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Landschaftsarchitektur

2013-03-06T08:00:30Z

117.211.86.75: /* Einzelnachweise */

[[Datei:1909 Botanischer Garten Plan.jpg|miniatur|Plan [[Botanischer Garten Berlin]] Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts]]
Unter '''Landschaftsarchitektur''' versteht man die Planung und Umgestaltung von nicht bebautem Raum. Dazu gehören sämtliche Außenräume, im Wesentlichen Parks, [[Sportplätze]] und Freizeitanlagen, öffentliche Plätze und Gärten, aber auch andere Freiflächen im ländlichen und urbanen Raum. Die aktuelle Landschaftsarchitektur definiert sich selbst als [[ästhetisch]]<nowiki>-künstlerische</nowiki> Disziplin auf naturwissenschaftlich-technischer Grundlage, deren zentrales Ziel es ist, ökologisch und sozial intakte Lebensumwelten zu schaffen.

Im urbanen Zusammenhang wird mitunter der Begriff der „[[Freiraumplanung]]” als synonym zu „Landschaftsarchitektur in der Stadt“ verwendet. Freiraumplanung bemüht sich auf allen für den [[Siedlung]]sbereich wichtigen Ebenen der räumlichen Planung auch um ein ausgewogenes Verhältnis von [[Baugebiet|Siedlungsflächen]] und [[Freiraumschutz|Freiräumen]]. Ihre gesetzliche Aufgabe wird durch die Ziele der Raumordnung und der Bauleitplanung unter Berücksichtigung des Natur- und Umweltschutzes begründet.

Historisch beruht die Landschaftsarchitektur auf der städtischen Grünplanung (künstlerischer Städtebau und rationalistische Stadtplanung) und der regionalen Landschaftsentwicklung ([[Monatsblatt für Bauwesen und Landesverschönerung in Bayern|Landesverschönerung]] und [[Landschaftsplanung]]).

Im Unterschied zur [[Architektur]] sind die raumbildenden Elemente der Landschaftsarchitektur Pflanzen, Beläge, Oberflächen, Hecken, Mauern, etc. sowie topographische Modellierungen. Landschaftsarchitektonische Räume verändern sich durch den Einsatz von dynamischer Vegetation ständig und sind im Gegensatz zu architektonischen Räumen nie „fertig“ oder in ihrer Entwicklung abgeschlossen.

== Geschichte ==
[[Datei:Orangerie.jpg|miniatur|Orangerie des [[Schloss Versailles]]]]
Außenräume, Grün- und Freiflächen hat es seit der [[Antike]] in allen europäischen Städten gegeben. Die historischen Wurzeln der Landschaftsarchitektur sind in der [[Kulturgeschichte]] der Landschaft verankert. Die [[Gartenkunst]], die historische Vorläuferin der Landschaftsarchitektur, entwickelte sich im Laufe ihrer Geschichte zeitweise zu einer eigenständigen, vor allem im [[Barock]] höchst angesehenen [[Kunst]]form. Beispiele historisch bedeutender Parkanlagen sind der ''Park von [[Versailles]]'', die Parkanlage von ''[[Stourhead]]'' südwestlich von London, der ''[[Englischer Garten (München)|Englische Garten]]'' in [[München]], der ''[[Central Park]]'' in [[New York City|New York]] oder der ''[[Parc de la Villette]]'' in [[Paris]], die den jeweils geltenden Gesellschafts-, Landschafts- und Naturidealen entsprechend gestaltet wurden.

Auf Veranlassung des liberal eingestellten Adels, aber auch durch die Initiative von Bürgern ([[Peter Joseph Lenné]], 1824) entstanden erste [[Volksgarten|Volksgärten]] und [[Volkspark]]s, die der Idee des englischen [[Landschaftspark]]s folgten und vor allem ästhetisches Vergnügen bereiten sollten.

Das Stadtwachstum im Zuge der [[Industrielle Revolution|Industriellen Revolution]] hat das allgemeine Verständnis von [[Natur]] und [[Landschaft]] allmählich tiefgreifend verändert. Die bäuerliche Landschaft außerhalb der Städte rückte in immer größere Entfernung und konnte nicht mehr ohne Mühe und jederzeit erreicht werden. Der einseitige Nutzungsanspruch des ästhetischen Vergnügens von Grün- und Freiflächen wurde zunehmend kritisiert. Das wirkte sich sehr auf die Entwicklung der Gartenkunst- und Gartenkultur aus, denn die funktionalen Ansprüche an Landschaft und Garten veränderten sich gravierend, während künstlerische Belange zunehmend in den Hintergrund traten. Es entstanden mit einer sozialpolitischen Zielsetzung differenziert nutzbare Grün- und Freiflächen.

In die von [[Martin Wagner (Architekt)|Wagner]], Stadtbaurat von Berlin, geforderte Freiflächenpolitik wurden auch Aspekte der Stadthygiene und der Stadtgliederung einbezogen. Besonders ausgeprägt ist das Anliegen der Freiraumplanung bei der von Howard entwickelten [[Gartenstadt]]-Idee zu finden (Stadtstrukturplanung).

Spätestens seit der [[Charta von Athen (CIAM)|Charta von Athen]] ist die Freiraumplanung als ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Stadtentwicklungsplanung prinzipiell anerkannt.

Seit Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts ist Freiraumplanung zunächst vorrangig als ein soziales, der menschlichen Gesundheit und der Stadtgliederung dienendes Anliegen verstanden worden. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg kamen landschaftsstrukturelle Ziele hinzu (Grünzüge) und das Berufsbild wandelte sich zur Landschaftsarchitektur.

''Landschaftsarchitektur'' ist historisch gesehen vor allem im deutschen Sprachraum ein relativ junger Begriff, der sich von den historischen Bezeichnungen Gartenkunst oder Gartenarchitektur unterscheidet. Der englische Gartengestalter [[Humphry Repton]] bezeichnete sich als erster als Landschaftsarchitekt ("''Landscape architect''"<ref>Mary Keen 1989, The Glory of the English Garden. London, Bulfinch, 118</ref>. Der Gartenarchitekt [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] war – so ist es der Encyclopedia of Gardens zu entnehmen – wahrscheinlich der erste, der in den USA Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts den Begriff ''Landscape Architect'' in Zusammenhang mit seiner Arbeit am [[Central Park]] in New York prägte. Angesichts der gewaltigen Planungs- und Bauaufgabe in New York war er der Ansicht, dass „Landscape Gardening”, zu deutsch: Landschaftsgärtnerei den Fokus zu sehr auf den [[Garten]] beschränken würde. 1899 wurde folglich die ''ASLA'', die ''American Society of Landscape Architects'' gegründet und wenige Jahrzehnte danach setzte sich der Begriff ''Landschaftsarchitektur'' auch in Europa gegen die Bezeichnung ''Gartenarchitektur'' durch. Angesichts der tiefgreifenden Veränderungen des Landschaftsbildes in den 1930er und 1940er Jahren in Europa brauchte es nach Ansicht von Experten einen neuen Beruf, der nicht nur das rein Technische des [[Ingenieur]]s, das nur Bauliche des [[Architekt]]en oder das rein [[Gärtner]]ische, sondern das Gesamte, die [[Landschaft]] und deren [[Gestaltung]] überblicken sollte.

