Königreich Ungarn (1920–1946)

2019-05-30T17:33:31Z

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{{about|the Kingdom of Hungary from 1920 to 1946|the general article|Kingdom of Hungary}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hungary
|native_name = ''Magyar Királyság''
|common_name = Hungary
|status =
|p1 = Hungarian Republic (1919–20){{!}}First Hungarian Republic
|flag_p1 = Flag of Hungary 1940.svg
|p2 = First Czechoslovak Republic
|flag_p2 = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg
|p3 = Carpatho-Ukraine
|flag_p3 = Flag of Ukraine.svg
|p4 = Slovak Republic (1939–45){{!}}Slovak Republic
|flag_p4 = Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg
|p5 = Kingdom of Romania
|flag_p5 = Flag of Romania.svg
|p6 = Kingdom of Yugoslavia
|flag_p6 = Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg
|s1 = Republic of Hungary (1946–1949){{!}}Second Hungarian Republic
|flag_s1 = Flag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957; 1-2 aspect ratio).svg
|s2 = Third Czechoslovak Republic
|flag_s2 = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg
|s3 = Kingdom of Romania
|flag_s3 = Flag of Romania.svg
|s4 = Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
|flag_s4 = Flag of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.svg
|s5 = Soviet Union
|flag_s5 = Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg
|image_flag = Flag of Hungary 1940.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; angels).svg
|coa_size = 110px
|national_motto = "Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae"<ref>Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999). ''World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions''. Ed. Thomas J. Sienkewicz and James T. McDonough, Jr. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. {{ISBN|0-86516-422-3}}.</ref> ([[Latin]]) "Kingdom of Mary, the Patron of Hungary"
|national_anthem = ''[[Himnusz]]'' Hymn
|image_map = Kingdom of Hungary (1942).svg
|image_map_caption = Extent of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1942.
|capital = [[Budapest]]
|common_languages = [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] (official)
|religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]{{·}}[[Calvinism]]{{·}}[[Lutheranism]]{{·}}[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]{{·}}[[Eastern Catholicism]]{{·}}[[Unitarianism]]{{·}}[[Judaism]]
|government_type = [[Authoritarianism|Authoritarian]] [[regency]] (1920–1944) [[Agrarianism|Agrarian]] [[Fascism|fascist]] [[one-party state]] (1944–1945) [[Transitional government|Transitional]] [[coalition government]] (1945–1946)
|title_leader = [[King of Hungary|King]]
|leader1 = ''Vacant'' <ref group=note name=A/>
|year_leader1 = 1920–1946
|title_representative = [[Heads of State of Hungary|Head of State]]
|representative1 = [[Miklós Horthy]]<ref group=note name=B/>
|year_representative1 = 1920–1944
|representative2 = [[Ferenc Szálasi]]<ref group=note name=C/>
|year_representative2 = 1944–1945
|representative3 = [[High National Council]]<ref group=note name=D/>
|year_representative3 = 1945–1946
|title_deputy = [[List of Prime Ministers of Hungary|Prime Minister]]
|deputy1 = [[Károly Huszár]]
|year_deputy1 = 1920 (first)
|deputy2 = [[Zoltán Tildy]]
|year_deputy2 = 1945–1946 (last)
|legislature = [[Diet of Hungary|Diet]]
|house1 = [[Diet of Hungary|Felsőház]]
|type_house1 = Upper
|house2 = [[Diet of Hungary|Képviselőház]]
|type_house2 = Representatives
|era = [[Interwar period|Interwar]]{{·}}[[World War II]]
|event_start = Monarchy restored
|date_start = 29 February<ref>{{cite book |editor-first= Gyula|editor-last= Dr. Térfy|title= Magyar törvénytár (Corpus Juris Hungarici): 1920. évi törvénycikkek|year= 1921|publisher= Révai Testvérek Irodalmi Intézet Részvénytársaság|chapter=1920. évi I. törvénycikk az alkotmányosság helyreállításáról és az állami főhatalom gyakorlásának ideiglenes rendezéséről.|location= Budapest|language= Hungarian|isbn= |page= 3}}</ref>
|year_start = 1920
|event_end = Monarchy abolished
|date_end = 1 February
|year_end = 1946
|event1 = [[Treaty of Trianon]]
|date_event1 = 4 June 1920
|event2 = [[First Vienna Award]]
|date_event2 = 2 November 1938
|event3 = [[Second Vienna Award]]
|date_event3 = 30 August 1940
|event4 = [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Hungarist takeover]]
|date_event4 = 16 October 1944
|stat_year1 = 1920<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Kollega Tarsoly, István |encyclopedia=Révai nagy lexikona |title=Magyarország |language=Hungarian |year=1995 |publisher=Hasonmás Kiadó |volume=Volume 20 |location=Budapest |isbn=963-8318-70-8 |pages=595–597}}</ref>
|stat_area1 = 92833
|stat_pop1 = 7,980,143
|stat_year2 = 1930<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Kollega Tarsoly, István |encyclopedia=Révai nagy lexikona |title=Magyarország |language=Hungarian |year=1996 |publisher=Hasonmás Kiadó |volume=Volume 21 |location=Budapest |isbn=963-9015-02-4 |page=572}}</ref>
|stat_area2 = 93073
|stat_pop2 = 8,688,319
|stat_year3 = 1941<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor= Élesztős László|encyclopedia=Révai új lexikona |title=Magyarország |language=Hungarian |year=2004 |publisher=Hasonmás Kiadó |volume=Volume 13 |location=Budapest |isbn=963-9556-13-0 |pages=882, 895|display-editors=etal}}</ref>
|stat_area3 = 172149
|stat_pop3 = 14,669,100
|currency = [[Hungarian korona]] (1920–1927) [[Hungarian pengő]] (1927–1946)
|footnotes = {{reflist|group=note |refs=
<ref name=A>Claimed by former King [[Charles IV of Hungary]] in 1921, who died the following year.</ref>
<ref name=B>Miklós Horthy used the title "[[Regent of Hungary|Regent]]".</ref>
<ref name=C>Ferenc Szálasi used the title "Nation Leader".</ref>
<ref name=D>Ruled as a collective head of state.</ref>
}}
|today = 
}}

