]''. On October 6, 1890, during the 60th Semi-Annual [[LDS General Conference|General Conference]] of the church, the Manifesto was formally sustained by church membership.

Within six years of the announcement, Utah became a state and [[anti-Mormon]] federal persecution subsided. However, Congress still refused to seat later polygamist representatives-elect, including [[B.H. Roberts]].

Critical historians, such as [[D. Michael Quinn]], have interpreted the Manifesto's timing as politically expedient. Quinn and fellow Mormon Historian [[Kenneth Lynn Cannon II]] have also documented that some Apostles covertly sanctioned additional plural marriages. This practice was especially prevalent in [[Mexico]] and [[Canada]] because of an erroneous belief that such marriages were legal in those places. Rumors of post-Manifesto marriages surfaced, causing church President [[Joseph F. Smith]] to issue a "Second Manifesto" in [[1904]]. This Manifesto threatened excommunication for Latter-day Saints who continued to enter into plural marriages. [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|Apostles]] [[John Whittaker Taylor|John W. Taylor]] and [[Matthias F. Cowley]] each resigned from the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)|Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] due to disagreement with the church's position on plural marriage. Plural marriage continues to be grounds for excommunication from the church.

The cessation of plural marriage within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints gave rise to [[Polygamous Mormon Fundamentalists|polygamous groups]] that do not regard the 1890 Manifesto as true revelation.

The Manifesto has been canonized by the LDS Church and is currently published as ''Official Declaration 1'' in the [[Doctrine and Covenants]], one of the church's books of [[Standard Works|scripture]].

==The Manifesto==
The Manifesto, issued by Wilford Woodruff, states:

:"To Whom It May Concern:

:"Press dispatches having been sent for political purposes, from Salt Lake City, which have been widely published, to the effect that the Utah Commission, in their recent report to the Secretary of the Interior, allege that plural marriages have been contracted in Utah since last June or during the past year, also that in public discourses the leaders of the Church have taught, encouraged and urged the continuance of the practice of polygamy—

:"I, therefore, as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, do hereby, in the most solemn manner, declare that these charges are false. We are not teaching polygamy or plural marriage, nor permitting other number of plural marriages have during that period been solemnized in our Temples or in any other place in the Territory.

:"One case has been reported, in which the parties allege that the marriage was performed in the Endowment House, in Salt Lake City, in the Spring of 1889, but I have not been able to learn who performed the ceremony; whatever was done in this matter was without my knowledge. In consequence of this alleged occurrence the Endowment House was, by my instructions, taken down without delay.

:"Inasmuch as laws have been enacted by Congress forbidding plural marriages, which laws have been pronounced constitutional by the court of last resort, I heareby declare my intention to submit to those laws, to use my influence with the members of the Church over which I preside to have them do likewise.

:"There is nothing in my teachings to the Church or in those of my associates, during the time specified, which can be reasonably construed to inculcate or encourage polygamy; and when any Elder of the Church has used language which appeared to convey such teaching, he has been promptly reproved. And I now publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-day Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriage forbidden by the law of the land.

::"WILFORD WOODRUFF [signed] 
::"President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints."<ref name=LDSOD1>{{lds|Official Declaration —|od|1}}</ref>

==Acceptance of the Manifesto by the LDS Church==
"President Lorenzo Snow offered the following:

:"'I move that, recognizing Wilford Woodruff as the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the only man on the earth at the present time who holds the keys of the sealing ordinances, we consider him fully authorized by virtue of his position to issue the Manifesto which has been read in our hearing, and which is dated September 1890, and that as a Church in General Conference assembled, we accept his declaration concerning plural marriages as authoritative and binding.'

"The vote to sustain the foregoing motion was unanimous.

"Salt Lake City, Utah, October 6, 1890."<ref name=LDSOD1/>

==See also==
*[[Mormon War]] (1838 Missouri)
*[[Extermination Order]] (1838 Missouri)
*[[Illinois Mormon War]] (1844-1845)
*[[Mormon Exodus]] (1846-1857)
*[[Utah War]] (1857-1858)
*[[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
*[[Poland Act]] (1874)
*[[Reynolds v. United States]] (1879)
*[[George Reynolds (1842-1909)|George Reynolds]]
*[[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
*[[Edmunds-Tucker Act]] (1887)
*[[The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States]] (1890)
*[[Smoot Hearings]] (1903-1907)
*[[History of civil marriage in the U.S.]]

==Notes==
<div class="references-small" >
<references/>
</div>

==References==
*Quinn, D. Michael (1997). ''[http://www.signaturebooks.com/excerpts/hier1.htm The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power]''. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN 1-56085-060-4
* B. Carmon Hardy ''[http://www.press.uillinois.edu/pre95/0-252-01833-8.html Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage]''; University of Illinois Press; ISBN 0-252-01833-8; (hardcover)

==External links==
*[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/od/1 Official Declaration 1]: Full text of the Manifesto and other background statements
*[http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/daily/history/plural_marriage/manifesto_eom.htm The Manifesto of 1890] — article from the ''[[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]]''
*[http://www.ldshistory.net/pc/postman.htm Plural Marriages After The 1890 Manifesto] — essay by Quinn
*[http://lds-mormon.com/quinn_polygamy.shtml LDS Church Authority and New Plural Marriages, 1890 - 1904] — essay by D. Michael Quinn

[[Category:1890 in the United States|Manifesto]]
[[Category:History of the Latter Day Saint movement|Manifesto]]
[[Category:Polygamy|Manifesto]]
[[Category:Doctrine and Covenants|Manifesto]]

Mission (Verwaltungseinheit der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der letzten Tage)

2007-05-01T22:19:22Z

12.106.111.10: /* Missions of the church */ balancing out columns; typo fix

:''This article is about a geographical adminstrative area within the LDS Church. For a discussion of the proseletyzing or service assignment fulfilled by Latter-day Saints, see '''[[Mormon missionary]]'''.''

A '''mission''' of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] is a geographical administrative area to which church [[Mormon missionary|missionaries]] are assigned. All areas of the world are within the boundaries of an LDS Church mission, whether or not [[Mormon missionaries]] live or proselytize in the area.

== Administrative structure ==
[[Image:ATMlogo.png|150px|right|thumb|Many LDS missions have logos or seals. This, for example, is the seal of the Arizona Tucson Mission.]]
Geographically, a mission may be a city, a city and surrounding areas, a state or province, or perhaps an entire country or even multiple countries. Typically, the name of the mission is the name of the country (or state in the [[United States]]), and then the name of the city where the mission headquarters office is located.<ref>The only exception to this general rule is the ''Singapore Mission'' of the church.</ref>

===Mission president===
:''See main article: [[Mission president]]''

All missionaries serve in a ''mission'' under the direction of a [[mission president]], who, like individual missionaries, is assigned by the [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|President of the Church]]. The mission president must be a married [[High priest (Latter Day Saints)|high priest]] in the [[Melchizedek Priesthood]]; his wife is asked to serve alongside him. Mission presidents are typically in their forties or older, and usually have the financial means to devote themselves full-time to the responsibility for three consecutive years. The church provides mission presidents with a minimal living allowance but it normally requires them to supplement it with their own funds. Often, the mission president must learn the local language spoken in the mission, as the missionaries do.

The mission president has at least two counselors, who usually are [[Latter-day Saints]] from the local area who keep their regular employment. The role of the counselors varies by mission, but they typically serve as liaisons between the mission and the local membership of the church.

===Mission organization===
====Organization of missionaries====
Missions are organized in two parallel structures. The first is the organization of the missionaries. There are two or more missionaries who serve as ''assistants to the president'' (not to be confused with the counselors in the mission presidency). The assistants carry out the direction of the [[mission president]] in the organization of the mission, the assigning of companionships and proselyting areas, and oversee the welfare and training of the missionaries. The missionaries are divided into ''zones'', each led by one or more missionaries assigned as ''zone leaders''. The zones may be geographically large or small depending on the mission. The zones are divided into ''districts'', each being led by a missionary assigned as a ''district leader''. A district usually has two to four missionary companionships. The zone leaders and district leaders train the missionaries, see after their welfare, conduct interviews, proselyte together, and share successes. Only single male missionaries serve as assistants, zone leaders, and district leaders.

Each missionary companionship has a geographical area which may include part of a [[Ward (Mormonism)|ward]] or [[Ward_%28Mormonism%29#Branches|branch]], one ward or branch, or several wards or branches. The missionaries are responsible for preaching to the people in their own area. In a mission, the ecclesiastical line of authority is from the mission president down to the missionaries. The missionaries answer to the mission president directly, as opposed to the local branch president, [[Bishop (Latter Day Saints)|bishop]], or [[stake president]].

====Organization in areas without stakes====
The other type of mission structure exists where there are no organized [[Stake (Mormonism)|stakes]] of the church in an area due to a relatively small number of [[Latter-day Saints]] living in the area. This may be the result of the church being relatively new in an area or may be the inescapable result of the church being established in a sparsely populated area of the world. In these stake-less areas, the [[mission president]] is the presiding local church authority and he is responsible for the welfare of all the members, not just the missionaries. The mission is divided into ''districts'' (not to be confused with the other type of district mentioned above) which serve much the same role as stakes do. Each district is assigned a ''district president'' who is usually a local resident; the district president reports directly to the mission presidency. The district presidency perform most of the day-to-day functions that a stake presidency would perform in a stake. Certain duties, such as the issuance of recommends to attend the [[Temple (Mormonism)|temple]], remain the sole prerogative of the [[mission president]].

Districts within a mission are composed exclusively of branches. After the membership has grown sufficiently, the branches may be converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselyting missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church.

==Missions of the church==
These are the names of the missions of the LDS Church. The geographical area they actually cover is often much larger than the name may indicate; all areas of the world are within the jurisdiction of a mission of the Church.

{| class=wikitable
|-
! colspan=3 |
===United States===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Alabama Birmingham Mission
*Alaska Anchorage Mission
*Arizona Mesa Mission
*Arizona Phoenix Mission
*Arizona Tempe Mission
*Arizona Tucson Mission
*Arkansas Little Rock Mission
*California Anaheim Mission
*California Arcadia Mission
*California Carlsbad Mission
*California Fresno Mission
*California Long Beach Mission
*California Los Angeles Mission
*California Oakland Mission
*California Riverside Mission
*California Roseville Mission
*California Sacramento Mission
*California San Bernardino Mission
*California San Diego Mission
*California San Fernando Mission
*California San Francisco Mission
*California San Jose Mission
*California Santa Rosa Mission
*California Ventura Mission
*Colorado Denver North Mission
*Colorado Denver South Mission
*Colorado Colorado Springs Mission
*Connecticut Hartford Mission
*Florida Ft Lauderdale Mission
*Florida Jacksonville Mission
*Florida Orlando Mission
*Florida Tallahassee Mission
*Florida Tampa Mission
*Georgia Atlanta Mission
*Georgia Atlanta North Mission
*Georgia Macon Mission
| valign="top" |
*Hawaii Honolulu Mission
*Idaho Boise Mission
*Idaho Pocatello Mission
*Illinois Chicago Mission
*Illinois Chicago North Mission
*Illinois Nauvoo Mission
*Illinois Peoria Mission
*Indianapolis Indiana Mission
*Iowa Des Moines Mission
*Kentucky Louisville Mission
*Louisiana Baton Rouge Mission
*Maryland Baltimore Mission
*Massachusetts Boston Mission
*Michigan Detroit Mission
*Michigan Lansing Mission
*Minnesota Minneapolis Mission
*Mississippi Jackson Mission
*Missouri Independence Mission
*Missouri St. Louis Mission
*Montana Billings Mission
*Nebraska Omaha Mission
*Nevada Las Vegas Mission
*Nevada Las Vegas West Mission
*New Hampshire Manchester Mission
*New Jersey Cherry Hill Mission
*New Jersey Morristown Mission
*New Mexico Albuquerque Mission
*New York New York North Mission
*New York New York South Mission
*New York Rochester Mission
*New York Utica Mission
*North Carolina Charlotte Mission
*North Carolina Raleigh Mission
*Ohio Cincinnati Mission
*Ohio Cleveland Mission
*Ohio Columbus Mission
| valign="top" |
*Oklahoma Oklahoma City Mission
*Oklahoma Tulsa Mission
*Oregon Eugene Mission
*Oregon Portland Mission
*Pennsylvania Harrisburg Mission
*Pennsylvania Philadelphia Mission
*Pennsylvania Pittsburgh Mission
*Puerto Rico San Juan Mission
*South Carolina Columbia Mission
*South Dakota Rapid City Mission
*Tennessee Knoxville Mission
*Tennessee Nashville Mission
*Texas Dallas Mission
*Texas Fort Worth Mission
*Texas Houston Mission
*Texas Houston East Mission
*Texas Houston South Mission
*Texas Lubbock Mission
*Texas McAllen Mission
*Texas San Antonio Mission
*Utah Ogden Mission
*Utah Provo Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City South Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City Temple Square Mission
*Virginia Richmond Mission
*Washington D.C. North Mission
*Washington D.C. South Mission
*Washington Everett Mission
*Washington Kennewick Mission
*Washington Seattle Mission
*Washington Spokane Mission
*Washington Tacoma Mission
*West Virginia Charleston Mission
*Wisconsin Milwaukee Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Canada===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Canada Calgary Mission
*Canada Edmonton Mission
*Canada Halifax Mission
|
*Canada Montreal Mission
*Canada Toronto East Mission
*Canada Toronto West Mission
|
*Canada Vancouver Mission
*Canada Winnipeg Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Mexico===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Chihuahua Mission
*Mexico Cuernavaca Mission
*Mexico Culiacan Mission
*Mexico Guadalajara Mission
*Mexico Guadalajara South Mission
*Mexico Hermosillo Mission
*Mexico Leon Mission
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Merida Mission
*Mexico Mexico City East Mission
*Mexico Mexico City North Mission
*Mexico Mexico City South Mission
*Mexico Mexico City West Mission
*Mexico Monterrey East Mission
*Mexico Monterrey West Mission
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Oaxaca Mission
*Mexico Puebla Mission
*Mexico Tijuana Mission
*Mexico Torreon Mission
*Mexico Tuxtla Gutierrez Mission
*Mexico Veracruz Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Central America and The Caribbean===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Costa Rica San Jose Mission
*Dominican Republic Santiago Mission
*Dominican Republic Santo Domingo East Mission
*Dominican Republic Santo Domingo West Mission
*El Salvador San Salvador East Mission
*El Salvador San Salvador West Mission
| valign="top" |
*Guatemala Guatemala City Central Mission
*Guatemala Guatemala City North Mission
*Guatemala Guatemala City South Mission
*Guatemala Quetzaltenango Mission
*Haiti Port-Au-Prince Mission
*Honduras Comayaguela Mission
| valign="top |
*Honduras San Pedro Sula Mission
*Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission
*Jamaica Kingston Mission
*Nicaragua Managua Mission
*Panama Panama City Mission
*West Indies Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===South America===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Argentina Bahia Blanca Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires North Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires South Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires West Mission
*Argentina Cordoba Mission
*Argentina Mendoza Mission
*Argentina Neuquen Mission
*Argentina Resistencia Mission
*Argentina Rosario Mission
*Argentina Salta Mission
*Bolivia Cochabamba Mission
*Bolivia La Paz Mission
*Bolivia Santa Cruz Mission
*Brazil Belém Mission
*Brazil Belo Horizonte Mission
*Brazil Belo Horizonte East Mission
*Brazil Brasília Mission
*Brazil Campinas Mission
*Brazil Cuiaba Mission
*Brazil Curitiba Mission
*Brazil Florianópolis Mission
*Brazil Fortaleza Mission
*Brazil Goiânia Mission
*Brazil João Pessoa Mission
| valign="top" |
*Brazil Londrina Mission
*Brazil Maceió Mission
*Brazil Manaus Mission
*Brazil Porto Alegre North Mission
*Brazil Porto Alegre South Mission
*Brazil Recife Mission
*Brazil Ribeirão Preto Mission
*Brazil Rio De Janeiro Mission
*Brazil Rio De Janeiro North Mission
*Brazil Salvador Mission
*Brazil Salvador South Mission
*Brazil Santa Maria Mission
*Brazil São Paulo East Mission
*Brazil São Paulo Interlagos Mission
*Brazil São Paulo North Mission
*Brazil São Paulo South Mission
*Chile Antofagasta Mission
*Chile Concepcion Mission
*Chile Concepcion South Mission
*Chile Osorno Mission
*Chile Rancagua Mission
*Chile Santiago East Mission
*Chile Santiago North Mission
*Chile Santiago West Mission
| valign="top" |
*Chile Vina Del Mar Mission
*Colombia Barranquilla Mission
*Colombia Bogota North Mission
*Colombia Bogota South Mission
*Colombia Cali Mission
*Ecuador Guayaquil North Mission
*Ecuador Guayaquil South Mission
*Ecuador Quito Mission
*Paraguay Asuncion Mission
*Paraguay Asuncion North Mission
*Peru Arequipa Mission
*Peru Piura (formerly Chiclayo) Mission
*Peru Lima Central Mission
*Peru Lima East Mission
*Peru Lima North Mission
*Peru Lima South Mission
*Peru Trujillo Mission
*Uruguay Montevideo Mission
*Uruguay Montevideo West Mission
*Venezuela Barcelona Mission
*Venezuela Caracas Mission
*Venezuela Maracaibo Mission
*Venezuela Valencia Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Europe and Russia===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Albania Tirana Mission
*Armenia Yerevan Mission
*Baltic Mission
*Belgium Brussels Mission
*Bulgaria Sofia Mission
*Czech Prague Mission
*Czech Republic Prague Mission
*Denmark Copenhagen Mission
*England Birmingham Mission
*England Leeds Mission
*England London Mission
*England London South Mission
*England Manchester Mission
*Finland Helsinki Mission
*France Paris Mission
*France Toulouse Mission
*Germany Berlin Mission
| valign="top" |
*Germany Frankfurt Mission
*Germany Hamburg Mission
*Germany Munich Mission
*Greece Athens Mission
*Hungary Budapest Mission
*Ireland Dublin Mission
*Italy Catania Mission
*Italy Milan Mission
*Italy Rome Mission
*Norway Oslo Mission
*Poland Warsaw Mission
*Portugal Lisbon Mission
*Portugal Porto Mission
*Romania Bucharest Mission
*Russia Moscow Mission
*Russia Moscow West Mission
*Russia Novosibirsk Mission
| valign="top" |
*Russia Rostov Mission
*Russia Saint Petersburg Mission
*Russia Samara Mission
*Russia Vladivostok Mission
*Russia Yekaterinburg Mission
*Scotland Edinburgh Mission
*Slovenia Ljubljana Mission
*Spain Barcelona Mission
*Spain Bilbao Mission
*Spain Madrid Mission
*Spain Malaga Mission
*Sweden Stockholm Mission
*Switzerland Geneva Mission
*Switzerland Zürich Mission
*Ukraine Dnepropetrovsk Mission
*Ukraine Donetsk Mission
*Ukraine Kiev Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Africa===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Cape Verde Praia Mission
*Democratic Republic of Congo Kinshasa Mission
*Ghana Accra Mission
*Ghana Cape Coast Mission
*Ivory Coast Abidjan Mission
*Kenya Nairobi Mission
| valign="top" |
*Madagascar Antananarivo Mission
*Mozambique Maputo Mission
*Nigeria Enugu Mission
*Nigeria Ibadan Mission
*Nigeria Lagos Mission
*Nigeria Port Harcourt Mission
| valign="top" |
*Nigeria Uyo Mission
*South Africa Cape Town Mission
*South Africa Durban Mission
*South Africa Johannesburg Mission
*Uganda Kampala Mission
*Zimbabwe Harare Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |
===Asia===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Cambodia Phnom Penh Mission
*China Hong Kong Mission
*India Bangalore Mission
*Indonesia Jakarta Mission
*Japan Fukuoka Mission
*Japan Hiroshima Mission
*Japan Kobe Mission
*Japan Nagoya Mission
*Japan Sapporo Mission
*Japan Sendai Mission
*Japan Tokyo Mission
*Korea Pusan Mission
| valign="top" |
*Korea Seoul Mission
*Korea Seoul West Mission
*Korea Taejon Mission
*Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mission
*Philippines Angeles Mission
*Philippines Bacolod Mission
*Philippines Baguio Mission
*Philippines Cagayan De Oro Mission
*Philippines Cebu Mission
*Philippines Davao Mission
*Philippines Ilagan Mission
*Philippines Laoag Mission
| valign="top" |
*Philippines Manila Mission
*Philippines Naga Mission
*Philippines Olongapo Mission
*Philippines Quezon City
*Philippines San Pablo Mission
*Philippines Tacloban Mission
*Singapore Mission
*Taiwan Kaohsiung Mission
*Taiwan Taichung Mission
*Taiwan Taipei Mission
*Thailand Bangkok Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Pacific===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Australia Adelaide Mission
*Australia Brisbane Mission
*Australia Melbourne Mission
*Australia Melbourne West Mission
*Australia Perth Mission
*Australia Sydney North Mission
| valign="top" |
*Australia Sydney South Mission
*Fiji Suva Mission
*Marshall Islands, Majuro Mission
*Micronesia Guam Mission
*New Zealand Auckland Mission
*New Zealand Wellington Mission
| valign="top" |
*Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Mission
*Samoa Apia Mission
*Tahiti Papeete Mission
*Tonga Nukualofa Mission
|}

===Smallest and largest===
The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve as tour guides on [[Temple Square]], often to visitors from their own homelands. These missionaries serve for approximately 6 months on Temple Square, then serve for 6 months in another mission in another part of the [[United States]], then return to Temple Square for the final 6 months of their 18-month mission call. Only single female missionaries are called to the Temple Square Mission.

The mission with the largest geographical area is currently the [[Micronesia]] [[Guam]] Mission, which covers an area of the earth that is roughly the size of the continental United States. However, the vast majority of this mission is composed of empty ocean. The largest mission in terms of geographical land mass and population is currently the [[China]] [[Hong Kong]] Mission, which encompasses nearly all of the [[China|Chinese landmass]] and population. Outside of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], there are no [[Mormon missionaries]] in China.

==Reunions==
Many missionaries working together build strong bonds of friendship, and for a few years after their missions are over, a former [[mission president]] will host reunions of missionaries who served with him. As the missionaries come from many different parts of the world, it is common that the reunions are held in [[Utah]], especially during [[General conference (Mormonism)|church general conference]] weekends, as it provides for the probability of the largest number of attendees. Several web sites have been created by church members with the express purpose of allowing mission alumni to keep in contact.

== References ==
* ''2001-2002 Deseret News Church Almanac'' (2000). Salt Lake City: Deseret News.

== External Links ==
* [http://www.mission.net/ mission.net] - list of mission websites


[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint hierarchy]]

Mission (Verwaltungseinheit der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der letzten Tage)

2007-05-01T22:11:03Z

12.106.111.10: /* Administrative structure */ the image was deleted, no need to keep this comment

:''This article is about a geographical adminstrative area within the LDS Church. For a discussion of the proseletyzing or service assignment fulfilled by Latter-day Saints, see '''[[Mormon missionary]]'''.''

A '''mission''' of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] is a geographical administrative area to which church [[Mormon missionary|missionaries]] are assigned. All areas of the world are within the boundaries of an LDS Church mission, whether or not [[Mormon missionaries]] live or proselytize in the area.

== Administrative structure ==
[[Image:ATMlogo.png|150px|right|thumb|Many LDS missions have logos or seals. This, for example, is the seal of the Arizona Tucson Mission.]]
Geographically, a mission may be a city, a city and surrounding areas, a state or province, or perhaps an entire country or even multiple countries. Typically, the name of the mission is the name of the country (or state in the [[United States]]), and then the name of the city where the mission headquarters office is located.<ref>The only exception to this general rule is the ''Singapore Mission'' of the church.</ref>

===Mission president===
:''See main article: [[Mission president]]''

All missionaries serve in a ''mission'' under the direction of a [[mission president]], who, like individual missionaries, is assigned by the [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|President of the Church]]. The mission president must be a married [[High priest (Latter Day Saints)|high priest]] in the [[Melchizedek Priesthood]]; his wife is asked to serve alongside him. Mission presidents are typically in their forties or older, and usually have the financial means to devote themselves full-time to the responsibility for three consecutive years. The church provides mission presidents with a minimal living allowance but it normally requires them to supplement it with their own funds. Often, the mission president must learn the local language spoken in the mission, as the missionaries do.

The mission president has at least two counselors, who usually are [[Latter-day Saints]] from the local area who keep their regular employment. The role of the counselors varies by mission, but they typically serve as liaisons between the mission and the local membership of the church.

===Mission organization===
====Organization of missionaries====
Missions are organized in two parallel structures. The first is the organization of the missionaries. There are two or more missionaries who serve as ''assistants to the president'' (not to be confused with the counselors in the mission presidency). The assistants carry out the direction of the [[mission president]] in the organization of the mission, the assigning of companionships and proselyting areas, and oversee the welfare and training of the missionaries. The missionaries are divided into ''zones'', each led by one or more missionaries assigned as ''zone leaders''. The zones may be geographically large or small depending on the mission. The zones are divided into ''districts'', each being led by a missionary assigned as a ''district leader''. A district usually has two to four missionary companionships. The zone leaders and district leaders train the missionaries, see after their welfare, conduct interviews, proselyte together, and share successes. Only single male missionaries serve as assistants, zone leaders, and district leaders.

Each missionary companionship has a geographical area which may include part of a [[Ward (Mormonism)|ward]] or [[Ward_%28Mormonism%29#Branches|branch]], one ward or branch, or several wards or branches. The missionaries are responsible for preaching to the people in their own area. In a mission, the ecclesiastical line of authority is from the mission president down to the missionaries. The missionaries answer to the mission president directly, as opposed to the local branch president, [[Bishop (Latter Day Saints)|bishop]], or [[stake president]].

====Organization in areas without stakes====
The other type of mission structure exists where there are no organized [[Stake (Mormonism)|stakes]] of the church in an area due to a relatively small number of [[Latter-day Saints]] living in the area. This may be the result of the church being relatively new in an area or may be the inescapable result of the church being established in a sparsely populated area of the world. In these stake-less areas, the [[mission president]] is the presiding local church authority and he is responsible for the welfare of all the members, not just the missionaries. The mission is divided into ''districts'' (not to be confused with the other type of district mentioned above) which serve much the same role as stakes do. Each district is assigned a ''district president'' who is usually a local resident; the district president reports directly to the mission presidency. The district presidency perform most of the day-to-day functions that a stake presidency would perform in a stake. Certain duties, such as the issuance of recommends to attend the [[Temple (Mormonism)|temple]], remain the sole prerogative of the [[mission president]].

Districts within a mission are composed exclusively of branches. After the membership has grown sufficiently, the branches may be converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselyting missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church.

==Missions of the church==
These are the names of the missions of the LDS Church. The geographical area they actually cover is often much larger than the name may indicate; all areas of the world are within the jurisdiction of a mission of the Church.

{| class=wikitable
|-
! colspan=3 |
===United States===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Alabama Birmingham Mission
*Alaska Anchorage Mission
*Arizona Mesa Mission
*Arizona Phoenix Mission
*Arizona Tempe Mission
*Arizona Tucson Mission
*Arkansas Little Rock Mission
*California Anaheim Mission
*California Arcadia Mission
*California Carlsbad Mission
*California Fresno Mission
*California Long Beach Mission
*California Los Angeles Mission
*California Oakland Mission
*California Riverside Mission
*California Roseville Mission
*California Sacramento Mission
*California San Bernardino Mission
*California San Diego Mission
*California San Fernando Mission
*California San Francisco Mission
*California San Jose Mission
*California Santa Rosa Mission
*California Ventura Mission
*Colorado Denver North Mission
*Colorado Denver South Mission
*Colorado Colorado Springs Mission
*Connecticut Hartford Mission
*Florida Ft Lauderdale Mission
*Florida Jacksonville Mission
*Florida Orlando Mission
*Florida Tallahassee Mission
*Florida Tampa Mission
*Georgia Atlanta Mission
*Georgia Atlanta North Mission
*Georgia Macon Mission
*Hawaii Honolulu Mission
*Idaho Boise Mission
| valign="top" |
*Idaho Pocatello Mission
*Illinois Chicago Mission
*Illinois Chicago North Mission
*Illinois Nauvoo Mission
*Illinois Peoria Mission
*Indianapolis Indiana Mission
*Iowa Des Moines Mission
*Kentucky Louisville Mission
*Louisiana Baton Rouge Mission
*Maryland Baltimore Mission
*Massachusetts Boston Mission
*Michigan Detroit Mission
*Michigan Lansing Mission
*Minnesota Minneapolis Mission
*Mississippi Jackson Mission
*Missouri Independence Mission
*Missouri St. Louis Mission
*Montana Billings Mission
*Nebraska Omaha Mission
*Nevada Las Vegas Mission
*Nevada Las Vegas West Mission
*New Hampshire Manchester Mission
*New Jersey Cherry Hill Mission
*New Jersey Morristown Mission
*New Mexico Albuquerque Mission
*New York New York North Mission
*New York New York South Mission
*New York Rochester Mission
*New York Utica Mission
*North Carolina Charlotte Mission
*North Carolina Raleigh Mission
*Ohio Cincinnati Mission
*Ohio Cleveland Mission
*Ohio Columbus Mission
*Oklahoma Oklahoma City Mission
*Oklahoma Tulsa Mission
| valign="top" |
*Oregon Eugene Mission
*Oregon Portland Mission
*Pennsylvania Harrisburg Mission
*Pennsylvania Philadelphia Mission
*Pennsylvania Pittsburgh Mission
*Puerto Rico San Juan Mission
*South Carolina Columbia Mission
*South Dakota Rapid City Mission
*Tennessee Knoxville Mission
*Tennessee Nashville Mission
*Texas Dallas Mission
*Texas Fort Worth Mission
*Texas Houston Mission
*Texas Houston East Mission
*Texas Houston South Mission
*Texas Lubbock Mission
*Texas McAllen Mission
*Texas San Antonio Mission
*Utah Ogden Mission
*Utah Provo Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City South Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City Temple Square Mission
*Virginia Richmond Mission
*Washington D.C. North Mission
*Washington D.C. South Mission
*Washington Everett Mission
*Washington Kennewick Mission
*Washington Seattle Mission
*Washington Spokane Mission
*Washington Tacoma Mission
*West Virginia Charleston Mission
*Wisconsin Milwaukee Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Canada===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Canada Calgary Mission
*Canada Edmonton Mission
*Canada Halifax Mission
*Canada Montreal Mission
|
*Canada Toronto East Mission
*Canada Toronto West Mission
*Canada Vancouver Mission
*Canada Winnipeg Mission
|
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Mexico===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Chihuahua Mission
*Mexico Cuernavaca Mission
*Mexico Culiacan Mission
*Mexico Guadalajara Mission
*Mexico Guadalajara South Mission
*Mexico Hermosillo Mission
*Mexico Leon Mission
*Mexico Merida Mission
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Mexico City East Mission
*Mexico Mexico City North Mission
*Mexico Mexico City South Mission
*Mexico Mexico City West Mission
*Mexico Monterrey East Mission
*Mexico Monterrey West Mission
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Oaxaca Mission
*Mexico Puebla Mission
*Mexico Tijuana Mission
*Mexico Torreon Mission
*Mexico Tuxtla Gutierrez Mission
*Mexico Veracruz Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Central America and The Caribbean===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Costa Rica San Jose Mission
*Dominican Republic Santiago Mission
*Dominican Republic Santo Domingo East Mission
*Dominican Republic Santo Domingo West Mission
*El Salvador San Salvador East Mission
*El Salvador San Salvador West Mission
| valign="top" |
*Guatemala Guatemala City Central Mission
*Guatemala Guatemala City North Mission
*Guatemala Guatemala City South Mission
*Guatemala Quetzaltenango Mission
*Haiti Port-Au-Prince Mission
*Honduras Comayaguela Mission
| valign="top
*Honduras San Pedro Sula Mission
*Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission
*Jamaica Kingston Mission
*Nicaragua Managua Mission
*Panama Panama City Mission
*West Indies Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===South America===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Argentina Bahia Blanca Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires North Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires South Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires West Mission
*Argentina Cordoba Mission
*Argentina Mendoza Mission
*Argentina Neuquen Mission
*Argentina Resistencia Mission
*Argentina Rosario Mission
*Argentina Salta Mission
*Bolivia Cochabamba Mission
*Bolivia La Paz Mission
*Bolivia Santa Cruz Mission
*Brazil Belém Mission
*Brazil Belo Horizonte Mission
*Brazil Belo Horizonte East Mission
*Brazil Brasília Mission
*Brazil Campinas Mission
*Brazil Cuiaba Mission
*Brazil Curitiba Mission
*Brazil Florianópolis Mission
*Brazil Fortaleza Mission
*Brazil Goiânia Mission
*Brazil João Pessoa Mission
*Brazil Londrina Mission
| valign="top" |
*Brazil Maceió Mission
*Brazil Manaus Mission
*Brazil Porto Alegre North Mission
*Brazil Porto Alegre South Mission
*Brazil Recife Mission
*Brazil Ribeirão Preto Mission
*Brazil Rio De Janeiro Mission
*Brazil Rio De Janeiro North Mission
*Brazil Salvador Mission
*Brazil Salvador South Mission
*Brazil Santa Maria Mission
*Brazil São Paulo East Mission
*Brazil São Paulo Interlagos Mission
*Brazil São Paulo North Mission
*Brazil São Paulo South Mission
*Chile Antofagasta Mission
*Chile Concepcion Mission
*Chile Concepcion South Mission
*Chile Osorno Mission
*Chile Rancagua Mission
*Chile Santiago East Mission
*Chile Santiago North Mission
*Chile Santiago West Mission
*Chile Vina Del Mar Mission
| valign="top" |
*Colombia Barranquilla Mission
*Colombia Bogota North Mission
*Colombia Bogota South Mission
*Colombia Cali Mission
*Ecuador Guayaquil North Mission
*Ecuador Guayaquil South Mission
*Ecuador Quito Mission
*Paraguay Asuncion Mission
*Paraguay Asuncion North Mission
*Peru Arequipa Mission
*Peru Piura (formerly Chiclayo) Mission
*Peru Lima Central Mission
*Peru Lima East Mission
*Peru Lima North Mission
*Peru Lima South Mission
*Peru Trujillo Mission
*Uruguay Montevideo Mission
*Uruguay Montevideo West Mission
*Venezuela Barcelona Mission
*Venezuela Caracas Mission
*Venezuela Maracaibo Mission
*Venezuela Valencia Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Europe and Russia===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Albania Tirana Mission
*Armenia Yerevan Mission
*Baltic Mission
*Belgium Brussels Mission
*Bulgaria Sofia Mission
*Czech Prague Mission
*Czech Republic Prague Mission
*Denmark Copenhagen Mission
*England Birmingham Mission
*England Leeds Mission
*England London Mission
*England London South Mission
*England Manchester Mission
*Finland Helsinki Mission
*France Paris Mission
*France Toulouse Mission
*Germany Berlin Mission
*Germany Frankfurt Mission
*Germany Hamburg Mission
| valign="top" |
*Germany Munich Mission
*Greece Athens Mission
*Hungary Budapest Mission
*Ireland Dublin Mission
*Italy Catania Mission
*Italy Milan Mission
*Italy Rome Mission
*Norway Oslo Mission
*Poland Warsaw Mission
*Portugal Lisbon Mission
*Portugal Porto Mission
*Romania Bucharest Mission
*Russia Moscow Mission
*Russia Moscow West Mission
*Russia Novosibirsk Mission
| valign="top" |
*Russia Rostov Mission
*Russia Saint Petersburg Mission
*Russia Samara Mission
*Russia Vladivostok Mission
*Russia Yekaterinburg Mission
*Scotland Edinburgh Mission
*Slovenia Ljubljana Mission
*Spain Barcelona Mission
*Spain Bilbao Mission
*Spain Madrid Mission
*Spain Malaga Mission
*Sweden Stockholm Mission
*Switzerland Geneva Mission
*Switzerland Zürich Mission
*Ukraine Dnepropetrovsk Mission
*Ukraine Donetsk Mission
*Ukraine Kiev Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Africa===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Cape Verde Praia Mission
*Democratic Republic of Congo Kinshasa Mission
*Ghana Accra Mission
*Ghana Cape Coast Mission
*Ivory Coast Abidjan Mission
*Kenya Nairobi Mission
| valign="top" |
*Madagascar Antananarivo Mission
*Mozambique Maputo Mission
*Nigeria Enugu Mission
*Nigeria Ibadan Mission
*Nigeria Lagos Mission
*Nigeria Port Harcourt Mission
| valign="top" |
*Nigeria Uyo Mission
*South Africa Cape Town Mission
*South Africa Durban Mission
*South Africa Johannesburg Mission
*Uganda Kampala Mission
*Zimbabwe Harare Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |
===Asia===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Cambodia Phnom Penh Mission
*China Hong Kong Mission
*India Bangalore Mission
*Indonesia Jakarta Mission
*Japan Fukuoka Mission
*Japan Hiroshima Mission
*Japan Kobe Mission
*Japan Nagoya Mission
*Japan Sapporo Mission
*Japan Sendai Mission
*Japan Tokyo Mission
*Korea Pusan Mission
| valign="top" |
*Korea Seoul Mission
*Korea Seoul West Mission
*Korea Taejon Mission
*Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mission
*Philippines Angeles Mission
*Philippines Bacolod Mission
*Philippines Baguio Mission
*Philippines Cagayan De Oro Mission
*Philippines Cebu Mission
*Philippines Davao Mission
*Philippines Ilagan Mission
*Philippines Laoag Mission
| valign="top" |
*Philippines Manila Mission
*Philippines Naga Mission
*Philippines Olongapo Mission
*Philippines Quezon City
*Philippines San Pablo Mission
*Philippines Tacloban Mission
*Singapore Mission
*Taiwan Kaohsiung Mission
*Taiwan Taichung Mission
*Taiwan Taipei Mission
*Thailand Bangkok Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Pacific===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Australia Adelaide Mission
*Australia Brisbane Mission
*Australia Melbourne Mission
*Australia Melbourne West Mission
*Australia Perth Mission
| valign="top" |
*Australia Sydney North Mission
*Australia Sydney South Mission
*Fiji Suva Mission
*Marshall Islands, Majuro Mission
*Micronesia Guam Mission
*New Zealand Auckland Mission
| valign="top" |
*New Zealand Wellington Mission
*Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Mission
*Samoa Apia Mission
*Tahiti Papeete Mission
*Tonga Nukualofa Mission
|}

===Smallest and largest===
The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve as tour guides on [[Temple Square]], often to visitors from their own homelands. These missionaries serve for approximately 6 months on Temple Square, then serve for 6 months in another mission in another part of the [[United States]], then return to Temple Square for the final 6 months of their 18-month mission call. Only single female missionaries are called to the Temple Square Mission.

The mission with the largest geographical area is currently the [[Micronesia]] [[Guam]] Mission, which covers an area of the earth that is roughly the size of the continental United States. However, the vast majority of this mission is composed of empty ocean. The largest mission in terms of geographical land mass and population is currently the [[China]] [[Hong Kong]] Mission, which encompasses nearly all of the [[China|Chinese landmass]] and population. Outside of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], there are no [[Mormon missionaries]] in China.

==Reunions==
Many missionaries working together build strong bonds of friendship, and for a few years after their missions are over, a former [[mission president]] will host reunions of missionaries who served with him. As the missionaries come from many different parts of the world, it is common that the reunions are held in [[Utah]], especially during [[General conference (Mormonism)|church general conference]] weekends, as it provides for the probability of the largest number of attendees. Several web sites have been created by church members with the express purpose of allowing mission alumni to keep in contact.

== References ==
* ''2001-2002 Deseret News Church Almanac'' (2000). Salt Lake City: Deseret News.

== External Links ==
* [http://www.mission.net/ mission.net] - list of mission websites


[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint hierarchy]]

Mission (Verwaltungseinheit der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der letzten Tage)

2007-05-01T22:09:41Z

12.106.111.10: sp

:''This article is about a geographical adminstrative area within the LDS Church. For a discussion of the proseletyzing or service assignment fulfilled by Latter-day Saints, see '''[[Mormon missionary]]'''.''

A '''mission''' of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] is a geographical administrative area to which church [[Mormon missionary|missionaries]] are assigned. All areas of the world are within the boundaries of an LDS Church mission, whether or not [[Mormon missionaries]] live or proselytize in the area.

== Administrative structure ==
[[Image:ATMlogo.png|150px|right|thumb|Many LDS missions have logos or seals. This, for example, is the seal of the Arizona Tucson Mission.]]Geographically, a mission may be a city, a city and surrounding areas, a state or province, or perhaps an entire country or even multiple countries. Typically, the name of the mission is the name of the country (or state in the [[United States]]), and then the name of the city where the mission headquarters office is located.<ref>The only exception to this general rule is the ''Singapore Mission'' of the church.</ref>

===Mission president===
:''See main article: [[Mission president]]''

All missionaries serve in a ''mission'' under the direction of a [[mission president]], who, like individual missionaries, is assigned by the [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|President of the Church]]. The mission president must be a married [[High priest (Latter Day Saints)|high priest]] in the [[Melchizedek Priesthood]]; his wife is asked to serve alongside him. Mission presidents are typically in their forties or older, and usually have the financial means to devote themselves full-time to the responsibility for three consecutive years. The church provides mission presidents with a minimal living allowance but it normally requires them to supplement it with their own funds. Often, the mission president must learn the local language spoken in the mission, as the missionaries do.

The mission president has at least two counselors, who usually are [[Latter-day Saints]] from the local area who keep their regular employment. The role of the counselors varies by mission, but they typically serve as liaisons between the mission and the local membership of the church.

===Mission organization===
====Organization of missionaries====
Missions are organized in two parallel structures. The first is the organization of the missionaries. There are two or more missionaries who serve as ''assistants to the president'' (not to be confused with the counselors in the mission presidency). The assistants carry out the direction of the [[mission president]] in the organization of the mission, the assigning of companionships and proselyting areas, and oversee the welfare and training of the missionaries. The missionaries are divided into ''zones'', each led by one or more missionaries assigned as ''zone leaders''. The zones may be geographically large or small depending on the mission. The zones are divided into ''districts'', each being led by a missionary assigned as a ''district leader''. A district usually has two to four missionary companionships. The zone leaders and district leaders train the missionaries, see after their welfare, conduct interviews, proselyte together, and share successes. Only single male missionaries serve as assistants, zone leaders, and district leaders.

Each missionary companionship has a geographical area which may include part of a [[Ward (Mormonism)|ward]] or [[Ward_%28Mormonism%29#Branches|branch]], one ward or branch, or several wards or branches. The missionaries are responsible for preaching to the people in their own area. In a mission, the ecclesiastical line of authority is from the mission president down to the missionaries. The missionaries answer to the mission president directly, as opposed to the local branch president, [[Bishop (Latter Day Saints)|bishop]], or [[stake president]].

====Organization in areas without stakes====
The other type of mission structure exists where there are no organized [[Stake (Mormonism)|stakes]] of the church in an area due to a relatively small number of [[Latter-day Saints]] living in the area. This may be the result of the church being relatively new in an area or may be the inescapable result of the church being established in a sparsely populated area of the world. In these stake-less areas, the [[mission president]] is the presiding local church authority and he is responsible for the welfare of all the members, not just the missionaries. The mission is divided into ''districts'' (not to be confused with the other type of district mentioned above) which serve much the same role as stakes do. Each district is assigned a ''district president'' who is usually a local resident; the district president reports directly to the mission presidency. The district presidency perform most of the day-to-day functions that a stake presidency would perform in a stake. Certain duties, such as the issuance of recommends to attend the [[Temple (Mormonism)|temple]], remain the sole prerogative of the [[mission president]].

Districts within a mission are composed exclusively of branches. After the membership has grown sufficiently, the branches may be converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselyting missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church.

==Missions of the church==
These are the names of the missions of the LDS Church. The geographical area they actually cover is often much larger than the name may indicate; all areas of the world are within the jurisdiction of a mission of the Church.

{| class=wikitable
|-
! colspan=3 |
===United States===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Alabama Birmingham Mission
*Alaska Anchorage Mission
*Arizona Mesa Mission
*Arizona Phoenix Mission
*Arizona Tempe Mission
*Arizona Tucson Mission
*Arkansas Little Rock Mission
*California Anaheim Mission
*California Arcadia Mission
*California Carlsbad Mission
*California Fresno Mission
*California Long Beach Mission
*California Los Angeles Mission
*California Oakland Mission
*California Riverside Mission
*California Roseville Mission
*California Sacramento Mission
*California San Bernardino Mission
*California San Diego Mission
*California San Fernando Mission
*California San Francisco Mission
*California San Jose Mission
*California Santa Rosa Mission
*California Ventura Mission
*Colorado Denver North Mission
*Colorado Denver South Mission
*Colorado Colorado Springs Mission
*Connecticut Hartford Mission
*Florida Ft Lauderdale Mission
*Florida Jacksonville Mission
*Florida Orlando Mission
*Florida Tallahassee Mission
*Florida Tampa Mission
*Georgia Atlanta Mission
*Georgia Atlanta North Mission
*Georgia Macon Mission
*Hawaii Honolulu Mission
*Idaho Boise Mission
| valign="top" |
*Idaho Pocatello Mission
*Illinois Chicago Mission
*Illinois Chicago North Mission
*Illinois Nauvoo Mission
*Illinois Peoria Mission
*Indianapolis Indiana Mission
*Iowa Des Moines Mission
*Kentucky Louisville Mission
*Louisiana Baton Rouge Mission
*Maryland Baltimore Mission
*Massachusetts Boston Mission
*Michigan Detroit Mission
*Michigan Lansing Mission
*Minnesota Minneapolis Mission
*Mississippi Jackson Mission
*Missouri Independence Mission
*Missouri St. Louis Mission
*Montana Billings Mission
*Nebraska Omaha Mission
*Nevada Las Vegas Mission
*Nevada Las Vegas West Mission
*New Hampshire Manchester Mission
*New Jersey Cherry Hill Mission
*New Jersey Morristown Mission
*New Mexico Albuquerque Mission
*New York New York North Mission
*New York New York South Mission
*New York Rochester Mission
*New York Utica Mission
*North Carolina Charlotte Mission
*North Carolina Raleigh Mission
*Ohio Cincinnati Mission
*Ohio Cleveland Mission
*Ohio Columbus Mission
*Oklahoma Oklahoma City Mission
*Oklahoma Tulsa Mission
| valign="top" |
*Oregon Eugene Mission
*Oregon Portland Mission
*Pennsylvania Harrisburg Mission
*Pennsylvania Philadelphia Mission
*Pennsylvania Pittsburgh Mission
*Puerto Rico San Juan Mission
*South Carolina Columbia Mission
*South Dakota Rapid City Mission
*Tennessee Knoxville Mission
*Tennessee Nashville Mission
*Texas Dallas Mission
*Texas Fort Worth Mission
*Texas Houston Mission
*Texas Houston East Mission
*Texas Houston South Mission
*Texas Lubbock Mission
*Texas McAllen Mission
*Texas San Antonio Mission
*Utah Ogden Mission
*Utah Provo Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City South Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City Temple Square Mission
*Virginia Richmond Mission
*Washington D.C. North Mission
*Washington D.C. South Mission
*Washington Everett Mission
*Washington Kennewick Mission
*Washington Seattle Mission
*Washington Spokane Mission
*Washington Tacoma Mission
*West Virginia Charleston Mission
*Wisconsin Milwaukee Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Canada===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Canada Calgary Mission
*Canada Edmonton Mission
*Canada Halifax Mission
*Canada Montreal Mission
|
*Canada Toronto East Mission
*Canada Toronto West Mission
*Canada Vancouver Mission
*Canada Winnipeg Mission
|
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Mexico===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Chihuahua Mission
*Mexico Cuernavaca Mission
*Mexico Culiacan Mission
*Mexico Guadalajara Mission
*Mexico Guadalajara South Mission
*Mexico Hermosillo Mission
*Mexico Leon Mission
*Mexico Merida Mission
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Mexico City East Mission
*Mexico Mexico City North Mission
*Mexico Mexico City South Mission
*Mexico Mexico City West Mission
*Mexico Monterrey East Mission
*Mexico Monterrey West Mission
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Oaxaca Mission
*Mexico Puebla Mission
*Mexico Tijuana Mission
*Mexico Torreon Mission
*Mexico Tuxtla Gutierrez Mission
*Mexico Veracruz Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Central America and The Caribbean===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Costa Rica San Jose Mission
*Dominican Republic Santiago Mission
*Dominican Republic Santo Domingo East Mission
*Dominican Republic Santo Domingo West Mission
*El Salvador San Salvador East Mission
*El Salvador San Salvador West Mission
| valign="top" |
*Guatemala Guatemala City Central Mission
*Guatemala Guatemala City North Mission
*Guatemala Guatemala City South Mission
*Guatemala Quetzaltenango Mission
*Haiti Port-Au-Prince Mission
*Honduras Comayaguela Mission
| valign="top
*Honduras San Pedro Sula Mission
*Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission
*Jamaica Kingston Mission
*Nicaragua Managua Mission
*Panama Panama City Mission
*West Indies Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===South America===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Argentina Bahia Blanca Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires North Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires South Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires West Mission
*Argentina Cordoba Mission
*Argentina Mendoza Mission
*Argentina Neuquen Mission
*Argentina Resistencia Mission
*Argentina Rosario Mission
*Argentina Salta Mission
*Bolivia Cochabamba Mission
*Bolivia La Paz Mission
*Bolivia Santa Cruz Mission
*Brazil Belém Mission
*Brazil Belo Horizonte Mission
*Brazil Belo Horizonte East Mission
*Brazil Brasília Mission
*Brazil Campinas Mission
*Brazil Cuiaba Mission
*Brazil Curitiba Mission
*Brazil Florianópolis Mission
*Brazil Fortaleza Mission
*Brazil Goiânia Mission
*Brazil João Pessoa Mission
*Brazil Londrina Mission
| valign="top" |
*Brazil Maceió Mission
*Brazil Manaus Mission
*Brazil Porto Alegre North Mission
*Brazil Porto Alegre South Mission
*Brazil Recife Mission
*Brazil Ribeirão Preto Mission
*Brazil Rio De Janeiro Mission
*Brazil Rio De Janeiro North Mission
*Brazil Salvador Mission
*Brazil Salvador South Mission
*Brazil Santa Maria Mission
*Brazil São Paulo East Mission
*Brazil São Paulo Interlagos Mission
*Brazil São Paulo North Mission
*Brazil São Paulo South Mission
*Chile Antofagasta Mission
*Chile Concepcion Mission
*Chile Concepcion South Mission
*Chile Osorno Mission
*Chile Rancagua Mission
*Chile Santiago East Mission
*Chile Santiago North Mission
*Chile Santiago West Mission
*Chile Vina Del Mar Mission
| valign="top" |
*Colombia Barranquilla Mission
*Colombia Bogota North Mission
*Colombia Bogota South Mission
*Colombia Cali Mission
*Ecuador Guayaquil North Mission
*Ecuador Guayaquil South Mission
*Ecuador Quito Mission
*Paraguay Asuncion Mission
*Paraguay Asuncion North Mission
*Peru Arequipa Mission
*Peru Piura (formerly Chiclayo) Mission
*Peru Lima Central Mission
*Peru Lima East Mission
*Peru Lima North Mission
*Peru Lima South Mission
*Peru Trujillo Mission
*Uruguay Montevideo Mission
*Uruguay Montevideo West Mission
*Venezuela Barcelona Mission
*Venezuela Caracas Mission
*Venezuela Maracaibo Mission
*Venezuela Valencia Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Europe and Russia===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Albania Tirana Mission
*Armenia Yerevan Mission
*Baltic Mission
*Belgium Brussels Mission
*Bulgaria Sofia Mission
*Czech Prague Mission
*Czech Republic Prague Mission
*Denmark Copenhagen Mission
*England Birmingham Mission
*England Leeds Mission
*England London Mission
*England London South Mission
*England Manchester Mission
*Finland Helsinki Mission
*France Paris Mission
*France Toulouse Mission
*Germany Berlin Mission
*Germany Frankfurt Mission
*Germany Hamburg Mission
| valign="top" |
*Germany Munich Mission
*Greece Athens Mission
*Hungary Budapest Mission
*Ireland Dublin Mission
*Italy Catania Mission
*Italy Milan Mission
*Italy Rome Mission
*Norway Oslo Mission
*Poland Warsaw Mission
*Portugal Lisbon Mission
*Portugal Porto Mission
*Romania Bucharest Mission
*Russia Moscow Mission
*Russia Moscow West Mission
*Russia Novosibirsk Mission
| valign="top" |
*Russia Rostov Mission
*Russia Saint Petersburg Mission
*Russia Samara Mission
*Russia Vladivostok Mission
*Russia Yekaterinburg Mission
*Scotland Edinburgh Mission
*Slovenia Ljubljana Mission
*Spain Barcelona Mission
*Spain Bilbao Mission
*Spain Madrid Mission
*Spain Malaga Mission
*Sweden Stockholm Mission
*Switzerland Geneva Mission
*Switzerland Zürich Mission
*Ukraine Dnepropetrovsk Mission
*Ukraine Donetsk Mission
*Ukraine Kiev Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Africa===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Cape Verde Praia Mission
*Democratic Republic of Congo Kinshasa Mission
*Ghana Accra Mission
*Ghana Cape Coast Mission
*Ivory Coast Abidjan Mission
*Kenya Nairobi Mission
| valign="top" |
*Madagascar Antananarivo Mission
*Mozambique Maputo Mission
*Nigeria Enugu Mission
*Nigeria Ibadan Mission
*Nigeria Lagos Mission
*Nigeria Port Harcourt Mission
| valign="top" |
*Nigeria Uyo Mission
*South Africa Cape Town Mission
*South Africa Durban Mission
*South Africa Johannesburg Mission
*Uganda Kampala Mission
*Zimbabwe Harare Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |
===Asia===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Cambodia Phnom Penh Mission
*China Hong Kong Mission
*India Bangalore Mission
*Indonesia Jakarta Mission
*Japan Fukuoka Mission
*Japan Hiroshima Mission
*Japan Kobe Mission
*Japan Nagoya Mission
*Japan Sapporo Mission
*Japan Sendai Mission
*Japan Tokyo Mission
*Korea Pusan Mission
| valign="top" |
*Korea Seoul Mission
*Korea Seoul West Mission
*Korea Taejon Mission
*Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mission
*Philippines Angeles Mission
*Philippines Bacolod Mission
*Philippines Baguio Mission
*Philippines Cagayan De Oro Mission
*Philippines Cebu Mission
*Philippines Davao Mission
*Philippines Ilagan Mission
*Philippines Laoag Mission
| valign="top" |
*Philippines Manila Mission
*Philippines Naga Mission
*Philippines Olongapo Mission
*Philippines Quezon City
*Philippines San Pablo Mission
*Philippines Tacloban Mission
*Singapore Mission
*Taiwan Kaohsiung Mission
*Taiwan Taichung Mission
*Taiwan Taipei Mission
*Thailand Bangkok Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Pacific===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Australia Adelaide Mission
*Australia Brisbane Mission
*Australia Melbourne Mission
*Australia Melbourne West Mission
*Australia Perth Mission
| valign="top" |
*Australia Sydney North Mission
*Australia Sydney South Mission
*Fiji Suva Mission
*Marshall Islands, Majuro Mission
*Micronesia Guam Mission
*New Zealand Auckland Mission
| valign="top" |
*New Zealand Wellington Mission
*Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Mission
*Samoa Apia Mission
*Tahiti Papeete Mission
*Tonga Nukualofa Mission
|}

===Smallest and largest===
The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve as tour guides on [[Temple Square]], often to visitors from their own homelands. These missionaries serve for approximately 6 months on Temple Square, then serve for 6 months in another mission in another part of the [[United States]], then return to Temple Square for the final 6 months of their 18-month mission call. Only single female missionaries are called to the Temple Square Mission.

The mission with the largest geographical area is currently the [[Micronesia]] [[Guam]] Mission, which covers an area of the earth that is roughly the size of the continental United States. However, the vast majority of this mission is composed of empty ocean. The largest mission in terms of geographical land mass and population is currently the [[China]] [[Hong Kong]] Mission, which encompasses nearly all of the [[China|Chinese landmass]] and population. Outside of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], there are no [[Mormon missionaries]] in China.

==Reunions==
Many missionaries working together build strong bonds of friendship, and for a few years after their missions are over, a former [[mission president]] will host reunions of missionaries who served with him. As the missionaries come from many different parts of the world, it is common that the reunions are held in [[Utah]], especially during [[General conference (Mormonism)|church general conference]] weekends, as it provides for the probability of the largest number of attendees. Several web sites have been created by church members with the express purpose of allowing mission alumni to keep in contact.

== References ==
* ''2001-2002 Deseret News Church Almanac'' (2000). Salt Lake City: Deseret News.

== External Links ==
* [http://www.mission.net/ mission.net] - list of mission websites


[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint hierarchy]]

Mission (Verwaltungseinheit der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der letzten Tage)

2007-05-01T22:07:45Z

12.106.111.10: /* Organization in areas without stakes */ better wording

:''This article is about a geographical adminstrative area within the LDS Church. For a discussion of the proseletyzing or service assignment fulfilled by Latter-day Saints, see '''[[Mormon missionary]]'''.''

A '''mission''' of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] is a geographical administrative area to which church [[Mormon missionary|missionaries]] are assigned. All areas of the world are within the boundaries of an LDS Church mission, whether or not [[Mormon missionaries]] live or proselytize in the area.

== Administrative structure ==
[[Image:ATMlogo.png|150px|right|thumb|Many LDS missions have logos or seals.This, for example, is the seal of the Arizona Tucson Mission.]]Geographically, a mission may be a city, a city and surrounding areas, a state or province, or perhaps an entire country or even multiple countries. Typically, the name of the mission is the name of the country (or state in the [[United States]]), and then the name of the city where the mission headquarters office is located.<ref>The only exception to this general rule is the ''Singapore Mission'' of the church.</ref>

===Mission president===
:''See main article: [[Mission president]]''

All missionaries serve in a ''mission'' under the direction of a [[mission president]], who, like individual missionaries, is assigned by the [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|President of the Church]]. The mission president must be a married [[High priest (Latter Day Saints)|high priest]] in the [[Melchizedek Priesthood]]; his wife is asked to serve alongside him. Mission presidents are typically in their forties or older, and usally have the financial means to devote themselves full-time to the responsiblity for three consecutive years. The church provides mission presidents with a minimal living allowance but it normally requires them to supplement it with their own funds. Often, the mission president must learn the local language spoken in the mission, as the missionaries do.