== Landschaftsarchitektur heute ==
[[Datei:Pflanzung.jpg|miniatur|aktuelle Landschaftsarchitektur in historisch-urbanem Rahmen: [[Promenade (Linz)]]]]
Heute wird gerade den ästhetischen Qualitäten der Lebensumwelt wieder verstärkte Bedeutung beigemessen, was sich in der aktuellen Landschaftsarchitektur deutlich spiegelt. Es sind zwei weitere Vertiefungsrichtungen dazugekommen, zum einen das Ziel des Naturschutzes und der Landschaftspflege, zum anderen die kommunikative Bedeutung von Grün- und Freiflächen.

Freiraumplanung hat es weiterhin schwer, sich gegen andere kommunale Politikfelder durchzusetzen, denn die im Rahmen der Freiraumplanung geschaffenen oder gesicherten Grün- und Freiflächen bringen kein Geld ein. Es ist jedoch ein marktorientierter Sinneswandel zu verzeichnen, da attraktive Freiflächen zunehmend als "weicher" Standortfaktor und wertsteigerndes Moment für die Entwicklung städtischer Immobilien wahrgenommen werden. In Deutschland steht die Aufwertung öffentlicher Räume in staatlichen Förderprogrammen, wie dem der Bundestransferstelle "Aktive Stadt- und Ortsteilzentren", an erster Stelle.<ref>http://www.staedtebaufoerderung.info/StBauF/DE/AktiveStadtUndOrtsteilzentren/aktive__stadt__und__ortsteilzentren__node.html</ref> In einigen deutschen Städten (z.B. München) binden Freiflächengestaltungssatzungen die landschaftsarchitektonische Planung in den Genehmigungsprozeß von Hochbauvorhaben ein.<ref>http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Referat-fuer-Stadtplanung-und-Bauordnung/Lokalbaukommission/Kundeninfo/Freiflaechengestaltungssatzung.html</ref>
Ausgelobt vom BDLA, wird seit 1993 der Deutsche Landschaftsarchitekturpreis verliehen - seit 2011 unter Schirmherrschaft des Bundesministers für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung, der beispielhafte, im deutschsprachigen Raum realisierte Projekte der Disziplin würdigt.<ref>http://www.deutscher-landschaftsarchitektur-preis.de/</ref>

== Studium und Ausbildung ==
Im deutschsprachigen Raum kann Landschaftsarchitektur (in der Regel zusammen mit der zweiten Vertiefungsrichtung Landschaftsplanung) an Universitäten und Fachhochschulen studiert werden. Daneben bieten auch mehrere Architekturstudiengänge und Kunsthochschulen Vertiefungsmöglichkeiten in der Landschaftsarchitektur an.

=== Universitäre Studiengänge ===
;Bachelor:
* [[Technische Universität Berlin]]<ref>[http://www.planen-bauen-umwelt.tu-berlin.de/institut_fuer_landschaftsarchitektur_und_umweltplanung/menue/lehre/ Landschaftsplanung (B.Sc.) Technische Universität Berlin]</ref>
* [[Technische Universität Dresden]]<ref>[http://tu-dresden.de/die_tu_dresden/fakultaeten/fakultaet_architektur/ila/Webseiten/Studieninteressierte Landschaftsarchitektur (B.Sc.) Technische Universität Dresden]</ref>
* [[Leibniz Universität Hannover]]<ref>[http://www.uni-hannover.de/de/studium/studiengaenge/landschaft/ Landschaftsarchitektur und Umweltplanung (B.Sc.) Leibniz Universität Hannover]</ref>
* [[Universität Kassel]]<ref>[http://cms.uni-kassel.de/unicms/index.php?id=10976 Landschaftsarchitektur und Landschaftsplanung (B.Sc.) Universität Kassel]</ref>
* [[Technische Universität München]]<ref>[http://wzw.tum.de/landschaft/ Landschaftsarchitektur und Landschaftsplanung (B.Sc.) Technische Universität München / Weihenstephan]</ref>
* Universität für Bodenkultur Wien<ref name="Wien">[http://www.rali.boku.ac.at/rali.html Universität für Bodenkultur Wien]</ref> (Österreich)

;Master:
* Technische Universität Berlin<ref> [http://www.t3ilaup.tu-berlin.de/index.php?id=studiengang_studieng Landscape Architecture (M.Sc.) Technische Universität Berlin ''(geplant)'']</ref>
* Technische Universität Dresden ''(geplant)''<ref>[http://tu-dresden.de/die_tu_dresden/fakultaeten/fakultaet_architektur/ila/Webseiten/Studieninteressierte Landschaftsarchitektur (M.Sc.) Technische Universität Dresden ''(geplant)'']</ref>
* Leibniz Universität Hannover<ref>[http://www.landschaft.uni-hannover.de/276.html Landschaftsarchitektur (M.Sc.) Leibniz Universität Hannover]</ref>
* Universität Kassel<ref>[http://cms.uni-kassel.de/unicms/index.php?id=12560 Landschaftsarchitektur/Landschaftsplanung (M.Sc.) Universität Kassel]</ref>
* Technische Universität München<ref>[http://wzw.tum.de/landschaft/cms/front_content.php?idcat=58 Landschaftsarchitektur (M.A.) Technische Universität München]</ref>
* Universität für Bodenkultur Wien<ref name="Wien" /> (Österreich)

;Diplom:
* Technische Universität Dresden '' (auslaufend)''<ref>[http://tu-dresden.de/die_tu_dresden/fakultaeten/fakultaet_architektur/ila/Webseiten/Studieninteressierte Landschaftsarchitektur (Dipl.) Technische Universität Dresden '' (auslaufend)'']</ref>

=== Fachhochschulen ===
* Hochschule Anhalt<ref>[http://www.hs-anhalt.de/nc/fachbereiche/fb-1-landwirtschaft-oekotrophologie-und-landschaftsentwicklung/studiengaenge/studiengang/landschaftsarchitektur-und-umweltplanung.html Hochschule Anhalt]</ref>
* Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin<ref>[http://studiengang.beuth-hochschule.de/landschaftsarchitektur/ Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin]</ref>
*Fachhochschule Erfurt <ref>[http://www.fh-erfurt.de/lgf/la/ Fachhochschule Erfurt]</ref>
* Hochschule RheinMain (Geisenheim)<ref>[http://www.hs-rm.de/fbg/studiengaenge-richtungen/landschaftsarchitektur-beng/index.html Hochschule RheinMain / Geisenheim]</ref>
* Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe (Höxter)<ref>[http://www.hs-owl.de/fb9/ Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe]</ref>
* Hochschule Neubrandenburg <ref>[http://www.hs-nb.de/studiengang-la/ Hochschule Neubrandenburg]</ref>
* [[Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Umwelt Nürtingen-Geislingen]]<ref>[http://www.hfwu.de/de/fakultaet-v/landschaftsarchitektur-bachelor/infos-zum-studium/ Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Umwelt Nürtingen-Geislingen]</ref>
* [[Hochschule Osnabrück]]<ref>[http://www.al.fh-osnabrueck.de/ Fachhochschule Osnabrück]</ref>
* Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf<ref>[http://www.hswt.de/info/bachelor/la.html Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf]</ref>
* Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil<ref>[http://www.hsr.ch/Landschaftsarchitektur.1152.0.html HSR Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil]</ref> (Schweiz)