The '''Kingdom of Hungary''' ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''Magyar Királyság''), sometimes referred to as '''the Regency''', existed as a country from 1920 to 1946{{efn|The Allied powers generally did not recognize territorial evolutions of the Axis powers after the outbreak of World War II; however, this was not applied in all the cases after the end of the war. ''De jure'', generally the Axis powers recognized the territorial evolutions of its powers. Special exceptions - also concerning non-belligerent parties - may have been possible.}} under the rule of [[Regent]] [[Miklós Horthy]]. Horthy officially represented the [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Hungarian monarchy]] of [[Charles I of Austria|Charles IV, Apostolic King of Hungary]]. Attempts by Charles IV to return to the throne were prevented by threats of war from [[Little Entente|neighbouring countries]] and by the [[Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne|lack of support from Horthy]].

Some historians consider that the country was a [[client state]] of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] from 1938 to 1944.<ref>Seamus Dunn, T.G. Fraser. Europe and Ethnicity: The First World War and Contemporary Ethnic Conflict. Routledge, 1996. P97.</ref> The Kingdom of Hungary under Horthy was an [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis Power]] during most of World War II. In 1944, after Horthy's government negotiated secretly with the Allies, and also considered leaving the war, Hungary was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] and Horthy was deposed. The [[Arrow Cross Party]]'s leader [[Ferenc Szálasi]] established a new [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Nazi-backed government]], effectively turning Hungary into a German-occupied [[puppet state]].

After World War II, Hungary fell within the [[Soviet Union]]'s sphere of interest. In 1946, the [[Second Hungarian Republic]] was established under Soviet influence. In 1949, the communist [[Hungarian People's Republic]] was founded.

== Formation ==
{{main|Aftermath of World War I|Union of Transylvania with Romania|Red Terror (Hungary)|Hungarian–Romanian War}}

Upon the dissolution and break-up of [[Austria-Hungary]] after World War I, the [[Hungarian Democratic Republic]] and then the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] were briefly proclaimed in 1918 and 1919, respectively. The short-lived communist government of [[Béla Kun]] launched what was known as the "[[Red Terror (Hungary)|Red Terror]]", involving Hungary in an ill-fated [[Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919|war with Romania]]. In 1920, the country fell into a period of civil conflict, with Hungarian [[anti-communists]] and [[monarchists]] violently purging the nation of communists, leftist intellectuals, and others whom they felt threatened by, especially Jews. This period was known as the "[[White Terror (Hungary)|White Terror]]". In 1920, after the pullout of the last of the [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian]] occupation forces, the Kingdom of Hungary was restored.