The mission president has at least two counselors, who usually are [[Latter-day Saints]] from the local area who keep their regular employment. The role of the counselors varies by mission, but they typically serve as liaisons between the mission and the local membership of the church.

===Mission organization===
====Organization of missionaries====
Missions are organized in two parallel structures. The first is the organization of the missionaries. There are two or more missionaries who serve as ''assistants to the president'' (not to be confused with the counselors in the mission presidency). The assistants carry out the direction of the [[mission president]] in the organization of the mission, the assigning of companionships and proselyting areas, and oversee the welfare and training of the missionaries. The missionaries are divided into ''zones'', each led by one or more missionaries assigned as ''zone leaders''. The zones may be geographically large or small depending on the mission. The zones are divided into ''districts'', each being led by a missionary assigned as a ''district leader''. A district usually has two to four missionary companionships. The zone leaders and district leaders train the missionaries, see after their welfare, conduct interviews, proselyte together, and share successes. Only single male missionaries serve as assistants, zone leaders, and district leaders.

Each missionary companionship has a geographical area which may include part of a [[Ward (Mormonism)|ward]] or [[Ward_%28Mormonism%29#Branches|branch]], one ward or branch, or several wards or branches. The missionaries are responsible for preaching to the people in their own area. In a mission, the ecclesiastical line of authority is from the mission president down to the missionaries. The missionaries answer to the mission president directly, as opposed to the local branch president, [[Bishop (Latter Day Saints)|bishop]], or [[stake president]].

====Organization in areas without stakes====
The other type of mission structure exists where there are no organized [[Stake (Mormonism)|stakes]] of the church in an area due to a relatively small number of [[Latter-day Saints]] living in the area. This may be the result of the church being relatively new in an area or may be the unescapeable result of the church being established in a sparsely populated area of the world. In these stakeless areas, the [[mission president]] is the presiding local church authority and he is responsible for the welfare of all the members, not just the missionaries. The mission is divided into ''districts'' (not to be confused with the other type of district mentioned above) which serve much the same role as stakes do. Each district is assigned a ''district president'' who is usually a local resident; the district president reports directly to the mission presidency. The district presidency perform most of the day-to-day functions that a stake presidency would perform in a stake. Certain duties, such as the issuance of recommends to attend the [[Temple (Mormonism)|temple]], remain the sole prerogative of the [[mission president]].

Districts within a mission are composed exclusively of branches. After the membership has grown sufficiently, the branches may be converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselyting missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church.

==Missions of the church==
These are the names of the missions of the LDS Church. The geographical area they actually cover is often much larger than the name may indicate; all areas of the world are within the jurisdiction of a mission of the Church.

{| class=wikitable
|-
! colspan=3 |
===United States===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Alabama Birmingham Mission
*Alaska Anchorage Mission
*Arizona Mesa Mission
*Arizona Phoenix Mission
*Arizona Tempe Mission
*Arizona Tucson Mission
*Arkansas Little Rock Mission
*California Anaheim Mission
*California Arcadia Mission
*California Carlsbad Mission
*California Fresno Mission
*California Long Beach Mission
*California Los Angeles Mission
*California Oakland Mission
*California Riverside Mission
*California Roseville Mission
*California Sacramento Mission
*California San Bernardino Mission
*California San Diego Mission
*California San Fernando Mission
*California San Francisco Mission
*California San Jose Mission
*California Santa Rosa Mission
*California Ventura Mission
*Colorado Denver North Mission
*Colorado Denver South Mission
*Colorado Colorado Springs Mission
*Connecticut Hartford Mission
*Florida Ft Lauderdale Mission
*Florida Jacksonville Mission
*Florida Orlando Mission
*Florida Tallahassee Mission
*Florida Tampa Mission
*Georgia Atlanta Mission
*Georgia Atlanta North Mission
*Georgia Macon Mission
*Hawaii Honolulu Mission
*Idaho Boise Mission
| valign="top" |
*Idaho Pocatello Mission
*Illinois Chicago Mission
*Illinois Chicago North Mission
*Illinois Nauvoo Mission
*Illinois Peoria Mission
*Indianapolis Indiana Mission
*Iowa Des Moines Mission
*Kentucky Louisville Mission
*Louisiana Baton Rouge Mission
*Maryland Baltimore Mission
*Massachusetts Boston Mission
*Michigan Detroit Mission
*Michigan Lansing Mission
*Minnesota Minneapolis Mission
*Mississippi Jackson Mission
*Missouri Independence Mission
*Missouri St. Louis Mission
*Montana Billings Mission
*Nebraska Omaha Mission
*Nevada Las Vegas Mission
*Nevada Las Vegas West Mission
*New Hampshire Manchester Mission
*New Jersey Cherry Hill Mission
*New Jersey Morristown Mission
*New Mexico Albuquerque Mission
*New York New York North Mission
*New York New York South Mission
*New York Rochester Mission
*New York Utica Mission
*North Carolina Charlotte Mission
*North Carolina Raleigh Mission
*Ohio Cincinnati Mission
*Ohio Cleveland Mission
*Ohio Columbus Mission
*Oklahoma Oklahoma City Mission
*Oklahoma Tulsa Mission
| valign="top" |
*Oregon Eugene Mission
*Oregon Portland Mission
*Pennsylvania Harrisburg Mission
*Pennsylvania Philadelphia Mission
*Pennsylvania Pittsburgh Mission
*Puerto Rico San Juan Mission
*South Carolina Columbia Mission
*South Dakota Rapid City Mission
*Tennessee Knoxville Mission
*Tennessee Nashville Mission
*Texas Dallas Mission
*Texas Fort Worth Mission
*Texas Houston Mission
*Texas Houston East Mission
*Texas Houston South Mission
*Texas Lubbock Mission
*Texas McAllen Mission
*Texas San Antonio Mission
*Utah Ogden Mission
*Utah Provo Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City South Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City Temple Square Mission
*Virginia Richmond Mission
*Washington D.C. North Mission
*Washington D.C. South Mission
*Washington Everett Mission
*Washington Kennewick Mission
*Washington Seattle Mission
*Washington Spokane Mission
*Washington Tacoma Mission
*West Virginia Charleston Mission
*Wisconsin Milwaukee Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Canada===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Canada Calgary Mission
*Canada Edmonton Mission
*Canada Halifax Mission
*Canada Montreal Mission
|
*Canada Toronto East Mission
*Canada Toronto West Mission
*Canada Vancouver Mission
*Canada Winnipeg Mission
|
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Mexico===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Chihuahua Mission
*Mexico Cuernavaca Mission
*Mexico Culiacan Mission
*Mexico Guadalajara Mission
*Mexico Guadalajara South Mission
*Mexico Hermosillo Mission
*Mexico Leon Mission
*Mexico Merida Mission
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Mexico City East Mission
*Mexico Mexico City North Mission
*Mexico Mexico City South Mission
*Mexico Mexico City West Mission
*Mexico Monterrey East Mission
*Mexico Monterrey West Mission
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Oaxaca Mission
*Mexico Puebla Mission
*Mexico Tijuana Mission
*Mexico Torreon Mission
*Mexico Tuxtla Gutierrez Mission
*Mexico Veracruz Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Central America and The Caribbean===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Costa Rica San Jose Mission
*Dominican Republic Santiago Mission
*Dominican Republic Santo Domingo East Mission
*Dominican Republic Santo Domingo West Mission
*El Salvador San Salvador East Mission
*El Salvador San Salvador West Mission
| valign="top" |
*Guatemala Guatemala City Central Mission
*Guatemala Guatemala City North Mission
*Guatemala Guatemala City South Mission
*Guatemala Quetzaltenango Mission
*Haiti Port-Au-Prince Mission
*Honduras Comayaguela Mission
| valign="top
*Honduras San Pedro Sula Mission
*Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission
*Jamaica Kingston Mission
*Nicaragua Managua Mission
*Panama Panama City Mission
*West Indies Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===South America===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Argentina Bahia Blanca Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires North Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires South Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires West Mission
*Argentina Cordoba Mission
*Argentina Mendoza Mission
*Argentina Neuquen Mission
*Argentina Resistencia Mission
*Argentina Rosario Mission
*Argentina Salta Mission
*Bolivia Cochabamba Mission
*Bolivia La Paz Mission
*Bolivia Santa Cruz Mission
*Brazil Belém Mission
*Brazil Belo Horizonte Mission
*Brazil Belo Horizonte East Mission
*Brazil Brasília Mission
*Brazil Campinas Mission
*Brazil Cuiaba Mission
*Brazil Curitiba Mission
*Brazil Florianópolis Mission
*Brazil Fortaleza Mission
*Brazil Goiânia Mission
*Brazil João Pessoa Mission
*Brazil Londrina Mission
| valign="top" |
*Brazil Maceió Mission
*Brazil Manaus Mission
*Brazil Porto Alegre North Mission
*Brazil Porto Alegre South Mission
*Brazil Recife Mission
*Brazil Ribeirão Preto Mission
*Brazil Rio De Janeiro Mission
*Brazil Rio De Janeiro North Mission
*Brazil Salvador Mission
*Brazil Salvador South Mission
*Brazil Santa Maria Mission
*Brazil São Paulo East Mission
*Brazil São Paulo Interlagos Mission
*Brazil São Paulo North Mission
*Brazil São Paulo South Mission
*Chile Antofagasta Mission
*Chile Concepcion Mission
*Chile Concepcion South Mission
*Chile Osorno Mission
*Chile Rancagua Mission
*Chile Santiago East Mission
*Chile Santiago North Mission
*Chile Santiago West Mission
*Chile Vina Del Mar Mission
| valign="top" |
*Colombia Barranquilla Mission
*Colombia Bogota North Mission
*Colombia Bogota South Mission
*Colombia Cali Mission
*Ecuador Guayaquil North Mission
*Ecuador Guayaquil South Mission
*Ecuador Quito Mission
*Paraguay Asuncion Mission
*Paraguay Asuncion North Mission
*Peru Arequipa Mission
*Peru Piura (formerly Chiclayo) Mission
*Peru Lima Central Mission
*Peru Lima East Mission
*Peru Lima North Mission
*Peru Lima South Mission
*Peru Trujillo Mission
*Uruguay Montevideo Mission
*Uruguay Montevideo West Mission
*Venezuela Barcelona Mission
*Venezuela Caracas Mission
*Venezuela Maracaibo Mission
*Venezuela Valencia Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Europe and Russia===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Albania Tirana Mission
*Armenia Yerevan Mission
*Baltic Mission
*Belgium Brussels Mission
*Bulgaria Sofia Mission
*Czech Prague Mission
*Czech Republic Prague Mission
*Denmark Copenhagen Mission
*England Birmingham Mission
*England Leeds Mission
*England London Mission
*England London South Mission
*England Manchester Mission
*Finland Helsinki Mission
*France Paris Mission
*France Toulouse Mission
*Germany Berlin Mission
*Germany Frankfurt Mission
*Germany Hamburg Mission
| valign="top" |
*Germany Munich Mission
*Greece Athens Mission
*Hungary Budapest Mission
*Ireland Dublin Mission
*Italy Catania Mission
*Italy Milan Mission
*Italy Rome Mission
*Norway Oslo Mission
*Poland Warsaw Mission
*Portugal Lisbon Mission
*Portugal Porto Mission
*Romania Bucharest Mission
*Russia Moscow Mission
*Russia Moscow West Mission
*Russia Novosibirsk Mission
| valign="top" |
*Russia Rostov Mission
*Russia Saint Petersburg Mission
*Russia Samara Mission
*Russia Vladivostok Mission
*Russia Yekaterinburg Mission
*Scotland Edinburgh Mission
*Slovenia Ljubljana Mission
*Spain Barcelona Mission
*Spain Bilbao Mission
*Spain Madrid Mission
*Spain Malaga Mission
*Sweden Stockholm Mission
*Switzerland Geneva Mission
*Switzerland Zürich Mission
*Ukraine Dnepropetrovsk Mission
*Ukraine Donetsk Mission
*Ukraine Kiev Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Africa===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Cape Verde Praia Mission
*Democratic Republic of Congo Kinshasa Mission
*Ghana Accra Mission
*Ghana Cape Coast Mission
*Ivory Coast Abidjan Mission
*Kenya Nairobi Mission
| valign="top" |
*Madagascar Antananarivo Mission
*Mozambique Maputo Mission
*Nigeria Enugu Mission
*Nigeria Ibadan Mission
*Nigeria Lagos Mission
*Nigeria Port Harcourt Mission
| valign="top" |
*Nigeria Uyo Mission
*South Africa Cape Town Mission
*South Africa Durban Mission
*South Africa Johannesburg Mission
*Uganda Kampala Mission
*Zimbabwe Harare Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |
===Asia===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Cambodia Phnom Penh Mission
*China Hong Kong Mission
*India Bangalore Mission
*Indonesia Jakarta Mission
*Japan Fukuoka Mission
*Japan Hiroshima Mission
*Japan Kobe Mission
*Japan Nagoya Mission
*Japan Sapporo Mission
*Japan Sendai Mission
*Japan Tokyo Mission
*Korea Pusan Mission
| valign="top" |
*Korea Seoul Mission
*Korea Seoul West Mission
*Korea Taejon Mission
*Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mission
*Philippines Angeles Mission
*Philippines Bacolod Mission
*Philippines Baguio Mission
*Philippines Cagayan De Oro Mission
*Philippines Cebu Mission
*Philippines Davao Mission
*Philippines Ilagan Mission
*Philippines Laoag Mission
| valign="top" |
*Philippines Manila Mission
*Philippines Naga Mission
*Philippines Olongapo Mission
*Philippines Quezon City
*Philippines San Pablo Mission
*Philippines Tacloban Mission
*Singapore Mission
*Taiwan Kaohsiung Mission
*Taiwan Taichung Mission
*Taiwan Taipei Mission
*Thailand Bangkok Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Pacific===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Australia Adelaide Mission
*Australia Brisbane Mission
*Australia Melbourne Mission
*Australia Melbourne West Mission
*Australia Perth Mission
| valign="top" |
*Australia Sydney North Mission
*Australia Sydney South Mission
*Fiji Suva Mission
*Marshall Islands, Majuro Mission
*Micronesia Guam Mission
*New Zealand Auckland Mission
| valign="top" |
*New Zealand Wellington Mission
*Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Mission
*Samoa Apia Mission
*Tahiti Papeete Mission
*Tonga Nukualofa Mission
|}

===Smallest and largest===
The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve as tour guides on [[Temple Square]], often to visitors from their own homelands. These missionaries serve for approximately 6 months on Temple Square, then serve for 6 months in another mission in another part of the [[United States]], then return to Temple Square for the final 6 months of their 18-month mission call. Only single female missionaries are called to the Temple Square Mission.

The mission with the largest geographical area is currently the [[Micronesia]] [[Guam]] Mission, which covers an area of the earth that is roughly the size of the continental United States. However, the vast majority of this mission is composed of empty ocean. The largest mission in terms of geographical land mass and population is currently the [[China]] [[Hong Kong]] Mission, which encompasses nearly all of the [[China|Chinese landmass]] and population. Outside of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], there are no [[Mormon missionaries]] in China.

==Reunions==
Many missionaries working together build strong bonds of friendship, and for a few years after their missions are over, a former [[mission president]] will host reunions of missionaries who served with him. As the missionaries come from many different parts of the world, it is common that the reunions are held in [[Utah]], especially during [[General conference (Mormonism)|church general conference]] weekends, as it provides for the probability of the largest number of attendees. Several web sites have been created by church members with the express purpose of allowing mission alumni to keep in contact.

== References ==
* ''2001-2002 Deseret News Church Almanac'' (2000). Salt Lake City: Deseret News.

== External Links ==
* [http://www.mission.net/ mission.net] - list of mission websites


[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint hierarchy]]

Mission (Verwaltungseinheit der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der letzten Tage)

2007-05-01T22:03:25Z

12.106.111.10: remorked section titles (should strictly limit reusing name of article in section headings & should keep headings brief

:''This article is about a geographical adminstrative area within the LDS Church. For a discussion of the proseletyzing or service assignment fulfilled by Latter-day Saints, see '''[[Mormon missionary]]'''.''

A '''mission''' of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] is a geographical administrative area to which church [[Mormon missionary|missionaries]] are assigned. All areas of the world are within the boundaries of an LDS Church mission, whether or not [[Mormon missionaries]] live or proselytize in the area.

== Administrative structure ==
[[Image:ATMlogo.png|150px|right|thumb|Many LDS missions have logos or seals.This, for example, is the seal of the Arizona Tucson Mission.]]Geographically, a mission may be a city, a city and surrounding areas, a state or province, or perhaps an entire country or even multiple countries. Typically, the name of the mission is the name of the country (or state in the [[United States]]), and then the name of the city where the mission headquarters office is located.<ref>The only exception to this general rule is the ''Singapore Mission'' of the church.</ref>

===Mission president===
:''See main article: [[Mission president]]''

All missionaries serve in a ''mission'' under the direction of a [[mission president]], who, like individual missionaries, is assigned by the [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|President of the Church]]. The mission president must be a married [[High priest (Latter Day Saints)|high priest]] in the [[Melchizedek Priesthood]]; his wife is asked to serve alongside him. Mission presidents are typically in their forties or older, and usally have the financial means to devote themselves full-time to the responsiblity for three consecutive years. The church provides mission presidents with a minimal living allowance but it normally requires them to supplement it with their own funds. Often, the mission president must learn the local language spoken in the mission, as the missionaries do.

The mission president has at least two counselors, who usually are [[Latter-day Saints]] from the local area who keep their regular employment. The role of the counselors varies by mission, but they typically serve as liaisons between the mission and the local membership of the church.

===Mission organization===
====Organization of missionaries====
Missions are organized in two parallel structures. The first is the organization of the missionaries. There are two or more missionaries who serve as ''assistants to the president'' (not to be confused with the counselors in the mission presidency). The assistants carry out the direction of the [[mission president]] in the organization of the mission, the assigning of companionships and proselyting areas, and oversee the welfare and training of the missionaries. The missionaries are divided into ''zones'', each led by one or more missionaries assigned as ''zone leaders''. The zones may be geographically large or small depending on the mission. The zones are divided into ''districts'', each being led by a missionary assigned as a ''district leader''. A district usually has two to four missionary companionships. The zone leaders and district leaders train the missionaries, see after their welfare, conduct interviews, proselyte together, and share successes. Only single male missionaries serve as assistants, zone leaders, and district leaders.

Each missionary companionship has a geographical area which may include part of a [[Ward (Mormonism)|ward]] or [[Ward_%28Mormonism%29#Branches|branch]], one ward or branch, or several wards or branches. The missionaries are responsible for preaching to the people in their own area. In a mission, the ecclesiastical line of authority is from the mission president down to the missionaries. The missionaries answer to the mission president directly, as opposed to the local branch president, [[Bishop (Latter Day Saints)|bishop]], or [[stake president]].

====Organization in areas without stakes====
The other type of mission structure exists where there are no organized [[Stake (Mormonism)|stakes]] of the church in an area due to a relatively small number of [[Latter-day Saints]] living in the area. This may be the result of the church being relatively new in an area or may be the unescapeable result of the church being established in a sparsely populated area of the world. In these stakeless areas, the [[mission president]] is the presiding local church authority and he is responsible for the welfare of all the members, not just the missionaries. The mission is divided into ''districts'' (not to be confused with the other type of district mentioned above) which serve much the same role as stakes do. Each district is assigned a ''district president'' who is usually a local resident; the district president reports directly to the mission presidency. The district presidency perform most of the day-to-day functions that a stake presidency would perform in a stake. Certain duties, such as the issuance of recommends to attend the [[Temple (Mormonism)|temple]], remain the sole prerogative of the [[mission president]].

Districts within a mission are composed exclusively of branches. After the membership has grown sufficiently, the branches may be converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselyting missionaries in the area, not the general membership of [[Latter-day Saints).

==Missions of the church==
These are the names of the missions of the LDS Church. The geographical area they actually cover is often much larger than the name may indicate; all areas of the world are within the jurisdiction of a mission of the Church.

{| class=wikitable
|-
! colspan=3 |
===United States===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Alabama Birmingham Mission
*Alaska Anchorage Mission
*Arizona Mesa Mission
*Arizona Phoenix Mission
*Arizona Tempe Mission
*Arizona Tucson Mission
*Arkansas Little Rock Mission
*California Anaheim Mission
*California Arcadia Mission
*California Carlsbad Mission
*California Fresno Mission
*California Long Beach Mission
*California Los Angeles Mission
*California Oakland Mission
*California Riverside Mission
*California Roseville Mission
*California Sacramento Mission
*California San Bernardino Mission
*California San Diego Mission
*California San Fernando Mission
*California San Francisco Mission
*California San Jose Mission
*California Santa Rosa Mission
*California Ventura Mission
*Colorado Denver North Mission
*Colorado Denver South Mission
*Colorado Colorado Springs Mission
*Connecticut Hartford Mission
*Florida Ft Lauderdale Mission
*Florida Jacksonville Mission
*Florida Orlando Mission
*Florida Tallahassee Mission
*Florida Tampa Mission
*Georgia Atlanta Mission
*Georgia Atlanta North Mission
*Georgia Macon Mission
*Hawaii Honolulu Mission
*Idaho Boise Mission
| valign="top" |
*Idaho Pocatello Mission
*Illinois Chicago Mission
*Illinois Chicago North Mission
*Illinois Nauvoo Mission
*Illinois Peoria Mission
*Indianapolis Indiana Mission
*Iowa Des Moines Mission
*Kentucky Louisville Mission
*Louisiana Baton Rouge Mission
*Maryland Baltimore Mission
*Massachusetts Boston Mission
*Michigan Detroit Mission
*Michigan Lansing Mission
*Minnesota Minneapolis Mission
*Mississippi Jackson Mission
*Missouri Independence Mission
*Missouri St. Louis Mission
*Montana Billings Mission
*Nebraska Omaha Mission
*Nevada Las Vegas Mission
*Nevada Las Vegas West Mission
*New Hampshire Manchester Mission
*New Jersey Cherry Hill Mission
*New Jersey Morristown Mission
*New Mexico Albuquerque Mission
*New York New York North Mission
*New York New York South Mission
*New York Rochester Mission
*New York Utica Mission
*North Carolina Charlotte Mission
*North Carolina Raleigh Mission
*Ohio Cincinnati Mission
*Ohio Cleveland Mission
*Ohio Columbus Mission
*Oklahoma Oklahoma City Mission
*Oklahoma Tulsa Mission
| valign="top" |
*Oregon Eugene Mission
*Oregon Portland Mission
*Pennsylvania Harrisburg Mission
*Pennsylvania Philadelphia Mission
*Pennsylvania Pittsburgh Mission
*Puerto Rico San Juan Mission
*South Carolina Columbia Mission
*South Dakota Rapid City Mission
*Tennessee Knoxville Mission
*Tennessee Nashville Mission
*Texas Dallas Mission
*Texas Fort Worth Mission
*Texas Houston Mission
*Texas Houston East Mission
*Texas Houston South Mission
*Texas Lubbock Mission
*Texas McAllen Mission
*Texas San Antonio Mission
*Utah Ogden Mission
*Utah Provo Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City South Mission
*Utah Salt Lake City Temple Square Mission
*Virginia Richmond Mission
*Washington D.C. North Mission
*Washington D.C. South Mission
*Washington Everett Mission
*Washington Kennewick Mission
*Washington Seattle Mission
*Washington Spokane Mission
*Washington Tacoma Mission
*West Virginia Charleston Mission
*Wisconsin Milwaukee Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Canada===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Canada Calgary Mission
*Canada Edmonton Mission
*Canada Halifax Mission
*Canada Montreal Mission
|
*Canada Toronto East Mission
*Canada Toronto West Mission
*Canada Vancouver Mission
*Canada Winnipeg Mission
|
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Mexico===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Chihuahua Mission
*Mexico Cuernavaca Mission
*Mexico Culiacan Mission
*Mexico Guadalajara Mission
*Mexico Guadalajara South Mission
*Mexico Hermosillo Mission
*Mexico Leon Mission
*Mexico Merida Mission
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Mexico City East Mission
*Mexico Mexico City North Mission
*Mexico Mexico City South Mission
*Mexico Mexico City West Mission
*Mexico Monterrey East Mission
*Mexico Monterrey West Mission
| valign="top" |
*Mexico Oaxaca Mission
*Mexico Puebla Mission
*Mexico Tijuana Mission
*Mexico Torreon Mission
*Mexico Tuxtla Gutierrez Mission
*Mexico Veracruz Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Central America and The Caribbean===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Costa Rica San Jose Mission
*Dominican Republic Santiago Mission
*Dominican Republic Santo Domingo East Mission
*Dominican Republic Santo Domingo West Mission
*El Salvador San Salvador East Mission
*El Salvador San Salvador West Mission
| valign="top" |
*Guatemala Guatemala City Central Mission
*Guatemala Guatemala City North Mission
*Guatemala Guatemala City South Mission
*Guatemala Quetzaltenango Mission
*Haiti Port-Au-Prince Mission
*Honduras Comayaguela Mission
| valign="top
*Honduras San Pedro Sula Mission
*Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission
*Jamaica Kingston Mission
*Nicaragua Managua Mission
*Panama Panama City Mission
*West Indies Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===South America===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Argentina Bahia Blanca Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires North Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires South Mission
*Argentina Buenos Aires West Mission
*Argentina Cordoba Mission
*Argentina Mendoza Mission
*Argentina Neuquen Mission
*Argentina Resistencia Mission
*Argentina Rosario Mission
*Argentina Salta Mission
*Bolivia Cochabamba Mission
*Bolivia La Paz Mission
*Bolivia Santa Cruz Mission
*Brazil Belém Mission
*Brazil Belo Horizonte Mission
*Brazil Belo Horizonte East Mission
*Brazil Brasília Mission
*Brazil Campinas Mission
*Brazil Cuiaba Mission
*Brazil Curitiba Mission
*Brazil Florianópolis Mission
*Brazil Fortaleza Mission
*Brazil Goiânia Mission
*Brazil João Pessoa Mission
*Brazil Londrina Mission
| valign="top" |
*Brazil Maceió Mission
*Brazil Manaus Mission
*Brazil Porto Alegre North Mission
*Brazil Porto Alegre South Mission
*Brazil Recife Mission
*Brazil Ribeirão Preto Mission
*Brazil Rio De Janeiro Mission
*Brazil Rio De Janeiro North Mission
*Brazil Salvador Mission
*Brazil Salvador South Mission
*Brazil Santa Maria Mission
*Brazil São Paulo East Mission
*Brazil São Paulo Interlagos Mission
*Brazil São Paulo North Mission
*Brazil São Paulo South Mission
*Chile Antofagasta Mission
*Chile Concepcion Mission
*Chile Concepcion South Mission
*Chile Osorno Mission
*Chile Rancagua Mission
*Chile Santiago East Mission
*Chile Santiago North Mission
*Chile Santiago West Mission
*Chile Vina Del Mar Mission
| valign="top" |
*Colombia Barranquilla Mission
*Colombia Bogota North Mission
*Colombia Bogota South Mission
*Colombia Cali Mission
*Ecuador Guayaquil North Mission
*Ecuador Guayaquil South Mission
*Ecuador Quito Mission
*Paraguay Asuncion Mission
*Paraguay Asuncion North Mission
*Peru Arequipa Mission
*Peru Piura (formerly Chiclayo) Mission
*Peru Lima Central Mission
*Peru Lima East Mission
*Peru Lima North Mission
*Peru Lima South Mission
*Peru Trujillo Mission
*Uruguay Montevideo Mission
*Uruguay Montevideo West Mission
*Venezuela Barcelona Mission
*Venezuela Caracas Mission
*Venezuela Maracaibo Mission
*Venezuela Valencia Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Europe and Russia===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Albania Tirana Mission
*Armenia Yerevan Mission
*Baltic Mission
*Belgium Brussels Mission
*Bulgaria Sofia Mission
*Czech Prague Mission
*Czech Republic Prague Mission
*Denmark Copenhagen Mission
*England Birmingham Mission
*England Leeds Mission
*England London Mission
*England London South Mission
*England Manchester Mission
*Finland Helsinki Mission
*France Paris Mission
*France Toulouse Mission
*Germany Berlin Mission
*Germany Frankfurt Mission
*Germany Hamburg Mission
| valign="top" |
*Germany Munich Mission
*Greece Athens Mission
*Hungary Budapest Mission
*Ireland Dublin Mission
*Italy Catania Mission
*Italy Milan Mission
*Italy Rome Mission
*Norway Oslo Mission
*Poland Warsaw Mission
*Portugal Lisbon Mission
*Portugal Porto Mission
*Romania Bucharest Mission
*Russia Moscow Mission
*Russia Moscow West Mission
*Russia Novosibirsk Mission
| valign="top" |
*Russia Rostov Mission
*Russia Saint Petersburg Mission
*Russia Samara Mission
*Russia Vladivostok Mission
*Russia Yekaterinburg Mission
*Scotland Edinburgh Mission
*Slovenia Ljubljana Mission
*Spain Barcelona Mission
*Spain Bilbao Mission
*Spain Madrid Mission
*Spain Malaga Mission
*Sweden Stockholm Mission
*Switzerland Geneva Mission
*Switzerland Zürich Mission
*Ukraine Dnepropetrovsk Mission
*Ukraine Donetsk Mission
*Ukraine Kiev Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Africa===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Cape Verde Praia Mission
*Democratic Republic of Congo Kinshasa Mission
*Ghana Accra Mission
*Ghana Cape Coast Mission
*Ivory Coast Abidjan Mission
*Kenya Nairobi Mission
| valign="top" |
*Madagascar Antananarivo Mission
*Mozambique Maputo Mission
*Nigeria Enugu Mission
*Nigeria Ibadan Mission
*Nigeria Lagos Mission
*Nigeria Port Harcourt Mission
| valign="top" |
*Nigeria Uyo Mission
*South Africa Cape Town Mission
*South Africa Durban Mission
*South Africa Johannesburg Mission
*Uganda Kampala Mission
*Zimbabwe Harare Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |
===Asia===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Cambodia Phnom Penh Mission
*China Hong Kong Mission
*India Bangalore Mission
*Indonesia Jakarta Mission
*Japan Fukuoka Mission
*Japan Hiroshima Mission
*Japan Kobe Mission
*Japan Nagoya Mission
*Japan Sapporo Mission
*Japan Sendai Mission
*Japan Tokyo Mission
*Korea Pusan Mission
| valign="top" |
*Korea Seoul Mission
*Korea Seoul West Mission
*Korea Taejon Mission
*Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mission
*Philippines Angeles Mission
*Philippines Bacolod Mission
*Philippines Baguio Mission
*Philippines Cagayan De Oro Mission
*Philippines Cebu Mission
*Philippines Davao Mission
*Philippines Ilagan Mission
*Philippines Laoag Mission
| valign="top" |
*Philippines Manila Mission
*Philippines Naga Mission
*Philippines Olongapo Mission
*Philippines Quezon City
*Philippines San Pablo Mission
*Philippines Tacloban Mission
*Singapore Mission
*Taiwan Kaohsiung Mission
*Taiwan Taichung Mission
*Taiwan Taipei Mission
*Thailand Bangkok Mission
|-
! colspan=3 |

===Pacific===
|-
| valign="top" |
*Australia Adelaide Mission
*Australia Brisbane Mission
*Australia Melbourne Mission
*Australia Melbourne West Mission
*Australia Perth Mission
| valign="top" |
*Australia Sydney North Mission
*Australia Sydney South Mission
*Fiji Suva Mission
*Marshall Islands, Majuro Mission
*Micronesia Guam Mission
*New Zealand Auckland Mission
| valign="top" |
*New Zealand Wellington Mission
*Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Mission
*Samoa Apia Mission
*Tahiti Papeete Mission
*Tonga Nukualofa Mission
|}

===Smallest and largest===
The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve as tour guides on [[Temple Square]], often to visitors from their own homelands. These missionaries serve for approximately 6 months on Temple Square, then serve for 6 months in another mission in another part of the [[United States]], then return to Temple Square for the final 6 months of their 18-month mission call. Only single female missionaries are called to the Temple Square Mission.

The mission with the largest geographical area is currently the [[Micronesia]] [[Guam]] Mission, which covers an area of the earth that is roughly the size of the continental United States. However, the vast majority of this mission is composed of empty ocean. The largest mission in terms of geographical land mass and population is currently the [[China]] [[Hong Kong]] Mission, which encompasses nearly all of the [[China|Chinese landmass]] and population. Outside of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], there are no [[Mormon missionaries]] in China.

==Reunions==
Many missionaries working together build strong bonds of friendship, and for a few years after their missions are over, a former [[mission president]] will host reunions of missionaries who served with him. As the missionaries come from many different parts of the world, it is common that the reunions are held in [[Utah]], especially during [[General conference (Mormonism)|church general conference]] weekends, as it provides for the probability of the largest number of attendees. Several web sites have been created by church members with the express purpose of allowing mission alumni to keep in contact.

== References ==
* ''2001-2002 Deseret News Church Almanac'' (2000). Salt Lake City: Deseret News.

== External Links ==
* [http://www.mission.net/ mission.net] - list of mission websites


[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint hierarchy]]

Erste Präsidentschaft

2007-04-30T16:54:09Z

12.106.111.10: /* See also */ this is not the root article of the cat so no need to force to top of cat display order

{{See also|First Presidency}}
[[Image:Firstpresidency.jpg|thumb|Thomas S. Monson, Gordon B. Hinckley, and James E. Faust, the current members of the First Presidency of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS Church]].]]

In [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], the '''First Presidency''' is the presiding or governing authority of the Church. It usually consists of the [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|President of the Church]] and two counselors, although up to seven counselors have on occasion been included in the presidency at the same time. The counselors assist the Church President and work closely with him in guiding the entire Church. Like the Church President and [[President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]], counselors in the First Presidency are known as "President"; thus, the current First Presidency are referred to as President [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], President [[Thomas S. Monson]], and President [[James E. Faust]]. All members of the First Presidency are sustained by the membership of the Church as [[prophets, seers, and revelators]].

Any worthy [[High Priest (Mormonism)|High Priest]] within the Church may serve as a counselor in the First Presidency, though most of its members have been chosen from among the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]]. [[Charles W. Nibley]], for example, was a counselor to [[Heber J. Grant]] without ever being ordained an [[Apostle (Mormonism)|Apostle]].

In the case of an infirm president, his counselors may be called upon to perform more of his duties. If needed, any number of additional counselors may be called to assist them, though the President of the Church still remains the only person on the earth authorized to exercise (use) ''all'' priesthood keys.

Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the Church President who called them, or until they are released by the Church President. The death of a Church President dissolves the First Presidency, and leaves the [[President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] as the senior leader of the church. The death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency.

Often, the surviving counselors of the late president will be called as counselors in the new First Presidency, but a notably infirm counselor may revert to his place among the Twelve Apostles with a healthier man called as counselor in his place. On the death or release of a First Counselor, the Second Counselor usually succeeds and a new Second Counselor is named. Although this is a fairly common occurrence, there are no hard and fast rules about it as each President chooses his counselors.

The current First Presidency has served since [[12 March]], [[1995]], and is the longest consecutive First Presidency (no change in President or counselors) in the history of the Church.

==Chronology of the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints==
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor=#DCDCFF
! Dates
! President of the Church
! First Counselor
! Second Counselor
! Other Counselors or Assistants
! Change
|-
| [[8 March]] [[1832]]— [[3 December]] [[1832]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
| [[Jesse Gause]]
|
| Initial organization of First Presidency
|-
| [[3 December]] [[1832]]— [[18 March]] [[1833]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
|
|
| [[Jesse Gause]] excommunicated
|-
| [[18 March]] [[1833]]— [[5 December]] [[1834]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
| [[Frederick G. Williams]]
|
| [[Frederick G. Williams]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[5 December]] [[1834]]— [[3 September]] [[1837]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
| [[Frederick G. Williams]]
| [[Oliver Cowdery]] (Assistant President) 
| [[Oliver Cowdery]] called as Assistant President
|-
| [[3 September]] [[1837]]— [[7 November]] [[1837]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
| [[Frederick G. Williams]]
| [[Oliver Cowdery]](Assistant President) [[Hyrum Smith]] (Additional Counselor) [[John Smith (1781-1854)|John Smith]] (Additional Counselor) [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]] (Additional Counselor) 
| [[Hyrum Smith]], [[John Smith (1781-1854)|John Smith]] and [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]] called as additional counselors;
|-
| [[7 November]] [[1837]]— [[12 April]] [[1938]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
| [[Hyrum Smith]]
| [[Oliver Cowdery]] (Assistant President) [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]] (Additional Counselor) [[John Smith (1781-1854)|John Smith]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[Frederick G. Williams]] rejected as Second Counselor at Church Conference; [[Hyrum Smith]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[12 April]] [[1838]]— [[14 September]] [[1840]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
| [[Hyrum Smith]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]] (Additional Counselor) [[John Smith (1781-1854)|John Smith]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[Oliver Cowdery]] excommunicated [[11 April]], [[1838]]
|-
| [[14 September]] [[1840]]— [[19 January]] [[1841]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
| [[Hyrum Smith]]
| [[John Smith (1781-1854)|John Smith]] (Additional Counselor)
| Death of [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]]
|-
| [[19 January]] [[1841]]— [[8 April]] [[1841]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
| [[William Law (Mormonism)|William Law]]
| [[Hyrum Smith]] (Additional Counselor) [[John Smith (1781-1854)|John Smith]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[William Law (Mormonism)|William Law]] replaces [[Hyrum Smith]] as Second Counselor; [[Hyrum Smith]] called as Additional Counselor
|-
| [[8 April]] [[1841]]— [[25 May]] [[1842]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
| [[William Law (Mormonism)|William Law]]
| [[John C. Bennett]] (Assistant President) [[Hyrum Smith]] (Additional Counselor) [[John Smith (1781-1854)|John Smith]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[John C. Bennett]] called as Assistant President
|-
| [[25 May]] [[1842]]— [[4 February]] [[1843]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
| [[William Law (Mormonism)|William Law]]
| [[Hyrum Smith]] (Assistant President) [[John Smith (1781-1854)|John Smith]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[John C. Bennett]] disfellowshipped [[Hyrum Smith]] called as Assistant President
|-
| [[4 February]] [[1843]]— [[18 April]] [[1844]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
| [[William Law (Mormonism)|William Law]]
| [[Hyrum Smith]] (Assistant President) [[John Smith (1781-1854)|John Smith]] (Additional Counselor) [[Amasa M. Lyman]] ( Additional Counselor) 
| [[Amasa M. Lyman]] called as Additional Counselor Counselor
|-
| [[18 April]] [[1844]]— [[27 June]] [[1844]]
| [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| [[Sidney Rigdon]]
|
| [[Hyrum Smith]] (Assistant President) [[Amasa M. Lyman]] (Additional Counselor) [[John Smith (1781-1854)|John Smith]] (Additional Counselor)
| Apostasy of [[William Law (Mormonism)|William Law]]
|-
| [[27 December]] [[1847]]— [[11 March]] [[1854]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
| [[Heber C. Kimball]]
| [[Willard Richards]]
|
| First Presidency reorganized after deaths of [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] and [[Hyrum Smith]]
|-
| [[11 March]] [[1854]]— [[7 April]] [[1854]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
| [[Heber C. Kimball]]
|
|
| Death of [[Willard Richards]]
|-
| [[7 April]] [[1854]]— [[1 December]] [[1856]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
| [[Heber C. Kimball]]
| [[Jedediah M. Grant]]
|
| [[Jedediah M. Grant]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[1 December]] [[1856]]— [[4 January]] [[1857]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
| [[Heber C. Kimball]]
|
|
| Death of [[Jedediah M. Grant]]
|-
| [[4 January]] [[1857]]— [[1 July]] [[1866]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
| [[Heber C. Kimball]]
| [[Daniel H. Wells]]
|
| [[Daniel H. Wells]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[1 July]] [[1866]]— [[22 June]] [[1868]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
| [[Heber C. Kimball]]
| [[Daniel H. Wells]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[Joseph F. Smith]] called as Additional Counselor
|-
| [[22 June]] [[1868]]— [[7 October]] [[1868]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
|
| [[Daniel H. Wells]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]] (Additional Counselor)
| Death of [[Heber C. Kimball]]
|-
| [[7 October]] [[1868]]— [[8 April]] [[1873]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
| [[George A. Smith]]
| [[Daniel H. Wells]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[George A. Smith]] called as First Counselor
|-
| [[8 April]] [[1873]]— [[22 February]] [[1874]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
| [[George A. Smith]]
| [[Daniel H. Wells]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]] (Additional Counselor) [[George Q. Cannon]] (Additional Counselor) [[Brigham Young, Jr.]] (Additional Counselor) [[Albert Carrington]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[George Q. Cannon]], [[Brigham Young, Jr.]], and [[Albert Carrington]] called as Counselors
|-
| [[22 February]] [[1874]]— [[9 May]] [[1874]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
| [[George A. Smith]]
| [[Daniel H. Wells]]
| [[John Willard Young]] (Assistant Counselor to the President) [[Joseph F. Smith]] (Counselor) [[George Q. Cannon]] (Counselor) [[Brigham Young, Jr.]] (Counselor) [[Albert Carrington]] (Counselor)
| [[John Willard Young]] called as Assistant Counselor to the President
|-
| [[9 May]] [[1874]]— [[1 September]] [[1875]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
| [[George A. Smith]]
| [[Daniel H. Wells]]
| [[John Willard Young]] (Additional Counselor) [[Joseph F. Smith]] (Additional Counselor) [[Lorenzo Snow]] (Additional Counselor) [[George Q. Cannon]] (Additional Counselor) [[Brigham Young, Jr.]] (Additional Counselor) [[Albert Carrington]] (Additional Counselor)) [[Joseph F. Smith]] (Additional Counselor) [[George Q. Cannon]] (Additional Counselor) [[Brigham Young, Jr.]] (Counselor) [[Albert Carrington]] (Counselor)

|-
| [[1 September]] [[1875]]— [[8 October]] [[1876]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
|
| [[Daniel H. Wells]]
| [[John Willard Young]] (Additional Counselor) [[Joseph F. Smith]] (Additional Counselor) [[George Q. Cannon]] (Additional Counselor) [[Lorenzo Snow]] (Additional Counselor) [[Brigham Young, Jr.]] (Additional Counselor) [[Albert Carrington]] (Additional Counselor)
| Death of [[George A. Smith]]
|-
| [[8 October]] [[1876]]— [[29 August]] [[1877]]
| [[Brigham Young]]
| [[John Willard Young]]
| [[Daniel H. Wells]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]] (Additional Counselor) [[George Q. Cannon]] (Additional Counselor) [[Lorenzo Snow]] (Additional Counselor) [[Brigham Young, Jr.]] (Additional Counselor) [[Albert Carrington]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[John Willard Young]] called as First Counselor
|-
| [[10 October]] [[1880]]— [[25 July]] [[1887]]
| [[John Taylor (1808-1887)|John Taylor]]
| [[George Q. Cannon]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]]
|
| First Presidency reorganized after death of [[Brigham Young]]
|-
| [[7 April]] [[1889]]— [[2 September]] [[1898]]
| [[Wilford Woodruff]]
| [[George Q. Cannon]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]]
|
| First Presidency reorganized after death of [[John Taylor (1808-1887)|John Taylor]]
|-
| [[13 September]] [[1898]]— [[21 April]] [[1901]]
| [[Lorenzo Snow]]
| [[George Q. Cannon]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]]
|
| First Presidency reorganized after death of [[Wilford Woodruff]]
|-
| [[21 April]] [[1901]]— [[6 October]] [[1901]]
| [[Lorenzo Snow]]
|
| [[Joseph F. Smith]]
|
| Death of [[George Q. Cannon]]
|-
| [[6 October]] [[1901]]— [[10 October]] [[1901]]
| [[Lorenzo Snow]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]]
| [[Rudger Clawson]]
|
| [[Joseph F. Smith]] called as First Counselor; [[Rudger Clawson]] called as Second Counselor Note that these brethren were sustained but not set apart due to the death of President Snow 4 days after the reorganization.
|-
| [[17 October]] [[1901]]— [[27 March]] [[1910]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]]
| [[John R. Winder]]
| [[Anthon H. Lund]]
|
| Reorganization of First Presidency after death of [[Lorenzo Snow]]
|-
| [[27 March]] [[1910]]— [[7 April]] [[1910]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]]
|
| [[Anthon H. Lund]]
|
| Death of [[John R. Winder]]
|-
| [[7 April]] [[1910]]— [[13 October]] [[1911]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]]
| [[Anthon H. Lund]]
| [[John Henry Smith]]
|
| [[Anthon H. Lund]] called as First Counselor; [[John Henry Smith]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[13 October]] [[1911]]— [[7 December]] [[1911]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]]
| [[Anthon H. Lund]]
|
|
| Death of [[John Henry Smith]]
|-
| [[7 December]] [[1911]]— [[19 November]] [[1918]]
| [[Joseph F. Smith]]
| [[Anthon H. Lund]]
| [[Charles W. Penrose]]
|
| [[Charles W. Penrose]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[23 November]] [[1918]]— [[2 March]] [[1921]]
| [[Heber J. Grant]]
| [[Anthon H. Lund]]
| [[Charles W. Penrose]]
|
| Reorganization of First Presidency after death of [[Joseph F. Smith]]
|-
| [[2 March]] [[1921]]— [[10 March]] [[1921]]
| [[Heber J. Grant]]
|
| [[Charles W. Penrose]]
|
| Death of [[Anthon H. Lund]]
|-
| [[10 March]] [[1921]]— [[16 May]] [[1925]]
| [[Heber J. Grant]]
| [[Charles W. Penrose]]
| [[Anthony W. Ivins]]
|
| [[Charles W. Penrose]] called as First Counselor; [[Anthony W. Ivins]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[16 May]] [[1921]]— [[28 May]] [[1925]]
| [[Heber J. Grant]]
|
| [[Anthony W. Ivins]]
|
| Death of [[Charles W. Penrose]]
|-
| [[28 May]] [[1925]]— [[11 December]] [[1931]]
| [[Heber J. Grant]]
| [[Anthony W. Ivins]]
| [[Charles W. Nibley]]
|
| [[Anthony W. Ivins]] called as First Counselor; [[Charles W. Nibley]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[11 December]] [[1931]]— [[6 April]] [[1933]]
| [[Heber J. Grant]]
| [[Anthony W. Ivins]]
|
|
| Death of [[Charles W. Nibley]]
|-
| [[6 April]] [[1933]]— [[23 September]] [[1934]]
| [[Heber J. Grant]]
| [[Anthony W. Ivins]]
| [[J. Reuben Clark, Jr.]]
|
| [[J. Reuben Clark, Jr.]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[23 September]] [[1934]]— [[11 October]] [[1934]]
| [[Heber J. Grant]]
|
| [[J. Reuben Clark, Jr.]]
|
| Death of [[Anthony W. Ivins]]
|-
| [[11 October]] [[1934]]— [[14 May]] [[1945]]
| [[Heber J. Grant]]
| [[J. Reuben Clark, Jr.]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
|
| [[J. Reuben Clark, Jr.]] called as First Counselor; [[David O. McKay]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[21 May]] [[1945]]— [[4 April]] [[1951]]
| [[George Albert Smith]]
| [[J. Reuben Clark, Jr.]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
|
| Reorganization of First Presidency after death of [[Heber J. Grant]]
|-
| [[9 April]] [[1951]]— [[19 May]] [[1959]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
| [[Stephen L Richards]]
| [[J. Reuben Clark, Jr.]]
|
| Reorganization of First Presidency after death of [[George Albert Smith]]
|-
| [[19 May]] [[1959]]— [[12 June]] [[1959]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
|
| [[J. Reuben Clark, Jr.]]
|
| Death of [[Stephen L Richards]]
|-
| [[12 June]] [[1959]]— [[22 June]] [[1961]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
| [[J. Reuben Clark, Jr.]]
| [[Henry D. Moyle]]
|
| [[J. Reuben Clark, Jr.]] called as First Counselor; [[Henry D. Moyle]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[22 June]] [[1961]]— [[6 October]] [[1961]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
| [[J. Reuben Clark, Jr.]]
| [[Henry D. Moyle]]
| [[Hugh B. Brown]] (Third Counselor)
| [[Hugh B. Brown]] called as Third Counselor
|-
| [[6 October]] [[1961]]— [[12 October]] [[1961]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
|
| [[Henry D. Moyle]]
| [[Hugh B. Brown]] (Third Counselor)
| Death of [[J. Reuben Clark, Jr.]]
|-
| [[12 October]] [[1961]]— [[18 September]] [[1963]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
| [[Henry D. Moyle]]
| [[Hugh B. Brown]]
|
| [[Henry D. Moyle]] called as First Counselor; [[Hugh B. Brown]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[18 September]] [[1963]]— [[4 October]] [[1963]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
|
| [[Hugh B. Brown]]
|
| Death of [[Henry D. Moyle]]
|-
| [[4 October]] [[1963]]— [[28 October]] [[1965]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
| [[Hugh B. Brown]]
| [[N. Eldon Tanner]]
|
| [[Hugh B. Brown]] called as First Counselor; [[N. Eldon Tanner]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[28 October]] [[1965]]— [[29 October]] [[1965]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
| [[Hugh B. Brown]]
| [[N. Eldon Tanner]]
| [[Thorpe B. Isaacson]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[Thorpe B. Isaacson]] called as Additional Counselor
|-
| [[29 October]] [[1965]]— [[6 April]] [[1968]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
| [[Hugh B. Brown]]
| [[N. Eldon Tanner]]
| [[Thorpe B. Isaacson]] (Additional Counselor) [[Joseph Fielding Smith]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[Joseph Fielding Smith]] called as Additional Counselor
|-
| [[6 April]] [[1968]]— [[18 January]] [[1970]]
| [[David O. McKay]]
| [[Hugh B. Brown]]
| [[N. Eldon Tanner]]
| [[Thorpe B. Isaacson]] (Additional Counselor) [[Joseph Fielding Smith]] (Additional Counselor) [[Alvin R. Dyer]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[Alvin R. Dyer]] called as Additional Counselor
|-
| [[23 January]] [[1970]]— [[2 July]] [[1972]]
| [[Joseph Fielding Smith]]
| [[Harold B. Lee]]
| [[N. Eldon Tanner]]
|
| Reorganization of First Presidency after death of [[David O. McKay]]
|-
| [[7 July]] [[1972]]— [[26 December]] [[1973]]
| [[Harold B. Lee]]
| [[N. Eldon Tanner]]
| [[Marion G. Romney]]
|
| Reorganization of First Presidency after death of [[Joseph Fielding Smith]]
|-
| [[30 December]] [[1973]]— [[3 October]] [[1981]]
| [[Spencer W. Kimball]]
| [[N. Eldon Tanner]]
| [[Marion G. Romney]]
|
| Reorganization of First Presidency after death of [[Harold B. Lee]]
|-
| [[3 October]] [[1981]]— [[27 November]] [[1982]]
| [[Spencer W. Kimball]]
| [[N. Eldon Tanner]]
| [[Marion G. Romney]]
| [[Gordon B. Hinckley]] (Additional Counselor)
| [[Gordon B. Hinckley]] called as Additional Counselor
|-
| [[27 November]] [[1982]]— [[2 December]] [[1982]]
| [[Spencer W. Kimball]]
|
| [[Marion G. Romney]]
| [[Gordon B. Hinckley]] (Additional Counselor)
| Death of [[N. Eldon Tanner]]
|-
| [[2 December]] [[1982]]— [[5 November]] [[1985]]
| [[Spencer W. Kimball]]
| [[Marion G. Romney]]
| [[Gordon B. Hinckley]]
|
| [[Marion G. Romney]] called as First Counselor; [[Gordon B. Hinckley]] called as Second Counselor
|-
| [[10 November]] [[1985]]— [[30 May]] [[1994]]
| [[Ezra Taft Benson]]
| [[Gordon B. Hinckley]]
| [[Thomas S. Monson]]
|
| Reorganization of First Presidency after death of [[Spencer W. Kimball]]
|-
| [[6 June]] [[1994]]— [[3 March]] [[1995]]
| [[Howard W. Hunter]]
| [[Gordon B. Hinckley]]
| [[Thomas S. Monson]]
|
| Reorganization of First Presidency after death of [[Ezra Taft Benson]]
|-
| [[12 March]] [[1995]]— 
| [[Gordon B. Hinckley]]
| [[Thomas S. Monson]]
| [[James E. Faust]]
|
| Reorganization of First Presidency after death of [[Howard W. Hunter]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)]]
* [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)]]
* [[Prophet, seer, and revelator]]
* [[General authority]]
* [[Council on the Disposition of the Tithes]]
* [[Seventy (Latter Day Saints)]]
* [[Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)]]

[[Category:Latter Day Saint hierarchy]]
[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Presidents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints| ]]
[[Category:Prophets in Mormonism]]

Anti-Mormonismus

2007-04-27T23:58:39Z

12.106.111.10: /* New Age anti-Mormons */ fixed typo introduced by transcription of quote (typo not found in quote in origional source)

[[Image:Anti-MormonCartoon.jpg||frame|An anti-Mormon political cartoon from the late nineteenth century.]]
'''''Anti-Mormonism''''' is a term used to represent opposition to [[Mormonism]], which is the doctrines, practices, and culture of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], and particularly [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (or LDS Church). The term, most often used by [[Latter Day Saints]], is controversial because of its similarity to ''[[anti-Semitism]]'', although literature and activities considered "anti-Mormon" have no component of [[racism]]. The term is also controversial because it has been used to refer to [[criticism of Mormonism]] in general, much of which is not hostile to the doctrines and practices of Mormonism.

Opposition to Mormonism began even before the first [[Latter Day Saint]] churches were established in 1830, and continues to the present. The most vocal and strident opposition occurred during the [[19th century]], particularly during the [[Mormon War]] of the 1830s, and in the second half of the century when the practice of [[polygamy]] in [[Utah]] (officially abandoned in 1890) was widely considered by the [[Republican Party (United States)|U.S. Republican Party]], with [[slavery]], as one of the "twin relics of barbarism."<ref>[http://www.assumption.edu/ahc/Kansas/Republican%20Platform1856.html 1856 Republican Platform]</ref> Today, opposition to Mormonism is generally in the form of publications or protests by people within the Christian [[evangelicalism|Evangelical]] movement.

==Religious persecution==
{{Religious persecution}}

The term "anti-Mormon" first appears in the historical record in 1841, as part of the title of a New York publication with the stated goal of exposing the errors of Mormonism. On August 16th of that year the Latter Day Saint ''Times and Seasons'' reported the Mormon's confidence that although the ''Anti-Mormon Almanac'' was designed by “Satan and his emissaries” to flood the world with “lies and evil reports”, still “we are assured that in the providence of God they will ultimately tend to the glory of God--the spread of truth and the good of the church.”<ref>''Times and Seasons'', vol. 2 no. 20, August 16 1841, p. 513.</ref> The anti-Mormon newspaper certainly wasn't the first of its kind; Mormonism had been criticized strongly by dozens of publications since its inception, most notably by Eber D. Howe's book ''[[Mormonism Unvailed]]'' (1834). The Saints initially labeled such publications simply “anti-Christian”,<ref>cf. ''Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate'', vol. 3, no. 1, October 1836, p. 319.</ref> but the publication of the Almanac and the subsequent formation of an “[[Anti-Mormon Party]]” in [[Illinois]] heralded a shift in terminology. “Anti-Mormon” became, on the lips of the church's critics, a proud and politically charged self-designation.<ref>A similar party would arise in [[Utah]] in 1883, professing to be “'anti-Mormon'...'to the heart's core.'” Cf. Jennifer Hansen, Letters of Catharine Cottam Romney, p. 76</ref> To Mormons it became, especially after the death of [[Joseph Smith]], comparable to “anti-Christ”.<ref>Joseph Smith actually observed rather cordially in 1844, “The anti-Mormons are good fellows. I say it in anticipation they will repent.” {{cite book | first=Scott H. | last=Faulring | coauthors= | title=An American Prophet’s Record | publisher=Signature Books | location=Salt Lake City, Utah | year=1989 | editor=| id= }} P. 456. Little of this sentiment remained among the saints after his death; cf. ''Times and Seasons'', vol. 5 no. 19, October 15 1844, p. 674-675,683.</ref>

Today, the term is primarily used as a descriptor for persons and publications that oppose [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], although its precise scope has been the subject of some debate. It is used by some to describe anything perceived as critical of the LDS Church,<ref>Some examples of Mormons expressing this sort of sentiment are as follows: "[http://www.antimormon.keepright.net/areyou.htm Are You an Anti-Mormon?]", ''AntiMormon.KeepRight.net'', accessed June 2006. "[http://www.shields-research.org/Critics/A-O_02.html Correspondence between James White and Dr. Louis Midgley]", ''SHIELDS-Research.org'', accessed June 2006. & "[http://www.fairboards.org/index.php?showtopic=4805&st=81 How I define an Anti-Mormon]", ''FAIR Message Boards'', accessed June 2006.</ref> whereas others reserve it for critical persons or publications who enlist dishonest or inflammatory [[rhetoric]].<ref>cf. {{cite web | author=Lindsay, Jeff| year=2005| title=What is an anti-Mormon? Anyone who disagrees with you? | format=SHTML | work=jefflidsay.com|url=http://www.jefflindsay.com/LDSFAQ/FQ_antis.shtml|accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref> Siding with the latter, less-inclusive understanding of the term, Latter-day Saint scholar William O. Nelson suggests in the Encyclopedia of Mormonism that the term includes "any hostile or polemic opposition to Mormonism or to the Latter-day Saints, such as maligning the [[Joseph Smith, Jr.|founding prophet]], his successors, or the doctrines or practices of the Church. Though sometimes well intended, anti-Mormon publications have often taken the form of invective, falsehood, demeaning caricature, prejudice, and legal harassment, leading to both verbal and physical assault."<ref>{{cite book | last=Nelson | first=William O. | authorlink= | coauthors= | editor= | others= | title=Encyclopedia of Mormonism | origdate= | origyear= | origmonth= | url= | format= | accessdate= | accessyear=2006 | accessmonth=June | edition= 5 | date= | year=1992 | month= | publisher=Macmillan USA | location= | language= | id=ISBN 0-02-904040-X | pages= | chapter=Anti-Mormon Publications | chapterurl=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/general/Publications_EOM.htm}}</ref>

===Rejection of the term===

Many of those who have been labeled "anti-Mormon" object to the designation, arguing that the term implies that disagreement or criticism of Mormonism stems from some inherent "anti-Mormon" prejudice, rather than being part of a legitimate factual or religious debate. Eric Johnson, for example, makes a distinction between "personal animosity and intellectual dialogue". Johnson insists that he is motivated by "love and compassion for Mormons", and that while he "[might] plead guilty to being against Mormon''ism''", he finds the suggestion that he is anti-''Mormon'' "both offensive and inaccurate."<ref>{{cite web | title=Is Mormonism Research Ministry "Anti-Mormon"? | work=MRM.org | url=http://www.mrm.org/multimedia/text/mrm-anti-mormon.html|accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref> Stephen Cannon elaborates,<blockquote>It is also helpful to know that Mormons are a group of people united around a belief system. Therefore, to be “anti-Mormon” is to be against people. Christians who desire to communicate the Gospel of Jesus Christ to Mormons are never to come against people of any stripe. Yes, evangelical Christians do have strong disagreements with Mormonism, but the argument is with a belief system and not a people. The LDS people are no better or no worse than any other group of people. Any dispute is to be a disagreement with the “ism,” not the “Mormon.”<ref>{{cite web | author=Cannon, Stephen| year=2000| title=Games Mormon People Play: The Strategies and Diversions of Latter-day Saint Apologists | format=HTM | work=PFO.org | url=http://www.pfo.org/gameplay.htm | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref></blockquote>

Some Latter-day Saints, however, are of the opinion that to condemn their beliefs is to condemn those who hold those beliefs.