== Zeitschriften für Landschaftsarchitektur ==
* Anthos - Zeitschrift für Landschaftsarchitektur. Une revue pour le paysage. Ast & Fischer Verlag Bern.
* [[Arch+]] - Zeitschrift für Architektur und Städtebau. Arch+ Verlag Aachen.
* [[Garten + Landschaft]] - Zeitschrift für Landschaftsarchitektur (Die Gartenkunst). Callwey verlag München.
* Journal of landscape architecture (JoLa). Callwey Verlag München.
* [[Stadt + Grün]] (Das Gartenamt). Patzer Verlag Hannover, Berlin.
* Topos - The international review of landscape architecture and urban design. Callwey Verlag München.

== Literatur ==
*Bettina von Dziembowski, Dominik von König, [[Udo Weilacher]] (Hrsg.): ''NEULAND. Bildende Kunst und Landschaftsarchitektur.'' [[Birkhäuser_Verlag|Birkhäuser]], Basel/Berlin/Boston 2007. ISBN 9783764386191
*''Europäische Landschaftsarchitektur. Ausgewählte Projekte von 2000 bis heute.'' Callwey, München 2003. ISBN 3-7667-1655-7
*Günter Mader: ''Freiraumplanung. Hausgärten, Grünanlagen, Stadtlandschaften.'' Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 2004. ISBN 3-4210-3448-6
*Hans Loidl, Stefan Bernard: ''Freiräumen.'' Birkhäuser, Basel/Berlin/Boston 2003. ISBN 3-7643-7012-2
*The Museum of Modern Art (Hrsg.): ''Groundswell. Constructing the Contemporary Landscape.'' Birkhäuser, Basel/Berlin/Boston 2005. ISBN 3-7643-7240-0
* Martin Prominski: ''Landschaft Entwerfen. Zur Theorie aktueller Landschaftsarchitektur.'' Dietrich Reimer, Berlin 2004. ISBN 3-4960-1307-9
*Udo Weilacher: ''Zwischen Landschaftsarchitektur und Land Art.'' Birkhäuser, Basel/Berlin/Boston 1999, ISBN 3-7643-6120-4
*Udo Weilacher: ''In Gärten. Profile aktueller europäischer Landschaftsarchitektur.'' Birkhäuser, Basel/Berlin/Boston 2005. ISBN 3-7643-7084-X

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.bdla.de/ Internetauftritt] Bund Deutscher Landschaftsarchitekten
* [http://www.bsla.ch Internetauftritt] Bund Schweizer Landschaftsarchitekten
* [http://www.dggl.org DGGL] - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gartenkunst und Landschaftskultur e.V.
* [http://www.bufala.org/ Bundesfachschaft Landschaft e.V.] (Studierende in D-A-CH)

==Einzelnachweise==
<references />

[[Kategorie:Landschaftsarchitektur| ]]
[[Kategorie:Landschaftsplanung]]
[[Kategorie:Landespflege]]

[[ar:تصميم المناظر الطبيعية]]
[[bg:Ландшафтна архитектура (ЛТУ)]]
[[cs:Zahradní architektura]]
[[en:Landscape architecture]]
[[es:Arquitectura del paisaje]]
[[et:Maastikuarhitektuur]]
[[fa:معماری منظر]]
[[fi:Puutarhasuunnittelu]]
[[fr:Architecture du paysage]]
[[he:אדריכלות נוף]]
[[hi:भूदृश्य वास्तुकला]]
[[hr:Krajobrazna arhitektura]]
[[id:Arsitektur lansekap]]
[[it:Architettura del paesaggio]]
[[ja:造園]]
[[ko:조경]]
[[lt:Dekoratyvinė sodininkystė]]
[[ml:ഭൂദൃശ്യ വാസ്തുകല]]
[[nl:Landschapsarchitectuur]]
[[nn:Landskapsarkitektur]]
[[no:Landskapsarkitektur]]
[[pl:Architektura krajobrazu]]
[[pt:Arquitetura paisagista]]
[[ru:Ландшафтная архитектура]]
[[sk:Krajinná architektúra]]
[[sv:Landskapsarkitektur]]
[[ta:நிலத்தோற்றக் கலை]]
[[th:ภูมิสถาปัตยกรรม]]
[[tr:Peyzaj mimarlığı]]
[[uk:Ландшафтне мистецтво]]
[[vi:Kiến trúc cảnh quan]]
[[zh:景觀設計]]

Ugadi

2012-11-15T05:32:31Z

117.211.86.75: /* Recitation of Almanac */

{{Infobox Holiday
|holiday_name = Yugadi/Gudi Padwa
[[File:UgadiPachadi.JPG|thumb|200px| Ugadi Pachadi]]
|type = [[Telugu people|Telugu]], [[Marathi people|Maharashtrians]], [[Kannada people|Kannadigas]], [[Konkani people|Konkani]], [[Bali]]nese New Year's Day
|caption =
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby = [[Hindus]]
|begins = Chaitra Shuddha Padyami
|ends =
|season = Vasanta Rutuvu (Spring Season)
|date = March (generally), April (occasionally)
|date2012 = March 23rd in [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|date2013 =
|celebrations = 1 day
|observances =
|relatedto =
}}

'''Yugādi''', '''Ugādi''', or '''Samvatsarādi''' ({{indic|lang=te|indic=ఉగాది|trans=ugādi}} or సంవత్సరాది ''samvatsarādi'', {{indic|lang=kn|indic=ಯುಗಾದಿ|trans=yugādi|indicipa=juga:di}}, [[Konkani]]/[[Marathi language|Marathi]]: युगादी ''yugādi'' ) is the New Year's Day for the people of the [[Deccan]] region of [[India]]. The name '''Yugadi''' or '''Ugadi''' is derived from the Sanskrit words ''yuga'' (age) and ''ādi'' (beginning): "the beginning of a new age". It falls on the different day every year because the [[Hindu calendar]] is a [[lunisolar calendar]]. The [[Saka calendar]] begins with the month of [[Chaitra]] (March–April) and Ugadi marks the first day of the new year. [[Chaitra]] is the first month in [[Panchanga]] which is the Indian calendar.

While the people of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]] use the term '''Ugadi/Yugadi''' for this festival, the people of [[Maharashtra]] term the same festival, observed on the same day, [[Gudi Padwa]] ({{lang-mr|गुढी पाडवा}}). Marwari, people of [[Rajasthan]] celebrate the same day as their new year day [[Thapna]]. Sindhis, people from [[Sindh]], celebrate the same day as their New Year day [[Cheti Chand]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/04/stories/2005040402650300.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Ugadi a time to rejoice | date=4 April 2005}}</ref> [[Manipuris]] also celebrate their New Year ([[Sajibu nongma panba]]) on the same day. It is observed as [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]] in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Puthandu]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. However, it is not celebrated on the same day as Yugadi in Tamil Nadu. It is also celebrated in [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism-mauritius.mu/discover/festivals.html|title=Festivals, Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius|publisher=Mauritius Tourism Authority |date= |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref> Hindus of [[Bali]] and [[Indonesia]] also celebrate their new year on the same day as [[Nyepi]].