[[File:Horthy the regent.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Miklós Horthy]], Regent of Hungary]]
On February 29, 1920, a coalition of right-wing political forces united and returned Hungary to being a [[constitutional monarchy]]. However, it was obvious that the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] would not accept any return of Charles IV. With civil unrest too great to choose a new king, it was decided to select a [[Regent of Hungary|regent]] to represent the monarchy. [[Miklós Horthy]], the last commanding [[admiral]] of the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy]], was chosen for this position on 1 March. [[Sándor Simonyi-Semadam]] was the first Prime Minister of Horthy's regency.

== Government ==
[[File:Flag of the Supreme Warlord of the Royal Hungarian Defence Forces (1939-1945, on land).svg|left|thumb|200px|Standard of the Regent of Hungary]]

Horthy's rule as [[Regent]] possessed characteristics such that it could be construed a [[dictatorship]]. As a counterpoint, his powers were a continuation of the constitutional powers of the [[King of Hungary]], adopted earlier during the federation with the [[Austrian Empire]].<ref>Sinor, Denis. 1959. ''History of Hungary'', London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. Pp. 289</ref> As Regent, Horthy had the power to adjourn or dissolve the [[Diet of Hungary|Hungarian Diet]] (parliament) at his own discretion; he appointed the [[List of Prime Ministers of Hungary|Hungarian Prime Minister]].<ref>Sinor, p. 289</ref>

The succession after Horthy's death or abdication was never officially established; presumably the Hungarian Parliament would have selected a new regent, or possibly attempted to restore the Habsburgs under [[Otto von Habsburg|Crown Prince Otto]]. In January 1942, Parliament appointed Horthy's eldest son [[István Horthy|István]] as Deputy Regent and expected successor. Whether this represents an attempt to gradually re-establish monarchy in Hungary is unclear; at any rate, István was killed in an airplane crash in August that year, and a new Deputy Regent was not appointed.

During his first ten years, Horthy led increased repression of Hungarian minorities. In 1920, the ''[[numerus clausus]]'' law formally placed limits on the number of minority students at university, and legalized corporal punishment for adults in criminal cases. Although the law seemingly applied in equal measure to all minorities, the ethnicity quota system was never fully introduced and the law acted largely to conceal anti-Jewish action from foreign observers.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Victor|editor1-last= Karady|editor2-first= Peter|editor2-last= Nagy|title= The numerus clausus in Hungary: Studies on the First Anti-Jewish Law and Academic Anti-Semitism in Modern Central Europe|year= 2012|publisher= Centre for Historical Research, History Department|chapter=The Hungarian numerus clausus: ideology, apology and history, 1919-1945|author-first=Mária|author-last=Kovács|location= Budapest|isbn=978-963-88538-6-8 |page=28}}</ref> Limitations were relaxed in 1928. Racial criteria in admitting new students were removed and replaced by social criteria. Five categories were set up: civil servants, war veterans and army officers, small landowners and artisans, industrialists, and the merchant classes.<ref>See: [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_14969.html Numerus Clausus]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://regi.sofar.hu/hu/node/13270 |title=A Numerus Clausus módosítása - The modification of the Numerus Clausus law |author= |website="http://regi.sofar.hu"}}</ref> Under [[István Bethlen]] as Prime Minister the electoral system was changed to reintroduce an open vote system outside Budapest and its vicinity and cities with county municipal rights.<ref name=Romsics>{{cite web |url=http://www.rubicon.hu/magyar/oldalak/nyiltan_vagy_titkosan_a_horthy_rendszer_valasztojoga/ |title=Nyíltan vagy titkosan? A Horthy-rendszer választójoga |last1=Romsics |first1=Ignác |website="www.rubicon.hu" |publisher=RUBICONLINE}}</ref> His political party, the [[Party of Unity (Hungary)|Party of Unity]], won repeated elections. Bethlen pushed for revision of the [[Treaty of Trianon]]. After the collapse of the Hungarian economy from 1929 to 1931, national turmoil pushed Bethlen to resign as Prime Minister. In 1938 the changes to the electoral system were reversed.<ref name="Romsics"/>

Social conditions in the kingdom did not improve as time passed, as a very small proportion of the population continued to control much of the country's wealth. Jews were continually pressured to assimilate into Hungarian mainstream culture. The desperate situation forced the Regent, Horthy, to accept the far-right politician [[Gyula Gömbös]] as Prime Minister. He pledged to retain the existing political system. Gömbös agreed to abandon his extreme anti-Semitism and allow some Jews into the government.