[[James White (theologian)|James White]], meanwhile, rejects the term because of a lack of reciprocal terminology. He wrote to one LDS apologist, "If you will identify yourself as an anti-Baptist, I'll let you call me an anti-Mormon."<ref>{{cite web | title=Correspondence between James White and Dr. Louis Midgley | work=Shields-Research.org | url=http://www.shields-research.org/Critics/A-O_02.html | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref>

Even some ''members'' of the Church who write negatively about it, especially those who call into question its divine nature, have had their writings labeled anti-Mormon. Members critical of the church tend to get [[disfellowshipped]] or [[excommunicated]], making active members less likely to approach their work (cf. the [[September Six]], [[Grant Palmer]], [[Thomas W. Murphy]], etc). Ex-Mormons who write about the church are likewise frequently labeled anti-Mormon, even when their writings are not inflammatory in nature.<ref>{{cite web | author=Kempton, William| year=2006| title=Why I'm no longer a Mormon | format=HTML | work=Geocities.com | url=http://www.geocities.com/exmormon2000/story.html | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref> The debate on who is "anti-Mormon" frequently arises in Mormon discussions of authors and sources. One view suggests, "It’s just another label used to draw the line in the sand and separate ''us'' and ''them.''" Another view suggests, "Everyone is anti- when they’re not pro-."<ref>{{cite web | title=Is Signature Books an Anti-Mormon Press? | work=Times and Seasons.org | url=http://www.timesandseasons.org/index.php?p=1605 | accessdate=2006-06-14}}</ref>

[[Stephen Cannon]] has argued that use of the label is a "campaign by Latter-day Saints to disavow the facts presented by simply labeling the source as 'anti-Mormon'". He expounds on this in ''Games Mormon People Play: The Strategies and Diversions of Latter-day Saint Apologists'':
<blockquote>This writer has seen rank-and-file Mormons 'tune out' valid historical information that put their church leaders in a negative light simply because it came from an 'anti-Mormon.' I believe it is advantageous for Mormon scholars to put critics in as negative a light as possible so as to keep the maximum number of church members isolated from revealing facts. The first line of defense seems to be getting that 'anti-Mormon' label painted on critics as quickly as possible.<ref>{{cite web | author=Cannon, Stephen| year=2000| title=Games Mormon People Play: The Strategies and Diversions of Latter-day Saint Apologists | format=HTM | work=PFO.org | url=http://www.pfo.org/gameplay.htm | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref></blockquote>

Some critics of the term also claim that the LDS Church frames the context of persecution in order to cultivate a [[persecution complex]],<ref>{{cite web | title=The Mormon Persecution Complex - the give and take of Mormon persecution | work=lds-mormon.com | url=http://lds-mormon.com/tmpc.shtml | accessdate=2006-06-06}}</ref> or that Mormon authors promote the ideal of a promised heavenly reward for enduring persecution for one's beliefs.<ref>{{cite web | last=Hawkins | first=Lisa Bolin | title=Persecution | work=lightplanet.com | url=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/general/persecution_eom.htm | accessdate=2006-06-06}}</ref>

Mormons respond to these accusations by questioning whether critics like Johnson and Cannon really have Mormons' best interests at heart. For [[Brigham Young University]]'s 100 Hour Board, the "anti-Mormon" label serves the constructive purpose of warning Latter-day Saints away from individuals who espouse "hatred and bigotry". It is better, says the Board, for a confused Saint to "talk to someone... that (1) has your best interests at heart, and (2) actually understands what the Church teaches."<ref>{{cite web | author=BYU's 100 Hour Board| year=2005| title=Do you think it is wrong to go to websites that openly challenge LDS beliefs?| format=PHP | work=theboard.byu.edu | url=http://theboard.byu.edu/index.php?area=viewall&id=14568|accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref> "As for the persecution complex," writes [[Jeff Lindsay]], "some of us may make too big a deal of our past and of current misunderstandings." "There has been a difference in the way Mormons have been treated in the past. There has been genuine persecution, though we are grateful in these days that overt violence against us has generally ceased. We are grateful for this time of increased understanding and civility, and hope that it will last. But rhetoric against Latter-day Saints has hardly died down, and real anti-Mormons - often professional ones - work hard to stir up anger. I urge all of us to resist such religious bigotry. It is not inspired of God."<ref>{{cite web | author=Jeff Lindsay| year=2006| title=Why do you Mormons have such a persecution complex? Is everyone who disagrees with you an "anti-Mormon" villain?| format=SHTML | work=jefflindsay.com | url=http://www.jefflindsay.com/LDSFAQ/FQ_Facet.shtml#anti | accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref>

==Historical anti-Mormonism==
{{main|History of the Latter Day Saint movement}}
[[Image:Martyrdom of Joseph and Hiram Smith (1851 lithograph).jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[1851]] [[lithography|lithograph]] of Smith's body being mutilated. (Library of Congress).]]

Mormonism, or the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], arose in western [[New York]], the area where its founder [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] was raised, during a period of religious [[revivalism|revival]] in the early nineteenth century. Joseph Smith claimed to have many visions involving God, Jesus, and angelic Native American prophets.  These claims were often not received well by those in the community, as evident in the following excerpt from Joseph Smith's account of LDS Church history:
<blockquote>"... one of the Methodist preachers ... treated my communication ... with great contempt, saying it was all of the devil, that there were no such things as visions or revelations in these days; that all such things had ceased with the apostles, and that there would never be any more of them. I soon found, however, that my telling the story had excited a great deal of prejudice against me among professors of religion, and was the cause of great persecution, which continued to increase; and though I was an obscure boy, only between fourteen and fifteen years of age, and my circumstances in life such as to make a boy of no consequence in the world, yet men of high standing would take notice sufficient to excite the public mind against me, and create a bitter persecution; and this was common among all the sects—all united to persecute me."<ref>{{sourcetext|source=Pearl of Great Price|book=History|verse=21-22}}</ref></blockquote>

While the claims of a divine call often received a cold shoulder, the eventual publication of the [[Book of Mormon]],<ref>Latter-day Saints consider the Book of Mormon, which Joseph Smith stated that he translated from [[Golden Plates|gold plates]], to be a work of scripture of similar importance to the [[Bible]].</ref> and the official organization of the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]] in 1830 were met with increased opposition on various fronts.

[[Image:MormonismUnvailed.jpg|frame|left|300px|Title page of one of the earliest anti-Mormon publications, E. D. Howe's ''Mormonism Unvailed'' (1834), which claimed that the Book of Mormon was written by [[Solomon Spalding]].]]
In [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]], anti-Mormon behavior dealt mainly with issues including whether or not Smith actually had the [[Golden Plates|gold plates]], if those plates belonged to the people, rather than Smith, if Smith ever really had (theological) visions, Smith’s treasure-digging episodes, and accusations of the [[occult]].<ref>{{cite book | first=D. Michael | last=Quinn | coauthors= | title=Early Mormonism and the Magic World View| publisher=Signature Books | location=Salt Lake City, Utah | year=1998 | editor=| id=ISBN 1-56085-089-2}}</ref>

In [[Ohio]], anti-Mormons focused on the ill-fated banking efforts of the [[Kirtland Safety Society]] and other failed economic experiments including the [[United Order]].

In [[Missouri]], once the gathering place of the Latter Day Saints, Mormons tended to vote as a bloc, wielding "considerable political and economic influence," often unseating local political leadership and earning long-lasting enmity in the sometimes hard-drinking, hard-living frontier communities.<ref>{{cite web | author=Monroe, R.D., Ph.D. | year=| title=Congress and the Mexican War, 1844-1849 | format=HTML | work=lincoln.lib.niu.edu|url=http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/biography4text.html|accessdate=2006-06-03}}</ref> These differences culminated in hostilities and the eventual issuing of an [[executive order]] (since called the [[Extermination Order (Mormonism)|Extermination Order]]) by Missouri [[governor]] [[Lilburn Boggs]] declaring "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State." Three days later, a renegade militia unit attacked a Mormon settlement at [[Haun's Mill massacre|Haun's Mill]], resulting in the death of 18 Mormons and no militiamen.

In [[Nauvoo, Illinois]], persecutions were often based on the tendency of Mormons to "dominate community, economic, and political life wherever they landed."<ref>{{cite web | author=VandeCreek, Drew E.,Ph.D. | year=| title=Religion and Culture | format=HTML | work=lincoln.lib.niu.edu | url=http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/religionculture.html | accessdate=2006-06-03}}</ref> The city of Nauvoo had become the largest in Illinois, the city council was predominantly Mormon, and the [[Nauvoo Legion]] (the Mormon [[militia]]) had grown to a quarter of the size of the [[U.S. Army]]. Other issues of contention included [[polygamy]], [[freedom of speech]], [[History of slavery in the United States#Anti-Slavery|anti-slavery]] views during Smith’s presidential campaign, and the [[Criticism of Mormonism#Doctrinal criticism#The nature of divinity|deification of man]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Rast, Ben| year=| title=The Illinois Apology - The Rest of the Story | format=PHP | work=ContenderMinistries.org|url=http://contenderministries.org/mormonism/illinoisevents.php|accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref> After the destruction of the press of the ''[[Nauvoo Expositor]]'', Joseph Smith, Jr. was arrested and incarcerated in [[Carthage Jail]] where [[Death of Joseph Smith, Jr.|he was killed by a mob]] on [[June 27]], [[1844]]. The persecution in [[Illinois]] became so severe that most of the residents of Nauvoo fled across the [[Mississippi River]] in February of [[1846]].

Even after Mormons established a community hundreds of miles away in the [[Salt Lake Valley]] in [[Utah]] in 1847, anti-Mormon activists in the [[Utah Territory]] convinced President [[James Buchanan|Buchanan]] that the Mormons in the territory were rebelling against the [[United States]] due to the [[Mountain Meadows massacre]] and [[plural marriage]]. In response, President Buchanan sent one-third of USA's standing army in 1857 to Utah in what is known as the [[Utah War]].

===Government influence===

Alexander Burns, an undergraduate at Harvard College, posits that the overtly anti-Mormon approach to government of Colonel [[Patrick Edward Connor|Patrick Conner]], who arrived in Utah in 1862 to overland mail routes during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], as a having a positive influence on the development of Utah. As a "powerful counterweight to Brigham Young and his church," Conner "[broke] down the territory’s fierce isolation from modern American society ... discovered precious metals and thus brought the mining industry to Utah ... helped lay railroads through the territory ... [and] connected it more closely with the rest of the United States."<ref>{{cite web | author=Burns, Alexander| year=January 4, 2006| title=Coming to Terms With Utah | format=SHTML | work=AmericanHeritage.com|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/places/articles/web/20060104-utah-statehood-mormons-latter-day-saints-joseph-smith-brigham-young-james-buchanan.shtml|accessdate=2006-06-07}}</ref> The minority [[Liberal Party (Utah)|Liberal Party]] then became the main opposition to Mormonism in Utah, founded partly in response to Brigham Young's opposition to industrial mining in Utah.

Some have credited past government pressure towards Mormonism as responsible for overturning doctrines that were politically out of sync (e.g., polygamy<ref>{{cite web | author=McKeever, Bill| title=The Polygamy Dilemma | format=HTML | work=mrm.org | url=http://www.mrm.org/multimedia/text/polygamy-dilemma.html | accessdate=2006-06-09}}</ref> and priesthood racial discrimination<ref>{{cite web | author=Bush, Lester E. Jr. and Mauss, Armand L., Ed. | title=Neither Black Nor White: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in a Universal Church | format=HTM | work=signaturebookslibrary.org | url=http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/neither/neither5.htm | accessdate=2006-06-09}}</ref>).

===Early anti-Mormon publications===
Much of this anti-Mormon sentiment was expressed in publications during the early part of LDS Church history. In his 2005 biography of Joseph Smith, Richard Lyman Bushman cites four 1838 pamphlets as anti-Mormon: ''Mormonism Exposed'' by Sunderland, ''Mormonism Exposed'' by Bacheler, ''Antidote to Mormonism'' by M'Chesney, and ''Exposure of Mormonism'' by Livesey.<ref>{{cite book | last= Bushman| first= Richard Lyman | coauthors= | editor= | others= | title=
Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling| origdate= | origyear=| origmonth= | url= | format= | accessdate= | accessyear= | accessmonth= | edition=| date= | year=2005 | month= | publisher=Alfred A. Knopf | location= | language= | id= ISBN 1-4000-4270-4| pages=398-402| chapter= | chapterurl= }}</ref>

The first was the work of Origen Bacheler, who had no direct contact with the body of Mormons, and contained the contents of a debate between the author and Parley Pratt, with Pratt's side omitted. [[Richard Bushman]] describes the author's rhetoric as not distinguishing him from "scores of other polemicists of his time," providing a glimpse in the kind of material considered anti-Mormon. The pamphlet described Joseph Smith as a "blockhead," a "juggling, money-digging, fortune-telling impostor" and, along with the [[Eight Witnesses|''Book of Mormon'' witnesses]], as "perhaps the most infamous liars and impostors that ever breathed. ... By their deception and lies, they swindle them out of their property, disturb social order and the public peace, excite a spirit of ferocity and murder, and lead multitudes astray on the subject in which, of all others, they have the deepest interest." He voiced outrage at "the miscreants who are battening on the ignorance and credulity of those upon whom they can successfully play off this imposture." He described the ''Book of Mormon'' as, "the most gross, the most ridiculous, the most imbecile, the most contemptible concern, that was ever attempted to be palmed off upon society as a revelation." He believed the religion "can be viewed in no other light than that of monstrous public nuisances, that ought forthwith to be abated" and that the Mormons were "the most vile, the most impudent, the most impious, knot of charlatans and cheat with which any community was ever disgraced and cursed."<ref>{{cite paper
| author = Origen Bacheler
| title = Mormonism Exposed: Internally and Externally
| version =
| publisher = New York: n.p.
| date = 1838
| url =
| format =
| accessdate = }}</ref> ''Antidote to Mormonism'' describes Mormons as "miserable enemies of both God and man - engines of death and hell." He described combat with them as being "desperate, the battle is one of extermination."<ref>{{cite paper
| author = James M'Chesney
| title = Antidote to Mormonism
| version =
| publisher =
| date =
| url =
| format =
| accessdate = }}</ref> Bushman describes the characteristics of these anti-Mormon materials as sensationalizing actuality:<ref>Bushman, 401.</ref>
{{cquote|The critics' writings largely controlled the reading public's image of [Joseph Smith] for the next century, with unfortunate results for biographers. The sharp caricature of "Joe Smith" as fraud and con man blotted out the actual person. He was a combination of knave and blockhead. No one had to explain what motives drove him. He was a fixed type, the confidence man, well known in the literature of antebellum America. Americans knew all about these insidious scoundrels who undermined social order and ruined the lives of their unsuspecting victims. Joseph Smith became the worst of the type - a religious fraud who preyed upon the sacred yearnings of the human soul.}}

===Sherlock Holmes and Anti-Mormonism===

[[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[A Study in Scarlet]] ([[1889]]), the novel in which the famous fictional detective [[Sherlock Holmes]] made his first appearance, includes a very biased description of the Mormon migration westwards and the foundation of [[Salt Lake City]]. Mormons are presented as very violent and intolerant, systematically terrorizing their neighbours and forcing polygamous marriage on non-Mormon girls against their will (in effect applying to Mormons the well-known theme of European girls forcibly taken to Oriental [[harem]]s).

Conan Doyle had not set out to defame Mormons as such, but to write a thriller; the negative depiction of Mormons which he picked up from earlier works and took as factual simply fitted his writing purpose, providing a background of dark misdeeds in the "Wild West" Utah which leads to retribution in the streets of Victorian London that the English detective needs to uncover. Still, given the enormous success of the Sherlock Holmes series, the anti-Mormon prejudices gained a distribution which they could never have gotten otherwise.

Later in his career, Conan Doyle apologized to the Mormons for his lurid account of them as being steeped in kidnapping, murder and enslavement. During a 1923 tour of the United States Doyle was actually invited to speak at the Latter-day Saint's [[Salt Lake Tabernacle]] - where, while some individual Mormons expressed their bitterness, in general the atmosphere was warm and friendly far beyond the famous author's best expectations, and in later writings he presented Mormons in a very positive light.<ref>[http://historytogo.utah.gov/salt_lake_tribune/in_another_time/041094.html The Case Of The Repentant Writer]: Sherlock Holmes' Creator Raises The Wrath Of Mormons, by Hal Schindler, published 04/10/1994 by the Salt Lake Tribune, Page D1</ref>

Nevertheless, a book once written and published escapes the control even of its own author. Given the enduring popularity of Sherlock Holmes, "A Study in Scarlet" remains continually in print after more than a century and is likely to go on being reprinted for the foreseeable future, in both the original English and in translation to dozens of other languages – perpetuating the anti-Mormon prejudices contained in 19th Century works which in themselves are long forgotten, and influencing numerous readers in many countries which have few other sources of information about Mormons.

==Modern anti-Mormonism==

[[image:200_pound_plates.jpg||frame|An anti-Mormon cartoon, satirizing Joseph Smith's story of receiving the [[Golden Plates]]. The face of the [[angel Moroni]] has been replaced with that of [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]].]]
The most vehement opposition to the LDS Church comes from individuals or groups associated with the [[Christian countercult movement]], which is mostly an [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Christian]] phenomenon. Daniel C. Peterson and [[Massimo Introvigne]] have identified two major streams of modern anti-Mormon thought. The first is "traditional anti-Mormonism", typified by Rev. Wesley Walters, [[Fawn Brodie]], [[Jerald and Sandra Tanner]], and (to a certain extent) self-proclaimed "Bible Answer Man" and "cult expert" [[Walter Martin]]. Anti-Mormons in this category, "anxious to be taken seriously by at least a portion of the scholarly community," generally try to explain Mormonism in naturalistic terms. They appeal to "Joseph Smith's environment and his (wicked or pathological) character, perhaps assisted by a co-conspirator or two", as a sufficient explanation for Mormon origins.<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 154,158. Cf. also Peterson, Daniel C. "A Modern 'Malleus magnificarum'", ''Review of Books on the Book of Mormon'' 3 (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1991): 231-260.</ref> Of the second category Introvigne tells us,

<blockquote>"New Age anti-Mormonism", according to Peterson, "is quite different. It admits the presence of supernatural events in the founding events of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and is quite willing to acknowledge continuous supernatural influence in the life of the Church today." However, "unlike faithful Latter-day Saints, New Age anti-Mormons see the supernatural agents involved in the founding and progress of the Church as demonic, occultic, diabolical, luciferian."<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 154.</ref></blockquote>

This "New Age anti-Mormon" grouping includes [[Ed Decker]], Loftes Tryk, James R. Spencer and many others. According to Introvigne, New Age anti-Mormonism emerged in the 1980's largely as a result of the rise of [[Third Wave of the Holy Spirit|Third-wave Pentecostalism]] and its emphasis on [[spiritual warfare]].<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 159-161. Cf. fn. on p. 158 for a few exceptions to the 1980's date.</ref>

===Traditional anti-Mormons===

Traditional anti-Mormons, according to Peterson, are those who "are content to argue that Mormonism is untrue" and "incompatible with the Bible."<ref>Peterson, Daniel C. "A Modern 'Malleus magnificarum'", ''Review of Books on the Book of Mormon'' 3 (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1991): 231-260.</ref> While they may believe that Satan was indirectly involved in the founding of the LDS Church, they place little emphasis on his role. For them, naturalistic and historical explanations are always preferable to supernatural ones.<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 158.</ref>

Among the most prominent of the traditional anti-Mormons are [[Jerald and Sandra Tanner]]. Both former members of the LDS Church, the Tanners converted to Evangelical Protestantism and in 1964 founded the Modern Microfilm Company to "document problems with the claims of Mormonism and compare LDS doctrines with Christianity." In 1983 they turned their organization into a non-profit and renamed it to the [[Utah Lighthouse Ministry]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Utah Lighthouse Ministry | work=UTLM.org | url=http://www.utlm.org/ | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref> The Tanners' work has included "publishing [reprints of] many hard-to-find Mormon historical documents" and "[debating] virtually every significant topic in Mormonism".<ref>Foster, Lawrence (1984) "Career Apostates: Reflections on the Works of Jerald and Sandra Tanner", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 17 (2), 35,39.</ref> During their prolific career they have published more than two hundred items on a variety of social, doctrinal, and historical issues. Despite the high caliber of some of their work,<ref>"Jerald is a brilliant analyst of detail, with an almost uncanny ability to spot textual inconsistencies which call for explanation. His analysis showing that a pamphlet attributed to Oliver Cowdery was, in fact, a clever forgery, is only one example of research and analysis that would do credit to any professional historian." Foster, Lawrence (1984) "Career Apostates: Reflections on the Works of Jerald and Sandra Tanner", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 17 (2), 47.</ref> the Tanners have been criticized on a number of points: notably for the vitrolic tone of some of their more polemical pieces, their resistance to change, and their unauthorized publication of several copyrighted documents.<ref>Ibid. See also {{cite news
| last = McCann
| first = Sheila
| title = Web Site Prompts Mormon Church to Sue Critics
| date = [[1999-10-15]]
| publisher = The Salt Lake Tribune
| excerpt = "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is suing longtime critics Jerald and
Sandra Tanner, accusing them of violating copyright laws by posting information from an internal
church handbook on the Internet.. The Tanners run Utah Lighthouse Ministry in Salt Lake City, a
nonprofit organization offering books, a newsletter and a Web site disputing LDS Church
teachings and practices.. Until this week, their Web site at www.utlm.org included pages..."
| id = Article ID: 100F32C9AB6058A3
| accessdate = 2006-06-30}}, {{cite news
| last = Oberbeck
| first = Steven
| title = Ministry's Restraint Order Expanded
| date = [[1999-11-11]]
| excerpt = "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was given a temporary victory over
its longtime critics Jerald and Sandra Tanner on Wednesday. U.S. District Court Judge Tena
Campbell expanded a temporary restraining order that bars the couple from distributing copyright
materials on their Web site that describe church disciplinary procedures.. The expanded order
addressed the church's concerns that the Tanners were contributing to additional infringement of
the copyrighted Church..."
| publisher = The Salt Lake Tribune
| id = Article ID: 100F340A1C121F6C
| accessdate = 2006-06-30}}, {{cite news
| title = Church Settles Copyright Suit
| date = [[2000-12-14]]
| publisher = The Salt Lake Tribune
| excerpt = "The LDS Church has formally settled a federal copyright lawsuit against Jerald and
Sandra Tanner, longtime critics who posted part of the Church Handbook of Instruction, a
handbook for Mormon clergy, on the Internet. The Tanners, who run Salt Lake-based Utah
Lighthouse Ministry,. agreed to a settlement offer from church attorneys [[November 30]]. But The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints did not sign until last Friday, after a slight
language change was made to the order by U.S. District..."
| id = Article ID: 100EA2D2B500CB8B
| accessdate = 2006-06-30}}, {{cite news
| last = Rivera
| first = Ray
| title = LDS Suit Nearing Settlement
| date = [[2000-12-01]]
| publisher = Salt Lake Tribune
| id = Article ID: 100EA47F5A073615
| excerpt = "Two longtime LDS Church critics who posted part of a handbook for Mormon clergy on
the Internet agreed to a settlement offer Thursday in a federal copyright lawsuit filed against
them. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, however, appeared hesitant to sign off on
the deal, even though church attorneys drafted the offer.. "The church has not yet signed an
agreement, but we are hopeful that a settlement is at hand," church spokesman Dale Bills..."
| accessdate = 2006-06-30
}}</ref> In recent years, the apologists' wrath toward the Tanners has somewhat subsided. In their study of anti-Mormon "word games", for example, Daniel C. Peterson and Stephen D. Ricks have nothing negative to say about them. Instead, they enlist them as allies against New Age anti-Mormons like Ed Decker, whose fabrications the Tanners have denounced on more than one occasion.<ref>Peterson, Daniel C. and Stephen Ricks (1992). ''Offenders for a Word: How Anti-Mormons Play Word Games to Attack the Latter-day Saints''. Provo, UT: FARMS, 13 fn. 39, 14 fn. 42.</ref>

The late Fawn Brodie, author of ''[[No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith]]'',<ref>{{cite book
| last=Brodie
| first=Fawn
| title=No Man Knows My History : The Life of Joseph Smith
| url=
| accessdate= 2006-06-30
| year= 1995
| publisher= Vintage
| id= ISBN 0-679-73054-0 }} [http://solomonspalding.com/Lib/Brd1945b Excerpts].</ref> has also been grouped with "traditional school" anti-Mormons. A favorite among critics of the LDS faith, Brodie's book aroused the antipathy of LDS leaders and eventually resulted in Brodie's excommunication. Although the book is often noted for not having the venomous tone of other anti-Mormon books, it has been vigorously denounced by a number of prominent Mormon apologists, who call it "anti-Mormon" and find in it only "poor scholarship".<ref> See: Flanders, Robert Bruce (1966) "Writing on the Mormon Past", [[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]], 1 (3), 47-61. Nibley, "The Myth Makers" (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1961). Bringhurst, Newell (2001) "[http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=373 The Legend and Legacy of Fawn Brodie]," Provo, Utah: FARMS, 2001. Pp. 21–72.   Nelson, William (1992) "[http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/general/Publications_EOM.htm Anti-Mormon Publications]", The Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Vol.1, Macmillan Publishing Company.    "[http://www.lightplanet.com/response/biblio.htm AntiMormon Bibliography]", ''LightPlanet.com'', accessed June 2006.</ref>

Perhaps the most controversial of the traditional anti-Mormons, however, was [[Walter Martin]]. Martin saw Mormons as deceivers who "pose as Christians". He called them "anti-Christian" and "a cult infiltration" and said they secretly harbor a "deep contempt for Christians". He further accused them of being egomaniacs and "cultists".<ref>Cited in Peterson, Daniel C. and Stephen Ricks (1992). ''Offenders for a Word: How Anti-Mormons Play Word Games to Attack the Latter-day Saints''. Provo, UT: FARMS, 5,9-11. See also Millet, Robert (2005). ''A Different Jesus? The Christ of the Latter-day Saints''. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 178-179.</ref> Martin left as his legacy the [[Christian Research Institute]], which has taken a slightly more moderate position.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mormons-Can They Be Considered Christians? | work=equip.org | url=http://www.equip.org/free/CP0300.htm | accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref>

===New Age anti-Mormons===

For obvious reasons, New Age anti-Mormons have generated considerably more controversy than the previous category. The most prominent of their number, [[Ed Decker]], is the producer of ''The God Makers'' and ''The God Makers II'', as well as being the author of the books by the same name. ''The God Makers'' has attracted criticism not only from Latter-day Saints,<ref>According to Michael Griffith, "Even as anti-Mormon books go, THE GODMAKERS is one of the worst, most inaccurate attacks on Mormonism ever written." {{cite web | author=Michael T. Griffith | title=Another Look at ''The Godmakers'' | work=ourworld.cs.com | url=http://ourworld.cs.com/mikegriffith1/id114.htm | accessdate=2006-09-24}}. Says Introvigne, "the second book and film are worse than the first: they include an explicit call to hatred and intolerance that has been denounced as such by a number of Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish organizations." Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 154.</ref> but even from traditional anti-Mormons.<ref>His writings were described by Carl Mosser in ''Saints Alive in Jesus: Ed Decker - The Godmakers'' as follows:
<blockquote>"Decker is infamous for the mistakes he makes describing Mormon doctrine, the sensationalist claims he has made about Mormon rituals and leaders, and the generally uncharitable attitude with which he conducts his ministry. Most Mormons are inoculated against anything with Decker's name on it. I think it is foolish to give Decker's materials to Mormons and unwise to give them to Christians to read. The Mormon will be repulsed and hardened, the Christian misinformed." {{cite web | title=Saints Alive in Jesus: Ed Decker - The Godmakers | work=ApologeticsIndex.org | url=http://www.apologeticsindex.org/s29.html | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</blockquote>See also Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1993). ''Problems in The Godmakers II''. Salt Lake City, UT: UTLM.</ref> The film is generally considered acerbic and misleading, and has even provoked bomb threats against LDS meetinghouses and death threats against members.<ref>Peterson, Daniel C. and Stephen Ricks (1992). ''Offenders for a Word: How Anti-Mormons Play Word Games to Attack the Latter-day Saints''. Provo, UT: FARMS, 4-5 fn. 6.</ref> In other publications Decker has asserted that the source of Mormonism is Satan and that the spires on the LDS temple "represent an upside down nail, pointing defiantly toward heaven--as if to impale the Lord Jesus anew when he comes in the clouds of glory!"<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 158, 164.</ref> Furthermore, Decker sees Mormonism as a Satanic political conspiracy with roots in Hinduism and Baal worship.<ref>Peterson, Daniel C. and Stephen Ricks (1992). ''Offenders for a Word: How Anti-Mormons Play Word Games to Attack the Latter-day Saints''. Provo, UT: FARMS, 13-14.</ref>

When Decker was denounced by Jerald and Sandra Tanner, he went so far as to accuse them of being in the pay of the LDS Church and even of being "demonized" themselves. Decker and his associates offered to exorcise the Tanners' demons, and expressed great sadness when they refused.<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 166-167.</ref>

More extreme even than Decker are some of his associates. William Schnoebelen, for example, casually observes that "the marks on the Mormon temple garments 'are held together by a subtle occult web of sexual energy which is activated by pressure from the two highest grips in the LDS Temple endowment.'"<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 158.</ref> Tom Kellie similarly insisted that "the wives of Mormon apostles were compelled to submit to a special sexual type of operation."<ref>Ibid., 162. Decker later decided that Kellie was "either a deceiver or not working with a full deck."</ref> Other New Age anti-Mormons have called Mormons "pagans" and Mormonism "a fountain of slime".<ref>Peterson, Daniel C. and Stephen Ricks (1992). ''Offenders for a Word: How Anti-Mormons Play Word Games to Attack the Latter-day Saints''. Provo, UT: FARMS, 13-14.</ref>

===Anti-Mormon protesters===

[[Image:Manti-1999.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Anti-Mormon protesters pause for a photograph outside of the [[Mormon Miracle Pageant]]]]
Some non-Mormon Christians have been visible as "street preachers" at [[General Conference (Mormonism)|LDS General Conferences]] and temples. At the recently-constructed Sacramento temple, for example, protestors dispersed pamphlets to visitors who came to take a guided tour. They also held up signs directing people to websites critical of the LDS Church.<ref>{{cite news | last = Garza| first = Jennifer| title = Mission Accomplished: Today, Mormon temple opens its doors to the public| work = dwb.sacbee.com | pages = K1| publisher = The Sacramento Bee | date = 2006-06-29| url = http://dwb.sacbee.com/content/lifestyle/religion/story/14283187p-15090959c.html | accessdate = 2006-09-25 }}</ref> Notably, protesters also made an appearance at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Anti-Mormon Efforts at the 2002 Winter Olympics
| work = FairLDS.org
| date = 2006
| url = http://www.fairlds.org/Anti-Mormons/Anti-Mormon_Efforts_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics.html
| format = HTML
| accessdate = 2006-09-25 }}</ref> One group that actively organizes such protests, a non-profit organization called Mormonism Research Ministry, insists that its activities are not "anti-Mormon".

<blockquote>Our goal at MRM is not to be antagonistic. In fact, whenever a representative of MRM speaks publicly on this subject, we often emphasize how Christians should reflect a Christ-like attitude when sharing their faith. We must be firm in our convictions but compassionate and patient as well. ...It is true that, just as some Mormons want nothing more than to ridicule and insult those with whom they disagree, some Christians have done the same. This is wrong and always will be wrong.<ref>{{cite web| last = Johnson| first= Eric | title = Is Mormonism Research Ministry "Anti-Mormon"?| work = mrm.org| url = http://www.mrm.org/multimedia/text/mrm-anti-mormon.html| accessdate = 2006-09-25}} See also {{cite web| title = Photo Album - Billings, MT Outreach | work = mrm.org | url = http://www.mrm.org/photo_album/outreaches_billings/| accessdate = 2006-09-25}}</ref></blockquote>

Some groups have been seen throwing copies of the Book of Mormon on the ground, stomping on them, using temple garments, which LDS hold sacred, to wipe their backside, and other similarly offensive actions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Neighborly Christian Love or Hate Speech? Anti-Mormon Protesters | work=FairLDS.org | url=http://www.fairlds.org/Anti-Mormons/Street_Preachers.html | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref>

As a result of organized protests at Mormon events, a number of Latter-day Saints, and even non-Mormons, have begun to counter-demonstrate at events (by singing hymns, for example).<ref>{{cite web | author=Wilde, Tiffany| year=2003| title=Without the Walls of Temple Square | format=HTML | work=FairLDS.org | url=http://www.fairlds.org/Anti-Mormons/Without_the_Walls_of_Temple_Square.html | accessdate=2006-06-01}} Despite the disrespect evinced by some protesters, at least one Latter-day Saint scholar has called on his fellow Mormons to "love the street preachers". {{cite web | author=Starr, Lance| year=2003| title=Why We Should Love the Street Preachers| format=HTML | work=FairLDS.org | url=http://www.fairlds.org/Anti-Mormons/Why_We_Should_Love_the_Street_Preachers.html| accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref>

===Acts of violence and vandalism===

Tangible acts of violence against Latter-day Saints are considerably less common in the United States today than they were in the nineteenth century. In his book ''How Wide the Divide'', Craig L. Blomberg recalls an incident in the 1980's in which anti-Mormon protestors outside the Denver temple threw stones and "a firebombing scare was reported."<ref>Blomberg, Craig and Stephen E. Robinson (1997). ''How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and an Evangelical in Conversation''. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 22-23.</ref> Persecution against Mormons in the U.S. has also occasionally taken the shape of acts of vandalism against church property.<ref>Cf. {{cite web | author=Churchill, Marlowe| year=2000| title=Judge Orders Vandals Of LDS Chapels To Write Book Of Mormon Essay | format=SHTML | work=mormonstoday.com| url=http://www.mormonstoday.com/000514/D1ChapelVandals01.shtml | accessdate=2006-09-24}} Blomberg notes that acts of vandalism are not a one-way phenomenon. He writes that Mormon vandals "recently" sneaked into a number of Denver-area libraries and damaged or stole books they perceived to be anti-Mormon. Blomberg, Craig and Stephen E. Robinson (1997). ''How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and an Evangelical in Conversation''. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 22-23</ref> In Latin America, however, hatred of Mormons has often taken on a much deadlier form. In May of 1989, members of a terrorist organization called the Zarate Willka Liberation Armed Forces murdered two Mormon missionaries in La Paz, Bolivia. Another Bolivian terrorist group, the Tupac Katari Guerrilla Army, claimed responsibility for two attacks against Mormon chapels. The Latauro Youth Movement in Chile conducted 27 small-scale bombings against Mormon churches in 1992.<ref>{{cite web | author=Office of the Secretary of State| year=1993| title=Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1992 - Latin American Overview| format=HTML | work=fas.org | url=http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/terror_92/latin.html| accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref> Similar acts of terrorism against Mormons have been committed in Colombia, Peru, Argentina, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and Venezuela. The MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base lists 149 individual attacks that have been carried out against Mormon targets in Latin America since 1983.<ref>{{cite web | author=MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base| title=Search for: Mormon| format=JSP | work=tkb.org | url=http://www.tkb.org/RWExecquery.jsp?SDOC=1&sLibraryType=Terr_Incidents&QueryString=Mormon| accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref> It also lists a 2001 chapel-bombing in Croatia.<ref>{{cite web | author=MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base| year=2001| title=Unknown Group attacked Religious Figures/Institutions target (September 15, 2001, Croatia)| format=HTML | work=tkb.org | url=http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=8956| accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref>

==Reactions to anti-Mormon criticism and prejudice==

===Official views of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints===

Although a position on anti-Mormonism is not part of the official doctrine of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, it has been mentioned specifically in a number of [[General Conference (Mormonism)|General Conference]] talks made by church [[General Authority|General Authorities]] and [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|Apostle]]s.

[[Marvin J. Ashton]], speaking as a member of the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]], began a fall 1982 conference by relating an experience he had with a protester outside of [[Temple Square]]. He went on to declare "[t]o the world, and especially to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" that "there is no time for contention." He then quoted [[Robert Frost]] in his prescribed response to anti-Mormonism:
<blockquote>"The poet Robert Frost once defined education as 'the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence.' Probably we will never be free of those who are openly anti-Mormon. Therefore, we encourage all our members to refuse to become anti-anti-Mormon. In the wise words of old, can we 'live and let live'?"<ref>{{cite journal | author=Marvin J. Ashton | authorlink=Marvin J. Ashton | title=Pure Religion | journal=Ensign | year=November 1982 | volume= | pages=63 | url=http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1982.htm/ensign%20november%201982%20.htm/pure%20religion.htm
}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Carlos E. Asay]] of the Presidency of the First [[Quorum of the Seventy]] spoke in the fall 1981 conference concerning opposition to the LDS Church. He describes "[[Lucifer]]" as the source of at least some anti-Mormon and apostate groups, relates an experience of a Mormon convert being excommunicated and encourages the avoidance of "those who would tear down your faith":
<blockquote>Since the spring of 1820, Lucifer has led a relentless attack against the Latter-day Saints and their leaders. A parade of anti-Christs, anti-Mormons, and apostate groups have appeared on the scene. Many are still among us and have released new floods of lies and false accusations. These faith-killers and testimony-thieves use personal contacts, the printed word, electronic media, and other means of communication to sow doubts and to disturb the peace of true believers.</blockquote>
<blockquote>Two months ago we received a tender letter from a bishop. He informed us that he had been involved in an excommunication of a recent convert. The new convert had fallen under the influence of a very dedicated apostate who was successful in destroying the convert’s testimony. It seems that, to discredit Joseph Smith and subsequent prophets, the apostate cited changes made in Church publications over the years.</blockquote>
<blockquote>The approach used by the apostate is common among those who are more interested in shadows than in light. Their logic, if followed, would have them burning the New Testament because Luke’s account of the gospel is not exactly like Matthew’s or because the book of Acts reports two differing versions of Paul’s vision on the road to Damascus. (See Acts 9:1–9 and Acts 22:4–11.) Belief in modern prophets and continuous revelation is absent in the lives of many apostates. They would pin their hopes for salvation upon things other than those related to living prophets and living faith.</blockquote>
<blockquote>... Avoid those who would tear down your faith. Faith-killers are to be shunned. The seeds which they plant in the minds and hearts of men grow like cancer and eat away the Spirit.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Carlos E. Asay | authorlink=Carlos E. Asay | title=Opposition to the Work of God | journal=Ensign | year=November 1981 | volume= | pages=67 | url=http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1981.htm/ensign%20november%201981.htm/opposition%20to%20the%20work%20of%20god.htm}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Gordon B. Hinckley]], the current President of the Mormon Church, related a story in the fall 1997 conference in which he read from the letter of an ex-Mormon who left the church at the urging of his fiancé, whom the letter-writer indicates as being anti-Mormon. Hinckley describes the situation in the letter as a "terrible tragedy" and states that he "believe[s] the writer still has a testimony of this work. That testimony has been with him since the time he was baptized, but he has felt neglected and of no consequence to anyone."<ref>{{cite journal | author=Gordon B. Hinckley | authorlink=Gordon B. Hinckley | title=Some Thoughts on Temples, Retention of Converts, and Missionary Service | journal=Ensign | year=November 1997 | volume= | pages=49 | url=http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1997.htm/ensign%20november%201997.htm/some%20thoughts%20on%20temples%20retention%20of%20converts%20and%20missionary%20service.htm}}</ref>

A passage from an early Mormon epistle addresses a claimed tendency of ex-Mormons to criticize the church of which they are no longer a part:
<blockquote>"[A]postates after turning from the faith of Christ ... have sooner or later fallen into the snares of the wicked one, and have been left destitute of the Spirit of God, to manifest their wickedness in the eyes of multitudes. From apostates the faithful have received the severest persecutions ... 'When once that light which was in them is taken from them, they become as much darkened as they were previously enlightened, and then, no marvel, if all their power should be enlisted against the truth,' and they, Judas like, seek the destruction of those who were their greatest benefactors."<ref>{{cite book | first=Joseph F. | last=Smith | authorlink= | coauthors= | year=1834-7 | title=Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith | edition= | publisher= | location= | id= | pages= 66}} Although sometimes mistaken for a direct quote from Joseph Smith, this passage occurs in the book as part of "Excerpts from an Epistle of the Elders of the Church in Kirtland to Their Brethren Abroad", edited by Oliver Cowdery and F. G. Williams as published in the ''The Morning and the Evening Star''. </ref></blockquote>

In 1985, Vaughn J. Featherstone, a member of the [[First Quorum of the Seventy]] of the LDS Church addressed students at the Church-owned [[Brigham Young University]], calling anti-Mormon material "theological pornography that is damaging to the spirit," stating that "none of it is worth casting an eye upon. Do not read the anti-Mormon materials. That is not the way you resolve questions about the truthfulness of the restored gospel."<ref>{{cite web | author=Featherstone, Vaughn J.| year=1985| title=The Last Drop in the Chalice | format=PHP | work=Speeches.BYU.edu | url=http://speeches.byu.edu/reader/reader.php?id=6988 | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref> Also, members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who "support, affiliate with, or agree with any group or individual whose teachings or practices are contrary to or oppose those accepted by the Church" may be subject to disciplinary action, such as being released from certain leadership positions, being refused entry into Mormon temples, disfellowshipment, and possibly excommunication.<ref>{{cite web | author=McGuire, Ben| year=| title=Mormonism 201: Chapter 15: The Temple | format=HTML | work=FairLDS.org | url=http://www.fairlds.org/Mormonism_201/m20115.html | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref>

===Views of Latter-day Saints===
{{main|Mormon apologetics}}

Mormon apologetics and members vary both in their perception of criticism and opposition, as well as what they see as falling under the umbrella of anti-Mormonism. [[Hugh Nibley]], the author of voluminous works in response to books deemed anti-Mormon, including a chapter on how to write an anti-Mormon book,<ref>{{cite book | last=Nibley | first=Hugh | authorlink= | coauthors= | editor= David J. Whittaker| others= | title= Tinkling Cymbals and Sounding Brass: The Art of Telling Tales About Joseph Smith and Brigham Young (The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol 11)| origdate= | origyear= | origmonth= | url= | format= | accessdate= | accessyear= | accessmonth= | edition= | date= | year=1991 | month=August | publisher=Deseret Book Company | location= | language= | id=ISBN 0-87579-516-1 | pages=474-580 | chapter=Part 3: How To Write An anti-Mormon Book (A Handbook for Beginners) | chapterurl= }}</ref> explained why he thinks ex-Mormons criticize the Church:
<blockquote>"Apostates usually become sometimes feverishly active, determined to prove to the world and themselves that it is a fraud after all. What is that to them? Apparently it is everything—it will not let them alone. At the other end of the scale are those who hold no rancor and even retain a sentimental affection for the Church—they just don't believe the gospel. I know quite a few of them. But how many of ''them'' can leave it alone? It haunts them all the days of their life. No one who has ever had a testimony ever forgets or denies that he once ''did'' have it—that it was something that really happened to him. Even for such people who do not have it anymore, a testimony cannot be reduced to an illusion."<ref>{{cite book | last=Nibley | first=Hugh | authorlink= | coauthors= | editor=Don E. Norton | others= | title=Approaching Zion (Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol. 9) | origdate= | origyear= | origmonth= | url= | format= | accessdate= | accessyear= | accessmonth= | edition= | date= | year= | month= | publisher= | location= | language= | id= ISBN 0-87579-252-9| pages= 155| chapter=6 | chapterurl= }}</ref></blockquote>

[[Jeff Lindsay]], a prominent Latter-day Saint apologist, defines an anti-Mormon as "only the activists who attack the Church in a way intended to generate misunderstanding, fear, and shock ... [someone who] strives to stir up anger toward the Church and relies on misinformation or half-truths, ... especially when they do it for a living" and specifies, "[t]here is plenty of room for decent people to disagree with us. Most Protestants and Catholics who disagree with us are not 'anti-Mormons' but simply people of another denomination." He claims that, "Those of other faiths who disagree with us and engage in ''civil'' discourse with us about their differences are usually not 'anti-Mormons' but perhaps simply critics or just adherents of a different faith."<ref>{{cite web|title=What is an anti-Mormon? Anyone who disagrees with you?| work=jefflindsay.com | url=http://www.jefflindsay.com/LDSFAQ/FQ_antis.shtml | accessdate=2006-06-07 }}</ref> In response to the question "What tactics do anti-Mormons use?", Lindsay writes:
<blockquote>"Some pastors and ministers who might consider themselves as anti-Mormons are sincere in their differences with LDS theology and write intelligently and honestly about their views. They can differ without distorting the truth and can be respectful and kind in their discussions. I guess that intelligent and honest writing doesn't sell well, because the vast majority of popular writing against the Church is ugly, deceptive, and inflammatory. This is the stuff that I tend to call 'anti-Mormon.'"<ref>{{cite web | author=Lindsay, Jeff| year=1998| title=Questions about Anti-Mormons and Their Tactics: What tactics do anti-Mormons use? | format=SHTML | work=JeffLindsay.com | url=http://www.jefflindsay.com/LDSFAQ/FQ_antis.shtml | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref></blockquote>

Davis Bitton presented criteria on how to identify anti-Mormon material in a 2004 paper published for [[FARMS]] entitled, "Spotting an Anti-Mormon Book." He specifies inaccuracy, telling Mormons what they believe, strong preference for negative information, always showing "the church, its leaders, its people, and its beliefs in the worst possible light," participating in anti-Mormon activities, denouncing the church, engaging in "behavior defiantly contrary to church standards," unjustly claiming to be a Latter-day Saint, and indulging in "snide, disrespectful, cruel comments about the Saints and those they sustain as prophets" as characteristics of anti-Mormon books and authors. Additionally, he singles out publishers such as the Utah Gospel Mission and the Utah Lighthouse Ministry as being "anti-Mormon, at least in intent."<ref>{{cite web | author=Bitton, Davis| year=2004| title= Spotting an Anti-Mormon Book | format=PHP | work=FARMS.byu.edu | url=http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=535 | accessdate=2006-06-06}}</ref>

In another FARMS review, this time of ''New Approaches to the Book of Mormon: Explorations in Critical Methodology'' by Brent Lee Metcalfe, Bitton reveals more of his thoughts on the subject:
<blockquote>"I am not entirely comfortable with labeling this an anti-Mormon work, for I don't see hatred of the Church and a determination to destroy as the prime motive behind it. On the other hand, whatever the intention of individual authors, the label is not entirely misapplied either. In any case, one thing is sure: the compilation will be exploited by the Mormon-haters."<ref>{{cite web | author=Bitton, Davis| year=1994| title=Review of New Approaches to the Book of Mormon: Explorations in Critical Methodology by Brent Lee Metcalfe | format= | work=FARMS.BYU.edu | url=http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=134 | accessdate=2006-10-10}}</ref></blockquote>

Others consider the definition of anti-Mormonism rather fundamentally: those in opposition to or against The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. While not including those who simply believe differently, it includes those who are actively engaged in opposing the Mormon Church. Thus, a person's intelligence, honesty, qualification or accreditation do not make them anti-Mormon. Anti-Mormon arguments are those in opposition to the claims and institutional aims of the LDS Church, and anti-Mormons are those who spend a significant amount of time opposing the Church via such arguments or otherwise.<ref>{{cite web | title="How I define an anti-Mormon" | format= | work=FAIR message boards | url=http://www.fairboards.org/index.php?showtopic=4805&st=81 | accessdate=2006-06-07}}</ref>

Many members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that since the church is sanctioned by God, [[Satan]] and his followers will seek to destroy it, with some even seeing this opposition as evidence that the LDS Church has divine origins. Some avoid anti-Mormon material, while others analyze and criticize it, such as William J. Hamblin, who addresses anti-Mormon attacks on the geography and archeology in the Book of Mormon in "Basic Methodological Problems with the Anti-Mormon Approach to the Geography and Archaeology of the Book of Mormon."<ref>{{cite journal | author=William J. Hamblin | authorlink=William J. Hamblin | title= Basic Methodological Problems with the Anti-Mormon Approach to the Geography and Archaeology of the Book of Mormon | journal=Journal of Book of Mormon Studies | year=Spring 1993 | volume= | pages=161-197 | url=http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=transcripts&id=39}}</ref>

Other prominent LDS members note that the opposition from anti-Mormonism can actually be beneficial. As Hugh Nibley expressed it, "We need more anti-Mormon books. They keep us on our toes."<ref>{{cite book | last=Nibley | first=Hugh | authorlink= | coauthors= | editor= | others= | title=Nibley on the Timely and the Timeless | origdate= | origyear= | origmonth= | url= | format= | accessdate= | accessyear= | accessmonth= | edition= | date= | year=1978 | month= | publisher=BYU Religious Studies Center | location=Provo, Utah | language= | id= | pages=Xii | chapter= | chapterurl= }}</ref> Michael R. Ash of ''FAIR'' dissected this viewpoint in "The Impact of Mormon Critics on LDS Scholarship," concluding that the accusations of critics are helpful in encouraging and stimulating further research.<ref>{{cite web | author=Ash, Michael R.| year=2002| title=The Impact of Mormon Critics on LDS Scholarship | format=HTML | work=FAIRLDS.org | url=http://www.fairlds.org/FAIR_Conferences/2002_Impact_of_Mormon_Critics_on_LDS_Scholarship.html| accessdate=2006-06-07}}</ref> [[Orson Pratt]] also seemed to invite criticism when he said:
<blockquote>"Convince us of our errors of doctrine, if we have any, by reason, by logical arguments, or by the word of God, and we will be ever grateful for the information, and you will ever have the pleasing reflection that you have been instruments in the hands of God of redeeming your fellow beings from the darkness which you may see enveloping their minds."<ref>{{cite journal | author=Orson Pratt | authorlink=Orson Pratt | title=The Seer | journal=UCLA Law Review | year=January 1853 | volume=1:1 | pages=15-16 | url=}}</ref></blockquote>

Many Mormons agree that anything with the label "anti-Mormon" is "spiritual pornography" and should be avoided completely.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Joni Hilton | authorlink= | title=Tips to Keep Your Testimony from Toppling | journal=Meridian Magazine | year=2003 | volume= | pages= | url=http://www.meridianmagazine.com/circleofsisters/031229testimonyprint.html }}</ref>

===Evangelical Christian reactions===

Regarding the subject of Christian anti-Mormonism, [[Richard Mouw]] (President of the [[Fuller Theological Seminary]]) stated recently at the [[Salt Lake Tabernacle]] in [[Salt Lake City]], <blockquote>I am now convinced that we... have often seriously misrepresented the beliefs and practices of the Mormon community. Indeed, let me state it bluntly to the LDS folks here this evening: we have sinned against you. The God of the Scriptures makes it clear that it is a terrible thing to bear false witness against our neighbors, and we have been guilty of that sort of transgression in things we have said about you. We have told you what you believe without making a sincere effort first of all to ask you what you believe...Indeed, we have even on occasion demonized you, weaving conspiracy theories about what the LDS community is 'really' trying to accomplish in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mouw |first=Richard |title='We Have Sinned Against You' |work=jmm.aaa.net.au |url=http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/13908.htm |date=[[2005-01-15]] |accessdate=2006-09-25}}, {{cite web |last=Moore |first=Carrie A. |title=Evangelical preaches at Salt Lake Tabernacle |publisher=Deseret Morning News |url=http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,595105580,00.html |date=[[2004-11-15]] |accessdate=2006-08-13}} Mouw's remarks generated mixed reactions from members of the evangelical community, ranging from heartfelt agreement to biting criticism. {{cite web |last=Moore |first=Carrie A. |title=Speaker's apology to LDS stirs up fuss |publisher=Deseret Morning News |url=http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/1,1249,600104625,00.html |date=[[2005-01-15]] |accessdate=2006-09-25}}, {{cite web |last=Huggins |first=Ronald V. |title=An Appeal for Authentic Evangelical-Mormon Dialogue |work=irr.org |url=http://www.irr.org/mit/authentic-dialogue.html |year=2004 |accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref></blockquote>

Mouw is not the only Christian calling for moderation. Similar pleas have been issued by David Rowe,<ref>Rowe, David L. (2005). ''I Love Mormons: A New Way to Share Christ with Latter-day Saints''. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker.</ref> Carl Mosser, Francis J. Beckwith, Paul Owen,<ref>Mosser, Carl, Francis J. Beckwith, Paul Owen (2002). ''The New Mormon Challenge''. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.</ref> Craig Blomberg,<ref>Blomberg, Craig and Stephen E. Robinson (1997). ''How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and an Evangelical in Conversation''. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 31-32.</ref> and others. Some church and parachurch groups have also made efforts to repair relations with the Mormons. In the 1980's, Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority "took some small steps toward Evangelical-Mormon cooperation for a shared social, political, and ethical agenda".<ref>Blomberg, Craig and Stephen E. Robinson (1997). ''How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and an Evangelical in Conversation''. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 25.</ref> More recently, a Pentecostal congregation in Provo, Utah held a public ceremony of repentance for its negative attitudes and actions toward the Latter-day Saint community.<ref>Dean Merrill, "A Peacemaker in Provo," ''Christianity Today'', February 2000.</ref> In 2001 the organization Standing Together, based in Lehi, UT, was founded by a Baptist minister for the purpose of "building bridges of relationship and dialogue with... The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints."<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Greg |title=About Us |work=standingtogether.org |url=http://www.standingtogether.org/aboutus.html |accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref> Standing Together hosts public seminars in which Evangelical scholar Greg Johnson and LDS scholar Robert Millet "communicate how they have maintained their friendship and at the same time discussed candidly their theological differences and concerns for one another."<ref>{{cite web |title=Faith Dialogue |work=standingtogether.org |url=http://www.standingtogether.org/dialogue.html |accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref> However, Standing Together is most recognized for their activities at General Conference, where they literally stand together, taking up space to deny its use by those who come to be disruptive influences.

Many Evangelicals have criticized the efforts of organizations like Standing Together, arguing that they can only serve to "blur the distinctions" between Mormonism and Christianity<ref>{{cite web |title=Can Two Walk Together Unless They Agree? |work=letusreason.org |format=HTM |url=http://www.letusreason.org/Current60.htm}}</ref> and to soften or water down the gospel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Concern About Standing Together Ministries |work=equippingchristians.com |format=HTM |url=http://www.equippingchristians.com/ConcernAboutStandingTogetherMinistries.htm}}</ref>

==See also==

{{portal|Latter-day Saints|Christus statue temple square salt lake city.jpg| 40}}
*[[List of Anti-Mormon Publications]]
*[[Criticism of Mormonism]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Ex-Mormon]]
*[[Mormonism and Christianity]]
*[[Nauvoo Expositor]]

==Notes and references==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;" >
<references />
</div>

==External links==

* [http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?id=39&table=transcripts Basic Methodological Problems with the Anti-Mormon Approach to the Geography and Archaeology of the Book of Mormon] published on [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies]]
* [http://www.fairlds.org/pubs/Celsus.pdf Celsus and Modern Anti-Mormonism] published on [[Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research]]
* [http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/general/Publications_EOM.htm Article on Anti-Mormon Publications] published on LightPlanet.com

[[Category:Criticism of religion]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Mormonism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Religious persecution]]

Anti-Mormonismus

2007-04-27T22:39:28Z

12.106.111.10: +cats (article previously in a cat that was a subcat of these, but with CfD deletion of that cat, article will have to be listed individually)

[[Image:Anti-MormonCartoon.jpg||frame|An anti-Mormon political cartoon from the late nineteenth century.]]
'''''Anti-Mormonism''''' is a term used to represent opposition to [[Mormonism]], which is the doctrines, practices, and culture of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], and particularly [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (or LDS Church). The term, most often used by [[Latter Day Saints]], is controversial because of its similarity to ''[[anti-Semitism]]'', although literature and activities considered "anti-Mormon" have no component of [[racism]]. The term is also controversial because it has been used to refer to [[criticism of Mormonism]] in general, much of which is not hostile to the doctrines and practices of Mormonism.

Opposition to Mormonism began even before the first [[Latter Day Saint]] churches were established in 1830, and continues to the present. The most vocal and strident opposition occurred during the [[19th century]], particularly during the [[Mormon War]] of the 1830s, and in the second half of the century when the practice of [[polygamy]] in [[Utah]] (officially abandoned in 1890) was widely considered by the [[Republican Party (United States)|U.S. Republican Party]], with [[slavery]], as one of the "twin relics of barbarism."<ref>[http://www.assumption.edu/ahc/Kansas/Republican%20Platform1856.html 1856 Republican Platform]</ref> Today, opposition to Mormonism is generally in the form of publications or protests by people within the Christian [[evangelicalism|Evangelical]] movement.