==The Lunar Almanac ==

The word Yugadi can be explained as; '[[Yuga]]' is the word for 'epoch' or 'era', and 'ādi' stands for 'the beginning'.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} Yugadi specifically refers to the start of the age we are living in now, [[Kali Yuga]]. Kali Yuga started the moment when [[Lord Krishna]] left the world. Maharshi [[Vedavyasa]] describes this event with the words "''Yesmin Krishno divamvyataha, Tasmat eeva pratipannam Kaliyugam''". Kali Yuga began on February 17/18 at midnight in 3102 BC.

The festival marks the new year day for people between [[Vindhyas]] and [[Kaveri]] river who follow the South Indian [[lunar calendar]], pervasively adhered to in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]].

This calendar reckons dates based on the [[Shalivahana era]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} (Shalivahana Shaka), which begins its count from the supposed date of the founding of the Empire by the legendary hero [[Shalivahana]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}. The [[Satavahana]] king Shalivahana (also identified as Gautamiputra Satakarni) is credited with the initiation of this era known as Shalivahana. The Salivahana era begins its count of years from the year corresponding to 78 CE of the [[Gregorian calendar]]. Thus, the year 2000 CE corresponds to the year 1922 of the Salivahana Era. {{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

In the terminology used by this lunar calendar (also each year is identified as per [[Indian Calendar]]){{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}, Yugadi falls on "''Chaitra Shudhdha Paadyami''" or the first day of the bright half of the Indian month of [[Chaitra]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} This generally falls in the months of March or April of the Gregorian calendar. In 2011, Ugadi falls on April 4.

Lunar calendars have a sixty year cycle and starts the new year on Yugadi i.e., on "''Chaitra Sudhdha Paadyami''". After the completion of sixty years, the calendar starts a new with the first year.

Yugadi (start of new year) is based on [[Bhāskara II]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} lunar calculations in 12th century. It starts on the first new moon after Sun crosses equator from south to north on Spring [[Equinox]]. For example, the time for the new moon for [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] where [[Bhaskaracharya]] was born can be determined from the website [http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/moonphases.html?year=2008&n=438] However, people celebrate Yugadi on the next morning as Indian day starts from sun rise. Many Indians in America also celebrate Yugadi.

==Observance of the festival==

The Kannada, Marathi, Telugu and the Konkani diaspora in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala celebrate the festival with great fanfare; gatherings of the extended family and a sumptuous feast are 'de rigueur'. The day, begins with ritual showers (oil bath) followed by prayers.

===Symbolic Eating of a Dish with Six Tastes===

The eating of a specific mixture of six tastes (షడ్రుచులు), called ''Ugadi Pachhadi'' (ఉగాది పచ్చడి) in [[Telugu people|Telugu]] and ''Bevu-Bella'' (ಬೇವು-ಬೆಲ್ಲ) in [[Kannada language|Kannada]],<ref name="kannada">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/blore-welcomes-kannada-new-year/36382-3.html|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN live]]|title=B'lore welcomes Kannada New Year|accessdate=2009-03-19}}</ref> symbolizes the fact that life is a mixture of different experiences (sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise), which should be accepted together and with equanimity through the New Year.

The special mixture consists of:
* [[Neem|Neem Buds/Flowers]] for its bitterness, signifying [[Sadness]]
* [[Jaggery]] and ripe banana pieces for sweetness, signifying [[Happiness]]
* [[Chili pepper|Green Chilli/Pepper]] for its hot taste, signifying [[Anger]]
* [[Salt]] for saltiness, signifying [[Fear]]
* [[Tamarind|Tamarind Juice]] for its sourness, signifying [[Disgust]]
* [[Mango|Unripened Mango]] for its tang, signifying [[Surprise (emotion)|Surprise]]

===Special dishes===

[[Image:Coconut holige.jpg|thumb|200px| Bobbattu or [[Bhakshalu]]/[[Holigey]] -prepared on Ugadi in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]].]]

In Karnataka a special dish called [[obbattu]] or [[Holige]], is prepared. In [[Andhra Pradesh]], a special dish called [[Bhakshyalu]] or [[Bobbatlu]] ([[Polelu]]) ([[Puran Poli]]) are prepared on this occasion. It consists of a filling ([[gram]] and [[jaggery]]/sugar boiled and made in to a paste) stuffed in a flat roti like bread. It is usually eaten hot/cold with [[ghee]] or milk topping or coconut milk at some places of [[Karnataka]].

Another dish which is prepared on occasion of Ugadi is ''Ugadi pachhadi'' (mentiond above).

===Recitation of Almanac===

Later, people traditionally gather to listen to the recitation of the religious [[Panchangam]] ([[almanac]]) of the new year, and the general forecast of the year to come. This is called the '[[Panchanga Sravanam]]', an informal social function where an elderly and respected person.

In Telugu , the greeting is "yugadi shubakankshulu" -ఉగాది శుభాకాంక్షలు

In Kannada, the greeting is "Yugadi Habbada Shubhashayagalu" - ಯುಗಾದಿ ಹಬ್ಬದ ಶುಭಾಷಯಗಳು (Greetings for the festival of Yugadi) or "Hosa varshada shubhashayagaLu" - ಹೊಸ ವರ್ಷದ ಶುಭಾಷಯಗಳು (Greetings on the new year).

In Konkani, it would be ''Navve varsache shubhashyay'', ''Samvatsar padvyachi shubheccha''.

In Marathi, it would be 'गुढी पाडव्याच्या हार्दिक शुभेच्छा' (Gudhi padvyachya hardik shubhechcha).

In 2012, the year greeting should be Sri Nandana Nama Shubhakankshalu

==See also==
* [[Telugu years]]
* [[Gudi Padwa]]
* [[Cheti Chand]]
* [[Vishu]]
* [[Sajibu Cheiraoba]]
* [[Yuga]]
* [[Vedic Timeline]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Panchangam]]
* [[Jyotish]]
* [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]]
* [[Puthandu]]

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://smstongue.com/ugadi-yugadi-samvatsradi-sms Ugadi SMS, Messages, Greetings and Wishes]
* [http://telugupanchangam.net/01_January_2012_Telugu_Daily_Panchangam Telugu Daily Panchangam 2012]

{{HinduFestivals}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Festivals in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Festivals in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:New Year in India]]
[[Category:Telugu Festivals]]

[[bn:উগাদি]]
[[es:Ugadi]]
[[fa:اوگادی]]
[[fr:Ugadi]]
[[kn:ಯುಗಾದಿ]]
[[pl:Ugadi]]
[[ru:Угади]]
[[sa:युगादिः]]
[[ta:உகாதி]]
[[te:ఉగాది]]
[[uk:Угаді]]