In power, Gömbös moved Hungary towards a one-party government like those of [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Fascist Italy]] and [[Nazi Germany]]. Pressure by Nazi Germany for extreme anti-Semitism forced Gömbös out and Hungary pursued anti-Semitism under its “Jewish Laws”. Initially, the government passed laws restricting Jews to 20 percent in a number of professions. Later it scapegoated the Jews for the country's failing economy.

In 1944, responding to the advancing Soviet forces, the Regent Miklós Horthy deposed the pro-German Prime Minister and installed a more balanced government in an effort to engage with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and avoid occupation by the Soviet Union. Shortly afterward, German forces [[Operation Panzerfaust|invaded Hungary]], deposed Horthy as Regent, and installed a [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|puppet regime]] led by [[Ferenc Szálasi]] of the anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi [[Arrow Cross Party]]. The Arrow Cross Party never abolished the Monarchy as a form of government, and Hungarian newspapers continued to refer to the country as the Kingdom of Hungary (''Magyar Királyság''), although ''Magyarország'' (Hungary) was used as an alternative.<ref>''Budapesti Közlöny'', 17 October 1944</ref><ref>''Hivatalos Közlöny'', 27 January 1945</ref> From May to June 1944, Hungarian authorities rapidly rounded up and transported hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews to Nazi concentration camps, where most died.

After the fall of the Szálasi regime, a Soviet-backed government under [[Béla Miklós]] was nominally left in control of the entire country. A [[High National Council]] was appointed in January to assume the Regency, and included members of the [[Hungarian Communist Party]], like [[Ernő Gerő]], and later [[Mátyás Rákosi]] and [[László Rajk]].

== Economy ==
{{History of Hungary}}

Upon the kingdom's establishment soon after World War I, the country suffered from economic decline, budget deficits, and high inflation as a result of the loss of economically important territories under the [[Treaty of Trianon]], including Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia.<ref name="Signor, pp. 290">Signor, pp. 290</ref> The land losses of the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 caused Hungary to lose agricultural and industrial areas, making it dependent on exporting products from what agricultural land it had left to maintain its economy. Prime Minister [[István Bethlen]]'s government dealt with the economic crisis by seeking large foreign loans, which allowed the country achieve monetary stabilization in the early 1920s. He introduced a new currency in 1927, the ''[[Hungarian pengő|pengő]]''.<ref>Signor, pp. 290.</ref> Industrial and farm production rose rapidly, and the country benefited from flourishing foreign trade during most of the 1920s.<ref name="Signor, pp. 290"/>

Following the start of the [[Great Depression]] in 1929, the prosperity rapidly collapsed in the country, especially in part due to the economic effects of the failure of the ''[[Creditanstalt|Österreichische Creditanstalt]]'' bank in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]].<ref>Signor, pp. 291.</ref> From the mid-1930s to the 1940s, after relations improved with Germany, Hungary's economy benefited from trade. The Hungarian economy became dependent on that of Germany.

== Foreign policy ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-10737, Graf István Bethlen.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[István Bethlen]], Prime Minister of Hungary.]]

Initially, despite a move towards [[Hungarian nationalism|nationalism]], the new state under Horthy, in an effort to prevent further conflicts, signed the [[Treaty of Trianon]] on June 4, 1920, thereby reducing Hungary's size substantially: the whole of [[Transylvania]] was taken by Romania; much of [[Upper Hungary]] became part of Czechoslovakia; [[Vojvodina]] was assigned to the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]] (known after 1929 as Yugoslavia); and the [[Free State of Fiume]] was created.