==Religious persecution==
{{Religious persecution}}

The term "anti-Mormon" first appears in the historical record in 1841, as part of the title of a New York publication with the stated goal of exposing the errors of Mormonism. On August 16th of that year the Latter Day Saint ''Times and Seasons'' reported the Mormon's confidence that although the ''Anti-Mormon Almanac'' was designed by “Satan and his emissaries” to flood the world with “lies and evil reports”, still “we are assured that in the providence of God they will ultimately tend to the glory of God--the spread of truth and the good of the church.”<ref>''Times and Seasons'', vol. 2 no. 20, August 16 1841, p. 513.</ref> The anti-Mormon newspaper certainly wasn't the first of its kind; Mormonism had been criticized strongly by dozens of publications since its inception, most notably by Eber D. Howe's book ''[[Mormonism Unvailed]]'' (1834). The Saints initially labeled such publications simply “anti-Christian”,<ref>cf. ''Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate'', vol. 3, no. 1, October 1836, p. 319.</ref> but the publication of the Almanac and the subsequent formation of an “[[Anti-Mormon Party]]” in [[Illinois]] heralded a shift in terminology. “Anti-Mormon” became, on the lips of the church's critics, a proud and politically charged self-designation.<ref>A similar party would arise in [[Utah]] in 1883, professing to be “'anti-Mormon'...'to the heart's core.'” Cf. Jennifer Hansen, Letters of Catharine Cottam Romney, p. 76</ref> To Mormons it became, especially after the death of [[Joseph Smith]], comparable to “anti-Christ”.<ref>Joseph Smith actually observed rather cordially in 1844, “The anti-Mormons are good fellows. I say it in anticipation they will repent.” {{cite book | first=Scott H. | last=Faulring | coauthors= | title=An American Prophet’s Record | publisher=Signature Books | location=Salt Lake City, Utah | year=1989 | editor=| id= }} P. 456. Little of this sentiment remained among the saints after his death; cf. ''Times and Seasons'', vol. 5 no. 19, October 15 1844, p. 674-675,683.</ref>

Today, the term is primarily used as a descriptor for persons and publications that oppose [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], although its precise scope has been the subject of some debate. It is used by some to describe anything perceived as critical of the LDS Church,<ref>Some examples of Mormons expressing this sort of sentiment are as follows: "[http://www.antimormon.keepright.net/areyou.htm Are You an Anti-Mormon?]", ''AntiMormon.KeepRight.net'', accessed June 2006. "[http://www.shields-research.org/Critics/A-O_02.html Correspondence between James White and Dr. Louis Midgley]", ''SHIELDS-Research.org'', accessed June 2006. & "[http://www.fairboards.org/index.php?showtopic=4805&st=81 How I define an Anti-Mormon]", ''FAIR Message Boards'', accessed June 2006.</ref> whereas others reserve it for critical persons or publications who enlist dishonest or inflammatory [[rhetoric]].<ref>cf. {{cite web | author=Lindsay, Jeff| year=2005| title=What is an anti-Mormon? Anyone who disagrees with you? | format=SHTML | work=jefflidsay.com|url=http://www.jefflindsay.com/LDSFAQ/FQ_antis.shtml|accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref> Siding with the latter, less-inclusive understanding of the term, Latter-day Saint scholar William O. Nelson suggests in the Encyclopedia of Mormonism that the term includes "any hostile or polemic opposition to Mormonism or to the Latter-day Saints, such as maligning the [[Joseph Smith, Jr.|founding prophet]], his successors, or the doctrines or practices of the Church. Though sometimes well intended, anti-Mormon publications have often taken the form of invective, falsehood, demeaning caricature, prejudice, and legal harassment, leading to both verbal and physical assault."<ref>{{cite book | last=Nelson | first=William O. | authorlink= | coauthors= | editor= | others= | title=Encyclopedia of Mormonism | origdate= | origyear= | origmonth= | url= | format= | accessdate= | accessyear=2006 | accessmonth=June | edition= 5 | date= | year=1992 | month= | publisher=Macmillan USA | location= | language= | id=ISBN 0-02-904040-X | pages= | chapter=Anti-Mormon Publications | chapterurl=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/general/Publications_EOM.htm}}</ref>

===Rejection of the term===

Many of those who have been labeled "anti-Mormon" object to the designation, arguing that the term implies that disagreement or criticism of Mormonism stems from some inherent "anti-Mormon" prejudice, rather than being part of a legitimate factual or religious debate. Eric Johnson, for example, makes a distinction between "personal animosity and intellectual dialogue". Johnson insists that he is motivated by "love and compassion for Mormons", and that while he "[might] plead guilty to being against Mormon''ism''", he finds the suggestion that he is anti-''Mormon'' "both offensive and inaccurate."<ref>{{cite web | title=Is Mormonism Research Ministry "Anti-Mormon"? | work=MRM.org | url=http://www.mrm.org/multimedia/text/mrm-anti-mormon.html|accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref> Stephen Cannon elaborates,<blockquote>It is also helpful to know that Mormons are a group of people united around a belief system. Therefore, to be “anti-Mormon” is to be against people. Christians who desire to communicate the Gospel of Jesus Christ to Mormons are never to come against people of any stripe. Yes, evangelical Christians do have strong disagreements with Mormonism, but the argument is with a belief system and not a people. The LDS people are no better or no worse than any other group of people. Any dispute is to be a disagreement with the “ism,” not the “Mormon.”<ref>{{cite web | author=Cannon, Stephen| year=2000| title=Games Mormon People Play: The Strategies and Diversions of Latter-day Saint Apologists | format=HTM | work=PFO.org | url=http://www.pfo.org/gameplay.htm | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref></blockquote>

Some Latter-day Saints, however, are of the opinion that to condemn their beliefs is to condemn those who hold those beliefs.

[[James White (theologian)|James White]], meanwhile, rejects the term because of a lack of reciprocal terminology. He wrote to one LDS apologist, "If you will identify yourself as an anti-Baptist, I'll let you call me an anti-Mormon."<ref>{{cite web | title=Correspondence between James White and Dr. Louis Midgley | work=Shields-Research.org | url=http://www.shields-research.org/Critics/A-O_02.html | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref>

Even some ''members'' of the Church who write negatively about it, especially those who call into question its divine nature, have had their writings labeled anti-Mormon. Members critical of the church tend to get [[disfellowshipped]] or [[excommunicated]], making active members less likely to approach their work (cf. the [[September Six]], [[Grant Palmer]], [[Thomas W. Murphy]], etc). Ex-Mormons who write about the church are likewise frequently labeled anti-Mormon, even when their writings are not inflammatory in nature.<ref>{{cite web | author=Kempton, William| year=2006| title=Why I'm no longer a Mormon | format=HTML | work=Geocities.com | url=http://www.geocities.com/exmormon2000/story.html | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref> The debate on who is "anti-Mormon" frequently arises in Mormon discussions of authors and sources. One view suggests, "It’s just another label used to draw the line in the sand and separate ''us'' and ''them.''" Another view suggests, "Everyone is anti- when they’re not pro-."<ref>{{cite web | title=Is Signature Books an Anti-Mormon Press? | work=Times and Seasons.org | url=http://www.timesandseasons.org/index.php?p=1605 | accessdate=2006-06-14}}</ref>

[[Stephen Cannon]] has argued that use of the label is a "campaign by Latter-day Saints to disavow the facts presented by simply labeling the source as 'anti-Mormon'". He expounds on this in ''Games Mormon People Play: The Strategies and Diversions of Latter-day Saint Apologists'':
<blockquote>This writer has seen rank-and-file Mormons 'tune out' valid historical information that put their church leaders in a negative light simply because it came from an 'anti-Mormon.' I believe it is advantageous for Mormon scholars to put critics in as negative a light as possible so as to keep the maximum number of church members isolated from revealing facts. The first line of defense seems to be getting that 'anti-Mormon' label painted on critics as quickly as possible.<ref>{{cite web | author=Cannon, Stephen| year=2000| title=Games Mormon People Play: The Strategies and Diversions of Latter-day Saint Apologists | format=HTM | work=PFO.org | url=http://www.pfo.org/gameplay.htm | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref></blockquote>

Some critics of the term also claim that the LDS Church frames the context of persecution in order to cultivate a [[persecution complex]],<ref>{{cite web | title=The Mormon Persecution Complex - the give and take of Mormon persecution | work=lds-mormon.com | url=http://lds-mormon.com/tmpc.shtml | accessdate=2006-06-06}}</ref> or that Mormon authors promote the ideal of a promised heavenly reward for enduring persecution for one's beliefs.<ref>{{cite web | last=Hawkins | first=Lisa Bolin | title=Persecution | work=lightplanet.com | url=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/general/persecution_eom.htm | accessdate=2006-06-06}}</ref>

Mormons respond to these accusations by questioning whether critics like Johnson and Cannon really have Mormons' best interests at heart. For [[Brigham Young University]]'s 100 Hour Board, the "anti-Mormon" label serves the constructive purpose of warning Latter-day Saints away from individuals who espouse "hatred and bigotry". It is better, says the Board, for a confused Saint to "talk to someone... that (1) has your best interests at heart, and (2) actually understands what the Church teaches."<ref>{{cite web | author=BYU's 100 Hour Board| year=2005| title=Do you think it is wrong to go to websites that openly challenge LDS beliefs?| format=PHP | work=theboard.byu.edu | url=http://theboard.byu.edu/index.php?area=viewall&id=14568|accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref> "As for the persecution complex," writes [[Jeff Lindsay]], "some of us may make too big a deal of our past and of current misunderstandings." "There has been a difference in the way Mormons have been treated in the past. There has been genuine persecution, though we are grateful in these days that overt violence against us has generally ceased. We are grateful for this time of increased understanding and civility, and hope that it will last. But rhetoric against Latter-day Saints has hardly died down, and real anti-Mormons - often professional ones - work hard to stir up anger. I urge all of us to resist such religious bigotry. It is not inspired of God."<ref>{{cite web | author=Jeff Lindsay| year=2006| title=Why do you Mormons have such a persecution complex? Is everyone who disagrees with you an "anti-Mormon" villain?| format=SHTML | work=jefflindsay.com | url=http://www.jefflindsay.com/LDSFAQ/FQ_Facet.shtml#anti | accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref>

==Historical anti-Mormonism==
{{main|History of the Latter Day Saint movement}}
[[Image:Martyrdom of Joseph and Hiram Smith (1851 lithograph).jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[1851]] [[lithography|lithograph]] of Smith's body being mutilated. (Library of Congress).]]

Mormonism, or the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], arose in western [[New York]], the area where its founder [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] was raised, during a period of religious [[revivalism|revival]] in the early nineteenth century. Joseph Smith claimed to have many visions involving God, Jesus, and angelic Native American prophets.  These claims were often not received well by those in the community, as evident in the following excerpt from Joseph Smith's account of LDS Church history:
<blockquote>"... one of the Methodist preachers ... treated my communication ... with great contempt, saying it was all of the devil, that there were no such things as visions or revelations in these days; that all such things had ceased with the apostles, and that there would never be any more of them. I soon found, however, that my telling the story had excited a great deal of prejudice against me among professors of religion, and was the cause of great persecution, which continued to increase; and though I was an obscure boy, only between fourteen and fifteen years of age, and my circumstances in life such as to make a boy of no consequence in the world, yet men of high standing would take notice sufficient to excite the public mind against me, and create a bitter persecution; and this was common among all the sects—all united to persecute me."<ref>{{sourcetext|source=Pearl of Great Price|book=History|verse=21-22}}</ref></blockquote>

While the claims of a divine call often received a cold shoulder, the eventual publication of the [[Book of Mormon]],<ref>Latter-day Saints consider the Book of Mormon, which Joseph Smith stated that he translated from [[Golden Plates|gold plates]], to be a work of scripture of similar importance to the [[Bible]].</ref> and the official organization of the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]] in 1830 were met with increased opposition on various fronts.

[[Image:MormonismUnvailed.jpg|frame|left|300px|Title page of one of the earliest anti-Mormon publications, E. D. Howe's ''Mormonism Unvailed'' (1834), which claimed that the Book of Mormon was written by [[Solomon Spalding]].]]
In [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]], anti-Mormon behavior dealt mainly with issues including whether or not Smith actually had the [[Golden Plates|gold plates]], if those plates belonged to the people, rather than Smith, if Smith ever really had (theological) visions, Smith’s treasure-digging episodes, and accusations of the [[occult]].<ref>{{cite book | first=D. Michael | last=Quinn | coauthors= | title=Early Mormonism and the Magic World View| publisher=Signature Books | location=Salt Lake City, Utah | year=1998 | editor=| id=ISBN 1-56085-089-2}}</ref>

In [[Ohio]], anti-Mormons focused on the ill-fated banking efforts of the [[Kirtland Safety Society]] and other failed economic experiments including the [[United Order]].

In [[Missouri]], once the gathering place of the Latter Day Saints, Mormons tended to vote as a bloc, wielding "considerable political and economic influence," often unseating local political leadership and earning long-lasting enmity in the sometimes hard-drinking, hard-living frontier communities.<ref>{{cite web | author=Monroe, R.D., Ph.D. | year=| title=Congress and the Mexican War, 1844-1849 | format=HTML | work=lincoln.lib.niu.edu|url=http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/biography4text.html|accessdate=2006-06-03}}</ref> These differences culminated in hostilities and the eventual issuing of an [[executive order]] (since called the [[Extermination Order (Mormonism)|Extermination Order]]) by Missouri [[governor]] [[Lilburn Boggs]] declaring "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State." Three days later, a renegade militia unit attacked a Mormon settlement at [[Haun's Mill massacre|Haun's Mill]], resulting in the death of 18 Mormons and no militiamen.

In [[Nauvoo, Illinois]], persecutions were often based on the tendency of Mormons to "dominate community, economic, and political life wherever they landed."<ref>{{cite web | author=VandeCreek, Drew E.,Ph.D. | year=| title=Religion and Culture | format=HTML | work=lincoln.lib.niu.edu | url=http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/religionculture.html | accessdate=2006-06-03}}</ref> The city of Nauvoo had become the largest in Illinois, the city council was predominantly Mormon, and the [[Nauvoo Legion]] (the Mormon [[militia]]) had grown to a quarter of the size of the [[U.S. Army]]. Other issues of contention included [[polygamy]], [[freedom of speech]], [[History of slavery in the United States#Anti-Slavery|anti-slavery]] views during Smith’s presidential campaign, and the [[Criticism of Mormonism#Doctrinal criticism#The nature of divinity|deification of man]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Rast, Ben| year=| title=The Illinois Apology - The Rest of the Story | format=PHP | work=ContenderMinistries.org|url=http://contenderministries.org/mormonism/illinoisevents.php|accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref> After the destruction of the press of the ''[[Nauvoo Expositor]]'', Joseph Smith, Jr. was arrested and incarcerated in [[Carthage Jail]] where [[Death of Joseph Smith, Jr.|he was killed by a mob]] on [[June 27]], [[1844]]. The persecution in [[Illinois]] became so severe that most of the residents of Nauvoo fled across the [[Mississippi River]] in February of [[1846]].

Even after Mormons established a community hundreds of miles away in the [[Salt Lake Valley]] in [[Utah]] in 1847, anti-Mormon activists in the [[Utah Territory]] convinced President [[James Buchanan|Buchanan]] that the Mormons in the territory were rebelling against the [[United States]] due to the [[Mountain Meadows massacre]] and [[plural marriage]]. In response, President Buchanan sent one-third of USA's standing army in 1857 to Utah in what is known as the [[Utah War]].

===Government influence===

Alexander Burns, an undergraduate at Harvard College, posits that the overtly anti-Mormon approach to government of Colonel [[Patrick Edward Connor|Patrick Conner]], who arrived in Utah in 1862 to overland mail routes during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], as a having a positive influence on the development of Utah. As a "powerful counterweight to Brigham Young and his church," Conner "[broke] down the territory’s fierce isolation from modern American society ... discovered precious metals and thus brought the mining industry to Utah ... helped lay railroads through the territory ... [and] connected it more closely with the rest of the United States."<ref>{{cite web | author=Burns, Alexander| year=January 4, 2006| title=Coming to Terms With Utah | format=SHTML | work=AmericanHeritage.com|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/places/articles/web/20060104-utah-statehood-mormons-latter-day-saints-joseph-smith-brigham-young-james-buchanan.shtml|accessdate=2006-06-07}}</ref> The minority [[Liberal Party (Utah)|Liberal Party]] then became the main opposition to Mormonism in Utah, founded partly in response to Brigham Young's opposition to industrial mining in Utah.

Some have credited past government pressure towards Mormonism as responsible for overturning doctrines that were politically out of sync (e.g., polygamy<ref>{{cite web | author=McKeever, Bill| title=The Polygamy Dilemma | format=HTML | work=mrm.org | url=http://www.mrm.org/multimedia/text/polygamy-dilemma.html | accessdate=2006-06-09}}</ref> and priesthood racial discrimination<ref>{{cite web | author=Bush, Lester E. Jr. and Mauss, Armand L., Ed. | title=Neither Black Nor White: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in a Universal Church | format=HTM | work=signaturebookslibrary.org | url=http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/neither/neither5.htm | accessdate=2006-06-09}}</ref>).

===Early anti-Mormon publications===
Much of this anti-Mormon sentiment was expressed in publications during the early part of LDS Church history. In his 2005 biography of Joseph Smith, Richard Lyman Bushman cites four 1838 pamphlets as anti-Mormon: ''Mormonism Exposed'' by Sunderland, ''Mormonism Exposed'' by Bacheler, ''Antidote to Mormonism'' by M'Chesney, and ''Exposure of Mormonism'' by Livesey.<ref>{{cite book | last= Bushman| first= Richard Lyman | coauthors= | editor= | others= | title=
Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling| origdate= | origyear=| origmonth= | url= | format= | accessdate= | accessyear= | accessmonth= | edition=| date= | year=2005 | month= | publisher=Alfred A. Knopf | location= | language= | id= ISBN 1-4000-4270-4| pages=398-402| chapter= | chapterurl= }}</ref>

The first was the work of Origen Bacheler, who had no direct contact with the body of Mormons, and contained the contents of a debate between the author and Parley Pratt, with Pratt's side omitted. [[Richard Bushman]] describes the author's rhetoric as not distinguishing him from "scores of other polemicists of his time," providing a glimpse in the kind of material considered anti-Mormon. The pamphlet described Joseph Smith as a "blockhead," a "juggling, money-digging, fortune-telling impostor" and, along with the [[Eight Witnesses|''Book of Mormon'' witnesses]], as "perhaps the most infamous liars and impostors that ever breathed. ... By their deception and lies, they swindle them out of their property, disturb social order and the public peace, excite a spirit of ferocity and murder, and lead multitudes astray on the subject in which, of all others, they have the deepest interest." He voiced outrage at "the miscreants who are battening on the ignorance and credulity of those upon whom they can successfully play off this imposture." He described the ''Book of Mormon'' as, "the most gross, the most ridiculous, the most imbecile, the most contemptible concern, that was ever attempted to be palmed off upon society as a revelation." He believed the religion "can be viewed in no other light than that of monstrous public nuisances, that ought forthwith to be abated" and that the Mormons were "the most vile, the most impudent, the most impious, knot of charlatans and cheat with which any community was ever disgraced and cursed."<ref>{{cite paper
| author = Origen Bacheler
| title = Mormonism Exposed: Internally and Externally
| version =
| publisher = New York: n.p.
| date = 1838
| url =
| format =
| accessdate = }}</ref> ''Antidote to Mormonism'' describes Mormons as "miserable enemies of both God and man - engines of death and hell." He described combat with them as being "desperate, the battle is one of extermination."<ref>{{cite paper
| author = James M'Chesney
| title = Antidote to Mormonism
| version =
| publisher =
| date =
| url =
| format =
| accessdate = }}</ref> Bushman describes the characteristics of these anti-Mormon materials as sensationalizing actuality:<ref>Bushman, 401.</ref>
{{cquote|The critics' writings largely controlled the reading public's image of [Joseph Smith] for the next century, with unfortunate results for biographers. The sharp caricature of "Joe Smith" as fraud and con man blotted out the actual person. He was a combination of knave and blockhead. No one had to explain what motives drove him. He was a fixed type, the confidence man, well known in the literature of antebellum America. Americans knew all about these insidious scoundrels who undermined social order and ruined the lives of their unsuspecting victims. Joseph Smith became the worst of the type - a religious fraud who preyed upon the sacred yearnings of the human soul.}}

===Sherlock Holmes and Anti-Mormonism===

[[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[A Study in Scarlet]] ([[1889]]), the novel in which the famous fictional detective [[Sherlock Holmes]] made his first appearance, includes a very biased description of the Mormon migration westwards and the foundation of [[Salt Lake City]]. Mormons are presented as very violent and intolerant, systematically terrorizing their neighbours and forcing polygamous marriage on non-Mormon girls against their will (in effect applying to Mormons the well-known theme of European girls forcibly taken to Oriental [[harem]]s).

Conan Doyle had not set out to defame Mormons as such, but to write a thriller; the negative depiction of Mormons which he picked up from earlier works and took as factual simply fitted his writing purpose, providing a background of dark misdeeds in the "Wild West" Utah which leads to retribution in the streets of Victorian London that the English detective needs to uncover. Still, given the enormous success of the Sherlock Holmes series, the anti-Mormon prejudices gained a distribution which they could never have gotten otherwise.

Later in his career, Conan Doyle apologized to the Mormons for his lurid account of them as being steeped in kidnapping, murder and enslavement. During a 1923 tour of the United States Doyle was actually invited to speak at the Latter-day Saint's [[Salt Lake Tabernacle]] - where, while some individual Mormons expressed their bitterness, in general the atmosphere was warm and friendly far beyond the famous author's best expectations, and in later writings he presented Mormons in a very positive light.<ref>[http://historytogo.utah.gov/salt_lake_tribune/in_another_time/041094.html The Case Of The Repentant Writer]: Sherlock Holmes' Creator Raises The Wrath Of Mormons, by Hal Schindler, published 04/10/1994 by the Salt Lake Tribune, Page D1</ref>

Nevertheless, a book once written and published escapes the control even of its own author. Given the enduring popularity of Sherlock Holmes, "A Study in Scarlet" remains continually in print after more than a century and is likely to go on being reprinted for the foreseeable future, in both the original English and in translation to dozens of other languages – perpetuating the anti-Mormon prejudices contained in 19th Century works which in themselves are long forgotten, and influencing numerous readers in many countries which have few other sources of information about Mormons.

==Modern anti-Mormonism==

[[image:200_pound_plates.jpg||frame|An anti-Mormon cartoon, satirizing Joseph Smith's story of receiving the [[Golden Plates]]. The face of the [[angel Moroni]] has been replaced with that of [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]].]]
The most vehement opposition to the LDS Church comes from individuals or groups associated with the [[Christian countercult movement]], which is mostly an [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Christian]] phenomenon. Daniel C. Peterson and [[Massimo Introvigne]] have identified two major streams of modern anti-Mormon thought. The first is "traditional anti-Mormonism", typified by Rev. Wesley Walters, [[Fawn Brodie]], [[Jerald and Sandra Tanner]], and (to a certain extent) self-proclaimed "Bible Answer Man" and "cult expert" [[Walter Martin]]. Anti-Mormons in this category, "anxious to be taken seriously by at least a portion of the scholarly community," generally try to explain Mormonism in naturalistic terms. They appeal to "Joseph Smith's environment and his (wicked or pathological) character, perhaps assisted by a co-conspirator or two", as a sufficient explanation for Mormon origins.<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 154,158. Cf. also Peterson, Daniel C. "A Modern 'Malleus magnificarum'", ''Review of Books on the Book of Mormon'' 3 (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1991): 231-260.</ref> Of the second category Introvigne tells us,

<blockquote>"New Age anti-Mormonism", according to Peterson, "is quite different. It admits the presence of supernatural events in the founding events of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and is quite willing to acknowledge continuous supernatural influence in the life of the Church today." However, "unlike faithful Latter-day Saints, New Age anti-Mormons see the supernatural agents involved in the founding and progress of the Church as demonic, occultic, diabolical, luciferian."<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 154.</ref></blockquote>

This "New Age anti-Mormon" grouping includes [[Ed Decker]], Loftes Tryk, James R. Spencer and many others. According to Introvigne, New Age anti-Mormonism emerged in the 1980's largely as a result of the rise of [[Third Wave of the Holy Spirit|Third-wave Pentecostalism]] and its emphasis on [[spiritual warfare]].<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 159-161. Cf. fn. on p. 158 for a few exceptions to the 1980's date.</ref>

===Traditional anti-Mormons===

Traditional anti-Mormons, according to Peterson, are those who "are content to argue that Mormonism is untrue" and "incompatible with the Bible."<ref>Peterson, Daniel C. "A Modern 'Malleus magnificarum'", ''Review of Books on the Book of Mormon'' 3 (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1991): 231-260.</ref> While they may believe that Satan was indirectly involved in the founding of the LDS Church, they place little emphasis on his role. For them, naturalistic and historical explanations are always preferable to supernatural ones.<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 158.</ref>

Among the most prominent of the traditional anti-Mormons are [[Jerald and Sandra Tanner]]. Both former members of the LDS Church, the Tanners converted to Evangelical Protestantism and in 1964 founded the Modern Microfilm Company to "document problems with the claims of Mormonism and compare LDS doctrines with Christianity." In 1983 they turned their organization into a non-profit and renamed it to the [[Utah Lighthouse Ministry]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Utah Lighthouse Ministry | work=UTLM.org | url=http://www.utlm.org/ | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref> The Tanners' work has included "publishing [reprints of] many hard-to-find Mormon historical documents" and "[debating] virtually every significant topic in Mormonism".<ref>Foster, Lawrence (1984) "Career Apostates: Reflections on the Works of Jerald and Sandra Tanner", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 17 (2), 35,39.</ref> During their prolific career they have published more than two hundred items on a variety of social, doctrinal, and historical issues. Despite the high caliber of some of their work,<ref>"Jerald is a brilliant analyst of detail, with an almost uncanny ability to spot textual inconsistencies which call for explanation. His analysis showing that a pamphlet attributed to Oliver Cowdery was, in fact, a clever forgery, is only one example of research and analysis that would do credit to any professional historian." Foster, Lawrence (1984) "Career Apostates: Reflections on the Works of Jerald and Sandra Tanner", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 17 (2), 47.</ref> the Tanners have been criticized on a number of points: notably for the vitrolic tone of some of their more polemical pieces, their resistance to change, and their unauthorized publication of several copyrighted documents.<ref>Ibid. See also {{cite news
| last = McCann
| first = Sheila
| title = Web Site Prompts Mormon Church to Sue Critics
| date = [[1999-10-15]]
| publisher = The Salt Lake Tribune
| excerpt = "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is suing longtime critics Jerald and
Sandra Tanner, accusing them of violating copyright laws by posting information from an internal
church handbook on the Internet.. The Tanners run Utah Lighthouse Ministry in Salt Lake City, a
nonprofit organization offering books, a newsletter and a Web site disputing LDS Church
teachings and practices.. Until this week, their Web site at www.utlm.org included pages..."
| id = Article ID: 100F32C9AB6058A3
| accessdate = 2006-06-30}}, {{cite news
| last = Oberbeck
| first = Steven
| title = Ministry's Restraint Order Expanded
| date = [[1999-11-11]]
| excerpt = "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was given a temporary victory over
its longtime critics Jerald and Sandra Tanner on Wednesday. U.S. District Court Judge Tena
Campbell expanded a temporary restraining order that bars the couple from distributing copyright
materials on their Web site that describe church disciplinary procedures.. The expanded order
addressed the church's concerns that the Tanners were contributing to additional infringement of
the copyrighted Church..."
| publisher = The Salt Lake Tribune
| id = Article ID: 100F340A1C121F6C
| accessdate = 2006-06-30}}, {{cite news
| title = Church Settles Copyright Suit
| date = [[2000-12-14]]
| publisher = The Salt Lake Tribune
| excerpt = "The LDS Church has formally settled a federal copyright lawsuit against Jerald and
Sandra Tanner, longtime critics who posted part of the Church Handbook of Instruction, a
handbook for Mormon clergy, on the Internet. The Tanners, who run Salt Lake-based Utah
Lighthouse Ministry,. agreed to a settlement offer from church attorneys [[November 30]]. But The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints did not sign until last Friday, after a slight
language change was made to the order by U.S. District..."
| id = Article ID: 100EA2D2B500CB8B
| accessdate = 2006-06-30}}, {{cite news
| last = Rivera
| first = Ray
| title = LDS Suit Nearing Settlement
| date = [[2000-12-01]]
| publisher = Salt Lake Tribune
| id = Article ID: 100EA47F5A073615
| excerpt = "Two longtime LDS Church critics who posted part of a handbook for Mormon clergy on
the Internet agreed to a settlement offer Thursday in a federal copyright lawsuit filed against
them. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, however, appeared hesitant to sign off on
the deal, even though church attorneys drafted the offer.. "The church has not yet signed an
agreement, but we are hopeful that a settlement is at hand," church spokesman Dale Bills..."
| accessdate = 2006-06-30
}}</ref> In recent years, the apologists' wrath toward the Tanners has somewhat subsided. In their study of anti-Mormon "word games", for example, Daniel C. Peterson and Stephen D. Ricks have nothing negative to say about them. Instead, they enlist them as allies against New Age anti-Mormons like Ed Decker, whose fabrications the Tanners have denounced on more than one occasion.<ref>Peterson, Daniel C. and Stephen Ricks (1992). ''Offenders for a Word: How Anti-Mormons Play Word Games to Attack the Latter-day Saints''. Provo, UT: FARMS, 13 fn. 39, 14 fn. 42.</ref>

The late Fawn Brodie, author of ''[[No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith]]'',<ref>{{cite book
| last=Brodie
| first=Fawn
| title=No Man Knows My History : The Life of Joseph Smith
| url=
| accessdate= 2006-06-30
| year= 1995
| publisher= Vintage
| id= ISBN 0-679-73054-0 }} [http://solomonspalding.com/Lib/Brd1945b Excerpts].</ref> has also been grouped with "traditional school" anti-Mormons. A favorite among critics of the LDS faith, Brodie's book aroused the antipathy of LDS leaders and eventually resulted in Brodie's excommunication. Although the book is often noted for not having the venomous tone of other anti-Mormon books, it has been vigorously denounced by a number of prominent Mormon apologists, who call it "anti-Mormon" and find in it only "poor scholarship".<ref> See: Flanders, Robert Bruce (1966) "Writing on the Mormon Past", [[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]], 1 (3), 47-61. Nibley, "The Myth Makers" (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1961). Bringhurst, Newell (2001) "[http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=373 The Legend and Legacy of Fawn Brodie]," Provo, Utah: FARMS, 2001. Pp. 21–72.   Nelson, William (1992) "[http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/general/Publications_EOM.htm Anti-Mormon Publications]", The Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Vol.1, Macmillan Publishing Company.    "[http://www.lightplanet.com/response/biblio.htm AntiMormon Bibliography]", ''LightPlanet.com'', accessed June 2006.</ref>

Perhaps the most controversial of the traditional anti-Mormons, however, was [[Walter Martin]]. Martin saw Mormons as deceivers who "pose as Christians". He called them "anti-Christian" and "a cult infiltration" and said they secretly harbor a "deep contempt for Christians". He further accused them of being egomaniacs and "cultists".<ref>Cited in Peterson, Daniel C. and Stephen Ricks (1992). ''Offenders for a Word: How Anti-Mormons Play Word Games to Attack the Latter-day Saints''. Provo, UT: FARMS, 5,9-11. See also Millet, Robert (2005). ''A Different Jesus? The Christ of the Latter-day Saints''. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 178-179.</ref> Martin left as his legacy the [[Christian Research Institute]], which has taken a slightly more moderate position.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mormons-Can They Be Considered Christians? | work=equip.org | url=http://www.equip.org/free/CP0300.htm | accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref>

===New Age anti-Mormons===

For obvious reasons, New Age anti-Mormons have generated considerably more controversy than the previous category. The most prominent of their number, [[Ed Decker]], is the producer of ''The God Makers'' and ''The God Makers II'', as well as being the author of the books by the same name. ''The God Makers'' has attracted criticism not only from Latter-day Saints,<ref>According to Michael Griffith, "Even as anti-Mormon books go, THE GODMAKERS is one of the worst, most inaccurate attacks on Mormonism ever written." {{cite web | author=Michael T. Griffith | title=Another Look at ''The Godmakers'' | work=ourworld.cs.com | url=http://ourworld.cs.com/mikegriffith1/id114.htm | accessdate=2006-09-24}}. Says Introvigne, "the second book and film are worse than the first: they include an explicit call to hatred an intolerance that has been denounced as such by a number of Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish organizations." Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 154.</ref> but even from traditional anti-Mormons.<ref>His writings were described by Carl Mosser in ''Saints Alive in Jesus: Ed Decker - The Godmakers'' as follows:
<blockquote>"Decker is infamous for the mistakes he makes describing Mormon doctrine, the sensationalist claims he has made about Mormon rituals and leaders, and the generally uncharitable attitude with which he conducts his ministry. Most Mormons are inoculated against anything with Decker's name on it. I think it is foolish to give Decker's materials to Mormons and unwise to give them to Christians to read. The Mormon will be repulsed and hardened, the Christian misinformed." {{cite web | title=Saints Alive in Jesus: Ed Decker - The Godmakers | work=ApologeticsIndex.org | url=http://www.apologeticsindex.org/s29.html | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</blockquote>See also Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1993). ''Problems in The Godmakers II''. Salt Lake City, UT: UTLM.</ref> The film is generally considered acerbic and misleading, and has even provoked bomb threats against LDS meetinghouses and death threats against members.<ref>Peterson, Daniel C. and Stephen Ricks (1992). ''Offenders for a Word: How Anti-Mormons Play Word Games to Attack the Latter-day Saints''. Provo, UT: FARMS, 4-5 fn. 6.</ref> In other publications Decker has asserted that the source of Mormonism is Satan and that the spires on the LDS temple "represent an upside down nail, pointing defiantly toward heaven--as if to impale the Lord Jesus anew when he comes in the clouds of glory!"<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 158, 164.</ref> Furthermore, Decker sees Mormonism as a Satanic political conspiracy with roots in Hinduism and Baal worship.<ref>Peterson, Daniel C. and Stephen Ricks (1992). ''Offenders for a Word: How Anti-Mormons Play Word Games to Attack the Latter-day Saints''. Provo, UT: FARMS, 13-14.</ref>

When Decker was denounced by Jerald and Sandra Tanner, he went so far as to accuse them of being in the pay of the LDS Church and even of being "demonized" themselves. Decker and his associates offered to exorcise the Tanners' demons, and expressed great sadness when they refused.<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 166-167.</ref>

More extreme even than Decker are some of his associates. William Schnoebelen, for example, casually observes that "the marks on the Mormon temple garments 'are held together by a subtle occult web of sexual energy which is activated by pressure from the two highest grips in the LDS Temple endowment.'"<ref>Introvigne, Massimo (1994) "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', 27 (1), 158.</ref> Tom Kellie similarly insisted that "the wives of Mormon apostles were compelled to submit to a special sexual type of operation."<ref>Ibid., 162. Decker later decided that Kellie was "either a deceiver or not working with a full deck."</ref> Other New Age anti-Mormons have called Mormons "pagans" and Mormonism "a fountain of slime".<ref>Peterson, Daniel C. and Stephen Ricks (1992). ''Offenders for a Word: How Anti-Mormons Play Word Games to Attack the Latter-day Saints''. Provo, UT: FARMS, 13-14.</ref>

===Anti-Mormon protesters===

[[Image:Manti-1999.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Anti-Mormon protesters pause for a photograph outside of the [[Mormon Miracle Pageant]]]]
Some non-Mormon Christians have been visible as "street preachers" at [[General Conference (Mormonism)|LDS General Conferences]] and temples. At the recently-constructed Sacramento temple, for example, protestors dispersed pamphlets to visitors who came to take a guided tour. They also held up signs directing people to websites critical of the LDS Church.<ref>{{cite news | last = Garza| first = Jennifer| title = Mission Accomplished: Today, Mormon temple opens its doors to the public| work = dwb.sacbee.com | pages = K1| publisher = The Sacramento Bee | date = 2006-06-29| url = http://dwb.sacbee.com/content/lifestyle/religion/story/14283187p-15090959c.html | accessdate = 2006-09-25 }}</ref> Notably, protesters also made an appearance at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Anti-Mormon Efforts at the 2002 Winter Olympics
| work = FairLDS.org
| date = 2006
| url = http://www.fairlds.org/Anti-Mormons/Anti-Mormon_Efforts_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics.html
| format = HTML
| accessdate = 2006-09-25 }}</ref> One group that actively organizes such protests, a non-profit organization called Mormonism Research Ministry, insists that its activities are not "anti-Mormon".

<blockquote>Our goal at MRM is not to be antagonistic. In fact, whenever a representative of MRM speaks publicly on this subject, we often emphasize how Christians should reflect a Christ-like attitude when sharing their faith. We must be firm in our convictions but compassionate and patient as well. ...It is true that, just as some Mormons want nothing more than to ridicule and insult those with whom they disagree, some Christians have done the same. This is wrong and always will be wrong.<ref>{{cite web| last = Johnson| first= Eric | title = Is Mormonism Research Ministry "Anti-Mormon"?| work = mrm.org| url = http://www.mrm.org/multimedia/text/mrm-anti-mormon.html| accessdate = 2006-09-25}} See also {{cite web| title = Photo Album - Billings, MT Outreach | work = mrm.org | url = http://www.mrm.org/photo_album/outreaches_billings/| accessdate = 2006-09-25}}</ref></blockquote>

Some groups have been seen throwing copies of the Book of Mormon on the ground, stomping on them, using temple garments, which LDS hold sacred, to wipe their backside, and other similarly offensive actions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Neighborly Christian Love or Hate Speech? Anti-Mormon Protesters | work=FairLDS.org | url=http://www.fairlds.org/Anti-Mormons/Street_Preachers.html | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref>

As a result of organized protests at Mormon events, a number of Latter-day Saints, and even non-Mormons, have begun to counter-demonstrate at events (by singing hymns, for example).<ref>{{cite web | author=Wilde, Tiffany| year=2003| title=Without the Walls of Temple Square | format=HTML | work=FairLDS.org | url=http://www.fairlds.org/Anti-Mormons/Without_the_Walls_of_Temple_Square.html | accessdate=2006-06-01}} Despite the disrespect evinced by some protesters, at least one Latter-day Saint scholar has called on his fellow Mormons to "love the street preachers". {{cite web | author=Starr, Lance| year=2003| title=Why We Should Love the Street Preachers| format=HTML | work=FairLDS.org | url=http://www.fairlds.org/Anti-Mormons/Why_We_Should_Love_the_Street_Preachers.html| accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref>

===Acts of violence and vandalism===

Tangible acts of violence against Latter-day Saints are considerably less common in the United States today than they were in the nineteenth century. In his book ''How Wide the Divide'', Craig L. Blomberg recalls an incident in the 1980's in which anti-Mormon protestors outside the Denver temple threw stones and "a firebombing scare was reported."<ref>Blomberg, Craig and Stephen E. Robinson (1997). ''How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and an Evangelical in Conversation''. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 22-23.</ref> Persecution against Mormons in the U.S. has also occasionally taken the shape of acts of vandalism against church property.<ref>Cf. {{cite web | author=Churchill, Marlowe| year=2000| title=Judge Orders Vandals Of LDS Chapels To Write Book Of Mormon Essay | format=SHTML | work=mormonstoday.com| url=http://www.mormonstoday.com/000514/D1ChapelVandals01.shtml | accessdate=2006-09-24}} Blomberg notes that acts of vandalism are not a one-way phenomenon. He writes that Mormon vandals "recently" sneaked into a number of Denver-area libraries and damaged or stole books they perceived to be anti-Mormon. Blomberg, Craig and Stephen E. Robinson (1997). ''How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and an Evangelical in Conversation''. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 22-23</ref> In Latin America, however, hatred of Mormons has often taken on a much deadlier form. In May of 1989, members of a terrorist organization called the Zarate Willka Liberation Armed Forces murdered two Mormon missionaries in La Paz, Bolivia. Another Bolivian terrorist group, the Tupac Katari Guerrilla Army, claimed responsibility for two attacks against Mormon chapels. The Latauro Youth Movement in Chile conducted 27 small-scale bombings against Mormon churches in 1992.<ref>{{cite web | author=Office of the Secretary of State| year=1993| title=Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1992 - Latin American Overview| format=HTML | work=fas.org | url=http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/terror_92/latin.html| accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref> Similar acts of terrorism against Mormons have been committed in Colombia, Peru, Argentina, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and Venezuela. The MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base lists 149 individual attacks that have been carried out against Mormon targets in Latin America since 1983.<ref>{{cite web | author=MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base| title=Search for: Mormon| format=JSP | work=tkb.org | url=http://www.tkb.org/RWExecquery.jsp?SDOC=1&sLibraryType=Terr_Incidents&QueryString=Mormon| accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref> It also lists a 2001 chapel-bombing in Croatia.<ref>{{cite web | author=MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base| year=2001| title=Unknown Group attacked Religious Figures/Institutions target (September 15, 2001, Croatia)| format=HTML | work=tkb.org | url=http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=8956| accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref>

==Reactions to anti-Mormon criticism and prejudice==

===Official views of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints===

Although a position on anti-Mormonism is not part of the official doctrine of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, it has been mentioned specifically in a number of [[General Conference (Mormonism)|General Conference]] talks made by church [[General Authority|General Authorities]] and [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|Apostle]]s.

[[Marvin J. Ashton]], speaking as a member of the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]], began a fall 1982 conference by relating an experience he had with a protester outside of [[Temple Square]]. He went on to declare "[t]o the world, and especially to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" that "there is no time for contention." He then quoted [[Robert Frost]] in his prescribed response to anti-Mormonism:
<blockquote>"The poet Robert Frost once defined education as 'the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence.' Probably we will never be free of those who are openly anti-Mormon. Therefore, we encourage all our members to refuse to become anti-anti-Mormon. In the wise words of old, can we 'live and let live'?"<ref>{{cite journal | author=Marvin J. Ashton | authorlink=Marvin J. Ashton | title=Pure Religion | journal=Ensign | year=November 1982 | volume= | pages=63 | url=http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1982.htm/ensign%20november%201982%20.htm/pure%20religion.htm
}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Carlos E. Asay]] of the Presidency of the First [[Quorum of the Seventy]] spoke in the fall 1981 conference concerning opposition to the LDS Church. He describes "[[Lucifer]]" as the source of at least some anti-Mormon and apostate groups, relates an experience of a Mormon convert being excommunicated and encourages the avoidance of "those who would tear down your faith":
<blockquote>Since the spring of 1820, Lucifer has led a relentless attack against the Latter-day Saints and their leaders. A parade of anti-Christs, anti-Mormons, and apostate groups have appeared on the scene. Many are still among us and have released new floods of lies and false accusations. These faith-killers and testimony-thieves use personal contacts, the printed word, electronic media, and other means of communication to sow doubts and to disturb the peace of true believers.</blockquote>
<blockquote>Two months ago we received a tender letter from a bishop. He informed us that he had been involved in an excommunication of a recent convert. The new convert had fallen under the influence of a very dedicated apostate who was successful in destroying the convert’s testimony. It seems that, to discredit Joseph Smith and subsequent prophets, the apostate cited changes made in Church publications over the years.</blockquote>
<blockquote>The approach used by the apostate is common among those who are more interested in shadows than in light. Their logic, if followed, would have them burning the New Testament because Luke’s account of the gospel is not exactly like Matthew’s or because the book of Acts reports two differing versions of Paul’s vision on the road to Damascus. (See Acts 9:1–9 and Acts 22:4–11.) Belief in modern prophets and continuous revelation is absent in the lives of many apostates. They would pin their hopes for salvation upon things other than those related to living prophets and living faith.</blockquote>
<blockquote>... Avoid those who would tear down your faith. Faith-killers are to be shunned. The seeds which they plant in the minds and hearts of men grow like cancer and eat away the Spirit.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Carlos E. Asay | authorlink=Carlos E. Asay | title=Opposition to the Work of God | journal=Ensign | year=November 1981 | volume= | pages=67 | url=http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1981.htm/ensign%20november%201981.htm/opposition%20to%20the%20work%20of%20god.htm}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Gordon B. Hinckley]], the current President of the Mormon Church, related a story in the fall 1997 conference in which he read from the letter of an ex-Mormon who left the church at the urging of his fiancé, whom the letter-writer indicates as being anti-Mormon. Hinckley describes the situation in the letter as a "terrible tragedy" and states that he "believe[s] the writer still has a testimony of this work. That testimony has been with him since the time he was baptized, but he has felt neglected and of no consequence to anyone."<ref>{{cite journal | author=Gordon B. Hinckley | authorlink=Gordon B. Hinckley | title=Some Thoughts on Temples, Retention of Converts, and Missionary Service | journal=Ensign | year=November 1997 | volume= | pages=49 | url=http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1997.htm/ensign%20november%201997.htm/some%20thoughts%20on%20temples%20retention%20of%20converts%20and%20missionary%20service.htm}}</ref>

A passage from an early Mormon epistle addresses a claimed tendency of ex-Mormons to criticize the church of which they are no longer a part:
<blockquote>"[A]postates after turning from the faith of Christ ... have sooner or later fallen into the snares of the wicked one, and have been left destitute of the Spirit of God, to manifest their wickedness in the eyes of multitudes. From apostates the faithful have received the severest persecutions ... 'When once that light which was in them is taken from them, they become as much darkened as they were previously enlightened, and then, no marvel, if all their power should be enlisted against the truth,' and they, Judas like, seek the destruction of those who were their greatest benefactors."<ref>{{cite book | first=Joseph F. | last=Smith | authorlink= | coauthors= | year=1834-7 | title=Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith | edition= | publisher= | location= | id= | pages= 66}} Although sometimes mistaken for a direct quote from Joseph Smith, this passage occurs in the book as part of "Excerpts from an Epistle of the Elders of the Church in Kirtland to Their Brethren Abroad", edited by Oliver Cowdery and F. G. Williams as published in the ''The Morning and the Evening Star''. </ref></blockquote>

In 1985, Vaughn J. Featherstone, a member of the [[First Quorum of the Seventy]] of the LDS Church addressed students at the Church-owned [[Brigham Young University]], calling anti-Mormon material "theological pornography that is damaging to the spirit," stating that "none of it is worth casting an eye upon. Do not read the anti-Mormon materials. That is not the way you resolve questions about the truthfulness of the restored gospel."<ref>{{cite web | author=Featherstone, Vaughn J.| year=1985| title=The Last Drop in the Chalice | format=PHP | work=Speeches.BYU.edu | url=http://speeches.byu.edu/reader/reader.php?id=6988 | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref> Also, members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who "support, affiliate with, or agree with any group or individual whose teachings or practices are contrary to or oppose those accepted by the Church" may be subject to disciplinary action, such as being released from certain leadership positions, being refused entry into Mormon temples, disfellowshipment, and possibly excommunication.<ref>{{cite web | author=McGuire, Ben| year=| title=Mormonism 201: Chapter 15: The Temple | format=HTML | work=FairLDS.org | url=http://www.fairlds.org/Mormonism_201/m20115.html | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref>

===Views of Latter-day Saints===
{{main|Mormon apologetics}}

Mormon apologetics and members vary both in their perception of criticism and opposition, as well as what they see as falling under the umbrella of anti-Mormonism. [[Hugh Nibley]], the author of voluminous works in response to books deemed anti-Mormon, including a chapter on how to write an anti-Mormon book,<ref>{{cite book | last=Nibley | first=Hugh | authorlink= | coauthors= | editor= David J. Whittaker| others= | title= Tinkling Cymbals and Sounding Brass: The Art of Telling Tales About Joseph Smith and Brigham Young (The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol 11)| origdate= | origyear= | origmonth= | url= | format= | accessdate= | accessyear= | accessmonth= | edition= | date= | year=1991 | month=August | publisher=Deseret Book Company | location= | language= | id=ISBN 0-87579-516-1 | pages=474-580 | chapter=Part 3: How To Write An anti-Mormon Book (A Handbook for Beginners) | chapterurl= }}</ref> explained why he thinks ex-Mormons criticize the Church:
<blockquote>"Apostates usually become sometimes feverishly active, determined to prove to the world and themselves that it is a fraud after all. What is that to them? Apparently it is everything—it will not let them alone. At the other end of the scale are those who hold no rancor and even retain a sentimental affection for the Church—they just don't believe the gospel. I know quite a few of them. But how many of ''them'' can leave it alone? It haunts them all the days of their life. No one who has ever had a testimony ever forgets or denies that he once ''did'' have it—that it was something that really happened to him. Even for such people who do not have it anymore, a testimony cannot be reduced to an illusion."<ref>{{cite book | last=Nibley | first=Hugh | authorlink= | coauthors= | editor=Don E. Norton | others= | title=Approaching Zion (Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol. 9) | origdate= | origyear= | origmonth= | url= | format= | accessdate= | accessyear= | accessmonth= | edition= | date= | year= | month= | publisher= | location= | language= | id= ISBN 0-87579-252-9| pages= 155| chapter=6 | chapterurl= }}</ref></blockquote>

[[Jeff Lindsay]], a prominent Latter-day Saint apologist, defines an anti-Mormon as "only the activists who attack the Church in a way intended to generate misunderstanding, fear, and shock ... [someone who] strives to stir up anger toward the Church and relies on misinformation or half-truths, ... especially when they do it for a living" and specifies, "[t]here is plenty of room for decent people to disagree with us. Most Protestants and Catholics who disagree with us are not 'anti-Mormons' but simply people of another denomination." He claims that, "Those of other faiths who disagree with us and engage in ''civil'' discourse with us about their differences are usually not 'anti-Mormons' but perhaps simply critics or just adherents of a different faith."<ref>{{cite web|title=What is an anti-Mormon? Anyone who disagrees with you?| work=jefflindsay.com | url=http://www.jefflindsay.com/LDSFAQ/FQ_antis.shtml | accessdate=2006-06-07 }}</ref> In response to the question "What tactics do anti-Mormons use?", Lindsay writes:
<blockquote>"Some pastors and ministers who might consider themselves as anti-Mormons are sincere in their differences with LDS theology and write intelligently and honestly about their views. They can differ without distorting the truth and can be respectful and kind in their discussions. I guess that intelligent and honest writing doesn't sell well, because the vast majority of popular writing against the Church is ugly, deceptive, and inflammatory. This is the stuff that I tend to call 'anti-Mormon.'"<ref>{{cite web | author=Lindsay, Jeff| year=1998| title=Questions about Anti-Mormons and Their Tactics: What tactics do anti-Mormons use? | format=SHTML | work=JeffLindsay.com | url=http://www.jefflindsay.com/LDSFAQ/FQ_antis.shtml | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref></blockquote>

Davis Bitton presented criteria on how to identify anti-Mormon material in a 2004 paper published for [[FARMS]] entitled, "Spotting an Anti-Mormon Book." He specifies inaccuracy, telling Mormons what they believe, strong preference for negative information, always showing "the church, its leaders, its people, and its beliefs in the worst possible light," participating in anti-Mormon activities, denouncing the church, engaging in "behavior defiantly contrary to church standards," unjustly claiming to be a Latter-day Saint, and indulging in "snide, disrespectful, cruel comments about the Saints and those they sustain as prophets" as characteristics of anti-Mormon books and authors. Additionally, he singles out publishers such as the Utah Gospel Mission and the Utah Lighthouse Ministry as being "anti-Mormon, at least in intent."<ref>{{cite web | author=Bitton, Davis| year=2004| title= Spotting an Anti-Mormon Book | format=PHP | work=FARMS.byu.edu | url=http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=535 | accessdate=2006-06-06}}</ref>

In another FARMS review, this time of ''New Approaches to the Book of Mormon: Explorations in Critical Methodology'' by Brent Lee Metcalfe, Bitton reveals more of his thoughts on the subject:
<blockquote>"I am not entirely comfortable with labeling this an anti-Mormon work, for I don't see hatred of the Church and a determination to destroy as the prime motive behind it. On the other hand, whatever the intention of individual authors, the label is not entirely misapplied either. In any case, one thing is sure: the compilation will be exploited by the Mormon-haters."<ref>{{cite web | author=Bitton, Davis| year=1994| title=Review of New Approaches to the Book of Mormon: Explorations in Critical Methodology by Brent Lee Metcalfe | format= | work=FARMS.BYU.edu | url=http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=134 | accessdate=2006-10-10}}</ref></blockquote>

Others consider the definition of anti-Mormonism rather fundamentally: those in opposition to or against The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. While not including those who simply believe differently, it includes those who are actively engaged in opposing the Mormon Church. Thus, a person's intelligence, honesty, qualification or accreditation do not make them anti-Mormon. Anti-Mormon arguments are those in opposition to the claims and institutional aims of the LDS Church, and anti-Mormons are those who spend a significant amount of time opposing the Church via such arguments or otherwise.<ref>{{cite web | title="How I define an anti-Mormon" | format= | work=FAIR message boards | url=http://www.fairboards.org/index.php?showtopic=4805&st=81 | accessdate=2006-06-07}}</ref>

Many members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that since the church is sanctioned by God, [[Satan]] and his followers will seek to destroy it, with some even seeing this opposition as evidence that the LDS Church has divine origins. Some avoid anti-Mormon material, while others analyze and criticize it, such as William J. Hamblin, who addresses anti-Mormon attacks on the geography and archeology in the Book of Mormon in "Basic Methodological Problems with the Anti-Mormon Approach to the Geography and Archaeology of the Book of Mormon."<ref>{{cite journal | author=William J. Hamblin | authorlink=William J. Hamblin | title= Basic Methodological Problems with the Anti-Mormon Approach to the Geography and Archaeology of the Book of Mormon | journal=Journal of Book of Mormon Studies | year=Spring 1993 | volume= | pages=161-197 | url=http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=transcripts&id=39}}</ref>

Other prominent LDS members note that the opposition from anti-Mormonism can actually be beneficial. As Hugh Nibley expressed it, "We need more anti-Mormon books. They keep us on our toes."<ref>{{cite book | last=Nibley | first=Hugh | authorlink= | coauthors= | editor= | others= | title=Nibley on the Timely and the Timeless | origdate= | origyear= | origmonth= | url= | format= | accessdate= | accessyear= | accessmonth= | edition= | date= | year=1978 | month= | publisher=BYU Religious Studies Center | location=Provo, Utah | language= | id= | pages=Xii | chapter= | chapterurl= }}</ref> Michael R. Ash of ''FAIR'' dissected this viewpoint in "The Impact of Mormon Critics on LDS Scholarship," concluding that the accusations of critics are helpful in encouraging and stimulating further research.<ref>{{cite web | author=Ash, Michael R.| year=2002| title=The Impact of Mormon Critics on LDS Scholarship | format=HTML | work=FAIRLDS.org | url=http://www.fairlds.org/FAIR_Conferences/2002_Impact_of_Mormon_Critics_on_LDS_Scholarship.html| accessdate=2006-06-07}}</ref> [[Orson Pratt]] also seemed to invite criticism when he said:
<blockquote>"Convince us of our errors of doctrine, if we have any, by reason, by logical arguments, or by the word of God, and we will be ever grateful for the information, and you will ever have the pleasing reflection that you have been instruments in the hands of God of redeeming your fellow beings from the darkness which you may see enveloping their minds."<ref>{{cite journal | author=Orson Pratt | authorlink=Orson Pratt | title=The Seer | journal=UCLA Law Review | year=January 1853 | volume=1:1 | pages=15-16 | url=}}</ref></blockquote>

Many Mormons agree that anything with the label "anti-Mormon" is "spiritual pornography" and should be avoided completely.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Joni Hilton | authorlink= | title=Tips to Keep Your Testimony from Toppling | journal=Meridian Magazine | year=2003 | volume= | pages= | url=http://www.meridianmagazine.com/circleofsisters/031229testimonyprint.html }}</ref>

===Evangelical Christian reactions===

Regarding the subject of Christian anti-Mormonism, [[Richard Mouw]] (President of the [[Fuller Theological Seminary]]) stated recently at the [[Salt Lake Tabernacle]] in [[Salt Lake City]], <blockquote>I am now convinced that we... have often seriously misrepresented the beliefs and practices of the Mormon community. Indeed, let me state it bluntly to the LDS folks here this evening: we have sinned against you. The God of the Scriptures makes it clear that it is a terrible thing to bear false witness against our neighbors, and we have been guilty of that sort of transgression in things we have said about you. We have told you what you believe without making a sincere effort first of all to ask you what you believe...Indeed, we have even on occasion demonized you, weaving conspiracy theories about what the LDS community is 'really' trying to accomplish in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mouw |first=Richard |title='We Have Sinned Against You' |work=jmm.aaa.net.au |url=http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/13908.htm |date=[[2005-01-15]] |accessdate=2006-09-25}}, {{cite web |last=Moore |first=Carrie A. |title=Evangelical preaches at Salt Lake Tabernacle |publisher=Deseret Morning News |url=http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,595105580,00.html |date=[[2004-11-15]] |accessdate=2006-08-13}} Mouw's remarks generated mixed reactions from members of the evangelical community, ranging from heartfelt agreement to biting criticism. {{cite web |last=Moore |first=Carrie A. |title=Speaker's apology to LDS stirs up fuss |publisher=Deseret Morning News |url=http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/1,1249,600104625,00.html |date=[[2005-01-15]] |accessdate=2006-09-25}}, {{cite web |last=Huggins |first=Ronald V. |title=An Appeal for Authentic Evangelical-Mormon Dialogue |work=irr.org |url=http://www.irr.org/mit/authentic-dialogue.html |year=2004 |accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref></blockquote>

Mouw is not the only Christian calling for moderation. Similar pleas have been issued by David Rowe,<ref>Rowe, David L. (2005). ''I Love Mormons: A New Way to Share Christ with Latter-day Saints''. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker.</ref> Carl Mosser, Francis J. Beckwith, Paul Owen,<ref>Mosser, Carl, Francis J. Beckwith, Paul Owen (2002). ''The New Mormon Challenge''. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.</ref> Craig Blomberg,<ref>Blomberg, Craig and Stephen E. Robinson (1997). ''How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and an Evangelical in Conversation''. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 31-32.</ref> and others. Some church and parachurch groups have also made efforts to repair relations with the Mormons. In the 1980's, Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority "took some small steps toward Evangelical-Mormon cooperation for a shared social, political, and ethical agenda".<ref>Blomberg, Craig and Stephen E. Robinson (1997). ''How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and an Evangelical in Conversation''. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 25.</ref> More recently, a Pentecostal congregation in Provo, Utah held a public ceremony of repentance for its negative attitudes and actions toward the Latter-day Saint community.<ref>Dean Merrill, "A Peacemaker in Provo," ''Christianity Today'', February 2000.</ref> In 2001 the organization Standing Together, based in Lehi, UT, was founded by a Baptist minister for the purpose of "building bridges of relationship and dialogue with... The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints."<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Greg |title=About Us |work=standingtogether.org |url=http://www.standingtogether.org/aboutus.html |accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref> Standing Together hosts public seminars in which Evangelical scholar Greg Johnson and LDS scholar Robert Millet "communicate how they have maintained their friendship and at the same time discussed candidly their theological differences and concerns for one another."<ref>{{cite web |title=Faith Dialogue |work=standingtogether.org |url=http://www.standingtogether.org/dialogue.html |accessdate=2006-09-25}}</ref> However, Standing Together is most recognized for their activities at General Conference, where they literally stand together, taking up space to deny its use by those who come to be disruptive influences.