Ugadi

2012-11-15T05:31:07Z

117.211.86.75: /* Recitation of Almanac */

{{Infobox Holiday
|holiday_name = Yugadi/Gudi Padwa
[[File:UgadiPachadi.JPG|thumb|200px| Ugadi Pachadi]]
|type = [[Telugu people|Telugu]], [[Marathi people|Maharashtrians]], [[Kannada people|Kannadigas]], [[Konkani people|Konkani]], [[Bali]]nese New Year's Day
|caption =
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby = [[Hindus]]
|begins = Chaitra Shuddha Padyami
|ends =
|season = Vasanta Rutuvu (Spring Season)
|date = March (generally), April (occasionally)
|date2012 = March 23rd in [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|date2013 =
|celebrations = 1 day
|observances =
|relatedto =
}}

'''Yugādi''', '''Ugādi''', or '''Samvatsarādi''' ({{indic|lang=te|indic=ఉగాది|trans=ugādi}} or సంవత్సరాది ''samvatsarādi'', {{indic|lang=kn|indic=ಯುಗಾದಿ|trans=yugādi|indicipa=juga:di}}, [[Konkani]]/[[Marathi language|Marathi]]: युगादी ''yugādi'' ) is the New Year's Day for the people of the [[Deccan]] region of [[India]]. The name '''Yugadi''' or '''Ugadi''' is derived from the Sanskrit words ''yuga'' (age) and ''ādi'' (beginning): "the beginning of a new age". It falls on the different day every year because the [[Hindu calendar]] is a [[lunisolar calendar]]. The [[Saka calendar]] begins with the month of [[Chaitra]] (March–April) and Ugadi marks the first day of the new year. [[Chaitra]] is the first month in [[Panchanga]] which is the Indian calendar.

While the people of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]] use the term '''Ugadi/Yugadi''' for this festival, the people of [[Maharashtra]] term the same festival, observed on the same day, [[Gudi Padwa]] ({{lang-mr|गुढी पाडवा}}). Marwari, people of [[Rajasthan]] celebrate the same day as their new year day [[Thapna]]. Sindhis, people from [[Sindh]], celebrate the same day as their New Year day [[Cheti Chand]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/04/stories/2005040402650300.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Ugadi a time to rejoice | date=4 April 2005}}</ref> [[Manipuris]] also celebrate their New Year ([[Sajibu nongma panba]]) on the same day. It is observed as [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]] in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Puthandu]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. However, it is not celebrated on the same day as Yugadi in Tamil Nadu. It is also celebrated in [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism-mauritius.mu/discover/festivals.html|title=Festivals, Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius|publisher=Mauritius Tourism Authority |date= |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref> Hindus of [[Bali]] and [[Indonesia]] also celebrate their new year on the same day as [[Nyepi]].

==The Lunar Almanac ==

The word Yugadi can be explained as; '[[Yuga]]' is the word for 'epoch' or 'era', and 'ādi' stands for 'the beginning'.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} Yugadi specifically refers to the start of the age we are living in now, [[Kali Yuga]]. Kali Yuga started the moment when [[Lord Krishna]] left the world. Maharshi [[Vedavyasa]] describes this event with the words "''Yesmin Krishno divamvyataha, Tasmat eeva pratipannam Kaliyugam''". Kali Yuga began on February 17/18 at midnight in 3102 BC.

The festival marks the new year day for people between [[Vindhyas]] and [[Kaveri]] river who follow the South Indian [[lunar calendar]], pervasively adhered to in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]].

This calendar reckons dates based on the [[Shalivahana era]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} (Shalivahana Shaka), which begins its count from the supposed date of the founding of the Empire by the legendary hero [[Shalivahana]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}. The [[Satavahana]] king Shalivahana (also identified as Gautamiputra Satakarni) is credited with the initiation of this era known as Shalivahana. The Salivahana era begins its count of years from the year corresponding to 78 CE of the [[Gregorian calendar]]. Thus, the year 2000 CE corresponds to the year 1922 of the Salivahana Era. {{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

In the terminology used by this lunar calendar (also each year is identified as per [[Indian Calendar]]){{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}, Yugadi falls on "''Chaitra Shudhdha Paadyami''" or the first day of the bright half of the Indian month of [[Chaitra]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} This generally falls in the months of March or April of the Gregorian calendar. In 2011, Ugadi falls on April 4.

Lunar calendars have a sixty year cycle and starts the new year on Yugadi i.e., on "''Chaitra Sudhdha Paadyami''". After the completion of sixty years, the calendar starts a new with the first year.

Yugadi (start of new year) is based on [[Bhāskara II]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} lunar calculations in 12th century. It starts on the first new moon after Sun crosses equator from south to north on Spring [[Equinox]]. For example, the time for the new moon for [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] where [[Bhaskaracharya]] was born can be determined from the website [http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/moonphases.html?year=2008&n=438] However, people celebrate Yugadi on the next morning as Indian day starts from sun rise. Many Indians in America also celebrate Yugadi.

==Observance of the festival==

The Kannada, Marathi, Telugu and the Konkani diaspora in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala celebrate the festival with great fanfare; gatherings of the extended family and a sumptuous feast are 'de rigueur'. The day, begins with ritual showers (oil bath) followed by prayers.

===Symbolic Eating of a Dish with Six Tastes===

The eating of a specific mixture of six tastes (షడ్రుచులు), called ''Ugadi Pachhadi'' (ఉగాది పచ్చడి) in [[Telugu people|Telugu]] and ''Bevu-Bella'' (ಬೇವು-ಬೆಲ್ಲ) in [[Kannada language|Kannada]],<ref name="kannada">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/blore-welcomes-kannada-new-year/36382-3.html|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN live]]|title=B'lore welcomes Kannada New Year|accessdate=2009-03-19}}</ref> symbolizes the fact that life is a mixture of different experiences (sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise), which should be accepted together and with equanimity through the New Year.

The special mixture consists of:
* [[Neem|Neem Buds/Flowers]] for its bitterness, signifying [[Sadness]]
* [[Jaggery]] and ripe banana pieces for sweetness, signifying [[Happiness]]
* [[Chili pepper|Green Chilli/Pepper]] for its hot taste, signifying [[Anger]]
* [[Salt]] for saltiness, signifying [[Fear]]
* [[Tamarind|Tamarind Juice]] for its sourness, signifying [[Disgust]]
* [[Mango|Unripened Mango]] for its tang, signifying [[Surprise (emotion)|Surprise]]

===Special dishes===

[[Image:Coconut holige.jpg|thumb|200px| Bobbattu or [[Bhakshalu]]/[[Holigey]] -prepared on Ugadi in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]].]]

In Karnataka a special dish called [[obbattu]] or [[Holige]], is prepared. In [[Andhra Pradesh]], a special dish called [[Bhakshyalu]] or [[Bobbatlu]] ([[Polelu]]) ([[Puran Poli]]) are prepared on this occasion. It consists of a filling ([[gram]] and [[jaggery]]/sugar boiled and made in to a paste) stuffed in a flat roti like bread. It is usually eaten hot/cold with [[ghee]] or milk topping or coconut milk at some places of [[Karnataka]].