With a succession of increasingly nationalist Prime Ministers, Hungary steadily came to repent the Treaty of Trianon, and aligned itself with Europe's two fascist states, [[Germany]] and [[Italy]], which both opposed the changes to national borders in Europe at the end of World War I. The Italian [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] sought closer ties with Hungary, beginning with the signing of a treaty of friendship between Hungary and Italy on April 5, 1927.<ref name="Sinor, pp. 291">Sinor, pp. 291.</ref> [[Gyula Gömbös]] was an open admirer of the fascist leaders.<ref name="Sinor pp. 291">Sinor, pp. 291</ref> Gömbös attempted to forge a closer trilateral unity between Germany, Italy and Hungary by acting as an intermediary between Germany and Italy, whose two fascist regimes had nearly come to conflict in 1934 over the issue of Austrian independence. Gömbös eventually persuaded Mussolini to accept Hitler's [[Anschluss|annexation of Austria]] in the late 1930s.<ref name="Sinor, pp. 291"/> Gömbös is said to have coined the phrase "axis", which he applied to his intention to create an alliance with Germany and Italy; those two countries used it to term their alliance as the [[Axis powers|Rome–Berlin axis]].<ref name="Sinor pp. 291"/> Just prior to the Second World War, Hungary benefited from its close ties with Germany and Italy when the Munich Agreement obliged Czechoslovakia and Hungary to settle their territorial disputes by negotiation. Finally the [[First Vienna Award]] reassigned the southern parts of [[Czechoslovakia]] to Hungary, and shortly after Czechoslovakia was abolished Hungary occupied and annexed the remainder of the [[Carpatho-Ukraine]].

== World War II ==
[[File:Hungary 1941-44 Administrative Map.png|thumb|left|The Kingdom of Hungary in 1941.]]
{{Main|Hungary during World War II|Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary (1941-44)|Government of National Unity (Hungary)}}

After the successful revision policy Hungary sought further solutions to the remainder of its former territories and demanded the concession of Transylvanian territory from Romania. The Axis powers were not interested in opening a new conflict in Central Europe; both countries were facing strong diplomatic pressures to avoid any military operations. Finally both parties accepted the arbitration of Germany and Italy, known as the [[Second Vienna Award]], and as a result [[Northern Transylvania]] was assigned to Hungary. Shortly afterward, the Kingdom of Hungary joined the [[Axis powers]]. Hitler demanded that the Hungarian government follow Germany's military and racial agenda to avoid potential conflict in the future. Anti-Semitism was already an established political cause by the far right in Hungary. In 1944, after the ousting of Horthy by Hitler and before the installation of the National-Socialist Arrow Cross party, the Hungarian government readily aided Nazi Germany in the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Jews to concentration camps during the [[Holocaust]], where most of them died.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

In April 1941, Hungary let the [[Wehrmacht]] into her territory, thus supporting Germany and Italy in the [[invasion of Yugoslavia]]. After the [[Independent State of Croatia]] was proclaimed, Hungary joined the military operations and was allowed to annex the [[Bačka]] (Bácska) region in [[Vojvodina]], which had a relative majority of Hungarians, as well as the region of Muraköz (present-day [[Prekmurje]] and [[Medjimurje]]), which had large [[Slovenes|Slovenian]] and [[Croats|Croatian]] majorities, respectively.

On 27 June 1941, [[László Bárdossy]] declared war on the [[Soviet Union]]. Fearing a potential turn of support to the Romanians, the Hungarian government sent armed forces to support the German war effort during [[Operation Barbarossa]]. This support cost the Hungarians dearly. The entire [[Hungarian Second Army]] was lost during the [[Battle of Stalingrad]].

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-244-2306-15, Ostfront, Rückzug ungarischer Truppen.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Hungarian armor and infantry in retreat, August 1944.]]
By early 1944, with [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces fast advancing from the east, Hungary was caught attempting to contact the [[United Kingdom|British]] and the [[United States|Americans]] to secretly escape of the war and establish an armistice with the Allies. On 19 March 1944, the Germans responded by invading Hungary in [[Operation Margarethe]]. German forces occupied key locations to ensure Hungarian loyalty. They placed Horthy under [[house arrest]] and replaced Prime Minister [[Miklós Kállay]] with a more pliable successor. [[Döme Sztójay]], an avid supporter of the Nazis, became the new [[List of Prime Ministers of Hungary|Hungarian Prime Minister]]. Sztójay governed with the aid of a Nazi military governor, [[Edmund Veesenmayer]].