Many Evangelicals have criticized the efforts of organizations like Standing Together, arguing that they can only serve to "blur the distinctions" between Mormonism and Christianity<ref>{{cite web |title=Can Two Walk Together Unless They Agree? |work=letusreason.org |format=HTM |url=http://www.letusreason.org/Current60.htm}}</ref> and to soften or water down the gospel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Concern About Standing Together Ministries |work=equippingchristians.com |format=HTM |url=http://www.equippingchristians.com/ConcernAboutStandingTogetherMinistries.htm}}</ref>

==See also==

{{portal|Latter-day Saints|Christus statue temple square salt lake city.jpg| 40}}
*[[List of Anti-Mormon Publications]]
*[[Criticism of Mormonism]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Ex-Mormon]]
*[[Mormonism and Christianity]]
*[[Nauvoo Expositor]]

==Notes and references==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;" >
<references />
</div>

==External links==

* [http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?id=39&table=transcripts Basic Methodological Problems with the Anti-Mormon Approach to the Geography and Archaeology of the Book of Mormon] published on [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies]]
* [http://www.fairlds.org/pubs/Celsus.pdf Celsus and Modern Anti-Mormonism] published on [[Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research]]
* [http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/general/Publications_EOM.htm Article on Anti-Mormon Publications] published on LightPlanet.com

[[Category:Criticism of religion]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Mormonism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Religious persecution]]

Edmunds–Tucker Act

2007-04-23T22:11:55Z

12.106.111.10: added one more requirement

The '''Edmunds-Tucker Act''' of [[1887]] touched all the issues at dispute between [[Congress]] and [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. The act disincorporated both the Church and the [[Perpetual Emigration Fund]] on the ground that they fostered [[polygamy]].

The act prohibited the practice of polygamy and punished it with a fine of from $500 to $800 and imprisonment of up to five years. It dissolved the [[Incorporation (business)|corporation]] of the church and directed the confiscation by the federal government of all church properties valued over a limit of $50,000.

The act also dealt with the separation of church and state and with courts, militia, education, elections, immigration, and [[woman suffrage]]. [[Utah]] women had been granted the franchise in [[1870]], but now lost it. The act was enforced by the [[United States Marshals Service|U. S. marshal]] and a host of deputies. Other matters dealt with by the act included:

* Required civil [[marriage license]]s
* Required voters, jurors, and public officials to deny polygamy
* Required plural wives to testify against their husbands<ref>http://www.media.utah.edu/UHE/p/POLYGAMY.html<ref>
* Replaced local judges with federally appointed judges
* Removed local control in school textbook choice

In [[1890]] the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the seizure of Church property under the Edmunds-Tucker Act in ''[[The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States]]''.

This act was repealed in 1978.<ref>http://www.law.nyu.edu/journals/legislation/articles/vol5num1/vazquez.pdf
* http://www.law2.byu.edu/Law_Society/perspectives/Lesson%20Plan%20re%20Law%20and%20Church%20as%20an%20Institution%20-%202.pdf
* http://www.bepress.com/ils/iss5/art1/
* http://law.wustl.edu/WULQ/82-3/p%20611%20Stein%20book%20pages.pdf</ref>

This act is found in US Code Title 48 & 1461. The full text of the act can be found as 24 Stat. 635, with this annotation to be interpreted as Volume 24, page 635 of ''United States Statutes at Large''.

==See also==
*[[Mormon War]] (1838 Missouri)
*[[Extermination Order]] (1838 Missouri)
*[[Illinois Mormon War]] (1844-1845)
*[[Mormon Exodus]] (1846-1857)
*[[Utah War]] (1857-1858)
*[[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
*[[Poland Act]] (1874)
*[[Reynolds v. United States]] (1879)
*[[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
*[[The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States]] (1890)
*[[1890 Manifesto]]
*[[Smoot Hearings]] (1903-1907)
*[[History of civil marriage in the U.S.]]

==References==
<references/>

{{US-fed-statute-stub}}
{{Utah-stub}}
{{LDS-stub}}

[[Category:1887 in law]]
[[Category:History of the Latter Day Saint movement]]
[[Category:History of Utah]]
[[Category:Law related to Mormonism]]
[[Category:Legal history of the United States]]
[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Polygamy]]
[[Category:United States federal territory and statehood legislation]]

Late Corp. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States

2007-04-23T19:58:21Z

12.106.111.10:

{{SCOTUSCase
|Litigants=The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States
|ArgueDate=January 16, 17, 18
|ArgueYear=1889
|DecideDate=May 19
|DecideYear=1890
|FullName= The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints et al v. United States; Romney et al v. United States
|Citation=10 S. Ct. 792; 34 L. Ed. 478; 1890 U.S. LEXIS 2199
|USVol=136
|USPage=1
|Prior=[[Edmunds-Tucker Act]] provisions authorizing disincorporation of LDS Church upheld in ''U.S. v. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints''. 5 Utah 361, 15 P. 473 (Utah.Terr. 1887). Appeal from the Supreme Court of the Utah Territory
|Holding=Congress has supreme authority over territories, including power to dissolve the LDS Church's corporation and seize its property. Under [[parens patriae]] principals, congress may redirect assets to charitable purposes within Utah Territory. Property was properly not transferred to church members because they were using it to further outlawed polygamy.
|SCOTUS=1890-1891
|Majority=Bradley
|JoinMajority=Harlan, Gray, Blatchford, Brewer
|Dissent=Fuller
|JoinDissent=Lamar, Field
|LawsApplied=[[Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment|U.S. Const. amend. I]]; [[Edmunds-Tucker Act]]
}}
'''''The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States''''', {{ussc|136|1|1890}} was a [[Supreme Court of the United States]] case that upheld the [[Edmunds-Tucker Act]] on [[May 19]], [[1890]]. Among other things, the act disincorporated [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church; see also [[Mormon]]).

[[Melville Fuller|Chief Justice Fuller]]'s dissent asserted that though congress has the power to criminalize [[polygamy]], "it is not authorized under the cover of that power to seize and confiscate the property of persons, individuals, or corporations, without office found, because they may have been guilty of criminal practices."<ref>{{ussc|136|67|1890}}</ref>

The ruling in ''Late Corporation'' would have directed federal [[escheat]] of substantially all the property of the legally disincorporated LDS Church, which was estimated at $3 million. Following the decision, the [[United States Attorney|U.S. Attorney]] for [[Utah Territory]] reported seizing only $381,812 in assets.<ref>Paul G. Kauper & Stephen C. Ellis, "Religious Corporations and the Law," 71 Mich. L. Rev. (1972-1973), 1499, 1517. This figure includes seized stock and cash in bank accounts as well as $10,000 "credits due on sheep."</ref> [[Real property]], including [[List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS temples]], was never seized although the ruling authorized it. Within five months, the LDS Church officially renounced polygamy in the [[1890 Manifesto]]. On October 25, 1893, a congressional resolution authorized the release of assets seized by the LDS Church because, "said church has discontinued the practice of polygamy and no longer encourages or gives countenance to any manner of practices in violation of law, or contrary to good morals or public policy."<ref>Jt. Res 11., 53d Cong., 1st Sess., 28 Stat. 980</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
*[[Poland Act]] (1874)
*[[Reynolds v. United States]] (1879)
*[[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
*[[Edmunds-Tucker Act]] (1887)
*[[1890 Manifesto]]
*[[Smoot Hearings]] (1903-1907)
*[[History of civil marriage in the U.S.]]
*[[List of United States Supreme Court cases from the Jay Court through the Taft Court#1860.E2.80.931879|United States Supreme Court cases during the Waite Court]]

==References==
* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=136&invol=1 U.S. Supreme Court MORMON CHURCH v. UNITED STATES, 136 U.S. 1 (1890)].
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

{{LDS-stub}}
{{SCOTUS-case-stub}}
{{Utah-stub}}

[[Category:1890 in law]]
[[Category:History of the Latter Day Saint movement]]
[[Category:History of Utah]]
[[Category:Law related to Mormonism]]
[[Category:Legal history of the United States]]
[[Category:Mormonism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Polygamy]]
[[Category:United States First Amendment case law]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases]]

Edmunds–Tucker Act

2007-04-23T19:53:12Z

12.106.111.10:

The '''Edmunds-Tucker Act''' of [[1887]] touched all the issues at dispute between [[Congress]] and [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. The act disincorporated both the Church and the [[Perpetual Emigration Fund]] on the ground that they fostered [[polygamy]].

The act prohibited the practice of polygamy and punished it with a fine of from $500 to $800 and imprisonment of up to five years. It dissolved the [[Incorporation (business)|corporation]] of the church and directed the confiscation by the federal government of all church properties valued over a limit of $50,000.

The act also dealt with the separation of church and state and with courts, militia, education, elections, immigration, and [[woman suffrage]]. [[Utah]] women had been granted the franchise in [[1870]], but now lost it. The act was enforced by the [[United States Marshals Service|U. S. marshal]] and a host of deputies. Other matters dealt with by the act included:

* Required civil [[marriage license]]s
* Required voters, jurors, and public officials to deny polygamy
* Replaced local judges with federally appointed judges
* Removed local control in school textbook choice

In [[1890]] the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the seizure of Church property under the Edmunds-Tucker Act in ''[[The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States]]''.

This act was repealed in 1978.<ref>http://www.law.nyu.edu/journals/legislation/articles/vol5num1/vazquez.pdf
* http://www.law2.byu.edu/Law_Society/perspectives/Lesson%20Plan%20re%20Law%20and%20Church%20as%20an%20Institution%20-%202.pdf
* http://www.bepress.com/ils/iss5/art1/
* http://law.wustl.edu/WULQ/82-3/p%20611%20Stein%20book%20pages.pdf</ref>

This act is found in US Code Title 48 & 1461. The full text of the act can be found as 24 Stat. 635, with this annotation to be interpreted as Volume 24, page 635 of ''United States Statutes at Large''.

==See also==
*[[Mormon War]] (1838 Missouri)
*[[Extermination Order]] (1838 Missouri)
*[[Illinois Mormon War]] (1844-1845)
*[[Mormon Exodus]] (1846-1857)
*[[Utah War]] (1857-1858)
*[[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
*[[Poland Act]] (1874)
*[[Reynolds v. United States]] (1879)
*[[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
*[[The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States]] (1890)
*[[1890 Manifesto]]
*[[Smoot Hearings]] (1903-1907)
*[[History of civil marriage in the U.S.]]

==References==
<references/>

{{US-fed-statute-stub}}
{{Utah-stub}}
{{LDS-stub}}

[[Category:1887 in law]]
[[Category:History of the Latter Day Saint movement]]
[[Category:History of Utah]]
[[Category:Law related to Mormonism]]
[[Category:Legal history of the United States]]
[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Polygamy]]
[[Category:United States federal territory and statehood legislation]]

Late Corp. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States

2007-04-23T19:47:06Z

12.106.111.10: ab cat order

{{SCOTUSCase
|Litigants=The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States
|ArgueDate=January 16, 17, 18
|ArgueYear=1889
|DecideDate=May 19
|DecideYear=1890
|FullName= The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints et al v. United States; Romney et al v. United States
|Citation=10 S. Ct. 792; 34 L. Ed. 478; 1890 U.S. LEXIS 2199
|USVol=136
|USPage=1
|Prior=[[Edmunds-Tucker Act]] provisions authorizing disincorporation of LDS Church upheld in ''U.S. v. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints''. 5 Utah 361, 15 P. 473 (Utah.Terr. 1887). Appeal from the Supreme Court of the Utah Territory
|Holding=Congress has supreme authority over territories, including power to dissolve the LDS Church's corporation and seize its property. Under [[parens patriae]] principals, congress may redirect assets to charitable purposes within Utah Territory. Property was properly not transferred to church members because they were using it to further outlawed polygamy.
|SCOTUS=1890-1891
|Majority=Bradley
|JoinMajority=Harlan, Gray, Blatchford, Brewer
|Dissent=Fuller
|JoinDissent=Lamar, Field
|LawsApplied=[[Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment|U.S. Const. amend. I]]; [[Edmunds-Tucker Act]]
}}
'''''The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States''''', {{ussc|136|1|1890}} was a [[Supreme Court of the United States]] case that upheld the [[Edmunds-Tucker Act]] on [[May 19]], [[1890]]. Among other things, the act disincorporated [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church; see also [[Mormon]]).

[[Melville Fuller|Chief Justice Fuller]]'s dissent asserted that though congress has the power to criminalize [[polygamy]], "it is not authorized under the cover of that power to seize and confiscate the property of persons, individuals, or corporations, without office found, because they may have been guilty of criminal practices."<ref>{{ussc|136|67|1890}}</ref>

The ruling in ''Late Corporation'' would have directed federal [[escheat]] of substantially all the property of the legally disincorporated LDS Church, which was estimated at $3 million. Following the decision, the [[United States Attorney|U.S. Attorney]] for [[Utah Territory]] reported seizing only $381,812 in assets.<ref>Paul G. Kauper & Stephen C. Ellis, "Religious Corporations and the Law," 71 Mich. L. Rev. (1972-1973), 1499, 1517. This figure includes seized stock and cash in bank accounts as well as $10,000 "credits due on sheep."</ref> [[Real property]], including [[List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS temples]], was never seized although the ruling authorized it. Within five months, the LDS Church officially renounced polygamy in the [[1890 Manifesto]]. On October 25, 1893, a congressional resolution authorized the release of assets seized by the LDS Church because, "said church has discontinued the practice of polygamy and no longer encourages or gives countenance to any manner of practices in violation of law, or contrary to good morals or public policy."<ref>Jt. Res 11., 53d Cong., 1st Sess., 28 Stat. 980</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
*[[Poland Act]] (1874)
*[[Reynolds v. United States]] (1879)
*[[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
*[[Edmunds-Tucker Act]] (1887)
*[[1890 Manifesto]]
*[[Smoot Hearings]] (1903-1907)
*[[History of civil marriage in the U.S.]]
*[[List of United States Supreme Court cases from the Jay Court through the Taft Court#1860.E2.80.931879|United States Supreme Court cases during the Waite Court]]

==References==
* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=136&invol=1 U.S. Supreme Court MORMON CHURCH v. UNITED STATES, 136 U.S. 1 (1890)].
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

{{LDS-stub}}
{{SCOTUS-case-stub}}
{{Utah-stub}}

[[Category:1890 in law]]
[[Category:Law related to Mormonism]]
[[Category:Legal history of the United States]]
[[Category:History of the Latter Day Saint movement]]
[[Category:History of Utah]]
[[Category:Mormonism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Polygamy]]
[[Category:United States First Amendment case law]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases]]

Edmunds–Tucker Act

2007-04-23T19:42:35Z

12.106.111.10: ab cat order; +cat

The '''Edmunds-Tucker Act''' of [[1887]] touched all the issues at dispute between [[Congress]] and [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. The act disincorporated both the Church and the [[Perpetual Emigration Fund]] on the ground that they fostered [[polygamy]].

The act prohibited the practice of polygamy and punished it with a fine of from $500 to $800 and imprisonment of up to five years. It dissolved the [[Incorporation (business)|corporation]] of the church and directed the confiscation by the federal government of all church properties valued over a limit of $50,000.

The act also dealt with the separation of church and state and with courts, militia, education, elections, immigration, and [[woman suffrage]]. [[Utah]] women had been granted the franchise in [[1870]], but now lost it. The act was enforced by the [[United States Marshals Service|U. S. marshal]] and a host of deputies. Other matters dealt with by the act included:

* Required civil [[marriage license]]s
* Required voters, jurors, and public officials to deny polygamy
* Replaced local judges with federally appointed judges
* Removed local control in school textbook choice

In [[1890]] the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the seizure of Church property under the Edmunds-Tucker Act in ''[[The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States]]''.

This act was repealed in 1978.<ref>http://www.law.nyu.edu/journals/legislation/articles/vol5num1/vazquez.pdf
* http://www.law2.byu.edu/Law_Society/perspectives/Lesson%20Plan%20re%20Law%20and%20Church%20as%20an%20Institution%20-%202.pdf
* http://www.bepress.com/ils/iss5/art1/
* http://law.wustl.edu/WULQ/82-3/p%20611%20Stein%20book%20pages.pdf</ref>

This act is found in US Code Title 48 & 1461. The full text of the act can be found as 24 Stat. 635, with this annotation to be interpreted as Volume 24, page 635 of ''United States Statutes at Large''.

==See also==
*[[Mormon War]] (1838 Missouri)
*[[Extermination Order]] (1838 Missouri)
*[[Illinois Mormon War]] (1844-1845)
*[[Mormon Exodus]] (1846-1857)
*[[Utah War]] (1857-1858)
*[[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
*[[Poland Act]] (1874)
*[[Reynolds v. United States]] (1879)
*[[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
*[[The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States]] (1890)
*[[1890 Manifesto]]
*[[Smoot Hearings]] (1903-1907)
*[[History of civil marriage in the U.S.]]

==References==
<references/>

{{US-fed-statute-stub}}
{{Utah-stub}}
{{LDS-stub}}

[[Category:1887 in law]]
[[Category:Law related to Mormonism]]
[[Category:Legal history of the United States]]
[[Category:History of the Latter Day Saint movement]]
[[Category:History of Utah]]
[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Polygamy]]
[[Category:United States federal territory and statehood legislation]]

MGB (Auto)

2007-04-20T18:52:07Z

12.106.111.10: fixed link

{{Infobox Automobile
| name = MGB
| image = [[Image:MG MGB Roadster.jpg|250px|MGB Roadster]]
| manufacturer = [[British Motor Corporation|BMC]] / [[British Motor Holdings|BMH]] / [[British Leyland Motor Corporation|BLMC]]
| production = 1962-1980
| predecessor = [[MG A|MGA]]
| successor = [[MG F|MGF]]MGBGT V8 and then MGR V8
| class = [[sports car]]
}}

The '''MGB''' was [[Great Britain|Britain]]'s best-selling [[sports car]]. It was launched in May of 1962 to replace the [[MG A|MGA]], and production continued until [[October 22]], [[1980]]. The MGB was originally produced by the [[British Motor Corporation]] and sold under the [[MG (car)|MG]] [[marque]]. MGB production continued throughout restructuring of the British motor industry, and the parent company’s transition from BMC to [[British Motor Holdings]] (in 1966) and to [[British Leyland Motor Corporation]] (in 1968). Originally introduced as a [[convertible]], a [[Coupé|coupe]] ("GT") version was introduced in 1965. The MGB featured a four cylinder engine. A derivative model, called "MGC" featured a six cylinder engine. A limited production variant, called "MGB GT V8" featured an eight cylinder engine. Combined production volume of MGB, MGC and MGB GT V8 models was 523,836 cars. A very limited-production derivative model, called "RV8" was produced by [[Austin Rover Group|Rover]] in the 1990s.

The MGB was a relatively modern design at the time of its introduction. It utilized a [[unibody]] structure that reduced both weight and manufacturing costs as well as adding chassis strength. This was a considerable improvement in comparison to that of the traditional [[body-on-frame]] construction used on the MGA and [[MG T|T-type]] models as well as the MGB's rival, the Triumph TR series. The design included wind-up windows and a comfortable driver's compartment.

The MGB's performance was brisk for the period, with a 0 to 60 mph (96 km/h) time of just over 11 seconds, largely because of the relatively light weight of the car. Handling was one of the MGB’s strong points. The 3-bearing 1798 cc [[BMC B-Series engine|B-Series]] engine produced a 95 hp (71 kW) at 5400 rpm. The engine was upgraded in October 1964 to a five-bearing crankshaft in an effort to improve reliability. A majority of MGBs were exported to United States. In 1974, as US air pollution emission standards became more rigorous, US-market MGBs were de-tuned for compliance.

Even today, running on tyres of the same generation, a 1962 MGB will corner better than a 2005 Ford Mustang, with a maximum turn rate of 0.96 g (9.4 m/s²) versus 0.85 g (8.3 m/s²) for the Ford Mustang.

The MGB was one of the first cars to feature controlled [[crumple zone|crumple zones]] designed to protect the driver and passenger in a 30 mph (48 km/h) impact with an immovable barrier (200 ton).

==MGB roadster==
{{Infobox Automobile generation
| name = MGB Roadster
| image = [[image:mgb.bristol.750pix.jpg|250px|1966 MGB]]
| production = 1962-1980 399,070 made
| body_style = 2-door [[roadster]]
| clearance = 4.5 inches (114.3 mm)
| engine = 1798 cc ''[[BMC B-Series engine|B-Series]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
| length = 153 inches (3886 mm) 158 inches (4019 mm) rubber bumper version<ref name=BritishCars>{{cite book |last=Culshaw |first= |authorlink= |coauthors=Horrobin |title=Complete Catalogue of British Cars |year=1974 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |id=ISBN 0-333-16689-2}}</ref>
| width = 60 inches (1524 mm)<ref name=BritishCars/>
| height = 48 inches (1219 mm) 51 inches (1295 mm) rubber bumper version<ref name=BritishCars/>
}}

The roadster was the first of the MGB range to be produced. The body was a pure two-seater but a laughably small rear seat was a rare and useless optional extra at one point. By making better use of space the MGB was able to offer more passenger and luggage accommodation than the earlier MGA while being 3 inches (75 mm) shorter overall. The suspension was also softer, giving a smoother ride, and the larger engine gave a slightly higher top speed. Wheel diameter dropped from 15 to 14 inches.

===Mk II===

In late 1967, sufficient changes were introduced for the factory to define a Mk II model. Changes included synchromesh on all 4 gears with revised ratios, an optional [[Borg-Warner]] automatic gearbox (except in the US), a new rear axle and an alternator in place of the [[electrical generator#Dynamo|dynamo]]. To accommodate the new gearboxes there were significant changes to the sheet metal in the floorpan, and a new flat-topped transmission tunnel. US models got three windshield wipers instead of just two, and also received a plastic and foam rubber covered "safety" dashboard, dubbed the "Abingdon pillow". Other markets continued with the steel dash. Rubery Owen ''Rostyle'' wheels were introduced to replace the previous pressed steel versions in 1969 and reclining seats were standardised in 1970. 1969 also saw a new front grille, recessed, in black aluminium. The more traditional-looking grille returned in 1972. 1970 saw split rear bumpers with the number-plate in between, 1971 returned to the earlier five-piece style.

===Mk III===

Further changes in 1972 brought about the Mk III. The main changes were to the interior with a new [[Fascia (car)|facia]] and improved heater.

In 1974, in order to meet US impact regulations, the chrome bumper overriders were replaced with large rubber ones. In 1975, a new front rubber bumper mounted to hydraulic cylinders incorporated the grille area as well, giving a major restyling to the B's nose, and the rear bumper became rubber as well. The suspension was raised 1" to meet new US headlight height regulations. The much heavier bumpers and increased height had a detrimental effect on handling which was only partly alleviated by further revisions to the suspension geometry in 1977. US emissions regulations reduced horsepower, and by the time of the B's demise in 1980, performance was lacklustre.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

==MGB GT==
{{Infobox Automobile generation
| name = MGB GT
| image = [[Image:1967 MG B GT.jpg|250px|1967 MGB GT]]
| production = 1965-1980 125282 made
| body_style = 2 door [[coupe|coupé]]
| engine = 1798 cc ''[[BMC B-Series engine|B-Series]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
| length = 153 inches (3886 mm) 158 inches (4019 mm) rubber bumper version<ref name=BritishCars/>
| width = 60 inches (1524 mm)<ref name=BritishCars/>
| height = 50 inches (1238 mm) 51 inches (1295 mm) rubber bumper version<ref name=BritishCars/>
}}

The fixed-roof '''MGB GT''' was introduced in 1965 and production continued through 1980, although exportation to the US ceased in 1974. The MGB GT sported a [[Pininfarina]]-designed [[hatchback]] body. The new configuration was a 2+2 design but the new rear bench seat was very small and of limited use for adults or older children. The engine and gearbox were the same as those in the roadster. In fact relatively few components differed from those used for the roadster, although the MGB GT did receive different suspension springs and anti-roll bars. The MGB GT also featured a different windshield which was more easily and inexpensively serviceable.

Acceleration of the GT was slightly slower than that of the roadster due to its increased weight, though handling improved due to significantly increased chassis rigidity and perhaps slightly better weight distribution. Top speed improved by 5 mph (8 km/h) to 105 mph (170 km/h) due to better aerodynamics.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

==MGC==
{{Infobox Automobile generation
| name = MGC
| image = [[Image:MG C Roadster 1968.JPG|250px|MGC 1968]]
| production = 1967-1969 9,002 made (4544 MGC, 4458 MGC GT)
| body_style = 2-door roadster 2-door [[coupe|coupé]]
| engine = 2912 cc [[BMC C-Series engine|C-Series]] [[I6]]
}}

The '''MGC''' was a 2912 cc, [[straight-6]] version of the MGB sold in the late 1960s and given the code ADO52. It was also intended as a replacement for the [[Austin-Healey 3000]] which would have been ADO51 but this never got beyond the design proposal stage. The first engine to be considered was an Australian-designed six cylinder version of the BMC B-Series but the production versions used a development of the Morris Engines designed [[BMC C-Series engine|C-Series]] that was also to be used for the new [[Austin 3-Litre]] 4-Door saloon. In the twin SU carburettor form used in the MGC the engine produced 145 bhp at 5250 rpm. The bodyshell needed considerable revision around the engine bay and to the floor pan, but externally the only differences were a distinctive bonnet bulge to accommodate the relocated radiator and a teardrop for carburettor clearance. It had different brakes from the MGB, 15 inch wheels, a lower geared rack and pinion and special [[torsion bar]] suspension with telescopic dampers. Like the MGB, it was available as a coupé (GT) and roadster. A three-speed automatic gearbox was available as an option. The car was capable of 120 mph (193 km/h).

The heavy engine (209 pounds heavier than the 1798 cc MGB engine) and new suspension changed the vehicle's handling, and it received a very mixed response in the automotive press. The MGC was cancelled in 1969 after less than two years of production.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

==MGB GT V8==
{{Infobox Automobile generation
| name = MGB GT V8
| image = [[Image:MGB_GT_V8_-_1973.jpg|250px|MGB GT V8 - 1973]]
| production = 1973-1976 2591 made
| body_style = 2 door [[coupe|coupé]]
| engine = 3532 cc ''[[Rover V8 engine|Rover]]'' [[V8]]
}}

MG began offering the '''MGB GT V8''' in 1973 utilising the ubiquitous 3528 cc [[Rover V8 engine]], first fitted to the [[Rover P5B]]. These cars were similar to those already being produced in significant volume by tuner Ken Costello. MG even contracted Costello to build them a prototype MGB GT V8. However, the powerful 180 bhp engine used by Costello for his conversions was replaced for production by MG with a more modestly tuned version producing only 137 bhp (102 kW). But 193 ft·lbf of torque helped it hit 60 mph in around 8 seconds, and go on to a respectable 125 mph top speed.

By virtue of its aluminum cylinder block and heads, the Rover V8 engine actually weighed approximately forty pounds less than MG's iron four cylinder. Unlike the MGC, the MGB GT V8's increased power and torque did not require significant chassis changes or sacrificed handling.

Only GT versions of the V8-powered MGB were produced by the factory. Production ended in 1976.

MG never attempted to export the MGB GT V8 to the United States. They chose not to develop a left-hand-drive version or to seek US air pollution emission certification of the MGB GT V8, although the Rover V8 engine was offered in US-bound Rover models throughout the same period and beyond. British Leyland Motor Corporation management cited insufficient production capacity to support anticipated demand for the V8 engine in MGB GT, so they priced the MGB GT V8 high.

The MGB GT V8 was very warmly received by the automotive press, but British Leyland Motor Corporation was reportedly concerned that the MGB GT V8 would overshadow their other products, including the more expensive and less powerful [[Triumph Stag]].

Continued public interest in V8-powered MGBs is evidenced by the thousands of MGB V8 engine conversions that have been completed by do-it-yourselfers and custom shops.

<div style="clear: both"></div>

==RV8==
{{Infobox Automobile generation
| name = MG RV8
| image = [[Image:MG_RV8.jpg|250px|MG RV8]]
| production = 1993-1995 2000 made
| body_style = 2 seat sports/racer
| engine = 3946 cc ''[[Rover V8 engine|Rover]]'' [[V8]]
}}

Interest in small roadsters increased in the 1990s following the introduction of the [[Mazda MX-5]], and MG (now owned by [[Austin Rover Group|Rover Group]]) capitalised on this in 1992 by producing new body panels to create an updated version of the old car. The suspension was only slightly updated, sharing the old leaf sprung rear of the MGB. The bonnet, boot lid, and doors were shared with the original car, as were the rear drum brakes. However, the engine was the respected aluminum [[Rover V8 engine|Rover V8]], previously used in the MGB GT V8. A [[limited-slip differential]] was also fitted.

Performance was good, with 190 bhp (142 kW) at 4,750 rpm and 0 to 60 mph (96 km/h) in 5.9 s. Largely due to the rear drum brakes and rear leaf springs (perceived to be too old fashioned for a modern performance car), the RV8 was not popular with road testers at the time. However, this did not prevent the RV8 from being a moderate sales success, and it paved the way for the introduction of the modern [[MG F|MGF]] a few years later.

It also capitalised on an interest in British products in [[Japan]]. A sizable chunk of MG RV8 production went to that country.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

==Racing performance==
=== Overall or class wins ===

The MGB was highly successful in international road competition events such as the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]]. In 1964 it won the GT category, [[12 Hours of Sebring|Sebring]], the Spa 1000 kilometres and the 1963, 1964 and 1965 [[24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans 24 hour]] beating more powerful cars in the process.

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

*{{cite book | author=John Heilig | title=MG Sports Cars | publisher=Motorbooks | year=1996 | id=ISBN 0-7603-0112-3}}
*{{cite book | author=Ray Bonds | title=The Illustrated Directory of Sports Cars | publisher=Motorbooks | year=2003 | id=ISBN 0-7603-1420-9}}
*{{cite book | author=Anders Ditlev Clausager | title=Original MGB With MGC and MGB GT V8 | publisher=Bay View Books Ltd | year=1994 | id=ISBN 1-870979-48-6}}
*{{cite web | title=MGB Home Page | work=MG Enthusiasts | url=http://www.mgcars.org.uk/mgb.html | accessdate=March 21 | accessyear=2005}}
*{{cite web | title=MGC Home Page | work=MG Enthusiasts | url=http://www.mgcars.org.uk/mgc.html | accessdate=March 21 | accessyear=2005}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|MG B}}
*[http://www.mgbclub.com MGBclub.com]
*[http://www.mgexperience.net The MG & MGB Experience]
*[http://www.sportscarwarehouse.com/mgb-buying-restoring.html MGB Buyers' Guide]
*[http://www.rwscars.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/mg_home.htm 1963 MGB pages]
*[http://www.rwscars.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/gt_home.htm 1972 MGBGT pages]
*[http://www.mgcars.eu The MG MGC, Abingdon's Grand Tourer]
*[http://www.mgcars.org.uk/cgi-bin/gen5?runprog=mgoc&p=index.html MG Owners Club]
*[http://www.classic-cars-online.co.uk/MGB/MG-B-Page.html 1969 MGB GT Information and Buyers Guide]
*[http://www.speedace.info/automotive_directory/mgb.htm Information on the MGB]
*[http://www.mgb-register.org MGB-register of the M.G. Car Club]
*[http://www.britishv8.org/Photos-MG-Conversions.htm The British V8 Newsletter (and MG engine-conversion photo gallery)]
{{Rover}}

[[Category:MG vehicles|B]]
[[Category:1962 introductions]]
[[Category:Pininfarina]]

[[fr:MGB (automobile)]]
[[it:MG B]]
[[ja:MG・MGB]]

Spalding-Rigdon-Theorie zur Urheberschaft des Buches Mormon

2007-04-18T23:43:28Z

12.106.111.10: added {{POV check}}

{{POV check}}

The '''Spalding-Rigdon theory of Book of Mormon authorship''' is the theory that [[Solomon Spalding]] originally wrote a manuscript that was later acquired by [[Sidney Rigdon]], which ended up as the [[Book of Mormon]] by way of secret collusion between Rigdon and [[Joseph Smith Jr]]. This theory was mentioned even before the Book of Mormon was ever published in 1830. Rigdon had visited the print shop in Pittsburg where Spalding deposited the manuscript before Spalding's death in 1816, but denied he ever knew of Spalding or his manuscript. As the theory goes, the same manuscript was retrieved by Rigdon and possibly revised to include Rigdon's favored [[Campbellite]] theology. The theory generally cites Spalding-friendly witnesses who support his authorship, and Rigdon's sudden rise in Mormonism, combined with alleged parallels between Spalding's known "Manuscript Found" and the Book of Mormon.

== External links ==

*[http://www.mormonstudies.com/criddle/rigdon.htm Craig Criddle's analysis of Spalding-Rigdon connections]
*[http://www.mormonstudies.com/spaldg1.htm Spalding's "Manuscript Story" and parallels]
*[http://www.mormonstudies.com/fragment.htm A fragment comparing Sidney Rigdon's biography with a known passage from Solomon Spalding]

[[Category:Book of Mormon studies]]
[[Category:Mormonism-related controversies]]

Spalding-Rigdon-Theorie zur Urheberschaft des Buches Mormon

2007-04-18T23:35:15Z

12.106.111.10: +cat

The '''Spalding-Rigdon theory of Book of Mormon authorship''' is the theory that [[Solomon Spalding]] originally wrote a manuscript that was later acquired by [[Sidney Rigdon]], which ended up as the [[Book of Mormon]] by way of secret collusion between Rigdon and [[Joseph Smith Jr]]. This theory was mentioned even before the Book of Mormon was ever published in 1830. Rigdon had visited the print shop in Pittsburg where Spalding deposited the manuscript before Spalding's death in 1816, but denied he ever knew of Spalding or his manuscript. As the theory goes, the same manuscript was retrieved by Rigdon and possibly revised to include Rigdon's favored [[Campbellite]] theology. The theory generally cites Spalding-friendly witnesses who support his authorship, and Rigdon's sudden rise in Mormonism, combined with alleged parallels between Spalding's known "Manuscript Found" and the Book of Mormon.

== External links ==

*[http://www.mormonstudies.com/criddle/rigdon.htm Craig Criddle's analysis of Spalding-Rigdon connections]
*[http://www.mormonstudies.com/spaldg1.htm Spalding's "Manuscript Story" and parallels]
*[http://www.mormonstudies.com/fragment.htm A fragment comparing Sidney Rigdon's biography with a known passage from Solomon Spalding]

[[Category:Book of Mormon studies]]
[[Category:Mormonism-related controversies]]

Jesse Walter Fewkes

2007-04-12T19:28:47Z

12.106.111.10: fixed name

'''Jesse Walter Fewkes''' ([[1850]]–[[1930]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[anthropologist]], [[archaeologist]], writer and [[natural history|naturalist]]. He was born in [[Newton, Massachusetts]], and initially trained as a [[zoologist]] at [[Harvard University]]. He later turned to ethnological studies of the native tribes in the [[American Southwest]].

In [[1889]], with the resignation of noted [[ethnologist]] [[Frank Hamilton Cushing]], Fewkes became leader of the Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition. While with this project, Fewkes documented the existing lifestyle and rituals of the [[Zuni]] and [[Hopi]] tribes. He made the first phonograph recordings of Zuni songs. Fewkes joined the [[Smithsonian]]'s [[Bureau of American Ethnology]] in 1895, becoming its director in 1918.

Fewkes surveyed the ruins of a number of cultures in the American Southwest, and wrote many well received articles and books. He supervised the excavation of the [[Casa Grande Ruins National Monument|Casa Grande]] ruins in southern [[Arizona]], a [[Hohokam]] site, and the [[Mesa Verde]] ruins in southern [[Colorado]], an [[Ancient Pueblo Peoples|Ancient Pueblo]] site. He particularly focused on the variants and styles of prehistoric Southwest Indian [[pottery]], producing a number of volumes with carefully drawn illustrations. His work on the [[Mimbres]] and [[Sikyátki]] pottery styles eventually led to the reproduction of many of these traditional forms and images. The Hopi potter [[Nampeyo]] became his friend and reproduced the newly documented traditional designs in her own work.

Fewkes was one of the first voices for government preservation of ancient sites in the American Southwest. By the mid-1890's, vandalism of these sites was widespread. In the American Anthropologist for August 1896, Fewkes described a large cliff dwelling called Palatki, or "Red House", situated in the Red Rock country southwest of [[Flagstaff, Arizona]], and appealed for protective legislation.

:''If this destruction of the cliff-houses of [[New Mexico]], [[Colorado]], and [[Arizona]] goes on at the same rate in the next fifty years that it has in the past, these unique dwellings will be practically destroyed, and unless laws are enacted, either by states or by the general government, for their protection, at the close of the twentieth century many of the most interesting monuments of the prehistoric peoples of our Southwest will be little more than mounds of debris at the bases of the cliffs. A commercial spirit is leading to careless excavations for objects to sell, and walls are ruthlessly overthrown, buildings town down in hope of a few dollars' gain. The proper designation of the way our antiquities are treated is vandalism. Students who follow us, when these cliff-houses have all disappeared and their instructive objects scattered by greed of traders, will wonder at our indifference and designate our negligence by its proper name. It would be wise legislation to prevent this vandalism as much as possible and good science to put all excavation of ruins in trained hands.''

== Publications ==
* ''The Mimbres: Art and Archaeology.'' Avanyu Publishing, Albuquerque, New Mexico, republished 1993. ISBN 0-936755-10-5.
:--a reprint of three papers published by the Smithsonian Institution between 1914 and 1924.

== Reference ==
* Hough, Walter. ''Jessie Walter Fewkes.'' American Anthropologist 33:92-97. 1931.

== External link ==
* {{gutenberg author| id=Fewkes+J.+Walter | name=J. Walter Fewkes}}

{{archaeologist-stub}}
[[Category:American anthropologists|Fewkes, J. Walter]]
[[Category:American archaeologists|Fewkes, J. Walter]]
[[Category:American ethnologists|Fewkes, J. Walter]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni|Fewkes, J. Walter]]
[[Category:Smithsonian Institution people|Fewkes, J. Walter]]
[[Category:1850 births|Fewkes, J. Walter]]
[[Category:1930 deaths|Fewkes, J. Walter]]

MacArthur Fellowship

2007-03-30T19:44:27Z

12.106.111.10: /* 1982 */

{{unreferenced|date=December 2006}}
The '''MacArthur Fellows Program''' or '''MacArthur Fellowship''' (sometimes [[nickname]]d the '''"genius grant"''') is an award given by the [[MacArthur Foundation|John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]] each year to typically 20 to 40 citizens or residents of the [[United States|U.S.]], of any age and working in any field, who "show exceptional merit and promise for continued and enhanced creative work." According to the Foundation website, "the fellowship is not a reward for past accomplishment, but rather an investment in a person's originality, insight, and potential." The current amount of the award is $500,000, paid in quarterly installments over five years. There have been 707 [[recipients]] to date.

The Fellowship has no application. People are nominated anonymously, by a body of nominators who submit recommendations to a small selection committee of about a dozen people, also anonymous. The committee then reviews every nominee and passes along their recommendations to the President and the board of directors. The entire process is anonymous and confidential. Most new MacArthur Fellows first learn that they have even been considered when they receive the congratulatory phone call.

==List of MacArthur Fellows==
MacArthur Fellows organized by the year of their awards:

===1981===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[A. R. Ammons]], poet
*[[Joseph Brodsky]], poet
*[[Gregory Chudnovsky|Gregory V. Chudnovsky]], mathematician
*[[Robert Coles]], child psychiatrist
*[[Shelly Errington]], cultural anthropologist
*[[Henry Louis Gates, Jr.]], literary critic
*[[Michael Ghiselin]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Stephen Jay Gould]], paleontology
*[[Ian Graham]], archaeologist
*[[John Imbrie]], climatologist
*[[Elma Lewis]], arts educator
*[[James Alan McPherson]], novelist, writer
*[[Roy Mottahedeh|Roy P. Mottahedeh]], historian
*[[Douglas D. Osheroff]], physicist
*[[Robert Root-Bernstein]], biologist and historian of science
*[[Lawrence Rosen]], attorney and anthropologist
*[[Carl E. Schorske]], intellectual historian
*[[Leslie Marmon Silko]], writer
*[[Derek Walcott]], poet and playwright
*[[Robert Penn Warren]], poet, writer, and literary critic
*[[Stephen Wolfram]], computer scientist and physicist
{{col-break}}
*[[John Cairns (biologist)]], molecular biologist
*[[Joel E. Cohen]], population biologist
*[[Richard Critchfield]], essayist
*[[Howard Gardner]], psychologist
*[[John Gaventa]], sociologist
*[[David Hawkins]], philosopher
*[[John P. Holdren]], arms control and energy analyst
*[[Ada Louise Huxtable]], architectural critic and historian
*[[Robert W. Kates]], geographer
*[[Raphael Carl Lee]], surgeon
*[[Cormac McCarthy]], writer
*[[Barbara McClintock]], geneticist
*[[Richard C. Mulligan]], molecular biologist
*[[Elaine Pagels| Elaine H. Pagels]], historian of religion
*[[David Pingree]], Historian of Science
*[[Paul G. Richards]], seismologist
*[[Richard Rorty]], philosopher
*[[Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.]], astrophysicist
*[[Michael Woodford]], economist
*[[George Zweig]], physicist and neurobiologist
{{col-end}}

===1982===
*[[Fouad Ajami]]
*[[Charles Bigelow (type designer)|Charles A. Bigelow]]
*[[Peter Robert Lamont Brown]]
*[[Robert Darnton]]
*[[Persi Diaconis]]
*[[William Gaddis]], novelist
*[[Ved Mehta]]
*[[Robert Parris Moses]]
*[[Richard A. Muller]]
*[[Conlon Nancarrow]]
*[[Alfonso Ortiz]]
*[[Francesca Rochberg]]
*[[Charles Sabel]]
*[[Ralph Shapey]]
*[[Michael Silverstein]]
*[[Randolph Whitfield, Jr]]
*[[Frank Wilczek]]
*[[Frederick Wiseman]]
*[[Edward Witten]]

===1983===
*[[R. Stephen Berry]]
*[[Philip Curtin]]
*[[William Durham]]
*[[Bradley Efron]]
*[[David Felten]]
*[[Seloma Goitein]]
*[[Ramon Gutierrez]]
*[[Bela Julesz]]
*[[William Kennedy (author)|William Kennedy]]
*[[Leszek Kolakowski]]
*[[Brad Leithauser]]
*[[Lawrence W. Levine]]
*[[Ralph Manheim]], translator
*[[Charles Peskin]]
*[[Julia Robinson]]
*[[John Sayles]]
*[[Peter Sellars]]
*[[Adrian Wilson (book designer)]]
*[[Irene Winter]]
*[[Mark Wrighton]]
*[[Seweryn Bialer]]
*[[William C. Clark]]
*[[Randall Forsberg]]
*[[Alexander L. George]]
*[[Mott Greene]]
*[[John Hopfield]]
*[[Sylvia Law]]
*[[Robert K. Merton]]
*[[Walter Morris]]
*[[A.K. Ramanujan]]
*[[Alice Rivlin]]
*[[Richard Schoen]]
*[[Karen Uhlenbeck]]
*[[Thomas Jorgensen]]

===1984===
*[[George Archibald]]
*[[Ernesto Cortes]]
*[[Robert Hass]]
*[[J. Bryan Hass]]
*[[Robert Irwin (artist)|Robert Irwin]]
*[[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]
*[[Paul Oskar Kristeller]]
*[[Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot]]
*[[Heather Lechtman]]
*[[Michael Lerner (environmentalist)]]
*[[Andrew Lewis]]
*[[Arnold Mandell]]
*[[Matthew Meselson]]
*[[David R. Nelson]]
*[[Michael Piore]]
*[[Judith Shklar]]
*[[Charles Simic]]
*[[David Stuart (Mayanist)|David Stuart]]
*[[John Toews]]
*[[James Turrell]]
*[[Jay Weiss]]
*[[Carl Woese]]
*[[Shelly Bernstein]]
*[[Peter Bickel]]
*[[William Drayton (environmentalist)|William Drayton]]
*[[Sidney Drell]]
*[[Mitchell Feigenbaum]]
*[[Michael Freedman]]
*[[Curtis Hames]]
*[[Shirley Heath]]
*[[Bette Howland]]
*[[Bill Irwin]]
*[[John Fritz]]
*[[Galway Kinnell]]
*[[Henry Kraus]]
*[[Peter Mathews]]
*[[Beaumont Newhall]]
*[[Roger Payne]]
*[[Edward V. Roberts]]
*[[Elliot Sperling]]
*[[Frank Sulloway]]
*[[Alar Toomre]], astrophysicist
*[[Amos Tversky]], cognitive scientist
*[[J. Kirk Varnedoe]]
*[[Bret Wallach]]
*[[Arthur Winfree]]
*[[Billie Young]]

===1985===
*[[Joan Abrahamson]]
*[[John Ashbery]]
*[[John F. Benton]]
*[[Harold Bloom]], literary critic
*[[Valery Chalidze]]
*[[William Cronon]]
*[[Merce Cunningham]], dancer
*[[Jared Diamond]]
*[[Marian Edelman]]
*[[Morton Halperin]]
*[[Robert M. Hayes]]
*[[Edwin Hutchins]]
*[[Sam Maloof]], Woodworker
*[[Andrew McGuire]]
*[[Patrick Noonan]]
*[[George Oster]]
*[[Thomas G. Palaima]]
*[[Peter Raven]]
*[[Jane Richardson]]
*[[Gregory Schopen]]
*[[Franklin Stahl]]
*[[J. Richard Stahl]]
*[[Ellen Stewart]]
*[[Paul Taylor]]
*[[Shing-Tung Yau]]

===1986===
*[[Paul Adams (scientist)|Paul Adams]]
*[[Milton Babbitt]]
*[[Christopher Beckwith]]
*[[Richard Benson]]
*[[Lester Brown]]
*[[Caroline Bynum]]
*[[William A. Christian]]
*[[Nancy Farriss]]
*[[Benedict Gross]]
*[[Daryl Hine]]
*[[John Horner]]
*[[Thomas Joe]]
*[[David Keightley]]
*[[Albert Libchaber]]
*[[David Page]]
*[[George Perle]]
*[[James Randi]]
*[[David Rudovsky]]
*[[Robert Shapley]]
*[[Leo Steinberg]]
*[[Richard Turco]]
*[[Thomas Whiteside]]
*[[Allan Wilson]]
*[[Jay Wright (poet)|Jay Wright]]
*[[Charles Wuorinen]]

===1987===
*[[Walter Abish]]
*[[Robert Axelrod]]
*[[Robert Coleman]]
*[[Douglas Crase]]
*[[Daniel Friedan]]
*[[David Gross]]
*[[Ira Herskowitz]]
*[[Irving Howe]]
*[[Wesley Jacobs]]
*[[Peter Jeffery]]
*[[Horace Judson]]
*[[Stuart Kauffman]]
*[[Richard Kenney]]
*[[Eric Lander]]
*[[Michael C. Malin|Michael Malin]]
*[[Deborah Meier]]
*[[Arnaldo Momigliano]]
*[[David Mumford]]
*[[Tina Rosenberg]]
*[[David Rumelhart]]
*[[Robert Sapolsky]]
*[[Meyer Shapiro]]
*[[John H. Schwarz]]
*[[Jon Seger]]
*[[Stephen Shenker]]
*[[David Dean Shulman]]
*[[Muriel Snowden]]
*[[Mark Strand]]
*[[May Swenson]]
*[[Huynh Thong]]
*[[William Julius Wilson]]
*[[Richard Wrangham]]
*[[Joe Mama]]

===1988===
*[[Charles Archambeau]]
*[[Michael Baxandall]]
*[[Ruth Behar]]
*[[Ran Blake]]
*[[Charles Burnett (director)|Charles Burnett]]
*[[Philip DeVries]]
*[[Andre Dubus]], writer
*[[Helen Edwards]]
*[[Jon Else]]
*[[John Fleagle]]
*[[Cornell Fleischer]], Middle Eastern historian and scholar
*[[Getatchew Haile]]
*[[Raymond Jeanloz]]
*[[Marvin Kahl]]
*[[Naomi Pierce]]
*[[Thomas Pynchon]], novelist
*[[Stephen J. Pyne]]
*[[Max Roach]]
*[[Paul Roldan]]
*[[Anna Roosevelt]]
*[[David Rosenberg]]
*[[Susan Rotroff]]
*[[Bruce Schwartz]]
*[[Robert S. Shaw]]
*[[Jonathan Spence]]
*[[Noel Swerdlow]]
*[[Gary Tomlinson]]
*[[Alan Walker (academic)|Alan Walker]]
*[[Eddie Williams]]
*[[Rita Wright]]
*[[Garth Youngberg]]

===1989===
*[[Anthony Amsterdam]], attorney and legal scholar
*[[Byllye Avery]], women's healtcare leader
*[[Alvin Bronstein]], human rights lawyer
*[[Leo Buss]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Jay Cantor]], writer
*[[George Davis]], environmental policy analyst
*[[Allen Grossman]], poet
*[[John Harbison]], composer and conductor
*[[Keith Hefner]], journalist and educator
*[[Ralf Hotchkiss]], rehabilitation engineer
*[[John Rice Irwin]], curator and cultural preservationist
*[[Daniel Janzen]], ecologist
*[[Bernice Johnson Reagon]], music historian, composer, and vocalist
*[[Aaron Lansky]], cultural preservationist
*[[Jennifer Moody]], archaeologist and anthropologist
*[[Errol Morris]], filmmaker
*[[Vivian Paley]], educator and writer
*[[Richard Powers]], novelist
*[[Martin Puryear]], sculptor
*[[Theodre Rosengarten]], historian
*[[Margaret W. Rossiter]], historian of science
*[[George Russell]], composer and music theorist
*[[Pam Solo]], arms control analyst
*[[Ellendea Proffer Teasley]], translator and publisher
*[[Clair Van Vliet]], book artist
*[[Baldemar Velasquez]], farm labor leader
*[[Bill Viola]], video artist
*[[Eliot Wigginton]], educator
*[[Patricia Wright]], primatologist

===1990===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[John Christian Bailar]], biostatistician
*[[Martha Clarke]], theater director
*[[Jacques d'Amboise]], dance educator
*[[Guy Davenport]], writer and critic
*[[Lisa Delpit]], education reform leader
*[[John Eaton (composer)|John Eaton]], composer
*[[Paul R. Ehrlich]], population biologist
*[[Charlotte Erickson]], historian
*[[Lee Friedlander]], photographer
*[[Margaret Geller]], astrophysicist
*[[Jorie Graham]], poet
*[[Patricia Hampl]], writer
*[[John Hollander]], poet and literary critic
*[[Thomas Cleveland Holt]], social and cultural historian
*[[David Kazhdan]], mathematician
*[[Calvin King]], land and farm development specialist
*[[M. A. R. Koehl]], marine biologist
*[[Nancy Kopell]], mathematician
{{col-break}}
*[[Michael Moschen]], performance artist
*[[Gary Nabhan]], ethnobotanist
*[[Sherry Ortner]], anthropologist
*[[Otis Pitts]], community development leader
*[[Yvonne Rainer]], filmmaker and choreographer
*[[Michael Schudson]], sociologist
*[[Rebecca J. Scott]], historian
*[[Marc Shell]], scholar
*[[Susan Sontag]], photographer, writer
*[[Richard Stallman]], Free Software Foundation founder, [[Copyleft]] concept inventor
*[[Guy Tudor]], conservationist
*[[Maria Varela]], community development leader
*[[Gregory Vlastos]], classicist and philosopher
*[[Kent Whealy]], preservationist
*[[Eric Wolf]], anthropologist
*[[Sidney Wolfe]], physician
*[[Robert Woodson]], community development leader
*[[Jose Zalaquett]], human rights lawyer
{{col-end}}

===1991===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Jacqueline Barton]], biophysical chemist
*[[Paul Berman]], journalist
*[[James Blinn]], computer animator
*[[Taylor Branch]], social historian
*[[Trisha Brown]], choreographer
*[[Mari Jo Buhle]], American historian
*[[Patricia Churchland]], philosopher
*[[David Donoho]], statistician
*[[Steven Feld]], anthropologist
*[[Alice Fulton]], poet
*[[Guillermo Gómez-Peña]], writer and artist
*[[Jerzy Grotowski]], theater director
*[[David Hammons]], artist
*[[Sophia Harris]], child care leader
*[[Lewis Hyde]], writer
*[[Ali Akbar Khan]], musician
{{col-break}}
*[[Sergiu Klainerman]], mathematician
*[[Martin Kreitman]], geneticist
*[[Harlan Lane]], psychologist and linguist
*[[William Linder]], community development leader
*[[Patricia Locke]], tribal rights leader
*[[Mark Morris]], choreographer and dancer
*[[Marcel Ophuls]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Arnold Rampersad]], biographer and literary critic
*[[Gunther Schuller]], composer, conductor, jazz historian
*[[Joel Schwartz]], epidemiologist
*[[Cecil Taylor]], jazz pianist and composer
*[[Julie Taymor]], theater director
*[[David Werner]], health care leader
*[[James Westphal]], engineer and scientist
*[[Eleanor Wilner]], poet
{{col-end}}

===1992===
*[[Janet Benshoof]], attorney
*[[Robert Blackburn (artist)|Robert Blackburn]], printmaker
*[[Unita Blackwell]], civil rights leader
*[[Lorna Bourg]], rural development leader
*[[Stanley Cavell]], philosopher
*[[Amy Clampitt]], poet
*[[Ingrid Daubechies]], mathematician
*[[Wendy Ewald]], photographer
*[[Irving Feldman]], poet
*[[Barbara Fields]], historian
*[[Robert Hall]], journalist
*[[Ann Hanson]], historian
*[[John Henry Holland]], computer scientist
*[[Wes Jackson]], agronomist
*[[Evelyn Keller]], historian and philosopher of science
*[[Steve Lacy]], saxophonist and composer
*[[Suzanne Lebsock]], social historian
*[[Sharon Long]], plant biologist
*[[Norman Manea]], writer
*[[Paule Marshall]], writer
*[[Michael Massing]], journalist
*[[Robert McCabe]], educator
*[[Susan Meiselas]], photojournalist
*[[Amalia Mesa-Bains]], artist and cultural critic
*[[Stephen Schneider]], climatologist
*[[Joanna Scott]], writer
*[[John T. Scott]], artist
*[[John Terborgh]], conservation biologist
*[[Twyla Tharp]], dancer and choreographer
*[[Philip Treisman]], mathematics educator
*[[Laurel Thatcher Ulrich]], historian
*[[Geerat J. Vermeij]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Gunter Wagner]], developmental biologist

===1993===
*[[Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)|Nancy Cartwright]], philosopher
*[[Demetrios Christodoulou]], mathematician and physicist
*[[Maria Crawford]], geologist
*[[Stanley Crouch]], jazz critic and writer
*[[Nora England]], anthropological linguist
*[[Paul Farmer]], medical anthropologist
*[[Victoria Foe]], developmental biologist
*[[Ernest Gaines]], writer
*[[Pedro Greer]], physician
*[[Thom Gunn]], poet and literary critic
*[[Ann Hamilton]], artist
*[[Sokoni Karanja]], child and family development specialist
*[[Ann Lauterbach]], poet and literary critic
*[[Stephen Lee (chemist)|Stephen Lee]], chemist
*[[Carol Levine]], AIDS policy specialist
*[[Amory Lovins]], physicist, environmentalist, co-CEO of the Rocky Mountain Institute
*[[Jane Lubchenco]], marine biologist
*[[Ruth Lubic]], nurse / midwife
*[[Jim Powell]], poet and translator
*[[Margie Profet]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Thomas Scanlon]], philosopher
*[[Aaron Shirley]], health care leader
*[[William Siemering]], journalist and radio producer
*[[Ellen Silbergeld]], biologist
*[[Leonard van der Kuijp]], philologist and historian
*[[Frank von Hippel]], arms control and energy analyst
*[[John Wideman]], writer
*[[Heather Williams]], biologist and orinthologist
*[[Marion Williams]], gospel music performer
*[[Robert H. Williams]], physicis and energy analyst
*[[Henry T. Wright]], archaeologist and anthropologist

===1994===
*[[Robert Adams (photographer)|Robert Adams]], photographer
*[[Jeraldyne Blunden]], choreographer
*[[Anthony Braxton]] ([[Avant-Garde]] [[composer]] and [[musician]])
*[[Roger Brubaker]], sociologist
*[[Ornette Coleman]], jazz performer and composer
*[[Israel Gelfand]], mathematician and biologist
*[[Faye Ginsburg]], anthropologist
*[[Heidi Hartmann]], economist
*[[Bill T. Jones]] ([[dancer]] and [[choreographer]])
*[[Peter E. Kenmore]], agricultural entomologist
*[[Joseph E. Marshall]], educator
*[[Carolyn McKecuen]], economic development leader
*[[Donella Meadows]], writer
*[[Arthur Mitchell (dancer)|Arthur Mitchell]], choreogrpher
*[[Hugo Morales (radio)|Hugo Morales]], radio producer
*[[Janine Pease]], educator
*[[Willie Reale]], theater arts educator
*[[Adrienne Rich]], poet and writer
*[[Sam-Ang Sam]], musician and cultural preservationist
*[[Jack Wisdom]], physicist

===1995===
*[[Allison Anders]], filmmaker
*[[Jed Z. Buchwald]], historian
*[[Octavia Butler]], science fiction novelist
*[[Sandra Cisneros]], writer and poet
*[[Sandy Close]], journalist
*[[Frederick C. Cuny]], disaster relief specialist
*[[Sharon Emerson]], biologist
*[[Richard Foreman]], theater director
*[[Alma Guillermoprieto]], journalist
*[[Virginia Hamilton]], writer
*[[Donald Hopkins]], physician
*[[Susan W. Kieffer]], geologist
*[[Elizabeth LeCompte]], theater director
*[[Patricia Nelson Limerick]], historian
*[[Michael Marletta]], chemist
*[[Pamela Matson]], ecologist
*[[Susan McClary]], musicologist
*[[Meredith Monk]], vocalist, composer, director
*[[Rosalin P. Petchesky]], political scientist
*[[Joel Rogers]], political scientist
*[[Cindy Sherman]], photographer
*[[Bryan Stevenson]], human rights lawyer
*[[Nicholas Strausfeld]], neurobiologist
*[[Richard White (historian)|Richard White]], historian