Another dish which is prepared on occasion of Ugadi is ''Ugadi pachhadi'' (mentiond above).

===Recitation of Almanac===

Later, people traditionally gather to listen to the recitation of the religious [[Panchangam]] ([[almanac]]) of the new year, and the general forecast of the year to come. This is called the '[[Panchanga Sravanam]]', an informal social function where an elderly and respected person.

In Kannada, the greeting is "Yugadi Habbada Shubhashayagalu" - ಯುಗಾದಿ ಹಬ್ಬದ ಶುಭಾಷಯಗಳು (Greetings for the festival of Yugadi) or "Hosa varshada shubhashayagaLu" - ಹೊಸ ವರ್ಷದ ಶುಭಾಷಯಗಳು (Greetings on the new year).

In Telugu , the greeting is "yugadi shubakankshulu" -ఉగాది శుభాకాంక్షలు .

In Konkani, it would be ''Navve varsache shubhashyay'', ''Samvatsar padvyachi shubheccha''.

In Marathi, it would be 'गुढी पाडव्याच्या हार्दिक शुभेच्छा' (Gudhi padvyachya hardik shubhechcha).

In 2012, the year greeting should be Sri Nandana Nama Shubhakankshalu

==See also==
* [[Telugu years]]
* [[Gudi Padwa]]
* [[Cheti Chand]]
* [[Vishu]]
* [[Sajibu Cheiraoba]]
* [[Yuga]]
* [[Vedic Timeline]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Panchangam]]
* [[Jyotish]]
* [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]]
* [[Puthandu]]

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://smstongue.com/ugadi-yugadi-samvatsradi-sms Ugadi SMS, Messages, Greetings and Wishes]
* [http://telugupanchangam.net/01_January_2012_Telugu_Daily_Panchangam Telugu Daily Panchangam 2012]

{{HinduFestivals}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Festivals in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Festivals in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:New Year in India]]
[[Category:Telugu Festivals]]

[[bn:উগাদি]]
[[es:Ugadi]]
[[fa:اوگادی]]
[[fr:Ugadi]]
[[kn:ಯುಗಾದಿ]]
[[pl:Ugadi]]
[[ru:Угади]]
[[sa:युगादिः]]
[[ta:உகாதி]]
[[te:ఉగాది]]
[[uk:Угаді]]

Ugadi

2012-11-15T05:30:32Z

117.211.86.75: /* Recitation of Almanac */

{{Infobox Holiday
|holiday_name = Yugadi/Gudi Padwa
[[File:UgadiPachadi.JPG|thumb|200px| Ugadi Pachadi]]
|type = [[Telugu people|Telugu]], [[Marathi people|Maharashtrians]], [[Kannada people|Kannadigas]], [[Konkani people|Konkani]], [[Bali]]nese New Year's Day
|caption =
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby = [[Hindus]]
|begins = Chaitra Shuddha Padyami
|ends =
|season = Vasanta Rutuvu (Spring Season)
|date = March (generally), April (occasionally)
|date2012 = March 23rd in [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|date2013 =
|celebrations = 1 day
|observances =
|relatedto =
}}

'''Yugādi''', '''Ugādi''', or '''Samvatsarādi''' ({{indic|lang=te|indic=ఉగాది|trans=ugādi}} or సంవత్సరాది ''samvatsarādi'', {{indic|lang=kn|indic=ಯುಗಾದಿ|trans=yugādi|indicipa=juga:di}}, [[Konkani]]/[[Marathi language|Marathi]]: युगादी ''yugādi'' ) is the New Year's Day for the people of the [[Deccan]] region of [[India]]. The name '''Yugadi''' or '''Ugadi''' is derived from the Sanskrit words ''yuga'' (age) and ''ādi'' (beginning): "the beginning of a new age". It falls on the different day every year because the [[Hindu calendar]] is a [[lunisolar calendar]]. The [[Saka calendar]] begins with the month of [[Chaitra]] (March–April) and Ugadi marks the first day of the new year. [[Chaitra]] is the first month in [[Panchanga]] which is the Indian calendar.

While the people of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]] use the term '''Ugadi/Yugadi''' for this festival, the people of [[Maharashtra]] term the same festival, observed on the same day, [[Gudi Padwa]] ({{lang-mr|गुढी पाडवा}}). Marwari, people of [[Rajasthan]] celebrate the same day as their new year day [[Thapna]]. Sindhis, people from [[Sindh]], celebrate the same day as their New Year day [[Cheti Chand]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/04/stories/2005040402650300.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Ugadi a time to rejoice | date=4 April 2005}}</ref> [[Manipuris]] also celebrate their New Year ([[Sajibu nongma panba]]) on the same day. It is observed as [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]] in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Puthandu]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. However, it is not celebrated on the same day as Yugadi in Tamil Nadu. It is also celebrated in [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism-mauritius.mu/discover/festivals.html|title=Festivals, Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius|publisher=Mauritius Tourism Authority |date= |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref> Hindus of [[Bali]] and [[Indonesia]] also celebrate their new year on the same day as [[Nyepi]].

==The Lunar Almanac ==

The word Yugadi can be explained as; '[[Yuga]]' is the word for 'epoch' or 'era', and 'ādi' stands for 'the beginning'.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} Yugadi specifically refers to the start of the age we are living in now, [[Kali Yuga]]. Kali Yuga started the moment when [[Lord Krishna]] left the world. Maharshi [[Vedavyasa]] describes this event with the words "''Yesmin Krishno divamvyataha, Tasmat eeva pratipannam Kaliyugam''". Kali Yuga began on February 17/18 at midnight in 3102 BC.

The festival marks the new year day for people between [[Vindhyas]] and [[Kaveri]] river who follow the South Indian [[lunar calendar]], pervasively adhered to in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]].

This calendar reckons dates based on the [[Shalivahana era]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} (Shalivahana Shaka), which begins its count from the supposed date of the founding of the Empire by the legendary hero [[Shalivahana]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}. The [[Satavahana]] king Shalivahana (also identified as Gautamiputra Satakarni) is credited with the initiation of this era known as Shalivahana. The Salivahana era begins its count of years from the year corresponding to 78 CE of the [[Gregorian calendar]]. Thus, the year 2000 CE corresponds to the year 1922 of the Salivahana Era. {{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

In the terminology used by this lunar calendar (also each year is identified as per [[Indian Calendar]]){{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}, Yugadi falls on "''Chaitra Shudhdha Paadyami''" or the first day of the bright half of the Indian month of [[Chaitra]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} This generally falls in the months of March or April of the Gregorian calendar. In 2011, Ugadi falls on April 4.

Lunar calendars have a sixty year cycle and starts the new year on Yugadi i.e., on "''Chaitra Sudhdha Paadyami''". After the completion of sixty years, the calendar starts a new with the first year.