By October of the same year, the Hungarians were again caught trying to quit the war, and the Germans launched [[Operation Panzerfaust]]. They replaced Horthy with [[Arrow Cross Party|Arrow Cross]] leader [[Ferenc Szálasi]]. A new pro-German "[[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Government of National Unity]]" was proclaimed, and it continued the war on the side of the Axis. Szálasi did not replace Horthy as Regent, but was appointed as the "Nationleader" (''Nemzetvezető'') and Prime Minister of the new Hungarian Fascist regime.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} There has been some debate as to what extent the Hungarian state of the 1930s and '40s can be classified as fascist. However, the regime's increasing economic dependence on Germany, its passage of anti-Semitic legislation and its participation in exterminating local Jews all place it within the realm of international fascism.<ref>Richard Griffiths, ''Fascism'', p. 107, 111. London: Continuum, 2005. {{ISBN|0-8264-7856-5}}</ref>

On 21 December 1944, a Hungarian "Interim Assembly" met in [[Debrecen]], with the approval of the [[Soviet Union]]. This assembly elected an interim counter-government headed by [[Béla Miklós]], the former commander of the [[Hungarian First Army]]. At the end of March 1945, Szálasi's regime was driven out of Hungary.<ref>Stanley G. Payne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9wHNrF7nFecC&pg=PA420&dq=szalasi+work+habit+was+poor&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false ''A History of Fascism, 1914-1945''], Routledge, 1996, page 420</ref>

== Dissolution ==
{{main|Soviet occupation of Hungary|Second Hungarian Republic|Hungarian People's Republic}}

Under [[Soviet occupation of Hungary|Soviet occupation]], the fate of the Kingdom of Hungary was already determined. A [[High National Council]] was appointed as the country's collective Head of State until the monarchy was formally dissolved on 1 February 1946. The Regency was replaced by the [[Second Hungarian Republic]]. It was quickly followed by the creation of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]].

== See also ==
*[[Hungary between the World Wars]]
*[[Hungary during World War II]]
* [[International relations (1919–1939)#Hungary]]
*[[Allies of World War II|Allied powers of World War II]]
*[[Axis powers|Axis powers of World War II]]
*[[Hungarian volunteers in the Winter War]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|24em}}

==External links==
* {{Commonscatinline|History of Hungary between the World Wars}}

{{S-start}}
|align="center"| ''Preceded by'' 
{{longlink|[[Austria-Hungary]] 1867–1918}}
{{longlink|[[Hungarian Democratic Republic]] 1918–1919}}
{{longlink|[[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] 1919}}
{{longlink|[[Hungarian Republic (1919–20)|Hungarian Republic]] 1919–1920}}
{{longlink|[[White Terror (Hungary)|White Terror]] 1919–1921}}
|align="center" style="padding:0 1.0em 0;"| '''[[Kingdom of Hungary]]''' also known as the '''Regency''' 1920–1946
|align="center"| {{longlink|''Horthy regime (1920–1944) succeeded by}}
{{longlink|[[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Government of National Unity]] ([[Ferenc Szálasi]]) 1944–1945}}
{{longlink|[[Provisional government|Provisional Government]]s of [[Béla Miklós]] and [[Zoltán Tildy]] 1944–1946}}
{{longlink|[[Second Hungarian Republic]] 1946–1949}}
{{longlink|[[People's Republic of Hungary]] 1949–1989}}
{{S-end}}

{{Hungary topics}}
{{Former Monarchies}}
{{Factions in the Yugoslav Front}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kingdom of Hungary 1920-1946}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)| ]]
[[Category:Fascist states|Hungary]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms|Hungary]]
[[Category:Former polities of the interwar period]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Hungary|.]]
[[Category:Modern history of Hungary]]
[[Category:Territorial evolution of Hungary]]
[[Category:Hungary in World War II]]
[[Category:1920s in Hungary|.]]
[[Category:1930s in Hungary|.]]
[[Category:1940s in Hungary]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1920]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1946]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in Hungary]]
[[Category:1946 disestablishments in Hungary]]
[[Category:20th century in Hungary]]
[[Category:Axis powers]]
[[Category:Totalitarian states]]

Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Königreich Ungarn (1920–1946)