===1996===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[James Angel]], astronomer
*[[Joaquin Avila]], voting rights advocate
*[[Allan Berube]], historian
*[[Barbara Block]], marine biologist
*[[Joan Connely]], archeologist
*[[Thomas Daniel]], biologist
*[[Martin Daniel Eakes]], economic development strategist
*[[Rebecca Goldstein]], writer
*[[Robert Greenstein]], public policy analyst
*[[Richard Howard]], poet
{{col-break}}
*[[John Jesurun]], playwright
*[[Richard Lenski]], biologist
*[[Louis Massiah]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Vonnie McLoyd]], developmental psychologist
*[[Thylias Moss]], poet and writer
*[[Eiko Otake]] & [[Koma Otake]], dancers, choreographers
*[[Nathan Seiberg]], physicist
*[[Anna Deavere Smith]], playwright/journalist/actress
*[[Dorothy Stoneman]], educator
*[[William E. Strickland]], art educator
{{col-end}}

===1997===
*[[Luis Alfaro]], writer and performance artist
*[[Lee Breur]], playwright
*[[Vija Celmins]], artist
*[[Eric Charnov]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Elouise Cobell]], banker
*[[Peter Galison]], historian
*Mark Harrington, AIDS researcher 
*[[Eva Harris]], molecular biologist
*[[Michael Kremer]], economist
*[[Russel Lande]], biologist
*[[Kerry James Marshall]], artist
*[[Nancy Moran]], artist
*[[Han Ong]], playwright
*[[Kathleen Ross]], educator
*[[Pamela Samuelson]], copyright scholar and activist
*[[Susan Stewart]], literary scholar and poet
*[[Elizabeth Streb]], dancer and choreographer
*[[Trimpin]], sound sculptor
*[[Loïc Wacquant]], sociologist
*[[Kara Walker]], artist
*[[David Foster Wallace]], writer and journalist
*[[Andrew Wiles]], mathematician
*[[Brackette Williams]], anthropologist

===1998===
*[[Janine Antoni]], artist
*[[Ida Applebroog]], artist
*[[Ellen Barry]], lawyer
*[[Tim Berners-Lee]], inventor of the world wide web protocol
*[[Linda Bierds]], poet
*[[Bernadette Brooten]], historian
*[[John Carlstrom]], astrophysicist
*[[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]], historian
*[[Nancy Folbre]], economist
*[[Avner Greif]], economist
*[[Kun-Liang Guan]], biochemist
*[[Gary Hill]], artist
*[[Edward Hirsch]], poet, essayist
*[[Ayesha Jalal]], historian
*[[Charles R. Johnson]], writer
*[[Leah Krubitzer]], neuroscientist
*[[Stewart Kwoh]], human rights activist
*[[Charles Lewis (journalist)|Charles Lewis]], journalist
*[[William McDonald]], rancher and conservationist
*[[Peter Miller]], historian
*[[Don Mitchell (geographer)|Don Mitchell]], cultural geographer
*[[Rebecca J. Nelson|Rebecca Nelson]], plant pathologist
*[[Elinor Ochs]], linguistic anthropologist
*[[Ishmael Reed]], poet, essayist, novelist
*[[Benjamin D. Santer]], atmospheric scientist
*[[Karl Sims]], computer scientist and artist
*[[Dorothy Thomas]], human rights activist
*[[Leonard Zeskind]], human rights activist
*[[Mary Zimmerman]], playwright

===1999===
*[[Jillian Banfield]], geologist
*[[Carolyn R. Bertozzi|Carolyn Bertozzi]], chemist
*[[Xu Bing]], printmaker
*[[Bruce G. Blair]], policy analyst
*[[John Bonifaz]], election lawyer and voting rights leader
*[[Shawn Carlson]], educator
*[[Mark Danner]], journalist
*[[Alison L. Des Forges]], human rights activist
*[[Elizabeth Diller]], architect
*[[Saul Friedländer]], historian
*[[Jennifer Gordon]], lawyer
*[[David Hillis]], biologist
*[[Sara Horowitz]], lawyer
*[[Jacqueline Jones]], historian
*[[Laura Kiessling]], biochemist
*[[Leslie Kurke]], scholar
*[[David Levering Lewis]], biographer and historian
*[[Juan Maldacena]], physicist
*[[Gay J. McDougall]], human rights lawyer
*[[Campbell McGrath]], poet
*[[Denny Moore]], anthropological linguist
*[[Elizabeth Murray]], artist
*[[Pepon Osorio]], artist
*[[Ricardo Scofidio]], architect
*[[Peter Shor]], computer scientist
*[[Eva Silverstein]], physicist
*[[Wilma Subra]], scientist
*[[Ken Vandermark]], [[saxophonist]], [[composer]]
*[[Naomi Wallace]], playwright
*[[Jeffrey Weeks (mathematician)|Jeffrey Weeks]], mathematician
*[[Fred Wilson (artist)|Fred Wilson]], artist
*[[Ofelia Zepeda]], linguist

===2000===
*[[Susan E. Alcock]], archaeologist
*[[K. Christopher Beard]], paleontologist
*[[Lucy Blake]], conservationist
*[[Anne Carson]], poet
*[[Peter Hayes (nuclear activist)|Peter Hayes]], energy policy activist
*[[David Isay]], radio producer
*[[Alfredo Jaar]], photographer
*[[Ben Katchor]], graphic novelist
*[[Hideo Mabuchi]], physicist
*[[Susan Marshall]], choreographer
*[[Samuel Mockbee]], architect
*[[Cecilia Muñoz]], civil rights activist
*[[Margaret Murnane]], optical physicist
*[[Laura Otis]], scholar
*[[Lucia Perillo]], poet
*[[Matthew Rabin]], economist
*[[Carl Safina]], marine conservationist
*[[Daniel Schrag]], geochemist
*[[Susan Sygall]], civil rights leader
*[[Gina Turrigiano]], neuroscientist
*[[Gary Urton]], anthropologist
*[[Patricia J. Williams]], legal scholar
*[[Deborah Willis]], historian of photography
*[[Erik Winfree]], scientist
*[[Horng-Tzer Yau]], mathematician

===2001===
*[[Danielle Allen]], classicist
*[[Andrea Barrett]], writer
*[[Christopher Chyba]], astrobiologist
*[[Michael Dickinson (biologist)|Michael Dickinson]], fly biologist/bioengineer
*[[Rosanne Haggerty]], housing and community development leader
*[[Lene Hau]], physicist
*[[Dave Hickey]], art critic
*[[Stephen Hough]], pianist
*[[Kay Redfield Jamison]], psychologist
*[[Sandra Lanham]], pilot and conservationist
*[[Todd Martinez]], theoretical chemist
*[[Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle]], artist
*[[Cynthia Moss]], natural historian
*[[Dirk Obbink]], classicist and papyrologist
*[[Norman Pace]], biochemist
*[[Suzan-Lori Parks]], playwright
*[[Brooks Pate]], physical chemist
*[[Xiao Qiang]], human rights leader
*[[Geraldine Seydoux]], molecular biologist
*[[Bright Sheng]], composer
*[[David Spergel]], astrophysicist
*[[Jean Strouse]], biographer
*[[Julie Su]], human rights lawyer
*[[David Wilson]], creator of The [[Museum of Jurassic Technology]]

===2002===
*[[Bonnie Bassler]], molecular biologist
*[[Ann Blair]], intellectual historian
*[[Katherine Boo]], Journalist
*[[Paul Ginsparg]], physicist
*[[David B. Goldstein]], energy conservation specialist
*[[Karen Hesse]], writer
*[[Janine Jagger]], epidemiologist
*[[Daniel Jurafsky]], computer scientist and linguist
*[[Toba Khedoori]], artist
*[[Liz Lerman]], choreographer
*[[George Lewis (trombonist)|George Lewis]], trombonist
*[[Liza Lou]], artist
*[[Edgar Meyer]], bassist and composer
*[[Jack Miles]], writer and Biblical scholar
*[[Erik Mueggler]], anthropologist and ethnographer
*[[Sendhil Mullainathan]], economist
*[[Stanley Nelson]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Lee Ann Newsom]], paleoethnobotanist
*[[Daniela Rus]], computer scientist
*[[Charles Steidel]], astronomer
*[[Brian Tucker]], seismologist
*[[Camilo José Vergara]], photographer
*[[Paul Wennberg]], atmospheric chemist
*[[Colson Whitehead]], writer

===2003===
*[[Guillermo Algaze]], archaeologist
*[[James J. Collins]], biomedical engineer
*[[Lydia Davis]], writer
*[[Erik Demaine]], [[Computer_science#Theoretical_computer_science|theoretical computer scientist]]
*[[Corinne Dufka]], human rights researcher
*[[Peter Gleick]], conservation analyst
*[[Osvaldo Golijov]], composer
*[[Deborah Jin]], physicist
*[[Angela Johnson (writer)|Angela Johnson]], writer
*[[Tom Joyce]], blacksmith
*[[Sarah H. Kagan]], nurse
*[[Ned Kahn]], graphic artist
*[[Jim Kim | Jim Yong Kim]], physician
*[[Nawal Nour]], physician
*[[Loren Rieseberg]], botanist
*[[Amy Rosenzweig]], biochemist
*[[Pedro A. Sanchez]], agronomist
*[[Lateefah Simon]], women's advocate
*[[Peter Sis]], illustrator
*[[Sarah Sze]], sculptor
*[[Eve Troutt Powell]], historian
*[[Anders Winroth]], historian
*[[Daisy Youngblood]], ceramic artist
*[[Xiaowei Zhuang]], biophysicist

===2004===
*[[Guillermo Algaze]], anthropologist and archaeologist
*[[Angela Belcher]], materials scientist and engineer
*[[Gretchen Berland]], physician and filmmaker
*[[James Carpenter (artist)|James Carpenter]], artist
*[[Joseph DeRisi]], [[Biologist]]
*[[Katherine Gottlieb]], health care leader
*[[David Green]], technology transfer innovator
*[[Aleksandar Hemon]], writer
*[[Heather Hurst]], archaeological illustrator
*[[Edward P. Jones]], writer
*[[John Kamm]], human rights activist
*[[Daphne Koller]], computer scientist
*[[Naomi Leonard]], engineer
*[[Tommie Lindsey]], school debate coach
*[[Rueben Martinez]], businessman and activist
*[[Maria Mavroudi]], historian
*[[Vamsi Mootha]], clinical [[Molecular biology|molecular biologist]]
*[[Judy Pfaff]], American sculptor
*[[Aminah Robinson]], artist
*[[Reginald Robinson]], pianist and composer
*[[Cheryl Rogowski]], farmer
*[[Amy Smith]], [[inventor]] and [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical engineer]]
*[[Julie Theriot]], [[microbiology|microbiologist]]
*[[C. D. Wright]], poet

===2005===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Marin Alsop]], [[symphony]] [[conducting|conductor]]
*[[Ted Ames]], [[fisherman]]
*[[Terry Belanger]], rare book preservationist
*[[Edet Belzberg]], [[documentary film|Documentary]] [[Filmmaker]]
*[[Majora Carter]], urban revitalization strategist
*[[Lu Chen (Scientist)|Lu Chen]], [[Neuroscientist]]
*[[Michael Cohen]], [[pharmacist]]
*[[Joseph Curtin]], [[violin]]maker
*[[Aaron Dworkin]], music Educator
*[[Teresita Fernandez|Teresita Fernández]], [[sculpture|sculptor]]
*[[Claire Gmachl]], [[quantum cascade laser]] [[engineer]]
*[[Sue Goldie]], [[Physician]] /[[Researcher]]
*[[Steven Goodman]], [[Conservation biology|conservation]] [[biologist]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Pehr Harbury]], [[Biochemist]]
*[[Nicole King]], [[molecular biologist]]
*[[Jon Kleinberg]], [[Computer Scientist]]
*[[Jonathan Lethem]], [[Novelist]]
*[[Michael Manga]], [[Geophysicist]]
*[[Todd Martinez]], Theoretical [[Chemist]]
*[[Julie Mehretu]], [[Painter]]
*[[Kevin M. Murphy]], [[Economist]]
*[[Olufunmilayo Olopade]], clinician/[[researcher]]
*[[Fazal Sheikh]], [[photographer]]
*[[Emily Thompson]], Aural Historian
*[[Michael Walsh (Engineer)|Michael Walsh]], vehicle emissions specialist
{{col-end}}

===2006===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[David Carroll (naturalist)]], [[naturalist]] [[author]]/[[illustrator]]
*[[Regina Carter]], [[jazz]] [[violinist]]
*[[Kenneth C. Catania]], [[neurobiologist]]
*[[Lisa Curran]], tropical forester
*[[Kevin Eggan]], [[biologist]]
*[[James Fruchterman]], [[technologist]]
*[[Atul Gawande]], [[surgeon]] and [[author]]
*[[Linda Griffith]], bioengineer
*[[Victoria Hale]], CEO [[OneWorld Health]]
*[[Adrian Nicole LeBlanc]], [[journalist]] and [[author]]
*[[David Macaulay]], [[author]]/[[illustrator]]
*[[Josiah McElheny]], sculptor
*[[D. Holmes Morton]], physician
{{col-break}}
*[[John A. Rich]], physician
*[[Jennifer Richeson]], social psychologist
*[[Sarah Ruhl]], [[playwright]]
*[[George Saunders]], [[short story]] writer
*[[Anna Schuleit]], commemorative artist
*[[Shahzia Sikander]], painter
*[[Terence Tao]], [[mathematician]]
*[[Claire J. Tomlin]], [[aviation]] engineer
*[[Luis von Ahn]], [[Carnegie Mellon University]] [[computer scientist]]
*[[Edith Widder]], deep-sea explorer
*[[Matias Zaldarriaga]], cosmologist
*[[John Zorn]], [[composer]] and [[musician]]
{{col-end}}

==References in popular culture==
The grant was featured on an episode of the television show ''[[Family Guy]]''; the main character, [[Peter Griffin]], attempted to become a MacArthur Fellow but scored so low on the test that he was deemed [[mentally retarded]]. In reality, applications are not accepted and no tests are performed. Instead, the foundation selects leaders in their respective fields to nominate and select fellows under confidential conditions.

On an episode of ''[[Mad About You]]'', Paul's character receives the call that he had won the "Genius Grant" after his documentary ''Buckman''.

In the televison show ''[[Friends]]'', [[Ross Geller]] dates a character all of whose ex-boyfriends, save one, are Nobel Prize winners. The only one to not win the Nobel Prize was however, a MacArthur Fellow.

[[Stephen Colbert]] talked about the program on the September 20, 2006 episode of ''[[The Colbert Report]]''.

The grant was also a key plot point in the film ''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]''. Frank (played by [[Steve Carell]]) was in contention for the grant vis-a-vis his status as the preeminent [[Marcel Proust]] scholar in the [[United States]]. His key academic and romantic rival usurps him by receiving the grant and Frank's love interest. This is used to establish the complete failure of his life's ambitions.

==External links==
*[http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.959463/k.9D7D/Fellows_Program.htm MacArthur Fellows Program website]

[[Category:Awards]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows|*]]
[[pl:MacArthur Fellowship]]

MacArthur Fellowship

2007-03-30T19:43:55Z

12.106.111.10: /* 1983 */

{{unreferenced|date=December 2006}}
The '''MacArthur Fellows Program''' or '''MacArthur Fellowship''' (sometimes [[nickname]]d the '''"genius grant"''') is an award given by the [[MacArthur Foundation|John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]] each year to typically 20 to 40 citizens or residents of the [[United States|U.S.]], of any age and working in any field, who "show exceptional merit and promise for continued and enhanced creative work." According to the Foundation website, "the fellowship is not a reward for past accomplishment, but rather an investment in a person's originality, insight, and potential." The current amount of the award is $500,000, paid in quarterly installments over five years. There have been 707 [[recipients]] to date.

The Fellowship has no application. People are nominated anonymously, by a body of nominators who submit recommendations to a small selection committee of about a dozen people, also anonymous. The committee then reviews every nominee and passes along their recommendations to the President and the board of directors. The entire process is anonymous and confidential. Most new MacArthur Fellows first learn that they have even been considered when they receive the congratulatory phone call.

==List of MacArthur Fellows==
MacArthur Fellows organized by the year of their awards:

===1981===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[A. R. Ammons]], poet
*[[Joseph Brodsky]], poet
*[[Gregory Chudnovsky|Gregory V. Chudnovsky]], mathematician
*[[Robert Coles]], child psychiatrist
*[[Shelly Errington]], cultural anthropologist
*[[Henry Louis Gates, Jr.]], literary critic
*[[Michael Ghiselin]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Stephen Jay Gould]], paleontology
*[[Ian Graham]], archaeologist
*[[John Imbrie]], climatologist
*[[Elma Lewis]], arts educator
*[[James Alan McPherson]], novelist, writer
*[[Roy Mottahedeh|Roy P. Mottahedeh]], historian
*[[Douglas D. Osheroff]], physicist
*[[Robert Root-Bernstein]], biologist and historian of science
*[[Lawrence Rosen]], attorney and anthropologist
*[[Carl E. Schorske]], intellectual historian
*[[Leslie Marmon Silko]], writer
*[[Derek Walcott]], poet and playwright
*[[Robert Penn Warren]], poet, writer, and literary critic
*[[Stephen Wolfram]], computer scientist and physicist
{{col-break}}
*[[John Cairns (biologist)]], molecular biologist
*[[Joel E. Cohen]], population biologist
*[[Richard Critchfield]], essayist
*[[Howard Gardner]], psychologist
*[[John Gaventa]], sociologist
*[[David Hawkins]], philosopher
*[[John P. Holdren]], arms control and energy analyst
*[[Ada Louise Huxtable]], architectural critic and historian
*[[Robert W. Kates]], geographer
*[[Raphael Carl Lee]], surgeon
*[[Cormac McCarthy]], writer
*[[Barbara McClintock]], geneticist
*[[Richard C. Mulligan]], molecular biologist
*[[Elaine Pagels| Elaine H. Pagels]], historian of religion
*[[David Pingree]], Historian of Science
*[[Paul G. Richards]], seismologist
*[[Richard Rorty]], philosopher
*[[Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.]], astrophysicist
*[[Michael Woodford]], economist
*[[George Zweig]], physicist and neurobiologist
{{col-end}}

===1982===
*[[Fouad Ajami]]
*[[Charles Bigelow (type designer)|Charles A. Bigelow]]
*[[Peter Robert Lamont Brown]]
*[[Robert Darnton]]
*[[Persi Diaconis]]
*[[William Gaddis]]
*[[Ved Mehta]]
*[[Robert Parris Moses]]
*[[Richard A. Muller]]
*[[Conlon Nancarrow]]
*[[Alfonso Ortiz]]
*[[Francesca Rochberg]]
*[[Charles Sabel]]
*[[Ralph Shapey]]
*[[Michael Silverstein]]
*[[Randolph Whitfield, Jr]]
*[[Frank Wilczek]]
*[[Frederick Wiseman]]
*[[Edward Witten]]

===1983===
*[[R. Stephen Berry]]
*[[Philip Curtin]]
*[[William Durham]]
*[[Bradley Efron]]
*[[David Felten]]
*[[Seloma Goitein]]
*[[Ramon Gutierrez]]
*[[Bela Julesz]]
*[[William Kennedy (author)|William Kennedy]]
*[[Leszek Kolakowski]]
*[[Brad Leithauser]]
*[[Lawrence W. Levine]]
*[[Ralph Manheim]], translator
*[[Charles Peskin]]
*[[Julia Robinson]]
*[[John Sayles]]
*[[Peter Sellars]]
*[[Adrian Wilson (book designer)]]
*[[Irene Winter]]
*[[Mark Wrighton]]
*[[Seweryn Bialer]]
*[[William C. Clark]]
*[[Randall Forsberg]]
*[[Alexander L. George]]
*[[Mott Greene]]
*[[John Hopfield]]
*[[Sylvia Law]]
*[[Robert K. Merton]]
*[[Walter Morris]]
*[[A.K. Ramanujan]]
*[[Alice Rivlin]]
*[[Richard Schoen]]
*[[Karen Uhlenbeck]]
*[[Thomas Jorgensen]]

===1984===
*[[George Archibald]]
*[[Ernesto Cortes]]
*[[Robert Hass]]
*[[J. Bryan Hass]]
*[[Robert Irwin (artist)|Robert Irwin]]
*[[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]
*[[Paul Oskar Kristeller]]
*[[Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot]]
*[[Heather Lechtman]]
*[[Michael Lerner (environmentalist)]]
*[[Andrew Lewis]]
*[[Arnold Mandell]]
*[[Matthew Meselson]]
*[[David R. Nelson]]
*[[Michael Piore]]
*[[Judith Shklar]]
*[[Charles Simic]]
*[[David Stuart (Mayanist)|David Stuart]]
*[[John Toews]]
*[[James Turrell]]
*[[Jay Weiss]]
*[[Carl Woese]]
*[[Shelly Bernstein]]
*[[Peter Bickel]]
*[[William Drayton (environmentalist)|William Drayton]]
*[[Sidney Drell]]
*[[Mitchell Feigenbaum]]
*[[Michael Freedman]]
*[[Curtis Hames]]
*[[Shirley Heath]]
*[[Bette Howland]]
*[[Bill Irwin]]
*[[John Fritz]]
*[[Galway Kinnell]]
*[[Henry Kraus]]
*[[Peter Mathews]]
*[[Beaumont Newhall]]
*[[Roger Payne]]
*[[Edward V. Roberts]]
*[[Elliot Sperling]]
*[[Frank Sulloway]]
*[[Alar Toomre]], astrophysicist
*[[Amos Tversky]], cognitive scientist
*[[J. Kirk Varnedoe]]
*[[Bret Wallach]]
*[[Arthur Winfree]]
*[[Billie Young]]

===1985===
*[[Joan Abrahamson]]
*[[John Ashbery]]
*[[John F. Benton]]
*[[Harold Bloom]], literary critic
*[[Valery Chalidze]]
*[[William Cronon]]
*[[Merce Cunningham]], dancer
*[[Jared Diamond]]
*[[Marian Edelman]]
*[[Morton Halperin]]
*[[Robert M. Hayes]]
*[[Edwin Hutchins]]
*[[Sam Maloof]], Woodworker
*[[Andrew McGuire]]
*[[Patrick Noonan]]
*[[George Oster]]
*[[Thomas G. Palaima]]
*[[Peter Raven]]
*[[Jane Richardson]]
*[[Gregory Schopen]]
*[[Franklin Stahl]]
*[[J. Richard Stahl]]
*[[Ellen Stewart]]
*[[Paul Taylor]]
*[[Shing-Tung Yau]]

===1986===
*[[Paul Adams (scientist)|Paul Adams]]
*[[Milton Babbitt]]
*[[Christopher Beckwith]]
*[[Richard Benson]]
*[[Lester Brown]]
*[[Caroline Bynum]]
*[[William A. Christian]]
*[[Nancy Farriss]]
*[[Benedict Gross]]
*[[Daryl Hine]]
*[[John Horner]]
*[[Thomas Joe]]
*[[David Keightley]]
*[[Albert Libchaber]]
*[[David Page]]
*[[George Perle]]
*[[James Randi]]
*[[David Rudovsky]]
*[[Robert Shapley]]
*[[Leo Steinberg]]
*[[Richard Turco]]
*[[Thomas Whiteside]]
*[[Allan Wilson]]
*[[Jay Wright (poet)|Jay Wright]]
*[[Charles Wuorinen]]

===1987===
*[[Walter Abish]]
*[[Robert Axelrod]]
*[[Robert Coleman]]
*[[Douglas Crase]]
*[[Daniel Friedan]]
*[[David Gross]]
*[[Ira Herskowitz]]
*[[Irving Howe]]
*[[Wesley Jacobs]]
*[[Peter Jeffery]]
*[[Horace Judson]]
*[[Stuart Kauffman]]
*[[Richard Kenney]]
*[[Eric Lander]]
*[[Michael C. Malin|Michael Malin]]
*[[Deborah Meier]]
*[[Arnaldo Momigliano]]
*[[David Mumford]]
*[[Tina Rosenberg]]
*[[David Rumelhart]]
*[[Robert Sapolsky]]
*[[Meyer Shapiro]]
*[[John H. Schwarz]]
*[[Jon Seger]]
*[[Stephen Shenker]]
*[[David Dean Shulman]]
*[[Muriel Snowden]]
*[[Mark Strand]]
*[[May Swenson]]
*[[Huynh Thong]]
*[[William Julius Wilson]]
*[[Richard Wrangham]]
*[[Joe Mama]]

===1988===
*[[Charles Archambeau]]
*[[Michael Baxandall]]
*[[Ruth Behar]]
*[[Ran Blake]]
*[[Charles Burnett (director)|Charles Burnett]]
*[[Philip DeVries]]
*[[Andre Dubus]], writer
*[[Helen Edwards]]
*[[Jon Else]]
*[[John Fleagle]]
*[[Cornell Fleischer]], Middle Eastern historian and scholar
*[[Getatchew Haile]]
*[[Raymond Jeanloz]]
*[[Marvin Kahl]]
*[[Naomi Pierce]]
*[[Thomas Pynchon]], novelist
*[[Stephen J. Pyne]]
*[[Max Roach]]
*[[Paul Roldan]]
*[[Anna Roosevelt]]
*[[David Rosenberg]]
*[[Susan Rotroff]]
*[[Bruce Schwartz]]
*[[Robert S. Shaw]]
*[[Jonathan Spence]]
*[[Noel Swerdlow]]
*[[Gary Tomlinson]]
*[[Alan Walker (academic)|Alan Walker]]
*[[Eddie Williams]]
*[[Rita Wright]]
*[[Garth Youngberg]]

===1989===
*[[Anthony Amsterdam]], attorney and legal scholar
*[[Byllye Avery]], women's healtcare leader
*[[Alvin Bronstein]], human rights lawyer
*[[Leo Buss]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Jay Cantor]], writer
*[[George Davis]], environmental policy analyst
*[[Allen Grossman]], poet
*[[John Harbison]], composer and conductor
*[[Keith Hefner]], journalist and educator
*[[Ralf Hotchkiss]], rehabilitation engineer
*[[John Rice Irwin]], curator and cultural preservationist
*[[Daniel Janzen]], ecologist
*[[Bernice Johnson Reagon]], music historian, composer, and vocalist
*[[Aaron Lansky]], cultural preservationist
*[[Jennifer Moody]], archaeologist and anthropologist
*[[Errol Morris]], filmmaker
*[[Vivian Paley]], educator and writer
*[[Richard Powers]], novelist
*[[Martin Puryear]], sculptor
*[[Theodre Rosengarten]], historian
*[[Margaret W. Rossiter]], historian of science
*[[George Russell]], composer and music theorist
*[[Pam Solo]], arms control analyst
*[[Ellendea Proffer Teasley]], translator and publisher
*[[Clair Van Vliet]], book artist
*[[Baldemar Velasquez]], farm labor leader
*[[Bill Viola]], video artist
*[[Eliot Wigginton]], educator
*[[Patricia Wright]], primatologist

===1990===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[John Christian Bailar]], biostatistician
*[[Martha Clarke]], theater director
*[[Jacques d'Amboise]], dance educator
*[[Guy Davenport]], writer and critic
*[[Lisa Delpit]], education reform leader
*[[John Eaton (composer)|John Eaton]], composer
*[[Paul R. Ehrlich]], population biologist
*[[Charlotte Erickson]], historian
*[[Lee Friedlander]], photographer
*[[Margaret Geller]], astrophysicist
*[[Jorie Graham]], poet
*[[Patricia Hampl]], writer
*[[John Hollander]], poet and literary critic
*[[Thomas Cleveland Holt]], social and cultural historian
*[[David Kazhdan]], mathematician
*[[Calvin King]], land and farm development specialist
*[[M. A. R. Koehl]], marine biologist
*[[Nancy Kopell]], mathematician
{{col-break}}
*[[Michael Moschen]], performance artist
*[[Gary Nabhan]], ethnobotanist
*[[Sherry Ortner]], anthropologist
*[[Otis Pitts]], community development leader
*[[Yvonne Rainer]], filmmaker and choreographer
*[[Michael Schudson]], sociologist
*[[Rebecca J. Scott]], historian
*[[Marc Shell]], scholar
*[[Susan Sontag]], photographer, writer
*[[Richard Stallman]], Free Software Foundation founder, [[Copyleft]] concept inventor
*[[Guy Tudor]], conservationist
*[[Maria Varela]], community development leader
*[[Gregory Vlastos]], classicist and philosopher
*[[Kent Whealy]], preservationist
*[[Eric Wolf]], anthropologist
*[[Sidney Wolfe]], physician
*[[Robert Woodson]], community development leader
*[[Jose Zalaquett]], human rights lawyer
{{col-end}}

===1991===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Jacqueline Barton]], biophysical chemist
*[[Paul Berman]], journalist
*[[James Blinn]], computer animator
*[[Taylor Branch]], social historian
*[[Trisha Brown]], choreographer
*[[Mari Jo Buhle]], American historian
*[[Patricia Churchland]], philosopher
*[[David Donoho]], statistician
*[[Steven Feld]], anthropologist
*[[Alice Fulton]], poet
*[[Guillermo Gómez-Peña]], writer and artist
*[[Jerzy Grotowski]], theater director
*[[David Hammons]], artist
*[[Sophia Harris]], child care leader
*[[Lewis Hyde]], writer
*[[Ali Akbar Khan]], musician
{{col-break}}
*[[Sergiu Klainerman]], mathematician
*[[Martin Kreitman]], geneticist
*[[Harlan Lane]], psychologist and linguist
*[[William Linder]], community development leader
*[[Patricia Locke]], tribal rights leader
*[[Mark Morris]], choreographer and dancer
*[[Marcel Ophuls]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Arnold Rampersad]], biographer and literary critic
*[[Gunther Schuller]], composer, conductor, jazz historian
*[[Joel Schwartz]], epidemiologist
*[[Cecil Taylor]], jazz pianist and composer
*[[Julie Taymor]], theater director
*[[David Werner]], health care leader
*[[James Westphal]], engineer and scientist
*[[Eleanor Wilner]], poet
{{col-end}}

===1992===
*[[Janet Benshoof]], attorney
*[[Robert Blackburn (artist)|Robert Blackburn]], printmaker
*[[Unita Blackwell]], civil rights leader
*[[Lorna Bourg]], rural development leader
*[[Stanley Cavell]], philosopher
*[[Amy Clampitt]], poet
*[[Ingrid Daubechies]], mathematician
*[[Wendy Ewald]], photographer
*[[Irving Feldman]], poet
*[[Barbara Fields]], historian
*[[Robert Hall]], journalist
*[[Ann Hanson]], historian
*[[John Henry Holland]], computer scientist
*[[Wes Jackson]], agronomist
*[[Evelyn Keller]], historian and philosopher of science
*[[Steve Lacy]], saxophonist and composer
*[[Suzanne Lebsock]], social historian
*[[Sharon Long]], plant biologist
*[[Norman Manea]], writer
*[[Paule Marshall]], writer
*[[Michael Massing]], journalist
*[[Robert McCabe]], educator
*[[Susan Meiselas]], photojournalist
*[[Amalia Mesa-Bains]], artist and cultural critic
*[[Stephen Schneider]], climatologist
*[[Joanna Scott]], writer
*[[John T. Scott]], artist
*[[John Terborgh]], conservation biologist
*[[Twyla Tharp]], dancer and choreographer
*[[Philip Treisman]], mathematics educator
*[[Laurel Thatcher Ulrich]], historian
*[[Geerat J. Vermeij]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Gunter Wagner]], developmental biologist

===1993===
*[[Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)|Nancy Cartwright]], philosopher
*[[Demetrios Christodoulou]], mathematician and physicist
*[[Maria Crawford]], geologist
*[[Stanley Crouch]], jazz critic and writer
*[[Nora England]], anthropological linguist
*[[Paul Farmer]], medical anthropologist
*[[Victoria Foe]], developmental biologist
*[[Ernest Gaines]], writer
*[[Pedro Greer]], physician
*[[Thom Gunn]], poet and literary critic
*[[Ann Hamilton]], artist
*[[Sokoni Karanja]], child and family development specialist
*[[Ann Lauterbach]], poet and literary critic
*[[Stephen Lee (chemist)|Stephen Lee]], chemist
*[[Carol Levine]], AIDS policy specialist
*[[Amory Lovins]], physicist, environmentalist, co-CEO of the Rocky Mountain Institute
*[[Jane Lubchenco]], marine biologist
*[[Ruth Lubic]], nurse / midwife
*[[Jim Powell]], poet and translator
*[[Margie Profet]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Thomas Scanlon]], philosopher
*[[Aaron Shirley]], health care leader
*[[William Siemering]], journalist and radio producer
*[[Ellen Silbergeld]], biologist
*[[Leonard van der Kuijp]], philologist and historian
*[[Frank von Hippel]], arms control and energy analyst
*[[John Wideman]], writer
*[[Heather Williams]], biologist and orinthologist
*[[Marion Williams]], gospel music performer
*[[Robert H. Williams]], physicis and energy analyst
*[[Henry T. Wright]], archaeologist and anthropologist

===1994===
*[[Robert Adams (photographer)|Robert Adams]], photographer
*[[Jeraldyne Blunden]], choreographer
*[[Anthony Braxton]] ([[Avant-Garde]] [[composer]] and [[musician]])
*[[Roger Brubaker]], sociologist
*[[Ornette Coleman]], jazz performer and composer
*[[Israel Gelfand]], mathematician and biologist
*[[Faye Ginsburg]], anthropologist
*[[Heidi Hartmann]], economist
*[[Bill T. Jones]] ([[dancer]] and [[choreographer]])
*[[Peter E. Kenmore]], agricultural entomologist
*[[Joseph E. Marshall]], educator
*[[Carolyn McKecuen]], economic development leader
*[[Donella Meadows]], writer
*[[Arthur Mitchell (dancer)|Arthur Mitchell]], choreogrpher
*[[Hugo Morales (radio)|Hugo Morales]], radio producer
*[[Janine Pease]], educator
*[[Willie Reale]], theater arts educator
*[[Adrienne Rich]], poet and writer
*[[Sam-Ang Sam]], musician and cultural preservationist
*[[Jack Wisdom]], physicist

===1995===
*[[Allison Anders]], filmmaker
*[[Jed Z. Buchwald]], historian
*[[Octavia Butler]], science fiction novelist
*[[Sandra Cisneros]], writer and poet
*[[Sandy Close]], journalist
*[[Frederick C. Cuny]], disaster relief specialist
*[[Sharon Emerson]], biologist
*[[Richard Foreman]], theater director
*[[Alma Guillermoprieto]], journalist
*[[Virginia Hamilton]], writer
*[[Donald Hopkins]], physician
*[[Susan W. Kieffer]], geologist
*[[Elizabeth LeCompte]], theater director
*[[Patricia Nelson Limerick]], historian
*[[Michael Marletta]], chemist
*[[Pamela Matson]], ecologist
*[[Susan McClary]], musicologist
*[[Meredith Monk]], vocalist, composer, director
*[[Rosalin P. Petchesky]], political scientist
*[[Joel Rogers]], political scientist
*[[Cindy Sherman]], photographer
*[[Bryan Stevenson]], human rights lawyer
*[[Nicholas Strausfeld]], neurobiologist
*[[Richard White (historian)|Richard White]], historian

===1996===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[James Angel]], astronomer
*[[Joaquin Avila]], voting rights advocate
*[[Allan Berube]], historian
*[[Barbara Block]], marine biologist
*[[Joan Connely]], archeologist
*[[Thomas Daniel]], biologist
*[[Martin Daniel Eakes]], economic development strategist
*[[Rebecca Goldstein]], writer
*[[Robert Greenstein]], public policy analyst
*[[Richard Howard]], poet
{{col-break}}
*[[John Jesurun]], playwright
*[[Richard Lenski]], biologist
*[[Louis Massiah]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Vonnie McLoyd]], developmental psychologist
*[[Thylias Moss]], poet and writer
*[[Eiko Otake]] & [[Koma Otake]], dancers, choreographers
*[[Nathan Seiberg]], physicist
*[[Anna Deavere Smith]], playwright/journalist/actress
*[[Dorothy Stoneman]], educator
*[[William E. Strickland]], art educator
{{col-end}}

===1997===
*[[Luis Alfaro]], writer and performance artist
*[[Lee Breur]], playwright
*[[Vija Celmins]], artist
*[[Eric Charnov]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Elouise Cobell]], banker
*[[Peter Galison]], historian
*Mark Harrington, AIDS researcher 
*[[Eva Harris]], molecular biologist
*[[Michael Kremer]], economist
*[[Russel Lande]], biologist
*[[Kerry James Marshall]], artist
*[[Nancy Moran]], artist
*[[Han Ong]], playwright
*[[Kathleen Ross]], educator
*[[Pamela Samuelson]], copyright scholar and activist
*[[Susan Stewart]], literary scholar and poet
*[[Elizabeth Streb]], dancer and choreographer
*[[Trimpin]], sound sculptor
*[[Loïc Wacquant]], sociologist
*[[Kara Walker]], artist
*[[David Foster Wallace]], writer and journalist
*[[Andrew Wiles]], mathematician
*[[Brackette Williams]], anthropologist

===1998===
*[[Janine Antoni]], artist
*[[Ida Applebroog]], artist
*[[Ellen Barry]], lawyer
*[[Tim Berners-Lee]], inventor of the world wide web protocol
*[[Linda Bierds]], poet
*[[Bernadette Brooten]], historian
*[[John Carlstrom]], astrophysicist
*[[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]], historian
*[[Nancy Folbre]], economist
*[[Avner Greif]], economist
*[[Kun-Liang Guan]], biochemist
*[[Gary Hill]], artist
*[[Edward Hirsch]], poet, essayist
*[[Ayesha Jalal]], historian
*[[Charles R. Johnson]], writer
*[[Leah Krubitzer]], neuroscientist
*[[Stewart Kwoh]], human rights activist
*[[Charles Lewis (journalist)|Charles Lewis]], journalist
*[[William McDonald]], rancher and conservationist
*[[Peter Miller]], historian
*[[Don Mitchell (geographer)|Don Mitchell]], cultural geographer
*[[Rebecca J. Nelson|Rebecca Nelson]], plant pathologist
*[[Elinor Ochs]], linguistic anthropologist
*[[Ishmael Reed]], poet, essayist, novelist
*[[Benjamin D. Santer]], atmospheric scientist
*[[Karl Sims]], computer scientist and artist
*[[Dorothy Thomas]], human rights activist
*[[Leonard Zeskind]], human rights activist
*[[Mary Zimmerman]], playwright

===1999===
*[[Jillian Banfield]], geologist
*[[Carolyn R. Bertozzi|Carolyn Bertozzi]], chemist
*[[Xu Bing]], printmaker
*[[Bruce G. Blair]], policy analyst
*[[John Bonifaz]], election lawyer and voting rights leader
*[[Shawn Carlson]], educator
*[[Mark Danner]], journalist
*[[Alison L. Des Forges]], human rights activist
*[[Elizabeth Diller]], architect
*[[Saul Friedländer]], historian
*[[Jennifer Gordon]], lawyer
*[[David Hillis]], biologist
*[[Sara Horowitz]], lawyer
*[[Jacqueline Jones]], historian
*[[Laura Kiessling]], biochemist
*[[Leslie Kurke]], scholar
*[[David Levering Lewis]], biographer and historian
*[[Juan Maldacena]], physicist
*[[Gay J. McDougall]], human rights lawyer
*[[Campbell McGrath]], poet
*[[Denny Moore]], anthropological linguist
*[[Elizabeth Murray]], artist
*[[Pepon Osorio]], artist
*[[Ricardo Scofidio]], architect
*[[Peter Shor]], computer scientist
*[[Eva Silverstein]], physicist
*[[Wilma Subra]], scientist
*[[Ken Vandermark]], [[saxophonist]], [[composer]]
*[[Naomi Wallace]], playwright
*[[Jeffrey Weeks (mathematician)|Jeffrey Weeks]], mathematician
*[[Fred Wilson (artist)|Fred Wilson]], artist
*[[Ofelia Zepeda]], linguist

===2000===
*[[Susan E. Alcock]], archaeologist
*[[K. Christopher Beard]], paleontologist
*[[Lucy Blake]], conservationist
*[[Anne Carson]], poet
*[[Peter Hayes (nuclear activist)|Peter Hayes]], energy policy activist
*[[David Isay]], radio producer
*[[Alfredo Jaar]], photographer
*[[Ben Katchor]], graphic novelist
*[[Hideo Mabuchi]], physicist
*[[Susan Marshall]], choreographer
*[[Samuel Mockbee]], architect
*[[Cecilia Muñoz]], civil rights activist
*[[Margaret Murnane]], optical physicist
*[[Laura Otis]], scholar
*[[Lucia Perillo]], poet
*[[Matthew Rabin]], economist
*[[Carl Safina]], marine conservationist
*[[Daniel Schrag]], geochemist
*[[Susan Sygall]], civil rights leader
*[[Gina Turrigiano]], neuroscientist
*[[Gary Urton]], anthropologist
*[[Patricia J. Williams]], legal scholar
*[[Deborah Willis]], historian of photography
*[[Erik Winfree]], scientist
*[[Horng-Tzer Yau]], mathematician

===2001===
*[[Danielle Allen]], classicist
*[[Andrea Barrett]], writer
*[[Christopher Chyba]], astrobiologist
*[[Michael Dickinson (biologist)|Michael Dickinson]], fly biologist/bioengineer
*[[Rosanne Haggerty]], housing and community development leader
*[[Lene Hau]], physicist
*[[Dave Hickey]], art critic
*[[Stephen Hough]], pianist
*[[Kay Redfield Jamison]], psychologist
*[[Sandra Lanham]], pilot and conservationist
*[[Todd Martinez]], theoretical chemist
*[[Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle]], artist
*[[Cynthia Moss]], natural historian
*[[Dirk Obbink]], classicist and papyrologist
*[[Norman Pace]], biochemist
*[[Suzan-Lori Parks]], playwright
*[[Brooks Pate]], physical chemist
*[[Xiao Qiang]], human rights leader
*[[Geraldine Seydoux]], molecular biologist
*[[Bright Sheng]], composer
*[[David Spergel]], astrophysicist
*[[Jean Strouse]], biographer
*[[Julie Su]], human rights lawyer
*[[David Wilson]], creator of The [[Museum of Jurassic Technology]]

===2002===
*[[Bonnie Bassler]], molecular biologist
*[[Ann Blair]], intellectual historian
*[[Katherine Boo]], Journalist
*[[Paul Ginsparg]], physicist
*[[David B. Goldstein]], energy conservation specialist
*[[Karen Hesse]], writer
*[[Janine Jagger]], epidemiologist
*[[Daniel Jurafsky]], computer scientist and linguist
*[[Toba Khedoori]], artist
*[[Liz Lerman]], choreographer
*[[George Lewis (trombonist)|George Lewis]], trombonist
*[[Liza Lou]], artist
*[[Edgar Meyer]], bassist and composer
*[[Jack Miles]], writer and Biblical scholar
*[[Erik Mueggler]], anthropologist and ethnographer
*[[Sendhil Mullainathan]], economist
*[[Stanley Nelson]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Lee Ann Newsom]], paleoethnobotanist
*[[Daniela Rus]], computer scientist
*[[Charles Steidel]], astronomer
*[[Brian Tucker]], seismologist
*[[Camilo José Vergara]], photographer
*[[Paul Wennberg]], atmospheric chemist
*[[Colson Whitehead]], writer

===2003===
*[[Guillermo Algaze]], archaeologist
*[[James J. Collins]], biomedical engineer
*[[Lydia Davis]], writer
*[[Erik Demaine]], [[Computer_science#Theoretical_computer_science|theoretical computer scientist]]
*[[Corinne Dufka]], human rights researcher
*[[Peter Gleick]], conservation analyst
*[[Osvaldo Golijov]], composer
*[[Deborah Jin]], physicist
*[[Angela Johnson (writer)|Angela Johnson]], writer
*[[Tom Joyce]], blacksmith
*[[Sarah H. Kagan]], nurse
*[[Ned Kahn]], graphic artist
*[[Jim Kim | Jim Yong Kim]], physician
*[[Nawal Nour]], physician
*[[Loren Rieseberg]], botanist
*[[Amy Rosenzweig]], biochemist
*[[Pedro A. Sanchez]], agronomist
*[[Lateefah Simon]], women's advocate
*[[Peter Sis]], illustrator
*[[Sarah Sze]], sculptor
*[[Eve Troutt Powell]], historian
*[[Anders Winroth]], historian
*[[Daisy Youngblood]], ceramic artist
*[[Xiaowei Zhuang]], biophysicist

===2004===
*[[Guillermo Algaze]], anthropologist and archaeologist
*[[Angela Belcher]], materials scientist and engineer
*[[Gretchen Berland]], physician and filmmaker
*[[James Carpenter (artist)|James Carpenter]], artist
*[[Joseph DeRisi]], [[Biologist]]
*[[Katherine Gottlieb]], health care leader
*[[David Green]], technology transfer innovator
*[[Aleksandar Hemon]], writer
*[[Heather Hurst]], archaeological illustrator
*[[Edward P. Jones]], writer
*[[John Kamm]], human rights activist
*[[Daphne Koller]], computer scientist
*[[Naomi Leonard]], engineer
*[[Tommie Lindsey]], school debate coach
*[[Rueben Martinez]], businessman and activist
*[[Maria Mavroudi]], historian
*[[Vamsi Mootha]], clinical [[Molecular biology|molecular biologist]]
*[[Judy Pfaff]], American sculptor
*[[Aminah Robinson]], artist
*[[Reginald Robinson]], pianist and composer
*[[Cheryl Rogowski]], farmer
*[[Amy Smith]], [[inventor]] and [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical engineer]]
*[[Julie Theriot]], [[microbiology|microbiologist]]
*[[C. D. Wright]], poet

===2005===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Marin Alsop]], [[symphony]] [[conducting|conductor]]
*[[Ted Ames]], [[fisherman]]
*[[Terry Belanger]], rare book preservationist
*[[Edet Belzberg]], [[documentary film|Documentary]] [[Filmmaker]]
*[[Majora Carter]], urban revitalization strategist
*[[Lu Chen (Scientist)|Lu Chen]], [[Neuroscientist]]
*[[Michael Cohen]], [[pharmacist]]
*[[Joseph Curtin]], [[violin]]maker
*[[Aaron Dworkin]], music Educator
*[[Teresita Fernandez|Teresita Fernández]], [[sculpture|sculptor]]
*[[Claire Gmachl]], [[quantum cascade laser]] [[engineer]]
*[[Sue Goldie]], [[Physician]] /[[Researcher]]
*[[Steven Goodman]], [[Conservation biology|conservation]] [[biologist]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Pehr Harbury]], [[Biochemist]]
*[[Nicole King]], [[molecular biologist]]
*[[Jon Kleinberg]], [[Computer Scientist]]
*[[Jonathan Lethem]], [[Novelist]]
*[[Michael Manga]], [[Geophysicist]]
*[[Todd Martinez]], Theoretical [[Chemist]]
*[[Julie Mehretu]], [[Painter]]
*[[Kevin M. Murphy]], [[Economist]]
*[[Olufunmilayo Olopade]], clinician/[[researcher]]
*[[Fazal Sheikh]], [[photographer]]
*[[Emily Thompson]], Aural Historian
*[[Michael Walsh (Engineer)|Michael Walsh]], vehicle emissions specialist
{{col-end}}

===2006===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[David Carroll (naturalist)]], [[naturalist]] [[author]]/[[illustrator]]
*[[Regina Carter]], [[jazz]] [[violinist]]
*[[Kenneth C. Catania]], [[neurobiologist]]
*[[Lisa Curran]], tropical forester
*[[Kevin Eggan]], [[biologist]]
*[[James Fruchterman]], [[technologist]]
*[[Atul Gawande]], [[surgeon]] and [[author]]
*[[Linda Griffith]], bioengineer
*[[Victoria Hale]], CEO [[OneWorld Health]]
*[[Adrian Nicole LeBlanc]], [[journalist]] and [[author]]
*[[David Macaulay]], [[author]]/[[illustrator]]
*[[Josiah McElheny]], sculptor
*[[D. Holmes Morton]], physician
{{col-break}}
*[[John A. Rich]], physician
*[[Jennifer Richeson]], social psychologist
*[[Sarah Ruhl]], [[playwright]]
*[[George Saunders]], [[short story]] writer
*[[Anna Schuleit]], commemorative artist
*[[Shahzia Sikander]], painter
*[[Terence Tao]], [[mathematician]]
*[[Claire J. Tomlin]], [[aviation]] engineer
*[[Luis von Ahn]], [[Carnegie Mellon University]] [[computer scientist]]
*[[Edith Widder]], deep-sea explorer
*[[Matias Zaldarriaga]], cosmologist
*[[John Zorn]], [[composer]] and [[musician]]
{{col-end}}

==References in popular culture==
The grant was featured on an episode of the television show ''[[Family Guy]]''; the main character, [[Peter Griffin]], attempted to become a MacArthur Fellow but scored so low on the test that he was deemed [[mentally retarded]]. In reality, applications are not accepted and no tests are performed. Instead, the foundation selects leaders in their respective fields to nominate and select fellows under confidential conditions.

On an episode of ''[[Mad About You]]'', Paul's character receives the call that he had won the "Genius Grant" after his documentary ''Buckman''.

In the televison show ''[[Friends]]'', [[Ross Geller]] dates a character all of whose ex-boyfriends, save one, are Nobel Prize winners. The only one to not win the Nobel Prize was however, a MacArthur Fellow.

[[Stephen Colbert]] talked about the program on the September 20, 2006 episode of ''[[The Colbert Report]]''.

The grant was also a key plot point in the film ''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]''. Frank (played by [[Steve Carell]]) was in contention for the grant vis-a-vis his status as the preeminent [[Marcel Proust]] scholar in the [[United States]]. His key academic and romantic rival usurps him by receiving the grant and Frank's love interest. This is used to establish the complete failure of his life's ambitions.

==External links==
*[http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.959463/k.9D7D/Fellows_Program.htm MacArthur Fellows Program website]

[[Category:Awards]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows|*]]
[[pl:MacArthur Fellowship]]

MacArthur Fellowship

2007-03-30T19:42:57Z

12.106.111.10: /* 1984 */

{{unreferenced|date=December 2006}}
The '''MacArthur Fellows Program''' or '''MacArthur Fellowship''' (sometimes [[nickname]]d the '''"genius grant"''') is an award given by the [[MacArthur Foundation|John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]] each year to typically 20 to 40 citizens or residents of the [[United States|U.S.]], of any age and working in any field, who "show exceptional merit and promise for continued and enhanced creative work." According to the Foundation website, "the fellowship is not a reward for past accomplishment, but rather an investment in a person's originality, insight, and potential." The current amount of the award is $500,000, paid in quarterly installments over five years. There have been 707 [[recipients]] to date.

The Fellowship has no application. People are nominated anonymously, by a body of nominators who submit recommendations to a small selection committee of about a dozen people, also anonymous. The committee then reviews every nominee and passes along their recommendations to the President and the board of directors. The entire process is anonymous and confidential. Most new MacArthur Fellows first learn that they have even been considered when they receive the congratulatory phone call.