Yugadi (start of new year) is based on [[Bhāskara II]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} lunar calculations in 12th century. It starts on the first new moon after Sun crosses equator from south to north on Spring [[Equinox]]. For example, the time for the new moon for [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] where [[Bhaskaracharya]] was born can be determined from the website [http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/moonphases.html?year=2008&n=438] However, people celebrate Yugadi on the next morning as Indian day starts from sun rise. Many Indians in America also celebrate Yugadi.

==Observance of the festival==

The Kannada, Marathi, Telugu and the Konkani diaspora in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala celebrate the festival with great fanfare; gatherings of the extended family and a sumptuous feast are 'de rigueur'. The day, begins with ritual showers (oil bath) followed by prayers.

===Symbolic Eating of a Dish with Six Tastes===

The eating of a specific mixture of six tastes (షడ్రుచులు), called ''Ugadi Pachhadi'' (ఉగాది పచ్చడి) in [[Telugu people|Telugu]] and ''Bevu-Bella'' (ಬೇವು-ಬೆಲ್ಲ) in [[Kannada language|Kannada]],<ref name="kannada">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/blore-welcomes-kannada-new-year/36382-3.html|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN live]]|title=B'lore welcomes Kannada New Year|accessdate=2009-03-19}}</ref> symbolizes the fact that life is a mixture of different experiences (sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise), which should be accepted together and with equanimity through the New Year.

The special mixture consists of:
* [[Neem|Neem Buds/Flowers]] for its bitterness, signifying [[Sadness]]
* [[Jaggery]] and ripe banana pieces for sweetness, signifying [[Happiness]]
* [[Chili pepper|Green Chilli/Pepper]] for its hot taste, signifying [[Anger]]
* [[Salt]] for saltiness, signifying [[Fear]]
* [[Tamarind|Tamarind Juice]] for its sourness, signifying [[Disgust]]
* [[Mango|Unripened Mango]] for its tang, signifying [[Surprise (emotion)|Surprise]]

===Special dishes===

[[Image:Coconut holige.jpg|thumb|200px| Bobbattu or [[Bhakshalu]]/[[Holigey]] -prepared on Ugadi in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]].]]

In Karnataka a special dish called [[obbattu]] or [[Holige]], is prepared. In [[Andhra Pradesh]], a special dish called [[Bhakshyalu]] or [[Bobbatlu]] ([[Polelu]]) ([[Puran Poli]]) are prepared on this occasion. It consists of a filling ([[gram]] and [[jaggery]]/sugar boiled and made in to a paste) stuffed in a flat roti like bread. It is usually eaten hot/cold with [[ghee]] or milk topping or coconut milk at some places of [[Karnataka]].

Another dish which is prepared on occasion of Ugadi is ''Ugadi pachhadi'' (mentiond above).

===Recitation of Almanac===

Later, people traditionally gather to listen to the recitation of the religious [[Panchangam]] ([[almanac]]) of the new year, and the general forecast of the year to come. This is called the '[[Panchanga Sravanam]]', an informal social function where an elderly and respected person.

In Kannada, the greeting is "Yugadi Habbada Shubhashayagalu" - ಯುಗಾದಿ ಹಬ್ಬದ ಶುಭಾಷಯಗಳು (Greetings for the festival of Yugadi) or "Hosa varshada shubhashayagaLu" - ಹೊಸ ವರ್ಷದ ಶುಭಾಷಯಗಳು (Greetings on the new year).
In Telugu , the greeting is "yugadi shubakankshulu -ఉగాది శుభాకాంక్షలు .
In Konkani, it would be ''Navve varsache shubhashyay'', ''Samvatsar padvyachi shubheccha''.

In Marathi, it would be 'गुढी पाडव्याच्या हार्दिक शुभेच्छा' (Gudhi padvyachya hardik shubhechcha).

In 2012, the year greeting should be Sri Nandana Nama Shubhakankshalu

==See also==
* [[Telugu years]]
* [[Gudi Padwa]]
* [[Cheti Chand]]
* [[Vishu]]
* [[Sajibu Cheiraoba]]
* [[Yuga]]
* [[Vedic Timeline]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Panchangam]]
* [[Jyotish]]
* [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]]
* [[Puthandu]]

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://smstongue.com/ugadi-yugadi-samvatsradi-sms Ugadi SMS, Messages, Greetings and Wishes]
* [http://telugupanchangam.net/01_January_2012_Telugu_Daily_Panchangam Telugu Daily Panchangam 2012]

{{HinduFestivals}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Festivals in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Festivals in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:New Year in India]]
[[Category:Telugu Festivals]]

[[bn:উগাদি]]
[[es:Ugadi]]
[[fa:اوگادی]]
[[fr:Ugadi]]
[[kn:ಯುಗಾದಿ]]
[[pl:Ugadi]]
[[ru:Угади]]
[[sa:युगादिः]]
[[ta:உகாதி]]
[[te:ఉగాది]]
[[uk:Угаді]]

Ugadi

2012-11-15T05:22:28Z

117.211.86.75: /* Recitation of Almanac */

{{Infobox Holiday
|holiday_name = Yugadi/Gudi Padwa
[[File:UgadiPachadi.JPG|thumb|200px| Ugadi Pachadi]]
|type = [[Telugu people|Telugu]], [[Marathi people|Maharashtrians]], [[Kannada people|Kannadigas]], [[Konkani people|Konkani]], [[Bali]]nese New Year's Day
|caption =
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby = [[Hindus]]
|begins = Chaitra Shuddha Padyami
|ends =
|season = Vasanta Rutuvu (Spring Season)
|date = March (generally), April (occasionally)
|date2012 = March 23rd in [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|date2013 =
|celebrations = 1 day
|observances =
|relatedto =
}}

'''Yugādi''', '''Ugādi''', or '''Samvatsarādi''' ({{indic|lang=te|indic=ఉగాది|trans=ugādi}} or సంవత్సరాది ''samvatsarādi'', {{indic|lang=kn|indic=ಯುಗಾದಿ|trans=yugādi|indicipa=juga:di}}, [[Konkani]]/[[Marathi language|Marathi]]: युगादी ''yugādi'' ) is the New Year's Day for the people of the [[Deccan]] region of [[India]]. The name '''Yugadi''' or '''Ugadi''' is derived from the Sanskrit words ''yuga'' (age) and ''ādi'' (beginning): "the beginning of a new age". It falls on the different day every year because the [[Hindu calendar]] is a [[lunisolar calendar]]. The [[Saka calendar]] begins with the month of [[Chaitra]] (March–April) and Ugadi marks the first day of the new year. [[Chaitra]] is the first month in [[Panchanga]] which is the Indian calendar.

While the people of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]] use the term '''Ugadi/Yugadi''' for this festival, the people of [[Maharashtra]] term the same festival, observed on the same day, [[Gudi Padwa]] ({{lang-mr|गुढी पाडवा}}). Marwari, people of [[Rajasthan]] celebrate the same day as their new year day [[Thapna]]. Sindhis, people from [[Sindh]], celebrate the same day as their New Year day [[Cheti Chand]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/04/stories/2005040402650300.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Ugadi a time to rejoice | date=4 April 2005}}</ref> [[Manipuris]] also celebrate their New Year ([[Sajibu nongma panba]]) on the same day. It is observed as [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]] in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Puthandu]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. However, it is not celebrated on the same day as Yugadi in Tamil Nadu. It is also celebrated in [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism-mauritius.mu/discover/festivals.html|title=Festivals, Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius|publisher=Mauritius Tourism Authority |date= |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref> Hindus of [[Bali]] and [[Indonesia]] also celebrate their new year on the same day as [[Nyepi]].

==The Lunar Almanac ==

The word Yugadi can be explained as; '[[Yuga]]' is the word for 'epoch' or 'era', and 'ādi' stands for 'the beginning'.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} Yugadi specifically refers to the start of the age we are living in now, [[Kali Yuga]]. Kali Yuga started the moment when [[Lord Krishna]] left the world. Maharshi [[Vedavyasa]] describes this event with the words "''Yesmin Krishno divamvyataha, Tasmat eeva pratipannam Kaliyugam''". Kali Yuga began on February 17/18 at midnight in 3102 BC.

The festival marks the new year day for people between [[Vindhyas]] and [[Kaveri]] river who follow the South Indian [[lunar calendar]], pervasively adhered to in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]].

This calendar reckons dates based on the [[Shalivahana era]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} (Shalivahana Shaka), which begins its count from the supposed date of the founding of the Empire by the legendary hero [[Shalivahana]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}. The [[Satavahana]] king Shalivahana (also identified as Gautamiputra Satakarni) is credited with the initiation of this era known as Shalivahana. The Salivahana era begins its count of years from the year corresponding to 78 CE of the [[Gregorian calendar]]. Thus, the year 2000 CE corresponds to the year 1922 of the Salivahana Era. {{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

In the terminology used by this lunar calendar (also each year is identified as per [[Indian Calendar]]){{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}, Yugadi falls on "''Chaitra Shudhdha Paadyami''" or the first day of the bright half of the Indian month of [[Chaitra]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} This generally falls in the months of March or April of the Gregorian calendar. In 2011, Ugadi falls on April 4.

Lunar calendars have a sixty year cycle and starts the new year on Yugadi i.e., on "''Chaitra Sudhdha Paadyami''". After the completion of sixty years, the calendar starts a new with the first year.

Yugadi (start of new year) is based on [[Bhāskara II]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} lunar calculations in 12th century. It starts on the first new moon after Sun crosses equator from south to north on Spring [[Equinox]]. For example, the time for the new moon for [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] where [[Bhaskaracharya]] was born can be determined from the website [http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/moonphases.html?year=2008&n=438] However, people celebrate Yugadi on the next morning as Indian day starts from sun rise. Many Indians in America also celebrate Yugadi.

==Observance of the festival==

The Kannada, Marathi, Telugu and the Konkani diaspora in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala celebrate the festival with great fanfare; gatherings of the extended family and a sumptuous feast are 'de rigueur'. The day, begins with ritual showers (oil bath) followed by prayers.

===Symbolic Eating of a Dish with Six Tastes===

The eating of a specific mixture of six tastes (షడ్రుచులు), called ''Ugadi Pachhadi'' (ఉగాది పచ్చడి) in [[Telugu people|Telugu]] and ''Bevu-Bella'' (ಬೇವು-ಬೆಲ್ಲ) in [[Kannada language|Kannada]],<ref name="kannada">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/blore-welcomes-kannada-new-year/36382-3.html|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN live]]|title=B'lore welcomes Kannada New Year|accessdate=2009-03-19}}</ref> symbolizes the fact that life is a mixture of different experiences (sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise), which should be accepted together and with equanimity through the New Year.

The special mixture consists of:
* [[Neem|Neem Buds/Flowers]] for its bitterness, signifying [[Sadness]]
* [[Jaggery]] and ripe banana pieces for sweetness, signifying [[Happiness]]
* [[Chili pepper|Green Chilli/Pepper]] for its hot taste, signifying [[Anger]]
* [[Salt]] for saltiness, signifying [[Fear]]
* [[Tamarind|Tamarind Juice]] for its sourness, signifying [[Disgust]]
* [[Mango|Unripened Mango]] for its tang, signifying [[Surprise (emotion)|Surprise]]

===Special dishes===

[[Image:Coconut holige.jpg|thumb|200px| Bobbattu or [[Bhakshalu]]/[[Holigey]] -prepared on Ugadi in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]].]]

In Karnataka a special dish called [[obbattu]] or [[Holige]], is prepared. In [[Andhra Pradesh]], a special dish called [[Bhakshyalu]] or [[Bobbatlu]] ([[Polelu]]) ([[Puran Poli]]) are prepared on this occasion. It consists of a filling ([[gram]] and [[jaggery]]/sugar boiled and made in to a paste) stuffed in a flat roti like bread. It is usually eaten hot/cold with [[ghee]] or milk topping or coconut milk at some places of [[Karnataka]].

Another dish which is prepared on occasion of Ugadi is ''Ugadi pachhadi'' (mentiond above).

===Recitation of Almanac===

Later, people traditionally gather to listen to the recitation of the religious [[Panchangam]] ([[almanac]]) of the new year, and the general forecast of the year to come. This is called the '[[Panchanga Sravanam]]', an informal social function where an elderly and respected perso

In 2011, the year greeting should be Sri Khara Nama Samvatsara Shubhakankshalu.

In Kannada, the greeting is "Yugadi Habbada Shubhashayagalu" - ಯುಗಾದಿ ಹಬ್ಬದ ಶುಭಾಷಯಗಳು (Greetings for the festival of Yugadi) or "Hosa varshada shubhashayagaLu" - ಹೊಸ ವರ್ಷದ ಶುಭಾಷಯಗಳು (Greetings on the new year).

In Konkani, it would be ''Navve varsache shubhashyay'', ''Samvatsar padvyachi shubheccha''.

In Marathi, it would be 'गुढी पाडव्याच्या हार्दिक शुभेच्छा' (Gudhi padvyachya hardik shubhechcha).

In 2012, the year greeting should be Sri Nandana Nama Shubhakankshalu

==See also==
* [[Telugu years]]
* [[Gudi Padwa]]
* [[Cheti Chand]]
* [[Vishu]]
* [[Sajibu Cheiraoba]]
* [[Yuga]]
* [[Vedic Timeline]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Panchangam]]
* [[Jyotish]]
* [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]]
* [[Puthandu]]

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://smstongue.com/ugadi-yugadi-samvatsradi-sms Ugadi SMS, Messages, Greetings and Wishes]
* [http://telugupanchangam.net/01_January_2012_Telugu_Daily_Panchangam Telugu Daily Panchangam 2012]

{{HinduFestivals}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Festivals in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Festivals in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:New Year in India]]
[[Category:Telugu Festivals]]

[[bn:উগাদি]]
[[es:Ugadi]]
[[fa:اوگادی]]
[[fr:Ugadi]]
[[kn:ಯುಗಾದಿ]]
[[pl:Ugadi]]
[[ru:Угади]]
[[sa:युगादिः]]
[[ta:உகாதி]]
[[te:ఉగాది]]
[[uk:Угаді]]