==List of MacArthur Fellows==
MacArthur Fellows organized by the year of their awards:

===1981===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[A. R. Ammons]], poet
*[[Joseph Brodsky]], poet
*[[Gregory Chudnovsky|Gregory V. Chudnovsky]], mathematician
*[[Robert Coles]], child psychiatrist
*[[Shelly Errington]], cultural anthropologist
*[[Henry Louis Gates, Jr.]], literary critic
*[[Michael Ghiselin]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Stephen Jay Gould]], paleontology
*[[Ian Graham]], archaeologist
*[[John Imbrie]], climatologist
*[[Elma Lewis]], arts educator
*[[James Alan McPherson]], novelist, writer
*[[Roy Mottahedeh|Roy P. Mottahedeh]], historian
*[[Douglas D. Osheroff]], physicist
*[[Robert Root-Bernstein]], biologist and historian of science
*[[Lawrence Rosen]], attorney and anthropologist
*[[Carl E. Schorske]], intellectual historian
*[[Leslie Marmon Silko]], writer
*[[Derek Walcott]], poet and playwright
*[[Robert Penn Warren]], poet, writer, and literary critic
*[[Stephen Wolfram]], computer scientist and physicist
{{col-break}}
*[[John Cairns (biologist)]], molecular biologist
*[[Joel E. Cohen]], population biologist
*[[Richard Critchfield]], essayist
*[[Howard Gardner]], psychologist
*[[John Gaventa]], sociologist
*[[David Hawkins]], philosopher
*[[John P. Holdren]], arms control and energy analyst
*[[Ada Louise Huxtable]], architectural critic and historian
*[[Robert W. Kates]], geographer
*[[Raphael Carl Lee]], surgeon
*[[Cormac McCarthy]], writer
*[[Barbara McClintock]], geneticist
*[[Richard C. Mulligan]], molecular biologist
*[[Elaine Pagels| Elaine H. Pagels]], historian of religion
*[[David Pingree]], Historian of Science
*[[Paul G. Richards]], seismologist
*[[Richard Rorty]], philosopher
*[[Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.]], astrophysicist
*[[Michael Woodford]], economist
*[[George Zweig]], physicist and neurobiologist
{{col-end}}

===1982===
*[[Fouad Ajami]]
*[[Charles Bigelow (type designer)|Charles A. Bigelow]]
*[[Peter Robert Lamont Brown]]
*[[Robert Darnton]]
*[[Persi Diaconis]]
*[[William Gaddis]]
*[[Ved Mehta]]
*[[Robert Parris Moses]]
*[[Richard A. Muller]]
*[[Conlon Nancarrow]]
*[[Alfonso Ortiz]]
*[[Francesca Rochberg]]
*[[Charles Sabel]]
*[[Ralph Shapey]]
*[[Michael Silverstein]]
*[[Randolph Whitfield, Jr]]
*[[Frank Wilczek]]
*[[Frederick Wiseman]]
*[[Edward Witten]]

===1983===
*[[R. Stephen Berry]]
*[[Philip Curtin]]
*[[William Durham]]
*[[Bradley Efron]]
*[[David Felten]]
*[[Seloma Goitein]]
*[[Ramon Gutierrez]]
*[[Bela Julesz]]
*[[William Kennedy (author)|William Kennedy]]
*[[Leszek Kolakowski]]
*[[Brad Leithauser]]
*[[Lawrence W. Levine]]
*[[Ralph Manheim]]
*[[Charles Peskin]]
*[[Julia Robinson]]
*[[John Sayles]]
*[[Peter Sellars]]
*[[Adrian Wilson (book designer)]]
*[[Irene Winter]]
*[[Mark Wrighton]]
*[[Seweryn Bialer]]
*[[William C. Clark]]
*[[Randall Forsberg]]
*[[Alexander L. George]]
*[[Mott Greene]]
*[[John Hopfield]]
*[[Sylvia Law]]
*[[Robert K. Merton]]
*[[Walter Morris]]
*[[A.K. Ramanujan]]
*[[Alice Rivlin]]
*[[Richard Schoen]]
*[[Karen Uhlenbeck]]
*[[Thomas Jorgensen]]

===1984===
*[[George Archibald]]
*[[Ernesto Cortes]]
*[[Robert Hass]]
*[[J. Bryan Hass]]
*[[Robert Irwin (artist)|Robert Irwin]]
*[[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]
*[[Paul Oskar Kristeller]]
*[[Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot]]
*[[Heather Lechtman]]
*[[Michael Lerner (environmentalist)]]
*[[Andrew Lewis]]
*[[Arnold Mandell]]
*[[Matthew Meselson]]
*[[David R. Nelson]]
*[[Michael Piore]]
*[[Judith Shklar]]
*[[Charles Simic]]
*[[David Stuart (Mayanist)|David Stuart]]
*[[John Toews]]
*[[James Turrell]]
*[[Jay Weiss]]
*[[Carl Woese]]
*[[Shelly Bernstein]]
*[[Peter Bickel]]
*[[William Drayton (environmentalist)|William Drayton]]
*[[Sidney Drell]]
*[[Mitchell Feigenbaum]]
*[[Michael Freedman]]
*[[Curtis Hames]]
*[[Shirley Heath]]
*[[Bette Howland]]
*[[Bill Irwin]]
*[[John Fritz]]
*[[Galway Kinnell]]
*[[Henry Kraus]]
*[[Peter Mathews]]
*[[Beaumont Newhall]]
*[[Roger Payne]]
*[[Edward V. Roberts]]
*[[Elliot Sperling]]
*[[Frank Sulloway]]
*[[Alar Toomre]], astrophysicist
*[[Amos Tversky]], cognitive scientist
*[[J. Kirk Varnedoe]]
*[[Bret Wallach]]
*[[Arthur Winfree]]
*[[Billie Young]]

===1985===
*[[Joan Abrahamson]]
*[[John Ashbery]]
*[[John F. Benton]]
*[[Harold Bloom]], literary critic
*[[Valery Chalidze]]
*[[William Cronon]]
*[[Merce Cunningham]], dancer
*[[Jared Diamond]]
*[[Marian Edelman]]
*[[Morton Halperin]]
*[[Robert M. Hayes]]
*[[Edwin Hutchins]]
*[[Sam Maloof]], Woodworker
*[[Andrew McGuire]]
*[[Patrick Noonan]]
*[[George Oster]]
*[[Thomas G. Palaima]]
*[[Peter Raven]]
*[[Jane Richardson]]
*[[Gregory Schopen]]
*[[Franklin Stahl]]
*[[J. Richard Stahl]]
*[[Ellen Stewart]]
*[[Paul Taylor]]
*[[Shing-Tung Yau]]

===1986===
*[[Paul Adams (scientist)|Paul Adams]]
*[[Milton Babbitt]]
*[[Christopher Beckwith]]
*[[Richard Benson]]
*[[Lester Brown]]
*[[Caroline Bynum]]
*[[William A. Christian]]
*[[Nancy Farriss]]
*[[Benedict Gross]]
*[[Daryl Hine]]
*[[John Horner]]
*[[Thomas Joe]]
*[[David Keightley]]
*[[Albert Libchaber]]
*[[David Page]]
*[[George Perle]]
*[[James Randi]]
*[[David Rudovsky]]
*[[Robert Shapley]]
*[[Leo Steinberg]]
*[[Richard Turco]]
*[[Thomas Whiteside]]
*[[Allan Wilson]]
*[[Jay Wright (poet)|Jay Wright]]
*[[Charles Wuorinen]]

===1987===
*[[Walter Abish]]
*[[Robert Axelrod]]
*[[Robert Coleman]]
*[[Douglas Crase]]
*[[Daniel Friedan]]
*[[David Gross]]
*[[Ira Herskowitz]]
*[[Irving Howe]]
*[[Wesley Jacobs]]
*[[Peter Jeffery]]
*[[Horace Judson]]
*[[Stuart Kauffman]]
*[[Richard Kenney]]
*[[Eric Lander]]
*[[Michael C. Malin|Michael Malin]]
*[[Deborah Meier]]
*[[Arnaldo Momigliano]]
*[[David Mumford]]
*[[Tina Rosenberg]]
*[[David Rumelhart]]
*[[Robert Sapolsky]]
*[[Meyer Shapiro]]
*[[John H. Schwarz]]
*[[Jon Seger]]
*[[Stephen Shenker]]
*[[David Dean Shulman]]
*[[Muriel Snowden]]
*[[Mark Strand]]
*[[May Swenson]]
*[[Huynh Thong]]
*[[William Julius Wilson]]
*[[Richard Wrangham]]
*[[Joe Mama]]

===1988===
*[[Charles Archambeau]]
*[[Michael Baxandall]]
*[[Ruth Behar]]
*[[Ran Blake]]
*[[Charles Burnett (director)|Charles Burnett]]
*[[Philip DeVries]]
*[[Andre Dubus]], writer
*[[Helen Edwards]]
*[[Jon Else]]
*[[John Fleagle]]
*[[Cornell Fleischer]], Middle Eastern historian and scholar
*[[Getatchew Haile]]
*[[Raymond Jeanloz]]
*[[Marvin Kahl]]
*[[Naomi Pierce]]
*[[Thomas Pynchon]], novelist
*[[Stephen J. Pyne]]
*[[Max Roach]]
*[[Paul Roldan]]
*[[Anna Roosevelt]]
*[[David Rosenberg]]
*[[Susan Rotroff]]
*[[Bruce Schwartz]]
*[[Robert S. Shaw]]
*[[Jonathan Spence]]
*[[Noel Swerdlow]]
*[[Gary Tomlinson]]
*[[Alan Walker (academic)|Alan Walker]]
*[[Eddie Williams]]
*[[Rita Wright]]
*[[Garth Youngberg]]

===1989===
*[[Anthony Amsterdam]], attorney and legal scholar
*[[Byllye Avery]], women's healtcare leader
*[[Alvin Bronstein]], human rights lawyer
*[[Leo Buss]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Jay Cantor]], writer
*[[George Davis]], environmental policy analyst
*[[Allen Grossman]], poet
*[[John Harbison]], composer and conductor
*[[Keith Hefner]], journalist and educator
*[[Ralf Hotchkiss]], rehabilitation engineer
*[[John Rice Irwin]], curator and cultural preservationist
*[[Daniel Janzen]], ecologist
*[[Bernice Johnson Reagon]], music historian, composer, and vocalist
*[[Aaron Lansky]], cultural preservationist
*[[Jennifer Moody]], archaeologist and anthropologist
*[[Errol Morris]], filmmaker
*[[Vivian Paley]], educator and writer
*[[Richard Powers]], novelist
*[[Martin Puryear]], sculptor
*[[Theodre Rosengarten]], historian
*[[Margaret W. Rossiter]], historian of science
*[[George Russell]], composer and music theorist
*[[Pam Solo]], arms control analyst
*[[Ellendea Proffer Teasley]], translator and publisher
*[[Clair Van Vliet]], book artist
*[[Baldemar Velasquez]], farm labor leader
*[[Bill Viola]], video artist
*[[Eliot Wigginton]], educator
*[[Patricia Wright]], primatologist

===1990===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[John Christian Bailar]], biostatistician
*[[Martha Clarke]], theater director
*[[Jacques d'Amboise]], dance educator
*[[Guy Davenport]], writer and critic
*[[Lisa Delpit]], education reform leader
*[[John Eaton (composer)|John Eaton]], composer
*[[Paul R. Ehrlich]], population biologist
*[[Charlotte Erickson]], historian
*[[Lee Friedlander]], photographer
*[[Margaret Geller]], astrophysicist
*[[Jorie Graham]], poet
*[[Patricia Hampl]], writer
*[[John Hollander]], poet and literary critic
*[[Thomas Cleveland Holt]], social and cultural historian
*[[David Kazhdan]], mathematician
*[[Calvin King]], land and farm development specialist
*[[M. A. R. Koehl]], marine biologist
*[[Nancy Kopell]], mathematician
{{col-break}}
*[[Michael Moschen]], performance artist
*[[Gary Nabhan]], ethnobotanist
*[[Sherry Ortner]], anthropologist
*[[Otis Pitts]], community development leader
*[[Yvonne Rainer]], filmmaker and choreographer
*[[Michael Schudson]], sociologist
*[[Rebecca J. Scott]], historian
*[[Marc Shell]], scholar
*[[Susan Sontag]], photographer, writer
*[[Richard Stallman]], Free Software Foundation founder, [[Copyleft]] concept inventor
*[[Guy Tudor]], conservationist
*[[Maria Varela]], community development leader
*[[Gregory Vlastos]], classicist and philosopher
*[[Kent Whealy]], preservationist
*[[Eric Wolf]], anthropologist
*[[Sidney Wolfe]], physician
*[[Robert Woodson]], community development leader
*[[Jose Zalaquett]], human rights lawyer
{{col-end}}

===1991===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Jacqueline Barton]], biophysical chemist
*[[Paul Berman]], journalist
*[[James Blinn]], computer animator
*[[Taylor Branch]], social historian
*[[Trisha Brown]], choreographer
*[[Mari Jo Buhle]], American historian
*[[Patricia Churchland]], philosopher
*[[David Donoho]], statistician
*[[Steven Feld]], anthropologist
*[[Alice Fulton]], poet
*[[Guillermo Gómez-Peña]], writer and artist
*[[Jerzy Grotowski]], theater director
*[[David Hammons]], artist
*[[Sophia Harris]], child care leader
*[[Lewis Hyde]], writer
*[[Ali Akbar Khan]], musician
{{col-break}}
*[[Sergiu Klainerman]], mathematician
*[[Martin Kreitman]], geneticist
*[[Harlan Lane]], psychologist and linguist
*[[William Linder]], community development leader
*[[Patricia Locke]], tribal rights leader
*[[Mark Morris]], choreographer and dancer
*[[Marcel Ophuls]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Arnold Rampersad]], biographer and literary critic
*[[Gunther Schuller]], composer, conductor, jazz historian
*[[Joel Schwartz]], epidemiologist
*[[Cecil Taylor]], jazz pianist and composer
*[[Julie Taymor]], theater director
*[[David Werner]], health care leader
*[[James Westphal]], engineer and scientist
*[[Eleanor Wilner]], poet
{{col-end}}

===1992===
*[[Janet Benshoof]], attorney
*[[Robert Blackburn (artist)|Robert Blackburn]], printmaker
*[[Unita Blackwell]], civil rights leader
*[[Lorna Bourg]], rural development leader
*[[Stanley Cavell]], philosopher
*[[Amy Clampitt]], poet
*[[Ingrid Daubechies]], mathematician
*[[Wendy Ewald]], photographer
*[[Irving Feldman]], poet
*[[Barbara Fields]], historian
*[[Robert Hall]], journalist
*[[Ann Hanson]], historian
*[[John Henry Holland]], computer scientist
*[[Wes Jackson]], agronomist
*[[Evelyn Keller]], historian and philosopher of science
*[[Steve Lacy]], saxophonist and composer
*[[Suzanne Lebsock]], social historian
*[[Sharon Long]], plant biologist
*[[Norman Manea]], writer
*[[Paule Marshall]], writer
*[[Michael Massing]], journalist
*[[Robert McCabe]], educator
*[[Susan Meiselas]], photojournalist
*[[Amalia Mesa-Bains]], artist and cultural critic
*[[Stephen Schneider]], climatologist
*[[Joanna Scott]], writer
*[[John T. Scott]], artist
*[[John Terborgh]], conservation biologist
*[[Twyla Tharp]], dancer and choreographer
*[[Philip Treisman]], mathematics educator
*[[Laurel Thatcher Ulrich]], historian
*[[Geerat J. Vermeij]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Gunter Wagner]], developmental biologist

===1993===
*[[Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)|Nancy Cartwright]], philosopher
*[[Demetrios Christodoulou]], mathematician and physicist
*[[Maria Crawford]], geologist
*[[Stanley Crouch]], jazz critic and writer
*[[Nora England]], anthropological linguist
*[[Paul Farmer]], medical anthropologist
*[[Victoria Foe]], developmental biologist
*[[Ernest Gaines]], writer
*[[Pedro Greer]], physician
*[[Thom Gunn]], poet and literary critic
*[[Ann Hamilton]], artist
*[[Sokoni Karanja]], child and family development specialist
*[[Ann Lauterbach]], poet and literary critic
*[[Stephen Lee (chemist)|Stephen Lee]], chemist
*[[Carol Levine]], AIDS policy specialist
*[[Amory Lovins]], physicist, environmentalist, co-CEO of the Rocky Mountain Institute
*[[Jane Lubchenco]], marine biologist
*[[Ruth Lubic]], nurse / midwife
*[[Jim Powell]], poet and translator
*[[Margie Profet]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Thomas Scanlon]], philosopher
*[[Aaron Shirley]], health care leader
*[[William Siemering]], journalist and radio producer
*[[Ellen Silbergeld]], biologist
*[[Leonard van der Kuijp]], philologist and historian
*[[Frank von Hippel]], arms control and energy analyst
*[[John Wideman]], writer
*[[Heather Williams]], biologist and orinthologist
*[[Marion Williams]], gospel music performer
*[[Robert H. Williams]], physicis and energy analyst
*[[Henry T. Wright]], archaeologist and anthropologist

===1994===
*[[Robert Adams (photographer)|Robert Adams]], photographer
*[[Jeraldyne Blunden]], choreographer
*[[Anthony Braxton]] ([[Avant-Garde]] [[composer]] and [[musician]])
*[[Roger Brubaker]], sociologist
*[[Ornette Coleman]], jazz performer and composer
*[[Israel Gelfand]], mathematician and biologist
*[[Faye Ginsburg]], anthropologist
*[[Heidi Hartmann]], economist
*[[Bill T. Jones]] ([[dancer]] and [[choreographer]])
*[[Peter E. Kenmore]], agricultural entomologist
*[[Joseph E. Marshall]], educator
*[[Carolyn McKecuen]], economic development leader
*[[Donella Meadows]], writer
*[[Arthur Mitchell (dancer)|Arthur Mitchell]], choreogrpher
*[[Hugo Morales (radio)|Hugo Morales]], radio producer
*[[Janine Pease]], educator
*[[Willie Reale]], theater arts educator
*[[Adrienne Rich]], poet and writer
*[[Sam-Ang Sam]], musician and cultural preservationist
*[[Jack Wisdom]], physicist

===1995===
*[[Allison Anders]], filmmaker
*[[Jed Z. Buchwald]], historian
*[[Octavia Butler]], science fiction novelist
*[[Sandra Cisneros]], writer and poet
*[[Sandy Close]], journalist
*[[Frederick C. Cuny]], disaster relief specialist
*[[Sharon Emerson]], biologist
*[[Richard Foreman]], theater director
*[[Alma Guillermoprieto]], journalist
*[[Virginia Hamilton]], writer
*[[Donald Hopkins]], physician
*[[Susan W. Kieffer]], geologist
*[[Elizabeth LeCompte]], theater director
*[[Patricia Nelson Limerick]], historian
*[[Michael Marletta]], chemist
*[[Pamela Matson]], ecologist
*[[Susan McClary]], musicologist
*[[Meredith Monk]], vocalist, composer, director
*[[Rosalin P. Petchesky]], political scientist
*[[Joel Rogers]], political scientist
*[[Cindy Sherman]], photographer
*[[Bryan Stevenson]], human rights lawyer
*[[Nicholas Strausfeld]], neurobiologist
*[[Richard White (historian)|Richard White]], historian

===1996===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[James Angel]], astronomer
*[[Joaquin Avila]], voting rights advocate
*[[Allan Berube]], historian
*[[Barbara Block]], marine biologist
*[[Joan Connely]], archeologist
*[[Thomas Daniel]], biologist
*[[Martin Daniel Eakes]], economic development strategist
*[[Rebecca Goldstein]], writer
*[[Robert Greenstein]], public policy analyst
*[[Richard Howard]], poet
{{col-break}}
*[[John Jesurun]], playwright
*[[Richard Lenski]], biologist
*[[Louis Massiah]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Vonnie McLoyd]], developmental psychologist
*[[Thylias Moss]], poet and writer
*[[Eiko Otake]] & [[Koma Otake]], dancers, choreographers
*[[Nathan Seiberg]], physicist
*[[Anna Deavere Smith]], playwright/journalist/actress
*[[Dorothy Stoneman]], educator
*[[William E. Strickland]], art educator
{{col-end}}

===1997===
*[[Luis Alfaro]], writer and performance artist
*[[Lee Breur]], playwright
*[[Vija Celmins]], artist
*[[Eric Charnov]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Elouise Cobell]], banker
*[[Peter Galison]], historian
*Mark Harrington, AIDS researcher 
*[[Eva Harris]], molecular biologist
*[[Michael Kremer]], economist
*[[Russel Lande]], biologist
*[[Kerry James Marshall]], artist
*[[Nancy Moran]], artist
*[[Han Ong]], playwright
*[[Kathleen Ross]], educator
*[[Pamela Samuelson]], copyright scholar and activist
*[[Susan Stewart]], literary scholar and poet
*[[Elizabeth Streb]], dancer and choreographer
*[[Trimpin]], sound sculptor
*[[Loïc Wacquant]], sociologist
*[[Kara Walker]], artist
*[[David Foster Wallace]], writer and journalist
*[[Andrew Wiles]], mathematician
*[[Brackette Williams]], anthropologist

===1998===
*[[Janine Antoni]], artist
*[[Ida Applebroog]], artist
*[[Ellen Barry]], lawyer
*[[Tim Berners-Lee]], inventor of the world wide web protocol
*[[Linda Bierds]], poet
*[[Bernadette Brooten]], historian
*[[John Carlstrom]], astrophysicist
*[[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]], historian
*[[Nancy Folbre]], economist
*[[Avner Greif]], economist
*[[Kun-Liang Guan]], biochemist
*[[Gary Hill]], artist
*[[Edward Hirsch]], poet, essayist
*[[Ayesha Jalal]], historian
*[[Charles R. Johnson]], writer
*[[Leah Krubitzer]], neuroscientist
*[[Stewart Kwoh]], human rights activist
*[[Charles Lewis (journalist)|Charles Lewis]], journalist
*[[William McDonald]], rancher and conservationist
*[[Peter Miller]], historian
*[[Don Mitchell (geographer)|Don Mitchell]], cultural geographer
*[[Rebecca J. Nelson|Rebecca Nelson]], plant pathologist
*[[Elinor Ochs]], linguistic anthropologist
*[[Ishmael Reed]], poet, essayist, novelist
*[[Benjamin D. Santer]], atmospheric scientist
*[[Karl Sims]], computer scientist and artist
*[[Dorothy Thomas]], human rights activist
*[[Leonard Zeskind]], human rights activist
*[[Mary Zimmerman]], playwright

===1999===
*[[Jillian Banfield]], geologist
*[[Carolyn R. Bertozzi|Carolyn Bertozzi]], chemist
*[[Xu Bing]], printmaker
*[[Bruce G. Blair]], policy analyst
*[[John Bonifaz]], election lawyer and voting rights leader
*[[Shawn Carlson]], educator
*[[Mark Danner]], journalist
*[[Alison L. Des Forges]], human rights activist
*[[Elizabeth Diller]], architect
*[[Saul Friedländer]], historian
*[[Jennifer Gordon]], lawyer
*[[David Hillis]], biologist
*[[Sara Horowitz]], lawyer
*[[Jacqueline Jones]], historian
*[[Laura Kiessling]], biochemist
*[[Leslie Kurke]], scholar
*[[David Levering Lewis]], biographer and historian
*[[Juan Maldacena]], physicist
*[[Gay J. McDougall]], human rights lawyer
*[[Campbell McGrath]], poet
*[[Denny Moore]], anthropological linguist
*[[Elizabeth Murray]], artist
*[[Pepon Osorio]], artist
*[[Ricardo Scofidio]], architect
*[[Peter Shor]], computer scientist
*[[Eva Silverstein]], physicist
*[[Wilma Subra]], scientist
*[[Ken Vandermark]], [[saxophonist]], [[composer]]
*[[Naomi Wallace]], playwright
*[[Jeffrey Weeks (mathematician)|Jeffrey Weeks]], mathematician
*[[Fred Wilson (artist)|Fred Wilson]], artist
*[[Ofelia Zepeda]], linguist

===2000===
*[[Susan E. Alcock]], archaeologist
*[[K. Christopher Beard]], paleontologist
*[[Lucy Blake]], conservationist
*[[Anne Carson]], poet
*[[Peter Hayes (nuclear activist)|Peter Hayes]], energy policy activist
*[[David Isay]], radio producer
*[[Alfredo Jaar]], photographer
*[[Ben Katchor]], graphic novelist
*[[Hideo Mabuchi]], physicist
*[[Susan Marshall]], choreographer
*[[Samuel Mockbee]], architect
*[[Cecilia Muñoz]], civil rights activist
*[[Margaret Murnane]], optical physicist
*[[Laura Otis]], scholar
*[[Lucia Perillo]], poet
*[[Matthew Rabin]], economist
*[[Carl Safina]], marine conservationist
*[[Daniel Schrag]], geochemist
*[[Susan Sygall]], civil rights leader
*[[Gina Turrigiano]], neuroscientist
*[[Gary Urton]], anthropologist
*[[Patricia J. Williams]], legal scholar
*[[Deborah Willis]], historian of photography
*[[Erik Winfree]], scientist
*[[Horng-Tzer Yau]], mathematician

===2001===
*[[Danielle Allen]], classicist
*[[Andrea Barrett]], writer
*[[Christopher Chyba]], astrobiologist
*[[Michael Dickinson (biologist)|Michael Dickinson]], fly biologist/bioengineer
*[[Rosanne Haggerty]], housing and community development leader
*[[Lene Hau]], physicist
*[[Dave Hickey]], art critic
*[[Stephen Hough]], pianist
*[[Kay Redfield Jamison]], psychologist
*[[Sandra Lanham]], pilot and conservationist
*[[Todd Martinez]], theoretical chemist
*[[Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle]], artist
*[[Cynthia Moss]], natural historian
*[[Dirk Obbink]], classicist and papyrologist
*[[Norman Pace]], biochemist
*[[Suzan-Lori Parks]], playwright
*[[Brooks Pate]], physical chemist
*[[Xiao Qiang]], human rights leader
*[[Geraldine Seydoux]], molecular biologist
*[[Bright Sheng]], composer
*[[David Spergel]], astrophysicist
*[[Jean Strouse]], biographer
*[[Julie Su]], human rights lawyer
*[[David Wilson]], creator of The [[Museum of Jurassic Technology]]

===2002===
*[[Bonnie Bassler]], molecular biologist
*[[Ann Blair]], intellectual historian
*[[Katherine Boo]], Journalist
*[[Paul Ginsparg]], physicist
*[[David B. Goldstein]], energy conservation specialist
*[[Karen Hesse]], writer
*[[Janine Jagger]], epidemiologist
*[[Daniel Jurafsky]], computer scientist and linguist
*[[Toba Khedoori]], artist
*[[Liz Lerman]], choreographer
*[[George Lewis (trombonist)|George Lewis]], trombonist
*[[Liza Lou]], artist
*[[Edgar Meyer]], bassist and composer
*[[Jack Miles]], writer and Biblical scholar
*[[Erik Mueggler]], anthropologist and ethnographer
*[[Sendhil Mullainathan]], economist
*[[Stanley Nelson]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Lee Ann Newsom]], paleoethnobotanist
*[[Daniela Rus]], computer scientist
*[[Charles Steidel]], astronomer
*[[Brian Tucker]], seismologist
*[[Camilo José Vergara]], photographer
*[[Paul Wennberg]], atmospheric chemist
*[[Colson Whitehead]], writer

===2003===
*[[Guillermo Algaze]], archaeologist
*[[James J. Collins]], biomedical engineer
*[[Lydia Davis]], writer
*[[Erik Demaine]], [[Computer_science#Theoretical_computer_science|theoretical computer scientist]]
*[[Corinne Dufka]], human rights researcher
*[[Peter Gleick]], conservation analyst
*[[Osvaldo Golijov]], composer
*[[Deborah Jin]], physicist
*[[Angela Johnson (writer)|Angela Johnson]], writer
*[[Tom Joyce]], blacksmith
*[[Sarah H. Kagan]], nurse
*[[Ned Kahn]], graphic artist
*[[Jim Kim | Jim Yong Kim]], physician
*[[Nawal Nour]], physician
*[[Loren Rieseberg]], botanist
*[[Amy Rosenzweig]], biochemist
*[[Pedro A. Sanchez]], agronomist
*[[Lateefah Simon]], women's advocate
*[[Peter Sis]], illustrator
*[[Sarah Sze]], sculptor
*[[Eve Troutt Powell]], historian
*[[Anders Winroth]], historian
*[[Daisy Youngblood]], ceramic artist
*[[Xiaowei Zhuang]], biophysicist

===2004===
*[[Guillermo Algaze]], anthropologist and archaeologist
*[[Angela Belcher]], materials scientist and engineer
*[[Gretchen Berland]], physician and filmmaker
*[[James Carpenter (artist)|James Carpenter]], artist
*[[Joseph DeRisi]], [[Biologist]]
*[[Katherine Gottlieb]], health care leader
*[[David Green]], technology transfer innovator
*[[Aleksandar Hemon]], writer
*[[Heather Hurst]], archaeological illustrator
*[[Edward P. Jones]], writer
*[[John Kamm]], human rights activist
*[[Daphne Koller]], computer scientist
*[[Naomi Leonard]], engineer
*[[Tommie Lindsey]], school debate coach
*[[Rueben Martinez]], businessman and activist
*[[Maria Mavroudi]], historian
*[[Vamsi Mootha]], clinical [[Molecular biology|molecular biologist]]
*[[Judy Pfaff]], American sculptor
*[[Aminah Robinson]], artist
*[[Reginald Robinson]], pianist and composer
*[[Cheryl Rogowski]], farmer
*[[Amy Smith]], [[inventor]] and [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical engineer]]
*[[Julie Theriot]], [[microbiology|microbiologist]]
*[[C. D. Wright]], poet

===2005===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Marin Alsop]], [[symphony]] [[conducting|conductor]]
*[[Ted Ames]], [[fisherman]]
*[[Terry Belanger]], rare book preservationist
*[[Edet Belzberg]], [[documentary film|Documentary]] [[Filmmaker]]
*[[Majora Carter]], urban revitalization strategist
*[[Lu Chen (Scientist)|Lu Chen]], [[Neuroscientist]]
*[[Michael Cohen]], [[pharmacist]]
*[[Joseph Curtin]], [[violin]]maker
*[[Aaron Dworkin]], music Educator
*[[Teresita Fernandez|Teresita Fernández]], [[sculpture|sculptor]]
*[[Claire Gmachl]], [[quantum cascade laser]] [[engineer]]
*[[Sue Goldie]], [[Physician]] /[[Researcher]]
*[[Steven Goodman]], [[Conservation biology|conservation]] [[biologist]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Pehr Harbury]], [[Biochemist]]
*[[Nicole King]], [[molecular biologist]]
*[[Jon Kleinberg]], [[Computer Scientist]]
*[[Jonathan Lethem]], [[Novelist]]
*[[Michael Manga]], [[Geophysicist]]
*[[Todd Martinez]], Theoretical [[Chemist]]
*[[Julie Mehretu]], [[Painter]]
*[[Kevin M. Murphy]], [[Economist]]
*[[Olufunmilayo Olopade]], clinician/[[researcher]]
*[[Fazal Sheikh]], [[photographer]]
*[[Emily Thompson]], Aural Historian
*[[Michael Walsh (Engineer)|Michael Walsh]], vehicle emissions specialist
{{col-end}}

===2006===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[David Carroll (naturalist)]], [[naturalist]] [[author]]/[[illustrator]]
*[[Regina Carter]], [[jazz]] [[violinist]]
*[[Kenneth C. Catania]], [[neurobiologist]]
*[[Lisa Curran]], tropical forester
*[[Kevin Eggan]], [[biologist]]
*[[James Fruchterman]], [[technologist]]
*[[Atul Gawande]], [[surgeon]] and [[author]]
*[[Linda Griffith]], bioengineer
*[[Victoria Hale]], CEO [[OneWorld Health]]
*[[Adrian Nicole LeBlanc]], [[journalist]] and [[author]]
*[[David Macaulay]], [[author]]/[[illustrator]]
*[[Josiah McElheny]], sculptor
*[[D. Holmes Morton]], physician
{{col-break}}
*[[John A. Rich]], physician
*[[Jennifer Richeson]], social psychologist
*[[Sarah Ruhl]], [[playwright]]
*[[George Saunders]], [[short story]] writer
*[[Anna Schuleit]], commemorative artist
*[[Shahzia Sikander]], painter
*[[Terence Tao]], [[mathematician]]
*[[Claire J. Tomlin]], [[aviation]] engineer
*[[Luis von Ahn]], [[Carnegie Mellon University]] [[computer scientist]]
*[[Edith Widder]], deep-sea explorer
*[[Matias Zaldarriaga]], cosmologist
*[[John Zorn]], [[composer]] and [[musician]]
{{col-end}}

==References in popular culture==
The grant was featured on an episode of the television show ''[[Family Guy]]''; the main character, [[Peter Griffin]], attempted to become a MacArthur Fellow but scored so low on the test that he was deemed [[mentally retarded]]. In reality, applications are not accepted and no tests are performed. Instead, the foundation selects leaders in their respective fields to nominate and select fellows under confidential conditions.

On an episode of ''[[Mad About You]]'', Paul's character receives the call that he had won the "Genius Grant" after his documentary ''Buckman''.

In the televison show ''[[Friends]]'', [[Ross Geller]] dates a character all of whose ex-boyfriends, save one, are Nobel Prize winners. The only one to not win the Nobel Prize was however, a MacArthur Fellow.

[[Stephen Colbert]] talked about the program on the September 20, 2006 episode of ''[[The Colbert Report]]''.

The grant was also a key plot point in the film ''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]''. Frank (played by [[Steve Carell]]) was in contention for the grant vis-a-vis his status as the preeminent [[Marcel Proust]] scholar in the [[United States]]. His key academic and romantic rival usurps him by receiving the grant and Frank's love interest. This is used to establish the complete failure of his life's ambitions.

==External links==
*[http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.959463/k.9D7D/Fellows_Program.htm MacArthur Fellows Program website]

[[Category:Awards]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows|*]]
[[pl:MacArthur Fellowship]]

MacArthur Fellowship

2007-03-30T19:41:40Z

12.106.111.10: /* 1985 */

{{unreferenced|date=December 2006}}
The '''MacArthur Fellows Program''' or '''MacArthur Fellowship''' (sometimes [[nickname]]d the '''"genius grant"''') is an award given by the [[MacArthur Foundation|John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]] each year to typically 20 to 40 citizens or residents of the [[United States|U.S.]], of any age and working in any field, who "show exceptional merit and promise for continued and enhanced creative work." According to the Foundation website, "the fellowship is not a reward for past accomplishment, but rather an investment in a person's originality, insight, and potential." The current amount of the award is $500,000, paid in quarterly installments over five years. There have been 707 [[recipients]] to date.

The Fellowship has no application. People are nominated anonymously, by a body of nominators who submit recommendations to a small selection committee of about a dozen people, also anonymous. The committee then reviews every nominee and passes along their recommendations to the President and the board of directors. The entire process is anonymous and confidential. Most new MacArthur Fellows first learn that they have even been considered when they receive the congratulatory phone call.

==List of MacArthur Fellows==
MacArthur Fellows organized by the year of their awards:

===1981===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[A. R. Ammons]], poet
*[[Joseph Brodsky]], poet
*[[Gregory Chudnovsky|Gregory V. Chudnovsky]], mathematician
*[[Robert Coles]], child psychiatrist
*[[Shelly Errington]], cultural anthropologist
*[[Henry Louis Gates, Jr.]], literary critic
*[[Michael Ghiselin]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Stephen Jay Gould]], paleontology
*[[Ian Graham]], archaeologist
*[[John Imbrie]], climatologist
*[[Elma Lewis]], arts educator
*[[James Alan McPherson]], novelist, writer
*[[Roy Mottahedeh|Roy P. Mottahedeh]], historian
*[[Douglas D. Osheroff]], physicist
*[[Robert Root-Bernstein]], biologist and historian of science
*[[Lawrence Rosen]], attorney and anthropologist
*[[Carl E. Schorske]], intellectual historian
*[[Leslie Marmon Silko]], writer
*[[Derek Walcott]], poet and playwright
*[[Robert Penn Warren]], poet, writer, and literary critic
*[[Stephen Wolfram]], computer scientist and physicist
{{col-break}}
*[[John Cairns (biologist)]], molecular biologist
*[[Joel E. Cohen]], population biologist
*[[Richard Critchfield]], essayist
*[[Howard Gardner]], psychologist
*[[John Gaventa]], sociologist
*[[David Hawkins]], philosopher
*[[John P. Holdren]], arms control and energy analyst
*[[Ada Louise Huxtable]], architectural critic and historian
*[[Robert W. Kates]], geographer
*[[Raphael Carl Lee]], surgeon
*[[Cormac McCarthy]], writer
*[[Barbara McClintock]], geneticist
*[[Richard C. Mulligan]], molecular biologist
*[[Elaine Pagels| Elaine H. Pagels]], historian of religion
*[[David Pingree]], Historian of Science
*[[Paul G. Richards]], seismologist
*[[Richard Rorty]], philosopher
*[[Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.]], astrophysicist
*[[Michael Woodford]], economist
*[[George Zweig]], physicist and neurobiologist
{{col-end}}

===1982===
*[[Fouad Ajami]]
*[[Charles Bigelow (type designer)|Charles A. Bigelow]]
*[[Peter Robert Lamont Brown]]
*[[Robert Darnton]]
*[[Persi Diaconis]]
*[[William Gaddis]]
*[[Ved Mehta]]
*[[Robert Parris Moses]]
*[[Richard A. Muller]]
*[[Conlon Nancarrow]]
*[[Alfonso Ortiz]]
*[[Francesca Rochberg]]
*[[Charles Sabel]]
*[[Ralph Shapey]]
*[[Michael Silverstein]]
*[[Randolph Whitfield, Jr]]
*[[Frank Wilczek]]
*[[Frederick Wiseman]]
*[[Edward Witten]]

===1983===
*[[R. Stephen Berry]]
*[[Philip Curtin]]
*[[William Durham]]
*[[Bradley Efron]]
*[[David Felten]]
*[[Seloma Goitein]]
*[[Ramon Gutierrez]]
*[[Bela Julesz]]
*[[William Kennedy (author)|William Kennedy]]
*[[Leszek Kolakowski]]
*[[Brad Leithauser]]
*[[Lawrence W. Levine]]
*[[Ralph Manheim]]
*[[Charles Peskin]]
*[[Julia Robinson]]
*[[John Sayles]]
*[[Peter Sellars]]
*[[Adrian Wilson (book designer)]]
*[[Irene Winter]]
*[[Mark Wrighton]]
*[[Seweryn Bialer]]
*[[William C. Clark]]
*[[Randall Forsberg]]
*[[Alexander L. George]]
*[[Mott Greene]]
*[[John Hopfield]]
*[[Sylvia Law]]
*[[Robert K. Merton]]
*[[Walter Morris]]
*[[A.K. Ramanujan]]
*[[Alice Rivlin]]
*[[Richard Schoen]]
*[[Karen Uhlenbeck]]
*[[Thomas Jorgensen]]

===1984===
*[[George Archibald]]
*[[Ernesto Cortes]]
*[[Robert Hass]]
*[[J. Bryan Hass]]
*[[Robert Irwin (artist)|Robert Irwin]]
*[[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]
*[[Paul Oskar Kristeller]]
*[[Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot]]
*[[Heather Lechtman]]
*[[Michael Lerner (environmentalist)]]
*[[Andrew Lewis]]
*[[Arnold Mandell]]
*[[Matthew Meselson]]
*[[David R. Nelson]]
*[[Michael Piore]]
*[[Judith Shklar]]
*[[Charles Simic]]
*[[David Stuart (Mayanist)|David Stuart]]
*[[John Toews]]
*[[James Turrell]]
*[[Jay Weiss]]
*[[Carl Woese]]
*[[Shelly Bernstein]]
*[[Peter Bickel]]
*[[William Drayton (environmentalist)|William Drayton]]
*[[Sidney Drell]]
*[[Mitchell Feigenbaum]]
*[[Michael Freedman]]
*[[Curtis Hames]]
*[[Shirley Heath]]
*[[Bette Howland]]
*[[Bill Irwin]]
*[[John Fritz]]
*[[Galway Kinnell]]
*[[Henry Kraus]]
*[[Peter Mathews]]
*[[Beaumont Newhall]]
*[[Roger Payne]]
*[[Edward V. Roberts]]
*[[Elliot Sperling]]
*[[Frank Sulloway]]
*[[Alar Toomre]], astrophysicist
*[[Amos Tversky]]
*[[J. Kirk Varnedoe]]
*[[Bret Wallach]]
*[[Arthur Winfree]]
*[[Billie Young]]

===1985===
*[[Joan Abrahamson]]
*[[John Ashbery]]
*[[John F. Benton]]
*[[Harold Bloom]], literary critic
*[[Valery Chalidze]]
*[[William Cronon]]
*[[Merce Cunningham]], dancer
*[[Jared Diamond]]
*[[Marian Edelman]]
*[[Morton Halperin]]
*[[Robert M. Hayes]]
*[[Edwin Hutchins]]
*[[Sam Maloof]], Woodworker
*[[Andrew McGuire]]
*[[Patrick Noonan]]
*[[George Oster]]
*[[Thomas G. Palaima]]
*[[Peter Raven]]
*[[Jane Richardson]]
*[[Gregory Schopen]]
*[[Franklin Stahl]]
*[[J. Richard Stahl]]
*[[Ellen Stewart]]
*[[Paul Taylor]]
*[[Shing-Tung Yau]]

===1986===
*[[Paul Adams (scientist)|Paul Adams]]
*[[Milton Babbitt]]
*[[Christopher Beckwith]]
*[[Richard Benson]]
*[[Lester Brown]]
*[[Caroline Bynum]]
*[[William A. Christian]]
*[[Nancy Farriss]]
*[[Benedict Gross]]
*[[Daryl Hine]]
*[[John Horner]]
*[[Thomas Joe]]
*[[David Keightley]]
*[[Albert Libchaber]]
*[[David Page]]
*[[George Perle]]
*[[James Randi]]
*[[David Rudovsky]]
*[[Robert Shapley]]
*[[Leo Steinberg]]
*[[Richard Turco]]
*[[Thomas Whiteside]]
*[[Allan Wilson]]
*[[Jay Wright (poet)|Jay Wright]]
*[[Charles Wuorinen]]

===1987===
*[[Walter Abish]]
*[[Robert Axelrod]]
*[[Robert Coleman]]
*[[Douglas Crase]]
*[[Daniel Friedan]]
*[[David Gross]]
*[[Ira Herskowitz]]
*[[Irving Howe]]
*[[Wesley Jacobs]]
*[[Peter Jeffery]]
*[[Horace Judson]]
*[[Stuart Kauffman]]
*[[Richard Kenney]]
*[[Eric Lander]]
*[[Michael C. Malin|Michael Malin]]
*[[Deborah Meier]]
*[[Arnaldo Momigliano]]
*[[David Mumford]]
*[[Tina Rosenberg]]
*[[David Rumelhart]]
*[[Robert Sapolsky]]
*[[Meyer Shapiro]]
*[[John H. Schwarz]]
*[[Jon Seger]]
*[[Stephen Shenker]]
*[[David Dean Shulman]]
*[[Muriel Snowden]]
*[[Mark Strand]]
*[[May Swenson]]
*[[Huynh Thong]]
*[[William Julius Wilson]]
*[[Richard Wrangham]]
*[[Joe Mama]]

===1988===
*[[Charles Archambeau]]
*[[Michael Baxandall]]
*[[Ruth Behar]]
*[[Ran Blake]]
*[[Charles Burnett (director)|Charles Burnett]]
*[[Philip DeVries]]
*[[Andre Dubus]], writer
*[[Helen Edwards]]
*[[Jon Else]]
*[[John Fleagle]]
*[[Cornell Fleischer]], Middle Eastern historian and scholar
*[[Getatchew Haile]]
*[[Raymond Jeanloz]]
*[[Marvin Kahl]]
*[[Naomi Pierce]]
*[[Thomas Pynchon]], novelist
*[[Stephen J. Pyne]]
*[[Max Roach]]
*[[Paul Roldan]]
*[[Anna Roosevelt]]
*[[David Rosenberg]]
*[[Susan Rotroff]]
*[[Bruce Schwartz]]
*[[Robert S. Shaw]]
*[[Jonathan Spence]]
*[[Noel Swerdlow]]
*[[Gary Tomlinson]]
*[[Alan Walker (academic)|Alan Walker]]
*[[Eddie Williams]]
*[[Rita Wright]]
*[[Garth Youngberg]]

===1989===
*[[Anthony Amsterdam]], attorney and legal scholar
*[[Byllye Avery]], women's healtcare leader
*[[Alvin Bronstein]], human rights lawyer
*[[Leo Buss]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Jay Cantor]], writer
*[[George Davis]], environmental policy analyst
*[[Allen Grossman]], poet
*[[John Harbison]], composer and conductor
*[[Keith Hefner]], journalist and educator
*[[Ralf Hotchkiss]], rehabilitation engineer
*[[John Rice Irwin]], curator and cultural preservationist
*[[Daniel Janzen]], ecologist
*[[Bernice Johnson Reagon]], music historian, composer, and vocalist
*[[Aaron Lansky]], cultural preservationist
*[[Jennifer Moody]], archaeologist and anthropologist
*[[Errol Morris]], filmmaker
*[[Vivian Paley]], educator and writer
*[[Richard Powers]], novelist
*[[Martin Puryear]], sculptor
*[[Theodre Rosengarten]], historian
*[[Margaret W. Rossiter]], historian of science
*[[George Russell]], composer and music theorist
*[[Pam Solo]], arms control analyst
*[[Ellendea Proffer Teasley]], translator and publisher
*[[Clair Van Vliet]], book artist
*[[Baldemar Velasquez]], farm labor leader
*[[Bill Viola]], video artist
*[[Eliot Wigginton]], educator
*[[Patricia Wright]], primatologist

===1990===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[John Christian Bailar]], biostatistician
*[[Martha Clarke]], theater director
*[[Jacques d'Amboise]], dance educator
*[[Guy Davenport]], writer and critic
*[[Lisa Delpit]], education reform leader
*[[John Eaton (composer)|John Eaton]], composer
*[[Paul R. Ehrlich]], population biologist
*[[Charlotte Erickson]], historian
*[[Lee Friedlander]], photographer
*[[Margaret Geller]], astrophysicist
*[[Jorie Graham]], poet
*[[Patricia Hampl]], writer
*[[John Hollander]], poet and literary critic
*[[Thomas Cleveland Holt]], social and cultural historian
*[[David Kazhdan]], mathematician
*[[Calvin King]], land and farm development specialist
*[[M. A. R. Koehl]], marine biologist
*[[Nancy Kopell]], mathematician
{{col-break}}
*[[Michael Moschen]], performance artist
*[[Gary Nabhan]], ethnobotanist
*[[Sherry Ortner]], anthropologist
*[[Otis Pitts]], community development leader
*[[Yvonne Rainer]], filmmaker and choreographer
*[[Michael Schudson]], sociologist
*[[Rebecca J. Scott]], historian
*[[Marc Shell]], scholar
*[[Susan Sontag]], photographer, writer
*[[Richard Stallman]], Free Software Foundation founder, [[Copyleft]] concept inventor
*[[Guy Tudor]], conservationist
*[[Maria Varela]], community development leader
*[[Gregory Vlastos]], classicist and philosopher
*[[Kent Whealy]], preservationist
*[[Eric Wolf]], anthropologist
*[[Sidney Wolfe]], physician
*[[Robert Woodson]], community development leader
*[[Jose Zalaquett]], human rights lawyer
{{col-end}}

===1991===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Jacqueline Barton]], biophysical chemist
*[[Paul Berman]], journalist
*[[James Blinn]], computer animator
*[[Taylor Branch]], social historian
*[[Trisha Brown]], choreographer
*[[Mari Jo Buhle]], American historian
*[[Patricia Churchland]], philosopher
*[[David Donoho]], statistician
*[[Steven Feld]], anthropologist
*[[Alice Fulton]], poet
*[[Guillermo Gómez-Peña]], writer and artist
*[[Jerzy Grotowski]], theater director
*[[David Hammons]], artist
*[[Sophia Harris]], child care leader
*[[Lewis Hyde]], writer
*[[Ali Akbar Khan]], musician
{{col-break}}
*[[Sergiu Klainerman]], mathematician
*[[Martin Kreitman]], geneticist
*[[Harlan Lane]], psychologist and linguist
*[[William Linder]], community development leader
*[[Patricia Locke]], tribal rights leader
*[[Mark Morris]], choreographer and dancer
*[[Marcel Ophuls]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Arnold Rampersad]], biographer and literary critic
*[[Gunther Schuller]], composer, conductor, jazz historian
*[[Joel Schwartz]], epidemiologist
*[[Cecil Taylor]], jazz pianist and composer
*[[Julie Taymor]], theater director
*[[David Werner]], health care leader
*[[James Westphal]], engineer and scientist
*[[Eleanor Wilner]], poet
{{col-end}}

===1992===
*[[Janet Benshoof]], attorney
*[[Robert Blackburn (artist)|Robert Blackburn]], printmaker
*[[Unita Blackwell]], civil rights leader
*[[Lorna Bourg]], rural development leader
*[[Stanley Cavell]], philosopher
*[[Amy Clampitt]], poet
*[[Ingrid Daubechies]], mathematician
*[[Wendy Ewald]], photographer
*[[Irving Feldman]], poet
*[[Barbara Fields]], historian
*[[Robert Hall]], journalist
*[[Ann Hanson]], historian
*[[John Henry Holland]], computer scientist
*[[Wes Jackson]], agronomist
*[[Evelyn Keller]], historian and philosopher of science
*[[Steve Lacy]], saxophonist and composer
*[[Suzanne Lebsock]], social historian
*[[Sharon Long]], plant biologist
*[[Norman Manea]], writer
*[[Paule Marshall]], writer
*[[Michael Massing]], journalist
*[[Robert McCabe]], educator
*[[Susan Meiselas]], photojournalist
*[[Amalia Mesa-Bains]], artist and cultural critic
*[[Stephen Schneider]], climatologist
*[[Joanna Scott]], writer
*[[John T. Scott]], artist
*[[John Terborgh]], conservation biologist
*[[Twyla Tharp]], dancer and choreographer
*[[Philip Treisman]], mathematics educator
*[[Laurel Thatcher Ulrich]], historian
*[[Geerat J. Vermeij]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Gunter Wagner]], developmental biologist

===1993===
*[[Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)|Nancy Cartwright]], philosopher
*[[Demetrios Christodoulou]], mathematician and physicist
*[[Maria Crawford]], geologist
*[[Stanley Crouch]], jazz critic and writer
*[[Nora England]], anthropological linguist
*[[Paul Farmer]], medical anthropologist
*[[Victoria Foe]], developmental biologist
*[[Ernest Gaines]], writer
*[[Pedro Greer]], physician
*[[Thom Gunn]], poet and literary critic
*[[Ann Hamilton]], artist
*[[Sokoni Karanja]], child and family development specialist
*[[Ann Lauterbach]], poet and literary critic
*[[Stephen Lee (chemist)|Stephen Lee]], chemist
*[[Carol Levine]], AIDS policy specialist
*[[Amory Lovins]], physicist, environmentalist, co-CEO of the Rocky Mountain Institute
*[[Jane Lubchenco]], marine biologist
*[[Ruth Lubic]], nurse / midwife
*[[Jim Powell]], poet and translator
*[[Margie Profet]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Thomas Scanlon]], philosopher
*[[Aaron Shirley]], health care leader
*[[William Siemering]], journalist and radio producer
*[[Ellen Silbergeld]], biologist
*[[Leonard van der Kuijp]], philologist and historian
*[[Frank von Hippel]], arms control and energy analyst
*[[John Wideman]], writer
*[[Heather Williams]], biologist and orinthologist
*[[Marion Williams]], gospel music performer
*[[Robert H. Williams]], physicis and energy analyst
*[[Henry T. Wright]], archaeologist and anthropologist

===1994===
*[[Robert Adams (photographer)|Robert Adams]], photographer
*[[Jeraldyne Blunden]], choreographer
*[[Anthony Braxton]] ([[Avant-Garde]] [[composer]] and [[musician]])
*[[Roger Brubaker]], sociologist
*[[Ornette Coleman]], jazz performer and composer
*[[Israel Gelfand]], mathematician and biologist
*[[Faye Ginsburg]], anthropologist
*[[Heidi Hartmann]], economist
*[[Bill T. Jones]] ([[dancer]] and [[choreographer]])
*[[Peter E. Kenmore]], agricultural entomologist
*[[Joseph E. Marshall]], educator
*[[Carolyn McKecuen]], economic development leader
*[[Donella Meadows]], writer
*[[Arthur Mitchell (dancer)|Arthur Mitchell]], choreogrpher
*[[Hugo Morales (radio)|Hugo Morales]], radio producer
*[[Janine Pease]], educator
*[[Willie Reale]], theater arts educator
*[[Adrienne Rich]], poet and writer
*[[Sam-Ang Sam]], musician and cultural preservationist
*[[Jack Wisdom]], physicist

===1995===
*[[Allison Anders]], filmmaker
*[[Jed Z. Buchwald]], historian
*[[Octavia Butler]], science fiction novelist
*[[Sandra Cisneros]], writer and poet
*[[Sandy Close]], journalist
*[[Frederick C. Cuny]], disaster relief specialist
*[[Sharon Emerson]], biologist
*[[Richard Foreman]], theater director
*[[Alma Guillermoprieto]], journalist
*[[Virginia Hamilton]], writer
*[[Donald Hopkins]], physician
*[[Susan W. Kieffer]], geologist
*[[Elizabeth LeCompte]], theater director
*[[Patricia Nelson Limerick]], historian
*[[Michael Marletta]], chemist
*[[Pamela Matson]], ecologist
*[[Susan McClary]], musicologist
*[[Meredith Monk]], vocalist, composer, director
*[[Rosalin P. Petchesky]], political scientist
*[[Joel Rogers]], political scientist
*[[Cindy Sherman]], photographer
*[[Bryan Stevenson]], human rights lawyer
*[[Nicholas Strausfeld]], neurobiologist
*[[Richard White (historian)|Richard White]], historian

===1996===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[James Angel]], astronomer
*[[Joaquin Avila]], voting rights advocate
*[[Allan Berube]], historian
*[[Barbara Block]], marine biologist
*[[Joan Connely]], archeologist
*[[Thomas Daniel]], biologist
*[[Martin Daniel Eakes]], economic development strategist
*[[Rebecca Goldstein]], writer
*[[Robert Greenstein]], public policy analyst
*[[Richard Howard]], poet
{{col-break}}
*[[John Jesurun]], playwright
*[[Richard Lenski]], biologist
*[[Louis Massiah]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Vonnie McLoyd]], developmental psychologist
*[[Thylias Moss]], poet and writer
*[[Eiko Otake]] & [[Koma Otake]], dancers, choreographers
*[[Nathan Seiberg]], physicist
*[[Anna Deavere Smith]], playwright/journalist/actress
*[[Dorothy Stoneman]], educator
*[[William E. Strickland]], art educator
{{col-end}}

===1997===
*[[Luis Alfaro]], writer and performance artist
*[[Lee Breur]], playwright
*[[Vija Celmins]], artist
*[[Eric Charnov]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Elouise Cobell]], banker
*[[Peter Galison]], historian
*Mark Harrington, AIDS researcher 
*[[Eva Harris]], molecular biologist
*[[Michael Kremer]], economist
*[[Russel Lande]], biologist
*[[Kerry James Marshall]], artist
*[[Nancy Moran]], artist
*[[Han Ong]], playwright
*[[Kathleen Ross]], educator
*[[Pamela Samuelson]], copyright scholar and activist
*[[Susan Stewart]], literary scholar and poet
*[[Elizabeth Streb]], dancer and choreographer
*[[Trimpin]], sound sculptor
*[[Loïc Wacquant]], sociologist
*[[Kara Walker]], artist
*[[David Foster Wallace]], writer and journalist
*[[Andrew Wiles]], mathematician
*[[Brackette Williams]], anthropologist

===1998===
*[[Janine Antoni]], artist
*[[Ida Applebroog]], artist
*[[Ellen Barry]], lawyer
*[[Tim Berners-Lee]], inventor of the world wide web protocol
*[[Linda Bierds]], poet
*[[Bernadette Brooten]], historian
*[[John Carlstrom]], astrophysicist
*[[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]], historian
*[[Nancy Folbre]], economist
*[[Avner Greif]], economist
*[[Kun-Liang Guan]], biochemist
*[[Gary Hill]], artist
*[[Edward Hirsch]], poet, essayist
*[[Ayesha Jalal]], historian
*[[Charles R. Johnson]], writer
*[[Leah Krubitzer]], neuroscientist
*[[Stewart Kwoh]], human rights activist
*[[Charles Lewis (journalist)|Charles Lewis]], journalist
*[[William McDonald]], rancher and conservationist
*[[Peter Miller]], historian
*[[Don Mitchell (geographer)|Don Mitchell]], cultural geographer
*[[Rebecca J. Nelson|Rebecca Nelson]], plant pathologist
*[[Elinor Ochs]], linguistic anthropologist
*[[Ishmael Reed]], poet, essayist, novelist
*[[Benjamin D. Santer]], atmospheric scientist
*[[Karl Sims]], computer scientist and artist
*[[Dorothy Thomas]], human rights activist
*[[Leonard Zeskind]], human rights activist
*[[Mary Zimmerman]], playwright

===1999===
*[[Jillian Banfield]], geologist
*[[Carolyn R. Bertozzi|Carolyn Bertozzi]], chemist
*[[Xu Bing]], printmaker
*[[Bruce G. Blair]], policy analyst
*[[John Bonifaz]], election lawyer and voting rights leader
*[[Shawn Carlson]], educator
*[[Mark Danner]], journalist
*[[Alison L. Des Forges]], human rights activist
*[[Elizabeth Diller]], architect
*[[Saul Friedländer]], historian
*[[Jennifer Gordon]], lawyer
*[[David Hillis]], biologist
*[[Sara Horowitz]], lawyer
*[[Jacqueline Jones]], historian
*[[Laura Kiessling]], biochemist
*[[Leslie Kurke]], scholar
*[[David Levering Lewis]], biographer and historian
*[[Juan Maldacena]], physicist
*[[Gay J. McDougall]], human rights lawyer
*[[Campbell McGrath]], poet
*[[Denny Moore]], anthropological linguist
*[[Elizabeth Murray]], artist
*[[Pepon Osorio]], artist
*[[Ricardo Scofidio]], architect
*[[Peter Shor]], computer scientist
*[[Eva Silverstein]], physicist
*[[Wilma Subra]], scientist
*[[Ken Vandermark]], [[saxophonist]], [[composer]]
*[[Naomi Wallace]], playwright
*[[Jeffrey Weeks (mathematician)|Jeffrey Weeks]], mathematician
*[[Fred Wilson (artist)|Fred Wilson]], artist
*[[Ofelia Zepeda]], linguist

===2000===
*[[Susan E. Alcock]], archaeologist
*[[K. Christopher Beard]], paleontologist
*[[Lucy Blake]], conservationist
*[[Anne Carson]], poet
*[[Peter Hayes (nuclear activist)|Peter Hayes]], energy policy activist
*[[David Isay]], radio producer
*[[Alfredo Jaar]], photographer
*[[Ben Katchor]], graphic novelist
*[[Hideo Mabuchi]], physicist
*[[Susan Marshall]], choreographer
*[[Samuel Mockbee]], architect
*[[Cecilia Muñoz]], civil rights activist
*[[Margaret Murnane]], optical physicist
*[[Laura Otis]], scholar
*[[Lucia Perillo]], poet
*[[Matthew Rabin]], economist
*[[Carl Safina]], marine conservationist
*[[Daniel Schrag]], geochemist
*[[Susan Sygall]], civil rights leader
*[[Gina Turrigiano]], neuroscientist
*[[Gary Urton]], anthropologist
*[[Patricia J. Williams]], legal scholar
*[[Deborah Willis]], historian of photography
*[[Erik Winfree]], scientist
*[[Horng-Tzer Yau]], mathematician

===2001===
*[[Danielle Allen]], classicist
*[[Andrea Barrett]], writer
*[[Christopher Chyba]], astrobiologist
*[[Michael Dickinson (biologist)|Michael Dickinson]], fly biologist/bioengineer
*[[Rosanne Haggerty]], housing and community development leader
*[[Lene Hau]], physicist
*[[Dave Hickey]], art critic
*[[Stephen Hough]], pianist
*[[Kay Redfield Jamison]], psychologist
*[[Sandra Lanham]], pilot and conservationist
*[[Todd Martinez]], theoretical chemist
*[[Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle]], artist
*[[Cynthia Moss]], natural historian
*[[Dirk Obbink]], classicist and papyrologist
*[[Norman Pace]], biochemist
*[[Suzan-Lori Parks]], playwright
*[[Brooks Pate]], physical chemist
*[[Xiao Qiang]], human rights leader
*[[Geraldine Seydoux]], molecular biologist
*[[Bright Sheng]], composer
*[[David Spergel]], astrophysicist
*[[Jean Strouse]], biographer
*[[Julie Su]], human rights lawyer
*[[David Wilson]], creator of The [[Museum of Jurassic Technology]]

===2002===
*[[Bonnie Bassler]], molecular biologist
*[[Ann Blair]], intellectual historian
*[[Katherine Boo]], Journalist
*[[Paul Ginsparg]], physicist
*[[David B. Goldstein]], energy conservation specialist
*[[Karen Hesse]], writer
*[[Janine Jagger]], epidemiologist
*[[Daniel Jurafsky]], computer scientist and linguist
*[[Toba Khedoori]], artist
*[[Liz Lerman]], choreographer
*[[George Lewis (trombonist)|George Lewis]], trombonist
*[[Liza Lou]], artist
*[[Edgar Meyer]], bassist and composer
*[[Jack Miles]], writer and Biblical scholar
*[[Erik Mueggler]], anthropologist and ethnographer
*[[Sendhil Mullainathan]], economist
*[[Stanley Nelson]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Lee Ann Newsom]], paleoethnobotanist
*[[Daniela Rus]], computer scientist
*[[Charles Steidel]], astronomer
*[[Brian Tucker]], seismologist
*[[Camilo José Vergara]], photographer
*[[Paul Wennberg]], atmospheric chemist
*[[Colson Whitehead]], writer

===2003===
*[[Guillermo Algaze]], archaeologist
*[[James J. Collins]], biomedical engineer
*[[Lydia Davis]], writer
*[[Erik Demaine]], [[Computer_science#Theoretical_computer_science|theoretical computer scientist]]
*[[Corinne Dufka]], human rights researcher
*[[Peter Gleick]], conservation analyst
*[[Osvaldo Golijov]], composer
*[[Deborah Jin]], physicist
*[[Angela Johnson (writer)|Angela Johnson]], writer
*[[Tom Joyce]], blacksmith
*[[Sarah H. Kagan]], nurse
*[[Ned Kahn]], graphic artist
*[[Jim Kim | Jim Yong Kim]], physician
*[[Nawal Nour]], physician
*[[Loren Rieseberg]], botanist
*[[Amy Rosenzweig]], biochemist
*[[Pedro A. Sanchez]], agronomist
*[[Lateefah Simon]], women's advocate
*[[Peter Sis]], illustrator
*[[Sarah Sze]], sculptor
*[[Eve Troutt Powell]], historian
*[[Anders Winroth]], historian
*[[Daisy Youngblood]], ceramic artist
*[[Xiaowei Zhuang]], biophysicist

===2004===
*[[Guillermo Algaze]], anthropologist and archaeologist
*[[Angela Belcher]], materials scientist and engineer
*[[Gretchen Berland]], physician and filmmaker
*[[James Carpenter (artist)|James Carpenter]], artist
*[[Joseph DeRisi]], [[Biologist]]
*[[Katherine Gottlieb]], health care leader
*[[David Green]], technology transfer innovator
*[[Aleksandar Hemon]], writer
*[[Heather Hurst]], archaeological illustrator
*[[Edward P. Jones]], writer
*[[John Kamm]], human rights activist
*[[Daphne Koller]], computer scientist
*[[Naomi Leonard]], engineer
*[[Tommie Lindsey]], school debate coach
*[[Rueben Martinez]], businessman and activist
*[[Maria Mavroudi]], historian
*[[Vamsi Mootha]], clinical [[Molecular biology|molecular biologist]]
*[[Judy Pfaff]], American sculptor
*[[Aminah Robinson]], artist
*[[Reginald Robinson]], pianist and composer
*[[Cheryl Rogowski]], farmer
*[[Amy Smith]], [[inventor]] and [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical engineer]]
*[[Julie Theriot]], [[microbiology|microbiologist]]
*[[C. D. Wright]], poet

===2005===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Marin Alsop]], [[symphony]] [[conducting|conductor]]
*[[Ted Ames]], [[fisherman]]
*[[Terry Belanger]], rare book preservationist
*[[Edet Belzberg]], [[documentary film|Documentary]] [[Filmmaker]]
*[[Majora Carter]], urban revitalization strategist
*[[Lu Chen (Scientist)|Lu Chen]], [[Neuroscientist]]
*[[Michael Cohen]], [[pharmacist]]
*[[Joseph Curtin]], [[violin]]maker
*[[Aaron Dworkin]], music Educator
*[[Teresita Fernandez|Teresita Fernández]], [[sculpture|sculptor]]
*[[Claire Gmachl]], [[quantum cascade laser]] [[engineer]]
*[[Sue Goldie]], [[Physician]] /[[Researcher]]
*[[Steven Goodman]], [[Conservation biology|conservation]] [[biologist]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Pehr Harbury]], [[Biochemist]]
*[[Nicole King]], [[molecular biologist]]
*[[Jon Kleinberg]], [[Computer Scientist]]
*[[Jonathan Lethem]], [[Novelist]]
*[[Michael Manga]], [[Geophysicist]]
*[[Todd Martinez]], Theoretical [[Chemist]]
*[[Julie Mehretu]], [[Painter]]
*[[Kevin M. Murphy]], [[Economist]]
*[[Olufunmilayo Olopade]], clinician/[[researcher]]
*[[Fazal Sheikh]], [[photographer]]
*[[Emily Thompson]], Aural Historian
*[[Michael Walsh (Engineer)|Michael Walsh]], vehicle emissions specialist
{{col-end}}

===2006===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[David Carroll (naturalist)]], [[naturalist]] [[author]]/[[illustrator]]
*[[Regina Carter]], [[jazz]] [[violinist]]
*[[Kenneth C. Catania]], [[neurobiologist]]
*[[Lisa Curran]], tropical forester
*[[Kevin Eggan]], [[biologist]]
*[[James Fruchterman]], [[technologist]]
*[[Atul Gawande]], [[surgeon]] and [[author]]
*[[Linda Griffith]], bioengineer
*[[Victoria Hale]], CEO [[OneWorld Health]]
*[[Adrian Nicole LeBlanc]], [[journalist]] and [[author]]
*[[David Macaulay]], [[author]]/[[illustrator]]
*[[Josiah McElheny]], sculptor
*[[D. Holmes Morton]], physician
{{col-break}}
*[[John A. Rich]], physician
*[[Jennifer Richeson]], social psychologist
*[[Sarah Ruhl]], [[playwright]]
*[[George Saunders]], [[short story]] writer
*[[Anna Schuleit]], commemorative artist
*[[Shahzia Sikander]], painter
*[[Terence Tao]], [[mathematician]]
*[[Claire J. Tomlin]], [[aviation]] engineer
*[[Luis von Ahn]], [[Carnegie Mellon University]] [[computer scientist]]
*[[Edith Widder]], deep-sea explorer
*[[Matias Zaldarriaga]], cosmologist
*[[John Zorn]], [[composer]] and [[musician]]
{{col-end}}

==References in popular culture==
The grant was featured on an episode of the television show ''[[Family Guy]]''; the main character, [[Peter Griffin]], attempted to become a MacArthur Fellow but scored so low on the test that he was deemed [[mentally retarded]]. In reality, applications are not accepted and no tests are performed. Instead, the foundation selects leaders in their respective fields to nominate and select fellows under confidential conditions.

On an episode of ''[[Mad About You]]'', Paul's character receives the call that he had won the "Genius Grant" after his documentary ''Buckman''.

In the televison show ''[[Friends]]'', [[Ross Geller]] dates a character all of whose ex-boyfriends, save one, are Nobel Prize winners. The only one to not win the Nobel Prize was however, a MacArthur Fellow.

[[Stephen Colbert]] talked about the program on the September 20, 2006 episode of ''[[The Colbert Report]]''.

The grant was also a key plot point in the film ''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]''. Frank (played by [[Steve Carell]]) was in contention for the grant vis-a-vis his status as the preeminent [[Marcel Proust]] scholar in the [[United States]]. His key academic and romantic rival usurps him by receiving the grant and Frank's love interest. This is used to establish the complete failure of his life's ambitions.

==External links==
*[http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.959463/k.9D7D/Fellows_Program.htm MacArthur Fellows Program website]

[[Category:Awards]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows|*]]
[[pl:MacArthur Fellowship]]

MacArthur Fellowship

2007-03-30T19:40:37Z

12.106.111.10: /* 1988 */

{{unreferenced|date=December 2006}}
The '''MacArthur Fellows Program''' or '''MacArthur Fellowship''' (sometimes [[nickname]]d the '''"genius grant"''') is an award given by the [[MacArthur Foundation|John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]] each year to typically 20 to 40 citizens or residents of the [[United States|U.S.]], of any age and working in any field, who "show exceptional merit and promise for continued and enhanced creative work." According to the Foundation website, "the fellowship is not a reward for past accomplishment, but rather an investment in a person's originality, insight, and potential." The current amount of the award is $500,000, paid in quarterly installments over five years. There have been 707 [[recipients]] to date.

The Fellowship has no application. People are nominated anonymously, by a body of nominators who submit recommendations to a small selection committee of about a dozen people, also anonymous. The committee then reviews every nominee and passes along their recommendations to the President and the board of directors. The entire process is anonymous and confidential. Most new MacArthur Fellows first learn that they have even been considered when they receive the congratulatory phone call.

==List of MacArthur Fellows==
MacArthur Fellows organized by the year of their awards:

===1981===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[A. R. Ammons]], poet
*[[Joseph Brodsky]], poet
*[[Gregory Chudnovsky|Gregory V. Chudnovsky]], mathematician
*[[Robert Coles]], child psychiatrist
*[[Shelly Errington]], cultural anthropologist
*[[Henry Louis Gates, Jr.]], literary critic
*[[Michael Ghiselin]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Stephen Jay Gould]], paleontology
*[[Ian Graham]], archaeologist
*[[John Imbrie]], climatologist
*[[Elma Lewis]], arts educator
*[[James Alan McPherson]], novelist, writer
*[[Roy Mottahedeh|Roy P. Mottahedeh]], historian
*[[Douglas D. Osheroff]], physicist
*[[Robert Root-Bernstein]], biologist and historian of science
*[[Lawrence Rosen]], attorney and anthropologist
*[[Carl E. Schorske]], intellectual historian
*[[Leslie Marmon Silko]], writer
*[[Derek Walcott]], poet and playwright
*[[Robert Penn Warren]], poet, writer, and literary critic
*[[Stephen Wolfram]], computer scientist and physicist
{{col-break}}
*[[John Cairns (biologist)]], molecular biologist
*[[Joel E. Cohen]], population biologist
*[[Richard Critchfield]], essayist
*[[Howard Gardner]], psychologist
*[[John Gaventa]], sociologist
*[[David Hawkins]], philosopher
*[[John P. Holdren]], arms control and energy analyst
*[[Ada Louise Huxtable]], architectural critic and historian
*[[Robert W. Kates]], geographer
*[[Raphael Carl Lee]], surgeon
*[[Cormac McCarthy]], writer
*[[Barbara McClintock]], geneticist
*[[Richard C. Mulligan]], molecular biologist
*[[Elaine Pagels| Elaine H. Pagels]], historian of religion
*[[David Pingree]], Historian of Science
*[[Paul G. Richards]], seismologist
*[[Richard Rorty]], philosopher
*[[Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.]], astrophysicist
*[[Michael Woodford]], economist
*[[George Zweig]], physicist and neurobiologist
{{col-end}}

===1982===
*[[Fouad Ajami]]
*[[Charles Bigelow (type designer)|Charles A. Bigelow]]
*[[Peter Robert Lamont Brown]]
*[[Robert Darnton]]
*[[Persi Diaconis]]
*[[William Gaddis]]
*[[Ved Mehta]]
*[[Robert Parris Moses]]
*[[Richard A. Muller]]
*[[Conlon Nancarrow]]
*[[Alfonso Ortiz]]
*[[Francesca Rochberg]]
*[[Charles Sabel]]
*[[Ralph Shapey]]
*[[Michael Silverstein]]
*[[Randolph Whitfield, Jr]]
*[[Frank Wilczek]]
*[[Frederick Wiseman]]
*[[Edward Witten]]

===1983===
*[[R. Stephen Berry]]
*[[Philip Curtin]]
*[[William Durham]]
*[[Bradley Efron]]
*[[David Felten]]
*[[Seloma Goitein]]
*[[Ramon Gutierrez]]
*[[Bela Julesz]]
*[[William Kennedy (author)|William Kennedy]]
*[[Leszek Kolakowski]]
*[[Brad Leithauser]]
*[[Lawrence W. Levine]]
*[[Ralph Manheim]]
*[[Charles Peskin]]
*[[Julia Robinson]]
*[[John Sayles]]
*[[Peter Sellars]]
*[[Adrian Wilson (book designer)]]
*[[Irene Winter]]
*[[Mark Wrighton]]
*[[Seweryn Bialer]]
*[[William C. Clark]]
*[[Randall Forsberg]]
*[[Alexander L. George]]
*[[Mott Greene]]
*[[John Hopfield]]
*[[Sylvia Law]]
*[[Robert K. Merton]]
*[[Walter Morris]]
*[[A.K. Ramanujan]]
*[[Alice Rivlin]]
*[[Richard Schoen]]
*[[Karen Uhlenbeck]]
*[[Thomas Jorgensen]]

===1984===
*[[George Archibald]]
*[[Ernesto Cortes]]
*[[Robert Hass]]
*[[J. Bryan Hass]]
*[[Robert Irwin (artist)|Robert Irwin]]
*[[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]
*[[Paul Oskar Kristeller]]
*[[Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot]]
*[[Heather Lechtman]]
*[[Michael Lerner (environmentalist)]]
*[[Andrew Lewis]]
*[[Arnold Mandell]]
*[[Matthew Meselson]]
*[[David R. Nelson]]
*[[Michael Piore]]
*[[Judith Shklar]]
*[[Charles Simic]]
*[[David Stuart (Mayanist)|David Stuart]]
*[[John Toews]]
*[[James Turrell]]
*[[Jay Weiss]]
*[[Carl Woese]]
*[[Shelly Bernstein]]
*[[Peter Bickel]]
*[[William Drayton (environmentalist)|William Drayton]]
*[[Sidney Drell]]
*[[Mitchell Feigenbaum]]
*[[Michael Freedman]]
*[[Curtis Hames]]
*[[Shirley Heath]]
*[[Bette Howland]]
*[[Bill Irwin]]
*[[John Fritz]]
*[[Galway Kinnell]]
*[[Henry Kraus]]
*[[Peter Mathews]]
*[[Beaumont Newhall]]
*[[Roger Payne]]
*[[Edward V. Roberts]]
*[[Elliot Sperling]]
*[[Frank Sulloway]]
*[[Alar Toomre]], astrophysicist
*[[Amos Tversky]]
*[[J. Kirk Varnedoe]]
*[[Bret Wallach]]
*[[Arthur Winfree]]
*[[Billie Young]]

===1985===
*[[Joan Abrahamson]]
*[[John Ashbery]]
*[[John F. Benton]]
*[[Harold Bloom]]
*[[Valery Chalidze]]
*[[William Cronon]]
*[[Merce Cunningham]]
*[[Jared Diamond]]
*[[Marian Edelman]]
*[[Morton Halperin]]
*[[Robert M. Hayes]]
*[[Edwin Hutchins]]
*[[Sam Maloof]], Woodworker
*[[Andrew McGuire]]
*[[Patrick Noonan]]
*[[George Oster]]
*[[Thomas G. Palaima]]
*[[Peter Raven]]
*[[Jane Richardson]]
*[[Gregory Schopen]]
*[[Franklin Stahl]]
*[[J. Richard Stahl]]
*[[Ellen Stewart]]
*[[Paul Taylor]]
*[[Shing-Tung Yau]]

===1986===
*[[Paul Adams (scientist)|Paul Adams]]
*[[Milton Babbitt]]
*[[Christopher Beckwith]]
*[[Richard Benson]]
*[[Lester Brown]]
*[[Caroline Bynum]]
*[[William A. Christian]]
*[[Nancy Farriss]]
*[[Benedict Gross]]
*[[Daryl Hine]]
*[[John Horner]]
*[[Thomas Joe]]
*[[David Keightley]]
*[[Albert Libchaber]]
*[[David Page]]
*[[George Perle]]
*[[James Randi]]
*[[David Rudovsky]]
*[[Robert Shapley]]
*[[Leo Steinberg]]
*[[Richard Turco]]
*[[Thomas Whiteside]]
*[[Allan Wilson]]
*[[Jay Wright (poet)|Jay Wright]]
*[[Charles Wuorinen]]

===1987===
*[[Walter Abish]]
*[[Robert Axelrod]]
*[[Robert Coleman]]
*[[Douglas Crase]]
*[[Daniel Friedan]]
*[[David Gross]]
*[[Ira Herskowitz]]
*[[Irving Howe]]
*[[Wesley Jacobs]]
*[[Peter Jeffery]]
*[[Horace Judson]]
*[[Stuart Kauffman]]
*[[Richard Kenney]]
*[[Eric Lander]]
*[[Michael C. Malin|Michael Malin]]
*[[Deborah Meier]]
*[[Arnaldo Momigliano]]
*[[David Mumford]]
*[[Tina Rosenberg]]
*[[David Rumelhart]]
*[[Robert Sapolsky]]
*[[Meyer Shapiro]]
*[[John H. Schwarz]]
*[[Jon Seger]]
*[[Stephen Shenker]]
*[[David Dean Shulman]]
*[[Muriel Snowden]]
*[[Mark Strand]]
*[[May Swenson]]
*[[Huynh Thong]]
*[[William Julius Wilson]]
*[[Richard Wrangham]]
*[[Joe Mama]]

===1988===
*[[Charles Archambeau]]
*[[Michael Baxandall]]
*[[Ruth Behar]]
*[[Ran Blake]]
*[[Charles Burnett (director)|Charles Burnett]]
*[[Philip DeVries]]
*[[Andre Dubus]], writer
*[[Helen Edwards]]
*[[Jon Else]]
*[[John Fleagle]]
*[[Cornell Fleischer]], Middle Eastern historian and scholar
*[[Getatchew Haile]]
*[[Raymond Jeanloz]]
*[[Marvin Kahl]]
*[[Naomi Pierce]]
*[[Thomas Pynchon]], novelist
*[[Stephen J. Pyne]]
*[[Max Roach]]
*[[Paul Roldan]]
*[[Anna Roosevelt]]
*[[David Rosenberg]]
*[[Susan Rotroff]]
*[[Bruce Schwartz]]
*[[Robert S. Shaw]]
*[[Jonathan Spence]]
*[[Noel Swerdlow]]
*[[Gary Tomlinson]]
*[[Alan Walker (academic)|Alan Walker]]
*[[Eddie Williams]]
*[[Rita Wright]]
*[[Garth Youngberg]]

===1989===
*[[Anthony Amsterdam]], attorney and legal scholar
*[[Byllye Avery]], women's healtcare leader
*[[Alvin Bronstein]], human rights lawyer
*[[Leo Buss]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Jay Cantor]], writer
*[[George Davis]], environmental policy analyst
*[[Allen Grossman]], poet
*[[John Harbison]], composer and conductor
*[[Keith Hefner]], journalist and educator
*[[Ralf Hotchkiss]], rehabilitation engineer
*[[John Rice Irwin]], curator and cultural preservationist
*[[Daniel Janzen]], ecologist
*[[Bernice Johnson Reagon]], music historian, composer, and vocalist
*[[Aaron Lansky]], cultural preservationist
*[[Jennifer Moody]], archaeologist and anthropologist
*[[Errol Morris]], filmmaker
*[[Vivian Paley]], educator and writer
*[[Richard Powers]], novelist
*[[Martin Puryear]], sculptor
*[[Theodre Rosengarten]], historian
*[[Margaret W. Rossiter]], historian of science
*[[George Russell]], composer and music theorist
*[[Pam Solo]], arms control analyst
*[[Ellendea Proffer Teasley]], translator and publisher
*[[Clair Van Vliet]], book artist
*[[Baldemar Velasquez]], farm labor leader
*[[Bill Viola]], video artist
*[[Eliot Wigginton]], educator
*[[Patricia Wright]], primatologist

===1990===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[John Christian Bailar]], biostatistician
*[[Martha Clarke]], theater director
*[[Jacques d'Amboise]], dance educator
*[[Guy Davenport]], writer and critic
*[[Lisa Delpit]], education reform leader
*[[John Eaton (composer)|John Eaton]], composer
*[[Paul R. Ehrlich]], population biologist
*[[Charlotte Erickson]], historian
*[[Lee Friedlander]], photographer
*[[Margaret Geller]], astrophysicist
*[[Jorie Graham]], poet
*[[Patricia Hampl]], writer
*[[John Hollander]], poet and literary critic
*[[Thomas Cleveland Holt]], social and cultural historian
*[[David Kazhdan]], mathematician
*[[Calvin King]], land and farm development specialist
*[[M. A. R. Koehl]], marine biologist
*[[Nancy Kopell]], mathematician
{{col-break}}
*[[Michael Moschen]], performance artist
*[[Gary Nabhan]], ethnobotanist
*[[Sherry Ortner]], anthropologist
*[[Otis Pitts]], community development leader
*[[Yvonne Rainer]], filmmaker and choreographer
*[[Michael Schudson]], sociologist
*[[Rebecca J. Scott]], historian
*[[Marc Shell]], scholar
*[[Susan Sontag]], photographer, writer
*[[Richard Stallman]], Free Software Foundation founder, [[Copyleft]] concept inventor
*[[Guy Tudor]], conservationist
*[[Maria Varela]], community development leader
*[[Gregory Vlastos]], classicist and philosopher
*[[Kent Whealy]], preservationist
*[[Eric Wolf]], anthropologist
*[[Sidney Wolfe]], physician
*[[Robert Woodson]], community development leader
*[[Jose Zalaquett]], human rights lawyer
{{col-end}}

===1991===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Jacqueline Barton]], biophysical chemist
*[[Paul Berman]], journalist
*[[James Blinn]], computer animator
*[[Taylor Branch]], social historian
*[[Trisha Brown]], choreographer
*[[Mari Jo Buhle]], American historian
*[[Patricia Churchland]], philosopher
*[[David Donoho]], statistician
*[[Steven Feld]], anthropologist
*[[Alice Fulton]], poet
*[[Guillermo Gómez-Peña]], writer and artist
*[[Jerzy Grotowski]], theater director
*[[David Hammons]], artist
*[[Sophia Harris]], child care leader
*[[Lewis Hyde]], writer
*[[Ali Akbar Khan]], musician
{{col-break}}
*[[Sergiu Klainerman]], mathematician
*[[Martin Kreitman]], geneticist
*[[Harlan Lane]], psychologist and linguist
*[[William Linder]], community development leader
*[[Patricia Locke]], tribal rights leader
*[[Mark Morris]], choreographer and dancer
*[[Marcel Ophuls]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Arnold Rampersad]], biographer and literary critic
*[[Gunther Schuller]], composer, conductor, jazz historian
*[[Joel Schwartz]], epidemiologist
*[[Cecil Taylor]], jazz pianist and composer
*[[Julie Taymor]], theater director
*[[David Werner]], health care leader
*[[James Westphal]], engineer and scientist
*[[Eleanor Wilner]], poet
{{col-end}}

===1992===
*[[Janet Benshoof]], attorney
*[[Robert Blackburn (artist)|Robert Blackburn]], printmaker
*[[Unita Blackwell]], civil rights leader
*[[Lorna Bourg]], rural development leader
*[[Stanley Cavell]], philosopher
*[[Amy Clampitt]], poet
*[[Ingrid Daubechies]], mathematician
*[[Wendy Ewald]], photographer
*[[Irving Feldman]], poet
*[[Barbara Fields]], historian
*[[Robert Hall]], journalist
*[[Ann Hanson]], historian
*[[John Henry Holland]], computer scientist
*[[Wes Jackson]], agronomist
*[[Evelyn Keller]], historian and philosopher of science
*[[Steve Lacy]], saxophonist and composer
*[[Suzanne Lebsock]], social historian
*[[Sharon Long]], plant biologist
*[[Norman Manea]], writer
*[[Paule Marshall]], writer
*[[Michael Massing]], journalist
*[[Robert McCabe]], educator
*[[Susan Meiselas]], photojournalist
*[[Amalia Mesa-Bains]], artist and cultural critic
*[[Stephen Schneider]], climatologist
*[[Joanna Scott]], writer
*[[John T. Scott]], artist
*[[John Terborgh]], conservation biologist
*[[Twyla Tharp]], dancer and choreographer
*[[Philip Treisman]], mathematics educator
*[[Laurel Thatcher Ulrich]], historian
*[[Geerat J. Vermeij]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Gunter Wagner]], developmental biologist

===1993===
*[[Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)|Nancy Cartwright]], philosopher
*[[Demetrios Christodoulou]], mathematician and physicist
*[[Maria Crawford]], geologist
*[[Stanley Crouch]], jazz critic and writer
*[[Nora England]], anthropological linguist
*[[Paul Farmer]], medical anthropologist
*[[Victoria Foe]], developmental biologist
*[[Ernest Gaines]], writer
*[[Pedro Greer]], physician
*[[Thom Gunn]], poet and literary critic
*[[Ann Hamilton]], artist
*[[Sokoni Karanja]], child and family development specialist
*[[Ann Lauterbach]], poet and literary critic
*[[Stephen Lee (chemist)|Stephen Lee]], chemist
*[[Carol Levine]], AIDS policy specialist
*[[Amory Lovins]], physicist, environmentalist, co-CEO of the Rocky Mountain Institute
*[[Jane Lubchenco]], marine biologist
*[[Ruth Lubic]], nurse / midwife
*[[Jim Powell]], poet and translator
*[[Margie Profet]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Thomas Scanlon]], philosopher
*[[Aaron Shirley]], health care leader
*[[William Siemering]], journalist and radio producer
*[[Ellen Silbergeld]], biologist
*[[Leonard van der Kuijp]], philologist and historian
*[[Frank von Hippel]], arms control and energy analyst
*[[John Wideman]], writer
*[[Heather Williams]], biologist and orinthologist
*[[Marion Williams]], gospel music performer
*[[Robert H. Williams]], physicis and energy analyst
*[[Henry T. Wright]], archaeologist and anthropologist

===1994===
*[[Robert Adams (photographer)|Robert Adams]], photographer
*[[Jeraldyne Blunden]], choreographer
*[[Anthony Braxton]] ([[Avant-Garde]] [[composer]] and [[musician]])
*[[Roger Brubaker]], sociologist
*[[Ornette Coleman]], jazz performer and composer
*[[Israel Gelfand]], mathematician and biologist
*[[Faye Ginsburg]], anthropologist
*[[Heidi Hartmann]], economist
*[[Bill T. Jones]] ([[dancer]] and [[choreographer]])
*[[Peter E. Kenmore]], agricultural entomologist
*[[Joseph E. Marshall]], educator
*[[Carolyn McKecuen]], economic development leader
*[[Donella Meadows]], writer
*[[Arthur Mitchell (dancer)|Arthur Mitchell]], choreogrpher
*[[Hugo Morales (radio)|Hugo Morales]], radio producer
*[[Janine Pease]], educator
*[[Willie Reale]], theater arts educator
*[[Adrienne Rich]], poet and writer
*[[Sam-Ang Sam]], musician and cultural preservationist
*[[Jack Wisdom]], physicist

===1995===
*[[Allison Anders]], filmmaker
*[[Jed Z. Buchwald]], historian
*[[Octavia Butler]], science fiction novelist
*[[Sandra Cisneros]], writer and poet
*[[Sandy Close]], journalist
*[[Frederick C. Cuny]], disaster relief specialist
*[[Sharon Emerson]], biologist
*[[Richard Foreman]], theater director
*[[Alma Guillermoprieto]], journalist
*[[Virginia Hamilton]], writer
*[[Donald Hopkins]], physician
*[[Susan W. Kieffer]], geologist
*[[Elizabeth LeCompte]], theater director
*[[Patricia Nelson Limerick]], historian
*[[Michael Marletta]], chemist
*[[Pamela Matson]], ecologist
*[[Susan McClary]], musicologist
*[[Meredith Monk]], vocalist, composer, director
*[[Rosalin P. Petchesky]], political scientist
*[[Joel Rogers]], political scientist
*[[Cindy Sherman]], photographer
*[[Bryan Stevenson]], human rights lawyer
*[[Nicholas Strausfeld]], neurobiologist
*[[Richard White (historian)|Richard White]], historian

===1996===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[James Angel]], astronomer
*[[Joaquin Avila]], voting rights advocate
*[[Allan Berube]], historian
*[[Barbara Block]], marine biologist
*[[Joan Connely]], archeologist
*[[Thomas Daniel]], biologist
*[[Martin Daniel Eakes]], economic development strategist
*[[Rebecca Goldstein]], writer
*[[Robert Greenstein]], public policy analyst
*[[Richard Howard]], poet
{{col-break}}
*[[John Jesurun]], playwright
*[[Richard Lenski]], biologist
*[[Louis Massiah]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Vonnie McLoyd]], developmental psychologist
*[[Thylias Moss]], poet and writer
*[[Eiko Otake]] & [[Koma Otake]], dancers, choreographers
*[[Nathan Seiberg]], physicist
*[[Anna Deavere Smith]], playwright/journalist/actress
*[[Dorothy Stoneman]], educator
*[[William E. Strickland]], art educator
{{col-end}}

===1997===
*[[Luis Alfaro]], writer and performance artist
*[[Lee Breur]], playwright
*[[Vija Celmins]], artist
*[[Eric Charnov]], evolutionary biologist
*[[Elouise Cobell]], banker
*[[Peter Galison]], historian
*Mark Harrington, AIDS researcher 
*[[Eva Harris]], molecular biologist
*[[Michael Kremer]], economist
*[[Russel Lande]], biologist
*[[Kerry James Marshall]], artist
*[[Nancy Moran]], artist
*[[Han Ong]], playwright
*[[Kathleen Ross]], educator
*[[Pamela Samuelson]], copyright scholar and activist
*[[Susan Stewart]], literary scholar and poet
*[[Elizabeth Streb]], dancer and choreographer
*[[Trimpin]], sound sculptor
*[[Loïc Wacquant]], sociologist
*[[Kara Walker]], artist
*[[David Foster Wallace]], writer and journalist
*[[Andrew Wiles]], mathematician
*[[Brackette Williams]], anthropologist

===1998===
*[[Janine Antoni]], artist
*[[Ida Applebroog]], artist
*[[Ellen Barry]], lawyer
*[[Tim Berners-Lee]], inventor of the world wide web protocol
*[[Linda Bierds]], poet
*[[Bernadette Brooten]], historian
*[[John Carlstrom]], astrophysicist
*[[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]], historian
*[[Nancy Folbre]], economist
*[[Avner Greif]], economist
*[[Kun-Liang Guan]], biochemist
*[[Gary Hill]], artist
*[[Edward Hirsch]], poet, essayist
*[[Ayesha Jalal]], historian
*[[Charles R. Johnson]], writer
*[[Leah Krubitzer]], neuroscientist
*[[Stewart Kwoh]], human rights activist
*[[Charles Lewis (journalist)|Charles Lewis]], journalist
*[[William McDonald]], rancher and conservationist
*[[Peter Miller]], historian
*[[Don Mitchell (geographer)|Don Mitchell]], cultural geographer
*[[Rebecca J. Nelson|Rebecca Nelson]], plant pathologist
*[[Elinor Ochs]], linguistic anthropologist
*[[Ishmael Reed]], poet, essayist, novelist
*[[Benjamin D. Santer]], atmospheric scientist
*[[Karl Sims]], computer scientist and artist
*[[Dorothy Thomas]], human rights activist
*[[Leonard Zeskind]], human rights activist
*[[Mary Zimmerman]], playwright

===1999===
*[[Jillian Banfield]], geologist
*[[Carolyn R. Bertozzi|Carolyn Bertozzi]], chemist
*[[Xu Bing]], printmaker
*[[Bruce G. Blair]], policy analyst
*[[John Bonifaz]], election lawyer and voting rights leader
*[[Shawn Carlson]], educator
*[[Mark Danner]], journalist
*[[Alison L. Des Forges]], human rights activist
*[[Elizabeth Diller]], architect
*[[Saul Friedländer]], historian
*[[Jennifer Gordon]], lawyer
*[[David Hillis]], biologist
*[[Sara Horowitz]], lawyer
*[[Jacqueline Jones]], historian
*[[Laura Kiessling]], biochemist
*[[Leslie Kurke]], scholar
*[[David Levering Lewis]], biographer and historian
*[[Juan Maldacena]], physicist
*[[Gay J. McDougall]], human rights lawyer
*[[Campbell McGrath]], poet
*[[Denny Moore]], anthropological linguist
*[[Elizabeth Murray]], artist
*[[Pepon Osorio]], artist
*[[Ricardo Scofidio]], architect
*[[Peter Shor]], computer scientist
*[[Eva Silverstein]], physicist
*[[Wilma Subra]], scientist
*[[Ken Vandermark]], [[saxophonist]], [[composer]]
*[[Naomi Wallace]], playwright
*[[Jeffrey Weeks (mathematician)|Jeffrey Weeks]], mathematician
*[[Fred Wilson (artist)|Fred Wilson]], artist
*[[Ofelia Zepeda]], linguist

===2000===
*[[Susan E. Alcock]], archaeologist
*[[K. Christopher Beard]], paleontologist
*[[Lucy Blake]], conservationist
*[[Anne Carson]], poet
*[[Peter Hayes (nuclear activist)|Peter Hayes]], energy policy activist
*[[David Isay]], radio producer
*[[Alfredo Jaar]], photographer
*[[Ben Katchor]], graphic novelist
*[[Hideo Mabuchi]], physicist
*[[Susan Marshall]], choreographer
*[[Samuel Mockbee]], architect
*[[Cecilia Muñoz]], civil rights activist
*[[Margaret Murnane]], optical physicist
*[[Laura Otis]], scholar
*[[Lucia Perillo]], poet
*[[Matthew Rabin]], economist
*[[Carl Safina]], marine conservationist
*[[Daniel Schrag]], geochemist
*[[Susan Sygall]], civil rights leader
*[[Gina Turrigiano]], neuroscientist
*[[Gary Urton]], anthropologist
*[[Patricia J. Williams]], legal scholar
*[[Deborah Willis]], historian of photography
*[[Erik Winfree]], scientist
*[[Horng-Tzer Yau]], mathematician

===2001===
*[[Danielle Allen]], classicist
*[[Andrea Barrett]], writer
*[[Christopher Chyba]], astrobiologist
*[[Michael Dickinson (biologist)|Michael Dickinson]], fly biologist/bioengineer
*[[Rosanne Haggerty]], housing and community development leader
*[[Lene Hau]], physicist
*[[Dave Hickey]], art critic
*[[Stephen Hough]], pianist
*[[Kay Redfield Jamison]], psychologist
*[[Sandra Lanham]], pilot and conservationist
*[[Todd Martinez]], theoretical chemist
*[[Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle]], artist
*[[Cynthia Moss]], natural historian
*[[Dirk Obbink]], classicist and papyrologist
*[[Norman Pace]], biochemist
*[[Suzan-Lori Parks]], playwright
*[[Brooks Pate]], physical chemist
*[[Xiao Qiang]], human rights leader
*[[Geraldine Seydoux]], molecular biologist
*[[Bright Sheng]], composer
*[[David Spergel]], astrophysicist
*[[Jean Strouse]], biographer
*[[Julie Su]], human rights lawyer
*[[David Wilson]], creator of The [[Museum of Jurassic Technology]]

===2002===
*[[Bonnie Bassler]], molecular biologist
*[[Ann Blair]], intellectual historian
*[[Katherine Boo]], Journalist
*[[Paul Ginsparg]], physicist
*[[David B. Goldstein]], energy conservation specialist
*[[Karen Hesse]], writer
*[[Janine Jagger]], epidemiologist
*[[Daniel Jurafsky]], computer scientist and linguist
*[[Toba Khedoori]], artist
*[[Liz Lerman]], choreographer
*[[George Lewis (trombonist)|George Lewis]], trombonist
*[[Liza Lou]], artist
*[[Edgar Meyer]], bassist and composer
*[[Jack Miles]], writer and Biblical scholar
*[[Erik Mueggler]], anthropologist and ethnographer
*[[Sendhil Mullainathan]], economist
*[[Stanley Nelson]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Lee Ann Newsom]], paleoethnobotanist
*[[Daniela Rus]], computer scientist
*[[Charles Steidel]], astronomer
*[[Brian Tucker]], seismologist
*[[Camilo José Vergara]], photographer
*[[Paul Wennberg]], atmospheric chemist
*[[Colson Whitehead]], writer

===2003===
*[[Guillermo Algaze]], archaeologist
*[[James J. Collins]], biomedical engineer
*[[Lydia Davis]], writer
*[[Erik Demaine]], [[Computer_science#Theoretical_computer_science|theoretical computer scientist]]
*[[Corinne Dufka]], human rights researcher
*[[Peter Gleick]], conservation analyst
*[[Osvaldo Golijov]], composer
*[[Deborah Jin]], physicist
*[[Angela Johnson (writer)|Angela Johnson]], writer
*[[Tom Joyce]], blacksmith
*[[Sarah H. Kagan]], nurse
*[[Ned Kahn]], graphic artist
*[[Jim Kim | Jim Yong Kim]], physician
*[[Nawal Nour]], physician
*[[Loren Rieseberg]], botanist
*[[Amy Rosenzweig]], biochemist
*[[Pedro A. Sanchez]], agronomist
*[[Lateefah Simon]], women's advocate
*[[Peter Sis]], illustrator
*[[Sarah Sze]], sculptor
*[[Eve Troutt Powell]], historian
*[[Anders Winroth]], historian
*[[Daisy Youngblood]], ceramic artist
*[[Xiaowei Zhuang]], biophysicist

===2004===
*[[Guillermo Algaze]], anthropologist and archaeologist
*[[Angela Belcher]], materials scientist and engineer
*[[Gretchen Berland]], physician and filmmaker
*[[James Carpenter (artist)|James Carpenter]], artist
*[[Joseph DeRisi]], [[Biologist]]
*[[Katherine Gottlieb]], health care leader
*[[David Green]], technology transfer innovator
*[[Aleksandar Hemon]], writer
*[[Heather Hurst]], archaeological illustrator
*[[Edward P. Jones]], writer
*[[John Kamm]], human rights activist
*[[Daphne Koller]], computer scientist
*[[Naomi Leonard]], engineer
*[[Tommie Lindsey]], school debate coach
*[[Rueben Martinez]], businessman and activist
*[[Maria Mavroudi]], historian
*[[Vamsi Mootha]], clinical [[Molecular biology|molecular biologist]]
*[[Judy Pfaff]], American sculptor
*[[Aminah Robinson]], artist
*[[Reginald Robinson]], pianist and composer
*[[Cheryl Rogowski]], farmer
*[[Amy Smith]], [[inventor]] and [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical engineer]]
*[[Julie Theriot]], [[microbiology|microbiologist]]
*[[C. D. Wright]], poet

===2005===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Marin Alsop]], [[symphony]] [[conducting|conductor]]
*[[Ted Ames]], [[fisherman]]
*[[Terry Belanger]], rare book preservationist
*[[Edet Belzberg]], [[documentary film|Documentary]] [[Filmmaker]]
*[[Majora Carter]], urban revitalization strategist
*[[Lu Chen (Scientist)|Lu Chen]], [[Neuroscientist]]
*[[Michael Cohen]], [[pharmacist]]
*[[Joseph Curtin]], [[violin]]maker
*[[Aaron Dworkin]], music Educator
*[[Teresita Fernandez|Teresita Fernández]], [[sculpture|sculptor]]
*[[Claire Gmachl]], [[quantum cascade laser]] [[engineer]]
*[[Sue Goldie]], [[Physician]] /[[Researcher]]
*[[Steven Goodman]], [[Conservation biology|conservation]] [[biologist]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Pehr Harbury]], [[Biochemist]]
*[[Nicole King]], [[molecular biologist]]
*[[Jon Kleinberg]], [[Computer Scientist]]
*[[Jonathan Lethem]], [[Novelist]]
*[[Michael Manga]], [[Geophysicist]]
*[[Todd Martinez]], Theoretical [[Chemist]]
*[[Julie Mehretu]], [[Painter]]
*[[Kevin M. Murphy]], [[Economist]]
*[[Olufunmilayo Olopade]], clinician/[[researcher]]
*[[Fazal Sheikh]], [[photographer]]
*[[Emily Thompson]], Aural Historian
*[[Michael Walsh (Engineer)|Michael Walsh]], vehicle emissions specialist
{{col-end}}

===2006===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[David Carroll (naturalist)]], [[naturalist]] [[author]]/[[illustrator]]
*[[Regina Carter]], [[jazz]] [[violinist]]
*[[Kenneth C. Catania]], [[neurobiologist]]
*[[Lisa Curran]], tropical forester
*[[Kevin Eggan]], [[biologist]]
*[[James Fruchterman]], [[technologist]]
*[[Atul Gawande]], [[surgeon]] and [[author]]
*[[Linda Griffith]], bioengineer
*[[Victoria Hale]], CEO [[OneWorld Health]]
*[[Adrian Nicole LeBlanc]], [[journalist]] and [[author]]
*[[David Macaulay]], [[author]]/[[illustrator]]
*[[Josiah McElheny]], sculptor
*[[D. Holmes Morton]], physician
{{col-break}}
*[[John A. Rich]], physician
*[[Jennifer Richeson]], social psychologist
*[[Sarah Ruhl]], [[playwright]]
*[[George Saunders]], [[short story]] writer
*[[Anna Schuleit]], commemorative artist
*[[Shahzia Sikander]], painter
*[[Terence Tao]], [[mathematician]]
*[[Claire J. Tomlin]], [[aviation]] engineer
*[[Luis von Ahn]], [[Carnegie Mellon University]] [[computer scientist]]
*[[Edith Widder]], deep-sea explorer
*[[Matias Zaldarriaga]], cosmologist
*[[John Zorn]], [[composer]] and [[musician]]
{{col-end}}

==References in popular culture==
The grant was featured on an episode of the television show ''[[Family Guy]]''; the main character, [[Peter Griffin]], attempted to become a MacArthur Fellow but scored so low on the test that he was deemed [[mentally retarded]]. In reality, applications are not accepted and no tests are performed. Instead, the foundation selects leaders in their respective fields to nominate and select fellows under confidential conditions.

On an episode of ''[[Mad About You]]'', Paul's character receives the call that he had won the "Genius Grant" after his documentary ''Buckman''.

In the televison show ''[[Friends]]'', [[Ross Geller]] dates a character all of whose ex-boyfriends, save one, are Nobel Prize winners. The only one to not win the Nobel Prize was however, a MacArthur Fellow.

[[Stephen Colbert]] talked about the program on the September 20, 2006 episode of ''[[The Colbert Report]]''.

The grant was also a key plot point in the film ''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]''. Frank (played by [[Steve Carell]]) was in contention for the grant vis-a-vis his status as the preeminent [[Marcel Proust]] scholar in the [[United States]]. His key academic and romantic rival usurps him by receiving the grant and Frank's love interest. This is used to establish the complete failure of his life's ambitions.

==External links==
*[http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.959463/k.9D7D/Fellows_Program.htm MacArthur Fellows Program website]

[[Category:Awards]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows|*]]
[[pl:MacArthur Fellowship]]

George P. Lee

2007-03-26T22:31:26Z

12.106.111.10:

[[Image:Georgeplee.jpeg|thumb|George P. Lee in 1994]]
'''George Patrick Lee''' (b. [[23 March]] [[1943]]) was the first [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] to become a [[General Authority]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. He was a member of the Church's [[First Quorum of Seventy]] between [[1975]] and [[1989]], when he was excommunicated from the Church.

==Early life==
Lee was born in [[Towaoc, Colorado|Tawaoc]], [[Colorado]] to Mae K. Lee (Asdzaa Lichii) of the Tódích'íi'nii ([[Navajo_people|Navajo Bitter Water Clan]]), and to a Medicine Man, Peter Lee (Hastiin Jaaneez Yee Biye), of the [[Navajo_people|Navajo Under the Flat-Roofed House People Clan]]. One of 17 children from his parents' marriages, Lee was called Ashkii Yazhi (Little Boy), until he was given a sacred name, Ashkii Hoyani (Boy Who is Well Behaved and Good).

When he was 12 years old, Lee became one of the first children to participate in an official Indian foster placement program sponsored by the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS Church]]. Lee was transported to [[Orem, Utah|Orem]], [[Utah]], where he lived with the Glen and Joan Harker family. Lee remained in their home for seven years, returning to his Navajo family during summer vacations, until he graduated from Orem High School in [[1962]].

==Early adulthood==
After graduating from high school, Lee served as a [[Mormon missionary|missionary]] for the Church to the [[Navajo Nation]]. Lee attended [[Brigham Young University]], where he earned a Bachelor’s Degree and a Doctorate in Educational Administration, and [[Utah State University]], where he completed a Master’s Program. In [[Arizona]], Lee taught at the Rough Rock Demonstration School and later served as President of the [[Ganado, Arizona|Ganado]] campus of [[Diné College]]. Lee married Katherine Hettick, with whom he had three children.

==Church service==
Prior to his call as a [[General Authority]] of the Church, Lee held a number of [[Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|priesthood]] leadership callings, including [[Elder (Latter Day Saints)|Elders Quorum president]], [[Ward_%28Mormonism%29#Branches|branch president]], [[Stake (Mormonism)#Districts|district president]], and [[Mission president|president]] of the Arizona Holbrook Mission of the Church.

On [[3 October]] [[1975]], [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|Church President]] [[Spencer W. Kimball]] called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the [[Seventy (Latter Day Saints)|First Quorum of the Seventy]], a position with Church-wide responsibilities. He was the first [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[General Authority]] in Church history.

==Excommunication and criminal conviction==
On [[1 September]] [[1989]], the Church announced that Lee had been excommunicated for “apostasy and other conduct unbecoming a member of the Church.”<ref>"Disciplinary Action taken Sept. 1 Against General Authority", ''Church News'', 9 Sept. 1989</ref> He was the first [[General Authority]] to be excommunicated since [[1943]], when [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|Apostle]] [[Richard R. Lyman]] was excommunicated for adultery and unlawful cohabitation.

According to Lee, the action stemmed from his disagreement with [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|Church President]] [[Ezra Taft Benson]] over the role of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] in the Church. Significantly, when he became Church President, Benson ended the Church's Indian Placement Program, which Lee cited as a key to his personal development. Lee argued that Benson was not treating [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Latter-day Saints]] in the way that the late Church President Kimball would have approved. The Church did not respond to Lee's public comments; it is the policy of the Church to not publicize the details of an excommicant's behavior which brought about the disciplinary action.

In [[1993]], the ''[[Salt Lake Tribune]]'' reported that Lee had attempted to [[Sexual abuse|sexually molest]] a minor girl in 1989, and that this was one of the reasons for Lee's excommunication. Initially, Lee denied the charges; however, on [[October 12]], [[1994]], the ''Tribune'' reported:

<blockquote>
A year ago, former Mormon general authority George P. Lee proclaimed he was 'innocent before God' of sexually molesting a 12-year-old neighbor girl.

But Tuesday before a 3rd District judge, Lee humbly hung his head and admitted to touching the girl's breasts for sexual gratification ....

Lee, 51, pleaded guilty to attempted sexual abuse of a child, a third-degree felony.<ref>''[[Salt Lake Tribune]]'', 12 Oct. 1994</ref>

</blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Ex-Mormon]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*"News of the Church: Elder George P. Lee of the Seventy", ''Ensign'', Nov. 1975, p. 136
* George P. Lee, ''Silent Courage : An Indian Story : The Autobiography of George P. Lee, a Navajo'', Deseret Book: Salt Lake City (1987)

==External links==
*[http://www.cr.ex.state.ut.us/asp-bin/sexoffender.asp?offender=79858&addrid=0&jurs_flg=U&name_id=195355 Lee's entry in the Official State of Utah Sex Offender Registry]
*[http://www.gapages.com/leegp1.htm Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages]
*[http://www.xmission.com/~country/reason/nov96_2.htm Momonism's (''sic'') Problem with Child Sexual Abuse: The Fall of George P. Lee]

[[Category:Ex-Mormons|Lee , George P.]]

George P. Lee

2007-03-26T22:30:40Z

12.106.111.10: /* External links */ +cat

Huckleberry

2007-03-19T17:14:17Z

12.106.111.10: /* Trivia */ wording clarification; +wikilink; {{cn}} tag

''For other uses of the word "Huckleberry", see [[Huckleberry Finn]] and [[Huckleberry Hound]].''

[[Image:Huckleberry.jpg|thumb|right|Wild huckleberry in the [[Mount Hood National Forest]]. The floral remnants, signifying a [[false berry]], are visible on the apex of the fruit.]]

'''Huckleberry''' is a name used in [[North America]] for several [[plant]]s in two closely related genera in the family [[Ericaceae]]: ''[[Gaylussacia]]'' and ''[[Vaccinium]]''.

While some ''Vaccinium'' species, such as the [[Vaccinium parvifolium|Red Huckleberry]], are always called huckleberries, other species may be called [[blueberry|blueberries]] or huckleberries depending upon local custom. Similar ''Vaccinium'' species in [[Europe]] are called [[bilberry|bilberries]].

Note that there is much confusion in naming of berries in [[American English]]. The 'garden huckleberry' (''[[Solanum]] melanocerasum'') is not considered to be a true huckleberry but a member of the nightshade family.

The [[fruit]] of the various species of plant called huckleberry is generally edible. The berries are small and round, usually less than 5 mm in diameter, and contain 10 relatively large seeds. Berries range in color according to species from bright red, through dark purple, and into the blues. In taste the berries range from tart to sweet, with a flavor similar to that of a [[blueberry]], especially in blue/purple colored varieties. Huckleberries are a favorite of many animals such as [[bear]]s.

==Environment==
[[Image:BogHBy.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Bog]] Huckleberry at Polly's Cove, [[Nova Scotia]]]]
In the [[Pacific Northwest]] of [[North America]], the huckleberry plant can be found in mid-alpine regions, often on the lower slopes of mountains. The plant grows best in damp, acidic soil. Under optimal conditions, huckleberries can be as much as 1.5-2 m high, and usually ripen in mid-to-late summer; later at higher elevations.

==Trivia==
The Huckleberry is the state fruit of [[Idaho]].

"Huckleberry" is the brand name of a camera periscope designed for Apple's [[MacBook]] computers which appeared on the market in 2006.

The Huckleberry Railroad is a heritage train located in [[Flint, Michigan]], so named because it ran so slow; a person could jump off the train, pick huckleberries and jump back on the train with minimum effort.{{cn}}

==Link==
[http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/polycomm/pressrel/crable/crable082099.htm Box Huckleberry] is one of the oldest organisms on the planet.

[[Category:Ericaceae]]
[[Category:fruit]]

[[simple:Huckleberry]]

{{fruit-stub}}

Princeton Theological Seminary

2007-03-16T00:17:13Z

12.106.111.10: +wikilink

[[Image:princetonsteeple.jpg|thumb|right|810px| The steeple of Alexander Hall]]

'''Princeton Theological Seminary''' is a theological seminary located in the [[Borough of Princeton, New Jersey]] in the [[United States]].

PTS is one of the world's leading institutions for graduate theological education and home of the largest theological library in the [[United States]]. Today it is an international community with nearly 1000 students, a faculty of 53, and an ecumenical and worldwide constituency. Although the roots of Princeton Seminary are in [[Presbyterianism]], not all the students are candidates for the ministry in the [[Presbyterian Church USA|Presbyterian Church]]; some are candidates for ministry in other denominations, while others are studying toward careers in the academy, and still others are pursing fields less directly related to theology, such as law, medicine, social work, administration and education.

Like other elite theological institutions, such as [[Duke Divinity School]] and [[Candler School of Theology]], Princeton Theological Seminary has roots in a distinctive denominational heritage. Whereas university-affiliated divinity schools such as Harvard and Yale are of [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] founding (with Harvard subsequently becoming [[Unitarian]] and with both universities eventually disavowing all religious affiliation), Princeton Seminary was affiliated from the beginning with the [[Presbyterian]] Church.

==History==
The Seminary's beginnings are in the early 19th century, when a separation began to be more common between higher-level professional education and the general education given at many universities in the [[United States]]. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church established The Theological Seminary at Princeton, New Jersey in [[1812]], with the support of the directors of the nearby College of New Jersey (now [[Princeton University]]), as the first graduate theological school in the United States. The Seminary remains an institution of the Presbyterian Church (USA), being the largest of the ten theological seminaries affiliated with the 2.5-million member denomination.
[[Image:alexpts.jpg|thumb|left|310px| Alexander Hall]]

In 1812, the Seminary boasted three students and the Reverend Dr. [[Archibald Alexander]] as its first professor. By 1815 the number of students had gradually increased and work began on a building: Alexander Hall was designed by John McComb, Jr., a New York architect, and opened in 1817. The original cupola was added in 1827, but it burned in 1913 and was replaced in 1926. The building was simply called "Seminary" until 1893, when it was officially named Alexander Hall. Since its founding, Princeton Seminary has graduated approximately 14,000 men and women who have served the church in many capacities, from pastoral ministry and pastoral care to missionary work, Christian education and leadership in the academy and business.

The seminary was made famous during the [[19th century|19th]] and early [[20th century|20th centuries]] for its defense of [[Calvinistic]] [[Presbyterianism]]. The college was later the center of a [[Modernist Christianity|modernist]]/[[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist]] battle which ultimately led to the formation of the [[Orthodox Presbyterian Church]] and [[Westminster Theological Seminary]] under the leadership of [[J. Gresham Machen]].

While Princeton Theological Seminary and [[Princeton University]] are separate entities, there is reciprocity for use of certain facilities such as the libraries, as well as cross enrollment in classes.

==Princeton Theology==

==Principals and Presidents of Princeton Theological Seminary==

Prior to the creation of the office of President in 1902, the seminary was governed by the principal.

The Principals

*[[Archibald Alexander]] (1812-1840)
*[[Charles Hodge]] (1851-1878)
*[[Archibald Alexander Hodge]] (1878-1886)
*[[B. B. Warfield]] (1887-1902)

The Presidents

*[[Francis Landey Patton]] (1902-1913)
*[[J. Ross Stevenson]] (1914-1936)
*[[John A. Mackay]] (1936-1959)
*[[James I. McCord]] (1959-1983)
*[[Thomas W. Gillespie]] (1983-2004)
*[[Iain R. Torrance]] (2004-)

==Princeton Theological Seminary libraries==
The Seminary's libraries comprise the largest theological collection in the United States and second in the world, behind only the Vatican Library in Rome. The library has over 537,000 bound volumes, pamphlets, and microfilms. It currently receives about 2,100 journals, annual reports of church bodies and learned societies, bulletins, transactions, and periodically issued indices, abstracts, and bibliographies. The Libraries are:

*Speer Library, opened in 1957 and named in honor of the renowned missionary statesman Robert E. Speer, 400,000 volumes and 200 readers
*Henry Luce III Library, dedicated in 1994 and named in honor of a distinguished trustee, Henry Luce III, 350,000 volumes and 250 readers

==Degree programs==
*Master of Divinity (M.Div.)
*Masters of Arts (M.A.)
*Master of Arts (Theological Studies)
*Master of Theology (Th.M.)
*Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.)
*Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
*Dual M.Div./M.A. in Education or Youth Ministry
[[Image:millerchapel.jpg|thumb|right|210px| Miller Chapel]]

==Miller Chapel==
Built in 1834, Princeton's chapel was named to honor Samuel Miller, the second professor at the Seminary. Originally located beside Alexander Hall, it was moved in 1933 toward the center of the campus, its steps now leading down onto the Seminary's main quad. Miller Chapel underwent a complete renovation in 2000, with the addition of the Joe R. Engle Organ.

==Endowed lectureships==
*''The Stone Lectures'', brings an internationally distinguished scholar to the Seminary each year to deliver a series of public lectures. Created in 1871 by Levi P. Stone, Esq., of Orange, New Jersey, a director and also a trustee of the Seminary. Previous lecturers include [[Abraham Kuyper]] ([[1898]]), and [[Nicholas Wolterstorff]]. The [http://www.ptsem.edu/news/pr-bin/2005/stone.php Stone Lecturer for 2005] is Dr. Leander E. Keck, Winkley Professor Emeritus of Biblical Theology at [[Yale Divinity School]].
*The Warfield Lectures are an annual series of lectures which honor the memory of Annie Kinkead Warfield, wife of Dr. Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield, distinguished professor of theology at the Seminary from 1887 to 1921. The 2005 Warfield Lecturer is Dr. Marilyn McCord Adams, [[Regius Professor]] of Divinity at [[Oxford University]]. Previous distinguished lecturers include Karl Barth.
*The Frederick Neumann Memorial Lecture
*Students´ Lectureship on Missions
*Women in Church and Ministry Lecture
*The Alexander Thompson Lecture
*Dr. [[Martin Luther King]] Jr. Lecture
*[[Abraham Kuyper]] Prize and Lecture
*Dr. Geddes W. Hanson Lecture

== Center for Barth Studies==
The Center for Barth Studies was established at Princeton Seminary in 1997 and is administered by a board of seminary faculty. The Center sponsors conferences, research opportunities, discussion groups, and publications that seek to advance understanding of the theology of [[Karl Barth]] (1886-1968), the [[Swiss-German]] professor and pastor widely regarded as the greatest theologian of the 20th century. The [[Karl Barth Research Collection]], part of Special Collections in the Princeton Theological Seminary Libraries, supports the scholarly activities of the [[Center for Barth Studies]]. The Karl Barth Research Collection is acquiring an exhaustive collection of writings by and about Karl Barth. Although many volumes are still needed, the Research Collection has already acquired Barth's most important works in German and English, several first editions, and an original hand-written manuscript by Karl Barth.

== Abraham Kuyper Center for Public Theology ==
==Princeton Dead Sea Scrolls Project==
==Institute for Youth Ministry==
==Journal: Theology Today==
==Journal: Koinonia==
[http://www.ptsem.edu/koinonia/index.html Koinonia Journal] is published annually by doctoral students at Princeton Theological Seminary. The publication and its annual forum promote written and face-to-face interdisciplinary discussion around issues in theology and the study of religion. It is distributed to well over 100 libraries worldwide.

==Center of Continuing Education==
==Center of Theological Inquiry==
In 1978 Princeton Theological Seminary's Board of Trustees established [http://www.ctinquiry.org/ the Center] as an independent, ecumenical institution for advanced theological research, "to inquire into the relationship between theological disciplines, [and of these with]...both human and natural sciences, to inquire into the relationship between diverse religious traditions . . . , to inquire into the present state of religious consciousness in the modern world, and to examine such other facets of religion in the modern world as may be appropriate . . ." Today, the Center has its own board, funding, mission and staff, yet maintains close relations with Princeton Theological Seminary.

==Some distinguished Princeton scholars==
* The "[[Princeton Theologians]]": [[Archibald Alexander]] (1772-1851); [[Charles Hodge]] (1797-1878); [[Archibald Alexander Hodge]] (1823-1886); [[B.B. Warfield]] (1851-1921); [[J. Gresham Machen]] (1881-1937).
* Theology: [[Otto A. Piper]], [[Emil Brunner]], [[Daniel L. Migliore]], [[Bruce L. McCormack]], [[George Hunsinger]], [[J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen]], [[Iain Torrance]], [[Diogenes Allen]], [[R.B.Y. Scott]], [[Gregory A. Boyd]], [[Elmer G. Homrighausen]]
* Biblical Studies: [[Bruce Metzger]], [[Rev. Dr. David Otis Fuller|D O Fuller]], [[James H. Charlesworth]], [[Choon-Leong Seow]], [[Bernhard W. Anderson]], [[Patrick D. Miller]], [[Warren Carter]], [[Harold C. Washington]]
* History: [[Jane Dempsey Douglass]], [[Karlfried Froehlich]], [[Samuel Moffett]]
* Religion and Society: [[Donald E. Capps]], [[Max L. Stackhouse]]
* Ethics and apologetics: [[Charles Augustus Aiken]]
* Practical Theology: [[James Loder]], [[Richard Osmer]], [[Kenda Creasy Dean]]

==Distinguished alumni==
*[[Elijah P. Lovejoy]], 1834, first American [[martyr]] for [[freedom of the press]]. He was a presbyterian pastor and publisher of an [[abolitionism|abolitionist]] newspaper in [[Alton, Illinois]], and he was killed while defending the press from an [[angry mob]].

==Books about or featuring Princeton Seminary==
* ''Princeton Seminary'', 2 volumes, by David B. Calhoun is the now standard history of the Seminary
* John Updike's 1986 novel ''Roger's Version'' appears to be partly set in Princeton Seminary; his 1996 novel ''In the Beauty of the Lilies'' features the family is Clarence Wilmot, a Princeton-educated preacher schooled in the works of theologians Charles and A. A. Hodge and Benjamin Warfield.

==External links==
* [http://www.ptsem.edu Princeton Theological Seminary website]
* [http://www.ptsem.edu/About/Campus_Maps.php/ Maps of Princeton Seminary]
* [http://www.princeton.edu/ Princeton University]
* [http://libweb.ptsem.edu/collections/barth Center for Barth Studies]
*[http://www.ctinquiry.org/ Center of Theological Inquiry]
*[http://www.richardsibbes.com/Princeton.Cemetery.htm Photographic tour of the famous Christian graves at Princeton Cemetery.]

[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Presbyterian Church (USA) Seminaries]]

Birmingham 6

2007-03-16T00:15:11Z

12.106.111.10: +wikilinks

'''Birmingham 6''' is a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[electro-industrial]]/[[electronic body music|EBM]] group founded in [[1991]] and named after the [[Birmingham Six]], a group of [[Ireland|Irish]] men mistakenly imprisoned for the [[Birmingham pub bombings]]. Members include Kim Løhde Peterson and Michael Hillerup.

They took on the name as they focused on injustices worldwide, but particularly in western democratic society. Their lyrics have often been controversial and some radio stations have banned airplay of their songs, while other groups refused to be associated with them. They released their first album, ''Mindhallucination'' in [[1994]] and ''Assassinate'' in [[1995]], followed by ''Error of Judgement'' in [[1996]] and finally ''Resurrection'' in [[1999]].

All lyrics on the album ''Error of Judgement'' were sung by [[Jean-Luc de Meyer]], better known as a member of [[Front 242]].

Birmingham 6 also released as a single a cover of "Godlike" by [[KMFDM]], which included samples from the original, and backing vocals by [[En Esch]] of KMFDM.

Birmingham 6 has written several songs questioning governmental systems and their unwillingness to admit their own fallibilty. ''Israel'' talks about the issues between the [[Palestinian]]s and the [[Jew]]s. ''Contagious'' discusses [[AIDS]] and ''Who Do You Love?'' points out the difficulty in telling good from evil. The song ''6794700'' describes some hypocritical church views on abortion. ''Love Child'' describes how the tourism agency in [[Thailand]] helps western travel agencies fulfill certain men's desire for an underage prostitute.

The song ''Policestate'' talks about the [[riot]]s in [[Copenhagen]] in [[1993]] during the re-voting for the [[European Union]] in which police shot into the [[angry mob]], causing several casualties.

== Discography ==
=== Albums ===
*''Mindhallucination''
*''Assassinate''
*''Error of Judgement''
*''Resurrection''

*Also provided a notable cover version of AC/DC's ''Thunderstruck'' for the 1997 tribute album ''Covered In Black'', by Cleopatra records.

=== EPs and Singles ===
*''Israel''
*''Contagious''
*''Policestate''
*''To Protect and To Serve''
*''The Kill''
*''You Cannot Walk Here''
*''Mixed Judgements''

== External links ==
*[http://www.birmingham6.com Official Birmingham 6 website]
*[http://www.sloth.org/samples-bin/samples/group?exact=Birmingham+6 Birmingham 6 on the Top Sample Lists]

[[Category:Industrial music groups]]
[[Category:Danish musical groups]]